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__FORCETOC__
<!-- Talk page begins here -->

== Lahey ==

Hey loser, my edit on the page of ] was completely valid fact and not vandalism. If you're going to make a reversion, maybe try looking at the content?
:You have to provide citation that he resigned and why. - Altenmann ] 07:46, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
::There was information regarding that right underneath. You guys really are lazy little hypocrites {{unsignedIP|75.152.173.9}}



==User who you keep vandalizing==
Please stop vandalizing my userpage. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding ] comment added by ] (]) 18:49, 7 March 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

==Woodpecker==
{{Otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks
| image =Melanerpes striatus001.jpg
| image_caption = ]<br>
{{audio|Woodpecker tapping.ogg|Tapping sound of a woodpecker}}
| regnum = ]
| phylum = ]
| classis = ]
| subclassis = ]
| infraclassis = ]
| superordo = ]
| ordo = ]
| subordo = ]
| familia = '''Picidae'''
| familia_authority = ], 1825
| subdivision_ranks = ]
| subdivision =
] - wrynecks<br />
] - Antillean Piculet<br />
] - woodpeckers<br />
] - typical piculets<br />
}}

The '''woodpeckers''', '''piculets''' and '''wrynecks''' are a ], '''Picidae''', of ] ]s. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for ] and ], ], and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in ] or ] habitats, although a few species are known to live in treeless areas such as rocky hillsides and deserts.

The Picidae are just one of the eight living families in the ] ]. Members of the order Piciformes, such as the ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s and ]s, have traditionally been thought to be very closely related to the woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks. More recently, ] analyses have confirmed this view.<ref>Johansson & Ericson (2003)</ref>

There are about 200 ] and about 30 ] in this family. Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation. Two species of woodpeckers, the ] and the ], have been considered extinct for about 30 years (there has been some controversy recently whether these species still exist).

==Description==
] rests while foraging using its tail for support.]]
The smallest woodpecker is the ], at 7 g and 8&nbsp;cm (3 1/4&nbsp;inches). The largest woodpecker was the Imperial Woodpecker, at an average of 58&nbsp;cm (23&nbsp;inches) and probably over 600 g (1.3&nbsp;lb). The Ivory-billed Woodpecker is (or was) slightly smaller at 50&nbsp;cm (20&nbsp;inches) and a weight of 500 g (1.1&nbsp;lb). If both the Ivory-billed and Imperial Woodpeckers are indeed extinct, the largest extant woodpecker is the ] of ], at about 50&nbsp;cm (20&nbsp;inches) and 450 g (1&nbsp;lb). A number of species exhibit ] in size, bill length and weight. In the piculets it is often the females that are larger, amongst the woodpeckers that show sexual dimorphism it is usually the males that are larger.

Most species possess predominantly white, black and brown, green and red ], although many piculets show a certain amount of grey and olive green. In woodpeckers, many species exhibit patches of red and yellow on their heads and bellies, and these bright areas are important in signalling. The dark areas of plumage are often iridescent. Although the sexes of Picidae species tend to look alike, many woodpecker species have more prominent red or yellow head markings in males than in females.

] as well as from holes in wood or soil. This is a male ].]]
Members of the family Picidae have strong ] for drilling and drumming on trees and long sticky tongues for extracting food.<ref name = "HBW">Winkler, Hans & Christie, David A. (2002), "Family Picidae (Woodpeckers)" ''in'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (2002). '']. Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers.'' Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334377</ref> Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks; however their ] is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the pecking action in birds that regularly use it on wood. Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks will forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. The long sticky tongues, which possess ], aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects deep within a hole of a tree. It had been reported that the tongue was used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Villard|first=Pascal|coauthors=Jacques Cuisin |year=2004|title=How do woodpeckers extract grubs with their tongues? A study of the Guadeloupe woodpecker (''Melanerpes herminieri'') in the French Indies|journal=Auk |volume=121 |issue=2|pages=509–514| doi = 10.1642/0004-8038(2004)1212.0.CO;2}}</ref>

Many of the foraging, breeding and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using the ].<ref name = "Gibson">Gibson L. (2006) "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury" ''Journal of Zoology'' '''270''': 462–465 {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x}}</ref> In order to prevent ] from the rapid and repeated decelerations, woodpeckers have evolved a number of adaptations to protect the brain. These include small brain size, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the area of contact between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The millisecond before contact with wood a thickened ] closes, protecting the eye from flying debris.<ref>Schwab I (2002) "Cure for a headache" ''British Journal of Ophthalmology'' '''86''' : 843 {{doi|10.1136/bjo.86.8.843}}</ref> The nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them.

Woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks all possess ] feet. Zygodactyl feet consist of four toes, the first and the fourth facing frontward and the second and third facing back. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up a tree trunk, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to the strong claws and feet woodpeckers have short strong legs, this is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. The tails of all woodpeckers except the piculets and wrynecks are stiffened, and when the bird perches on vertical surfaces, the tail and feet work together to support it.<ref name ="HBW"/>

==Distribution, habitat and movements==
] for breeding and roosting holes allows some woodpeckers, like this ], to live in otherwise treeless deserts.]]
The woodpeckers have a mostly ], although they are absent from ], ] and ]. They are also absent from the world's oceanic ]s, although many insular ] are found on ]al islands. The true woodpeckers, subfamily ], are distributed across the entire range of the woodpeckers. The Picumninae ]s have a pantropical distribution, with species in ], ] and the ], with ] holding the majority of piculet species. The second piculet subfamily, ], has a single species, the ], which is restricted to the ] island of ]. The ] (Jynginae) have an exclusively ] distribution, with the two species occurring in ], ] and Africa.

Overall the woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded ]s. They reach their greatest ] in ]s, but occur in almost all suitable habitats including ]s, ]s, ]s, ] ]s. Even ]s and ]s have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of ]s exist, or, in the case of desert species like the ], tall ] are available for nesting in.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Korol |first=Jerome|coauthors=Richard Hutto|year=1984|title=Factors Affecting Nest Site Location in Gila Woodpeckers|journal=Condor|volume=86|issue=1|pages=73–78|url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v086n01/p0073-p0078.pdf}}</ref> A number of species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority of species have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ]. The ] is one such species, inhabiting the ]y and ]y ]s of ].

] species can either be sedentary or ]. Many species are known to stay in the same area year-round while others travel great distances from their breeding grounds to their ]ing grounds. For example, the ] breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the ] in ] in the winter.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Migration patterns of Hoopoe ''Upupa epops'' and Wryneck ''Jynx torquilla'' : an analysis of European ring recoveries |journal=Journal of Ornithology|year=2008|first=Thomas|last=Reichlin|coauthors=Michael Schaub, Myles H. M. Menz, Murielle Mermod, Patricia Portner, Raphaël Arlettaz & Lukas Jenni|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= {{doi|10.1007/s10336-008-0361-3}}|url=|format=|accessdate= }}</ref>

Results from the monitoring programs of the ] show that the breeding populations of several forest species for which ] is an important habitat element (], ], ], ], ], ] as well as ], ] and ]) have increased in the period 1990 to 2008, although not to the same extent in all species. At the same time the ] extended its range in eastern Switzerland. The Swiss National Forest Inventory shows an increase in the amount of deadwood in forests for the same period. For all the mentioned species, with the exception of green and middle spotted woodpecker, the growing availability of deadwood is likely to be the most important factor explaining this population increase.

==Behaviour==
<div style="float:right">{{Listen|filename=Woodpecker2.ogg|noicon|title=Woodpecker|description=A woodpecker pecking into a tree.|format=]}}</div>
The woodpeckers range from highly antisocial solitary species which are aggressive to other members of their species to group living species. Group living species tend to be communal group breeders. In addition to these species a number of species may join ]s with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kimberly|first=Sullivan|year=1984|title=Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks |journal=Behaviour|volume=91|issue=4|pages=294–311|doi=10.1163/156853984X00128}}</ref> Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes. In most species the roost will become the nest during the breeding season.
===Diet and feeding===
The diet of woodpeckers consists mainly of insects and their grubs taken from living and dead trees, and other arthropods, along with fruit from live trees, nuts and sap both from live trees. Their role ecologically is thereby keeping trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations.The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs using their bills for hammering, but overall the family is characterised by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The insect prey most commonly taken are insects found inside tree trunks, whether they are alive or rotten wood and in crevices in bark on trees. These include ]s and their grubs, ]s, termites, spiders,and caterpillars. These may be obtained either by gleaning or more famously by excavating wood. Having hammered a hole into the wood the prey is excavated by a long barbed tongue. The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain ], an important source of food for some species. Most famously the ]s, (genus ''Sphyrapicus '') feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these and others such as the ] also feed in this way. It was once thought that the technique was restricted to the ], but Old World species such as the ] and ] also feed in this way.<ref name ="HBW"/>

===Breeding===
] attending its chicks.]]
All members of the family Picidae ] in cavities. Almost every species nests in tree cavities, although in deserts some species nest inside holes in cactus and a few species nest in holes dug into the earth. Woodpeckers and piculets will excavate their own nests, but wrynecks will not. The excavated nest is usually only lined from the wood chips produced as the hole was made. Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job. Abandoned holes are used by many other birds and mammals which are secondary cavity nesters.<ref>Kotaka N & S Matsuoka (2002) ". ''Ornithological Science''
'''1''' (2): 117-122</ref> Because nesting holes are in great demand by other cavity nesters, woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity nesting birds like swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting site; for example the ] digs its nest in the underside of a small branches, which reduces the chance that a larger species wil take it over and expand it.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Short|first=Lester L.|year=1979|title=Burdens of the Picid Hole-Excavating Habit |journal=Wilson Bulletin|volume=91|issue=1|pages=16–28 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v091n01/p0016-p0028.pdf}}</ref>

Members of Picidae are typically ], with a few species breeding cooperatively and some ] reported in a few species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Parental care and social mating system in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker ''Dendrocopos minor''|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|year=2000|first=Ulf|last= Wiktander|coauthors=Ola Olsson & Sven G. Nilsson,|volume=31|issue=4|pages=447–456|id= {{doi|10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310003.x}}|url=|format=|accessdate= }}</ref> ], where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Willimont|first=LA|coauthors=Jackson, JA and Jackson, BJS|year=1991|title=Classical polyandry in the West Indian woodpecker on Abaco, Bahamas|journal=Willson Bulletin|volume=103|pages=124–125|url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v103n01/p0124-p0125.pdf}}</ref> A pair will work together to help build the nest, ] the eggs and raise their ] young. However, in most species the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A nest will usually consist of 2-5 round white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11–14 days before the chicks are born. It takes about 18–30 days before the young are ready to leave the nest.

==Systematics and evolution==
The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about ] patterns and evolutionary history.<ref>Benz ''et al.'' (2006), Moore ''et al.'' (2006)</ref> Most notably, the relationship of the picine genera has been largely clarified, and it was determined that the Antillean Piculet is a surviving offshoot of proto-woodpeckers.

The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions: the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late ], about 25 ] (mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the ] and ], and it is hypothesized that they actually evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the Early ] (50 mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-] (10-15 mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. On the other hand, there exists a feather enclosed in fossil ] from the ], dated to about 25 mya, which seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then.<ref>Grimaldi & Case (1995)</ref>

Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a ] found in ] deposits of ], ], has been described as '']'' and probably also is a woodpecker.<ref>Cracraft & Morony (1969)</ref>

==List of genera==
] (''Jynx torquilla''), a relative of the woodpeckers.]]
] (''Picumnus temminckii'').]]
] (''Colaptes auratus auratus'').]]
] (''Campephilus principalis'') may or may not be ].]]
'''FAMILY: PICIDAE'''
* ''']'''
** Genus: '']'' (Late Oligocene of France)<!-- AmMusNovit2400. Condor54:174. -->
* ''''']'''''
** Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, USA)
** Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
* '''Subfamily: Jynginae''' - ]s
** Genus: '']'' (2 species)
* '''Subfamily: Picumninae''' - Typical ]s
** Genus: '']'' - American Piculets (c.27 species)
** Genus: '']'' - African Piculet (sometimes included in ''Sasia'')
** Genus: '']'' - Asian Piculets (2 species)
* '''Subfamily: Nesoctitinae'''
** Genus '']'' - Antillean Piculet
* '''Subfamily: Picinae''' - Woodpeckers
** '''''Incertae sedis'''''
*** Genus: '']'' (Ogalalla Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, USA) - possibly dendropicine<!-- AmMusNovit2400. -->
*** Genus: '']'' (Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) - possibly dendropicine<!-- AmMusNovit2400. ContribMusPaleontolUnivMich22:075. -->
*** cf. ''Colaptes'' DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, USA) - malarpicine?<!-- Condor33:255 -->
** '''Tribe: Dendropicini'''
*** Genus: '']'' (some 22 species)
*** Genus: '']'' - sapsuckers (4 species)
*** Genus: '']'' - Cuban Woodpecker (Placement in Dendropicini tentative)
*** Genus: '']'' (15 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (3 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (21 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (presently 12 species; maybe only 3 belong here) - this genus is in need of revision<ref>Moore ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>. See the genus article for more.
*** Genus: '']'' (14 species)
** '''Tribe: Malarpicini'''
*** Genus: '']'' (12 species)
*** Genus: '']'' - Ground Woodpecker
*** Genus: '']'' - malarpicine flamebacks (4 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (3 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (2 species; placement in Malarpicini tentative)
*** Genus: '']'' - Rufous Woodpecker (formerly in ''Celeus'')
** '''Tribe: Picini''' (sometimes included in Malarpicini)
*** Genus: '']'' (c.15 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (3 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (7 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (11 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (7 species)
*** Genus: '']'' - flickers (about one dozen species)
** '''Tribe: Megapicini'''
*** Genus: '']'' (11 species, 2 possibly recently ])
*** Genus: '']'' - megapicine flamebacks (2 species)
*** Genus: '']'' - Orange-backed Woodpecker
*** Genus: '']'' (2 species)
*** Genus: '']'' (2 species; placement in Megapicini tentative)
*** Genus: '']'' - Okinawa Woodpecker (Placement in Megapicini tentative)

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Picidae}}
* {{aut|Benz, Brett W.; Robbins, Mark B. & Peterson, A. Townsend}} (2006): Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): Placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree. '']'' '''40'''(2): 389–399. <small>{{DOI|10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Cracraft, Joel & Morony, John J. Jr.}} (1969): A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae. ''American Museum Novitates'' '''2400''': 1-8.
* {{aut|Gorman, Gerard}} (2004): Woodpeckers of Europe: A Study of the European Picidae. Bruce Coleman, UK. ISBN 1 872842 05 4.
* {{aut|Grimaldi, David A. & Case, Gerard Ramon}} (1995): A feather in amber from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. ''American Museum Novitates'' '''3126''': 1-6.
* {{aut|Johansson, U.S. & Ericson, G.P.}} (2003): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). '']'' '''34'''(2): 185-197. <small>{{doi|10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x}}</small>
* {{aut|Koenig, W.D. & Haydock, J.}} (1999): Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers. '']'' '''26'''(1): 159-165. <small>{{DOI|10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00256.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Lemaitre, J. & Villard, M.A.}} (2005): Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: a resource selection function. '']'' '''35'''(10): 2387-2393. <small>{{doi|10.1139/x05-148}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Michalek, K.G. & Winkler, H.}} (2001): Parental care and parentage in monogamous great spotted woodpeckers (''Picoides major'') and middle spotted woodpeckers (''Picoides medius''). ''Behaviour'' '''138'''(10): 1259-1285. <small>{{DOI|10.1163/15685390152822210}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Moore, William S.; Weibel, Amy C. & Agius, Andrea}} (2006): Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus ''Veniliornis'' (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns. '']'' '''87'''(4): 611–624. <small>{{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x}}</small>
* {{aut|Stark, R.D.; Dodenhoff, D.J. & Johnson, E.V.}} (1998): A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming. '']'' '''100'''(2): 350-356.
* {{aut|Villard, P.; Cuisin, J. & Karasov, W.H.}} (2004). How do woodpeckers extract grubs with their tongues? A study of the Guadeloupe woodpecker (''Melanerpes herminieri'') in the French Indies. '']'' '''121''': 509-514. <small>]:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)1212.0.CO;2</small>
* {{aut|Webb, Daniel Matthew & Moore, William S.}} (2005): A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt ''b'', and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order Piciformes). '']'' '''36'''(2): 233-248. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015}}</small>
* {{aut|Wiebe, K.L. & Swift, T.L.}} (2001): Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in northern flickers. '']'' '''32'''(2): 167. <small>{{DOI|10.1034/j.1600-048X.2001.320210.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Wiktander, U.; Olsson, O. & Nilsson, S.F.}} (2000): Parental care and social mating system in the lesser spotted woodpecker ''Dendrocopos minor''. '']'' '''31'''(4): 447. <small>{{DOI|10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310003.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Yom-Tov, Y. & Ar, A.}} (1993): Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers. '']'' '''95'''(2): 282-287.
{{Piciformes}}

==External links==
* on the Internet Bird Collection

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