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The Habr Yunis Sultanate (Template:Lang-so, Template:Lang-ar) was a early modern Somali sultanate established in the early 18th century that ruled parts of modern Ethiopia and Somaliland and Djibouti.

Habr Yunis SultanateSaldanadda Habar Yoonis سلطنة هبر يونس
Late 17th century–1884
Capital	Wadhan (first capital) Burao (last capital)
Common languages	Somali · Arabic
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Sulṭān
• 1725-1827	Deria Sugulleh Ainashe
• 1827-1880	Hersi Aman
• 1880-1907	Nur Ahmed Aman
History
• Established	Late 17th century
• Disestablished	1884
Preceded by Succeeded by Adal Sultanate Emirate of Harar British Somaliland
Today part of	Ethiopia  Somaliland  Djibouti

The Habr Yunis Sultanate ruled the now modern Garxajis territory’s. The Habr Yunis sultans would revive annual taxes of livestock from their subjects and. The sultanate also often collected taxes from Travelers. The Habar younis sultanate also had a strong Military which was used to enforce taxes and to defend the sultanate.

Origins

The first Habr Yunis chief to assume the title Sultan was Sugulleh Ainanshe of the Ismail Arrah clan, his father Ainanshe was a traditional chief. Sugulleh was succeeded by his son Diriyeh Sugule in the late 18th century. Sultan Diriyeh reigned for more than 50 years and was eventually succeeded by his grandson Hersi Aman. Hersi is most notable for expanding Habr Yunis territory in the Haud and for engaging the first Rer Sugulleh civil war which resulted in his death.

Civil War

Sultan Hersi's death caused a decade-long civil war when his nephew Nur was crowned Sultan and his great uncle Awad Sultan Deriyeh and eldest living son of sultan Deriyeh declared himself a rival sultan in 1881. The two Sultans were now at war with each other and divided the Kingdoms territory between themselves, with Nur being based in the Toyo plains and Awd establishing himself at Burao. In the 1890s Sultan Awad was killed in a battle which resulted in Sultan Nur facing no opposition and was the sole ruler of the Habr Yunis Sultanate up until he started the Dervish uprising, which resulted in his uncle Madar Hersi being crowned. The Habr Yunis were now divided into two factions: pro-Dervish and anti-Dervish, the former being ruled by Sultan Nur and the latter the newly crowned Sultan Madar. After Nur's death in the Dervish camp, the Habr Yunis elders crowned his son Dolal, and with the Dervish defeat none of his heirs succeeded him leaving Madar's descendants as the undisputed Sultans of the Habr Yunis.

Sultans of the Habr Yunis

Early History

the Habar Younis sultanate was established in Berbera around 1725 by Sugelleh Ainashe. Sugelleh would establish the Sugelleh dynasty Sugelleh’s father was a chief called Ainashe Xersi. Sugelleh had a 25 year reign. And was succeeded by Deria Sugulleh Ainashe. Deria would than establish his capital at Waram and would construct huge wells.

The Sultan was first mentioned by the French explorer Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie he stated that Caravens would often pass Waram and would drink from it’s wells and pay taxes. Deria would establish taxes mandatory for the Habar younis.

Deria would have a long peaceful reign which lasted for 50 years.

Succession Crisis

The sultan had 18 sons 2 sons were Born to his first wife one of her sons were Xersi Aman. His first two were part of the Bah Makahil group who were the smallest group of the dynasty. His other 16 Sons would be part of the Baha Deriye, the oldest being Ahmed, Ahmed would die before his father, this would lead to succession crisis.

The sultan was succeeded by the Bah Makahil segment of the dynasty. Xersi Aman would succeed his father in 1827.

Habar Younis Campiagn againts Reer Samatar (Habar Awal).

German explorer Felix Rosen vistited Somali land in 1907. He discussed their history with the elders, one notable man that was mentioned to him was Kirh a Habar Awal king who would constantly attack the Habar Younis.

One story that they mentioned was when Kirh raided the Reer Amman, the Reer Amman being one of Xersi’s most powerful tribes. On one occasion Kirh’s forcers were raiding the Habar Younis territory’s, but they would flee due to the Habar younis’s constant resistance. Kirh however would not retreat with his men but stayed, it is said everyone thought he was dead, one narration his wife mourned alongside his companions but to everyone’s surprise he returned with a 100 camels that he captured. This event would impress Xersi, and their was no attempt to recover this loss.

Kirh would then recite a Boastful Gabay.

O yalahe hoi, o yalahe hoi, yalahe

My, our lore of death has spread through all tribes near and far

And we felt so safe that we spurned the camels with the lance to prick our mark of possession

Let the animals move slowly so that the camel fillings do not become tired

At the time when the cowards among our companions took flight and the hiding places

Then the lion's mane grew around our shoulders

My wife! little was our Seriba; I have filled ten Serbs for you

Come, now fill the milk baskets; we have plundered the tribe of Amman

Hersi him self would then lead a attack againts the great Habar Awal king. In the middle of the battle Kirh threw a spear at Hersi however the Spear barely touched him leaving him with a grazed head. He than grabbed the spear and pierced through Kirh’s famous horse. Kirh would than retreat and escaped leaving Hersi, and the Reer Amman victorious. Hersi would capture one man and would kill one man both being from Kirh’s tribe. The captured Soldier’s name was Hashi.

Hersi would than reply to Kirh’s Gabay.

How Kirh first bragged so much now his speeches are silent onece the Samatar tribe were rich now they are poor and weak, Now their Caravans are afraid even a days March from Amud to go so far, we killed one of their man and we captured one, and one we drove the lance through the body, Oh Hashi which of the three of you Mourn the most that we like from your tribe.

Hashi saw he was being challenged so he would than reply.

That you killed one of our men was by fate predestined that you captured means no harm but no Mother has given birth to a hero like Kirh.

Hersi being touched by these words spared Hashi, he would than give Hashi a fine horse and Medicine and gifts, he was then instructed to give the medicine and gifts to kirh with this peace was made.

Early Achivements

During Xersi Amaan’s reign the Habar Younis sultanate would expand to Zeila and Haud. during Xersi’s reign Raids were made into Ogaden.

Reer Sugelleh Civil War

the Reer Sugelleh civil war was a war between the Baha Diriye and Baha Baha Makahil which were both part of the Sugelleh dynasty during the reign of Xersi Aman a Great leader named Guled Haji would rebel against the Bah Makahil, due to his son being killed by the Baha Makahil prince which was the Son of Xersi Aman. Xersi’s Son felt bad for his actions so asked his father to pay the traditional Diya to Guled due to the loss of his child, however Hersi Arroganly refused. This would lead to two main Branches being established, the Ba Awal (Hersi’s tribe) and Reer Sugelleh. One of Hersi’s men Warsame a great warrior would wage war againts the Baha Sugelleh and captured Suldaaan Jama Amume or Jama the mute another one of his names was Jama the young. He bore the title Sultan of the Reer Sugelleh and he was a grandson of Deria Sugulleh Ainashe who was from a different branch. Jama would than be spared and would escape. He would than lead a battle against the Reer Awal, the young sultan would wound Warsame, he would then praise his horse Xamar who had preformed well on that day.

According Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti Xersi would die in the battle aswell as Warsame, Warsame’s sister would mourn for them aswell as the men that were lost in the battle.

one of Xersi’s sons recited these lines to avenge his father’s death.

The Reer Sugelleh than analysed the situation the War started because no compensation was paired to Guled. So they decided no man should be paid and tried to put the war at ease.

Mahammed Bulxaan’s poet describes the unique nature of what was said in the meeting.

The war would end and the Habar Younis sultanate was divided, between two great men,Awad Deria and Nur Ahmed Aman. With Awad’s Base being at Burao and Nur’s being at the Tuyoo Plains, Awad would soon be killed in Ogaden by the Reer Ali clan. and the Reer Awal would rule over the whole of the kingdom which would then stretch from western Somali land to eastern Ethiopia.

During the reign of the Nubian king Muhammed Ahmed who was famously known as the leader of the Mahdi Sufi Branch Sufism would spread (1881-1885). Sevreal Mahdi and Senussi emissaries were sent to the Somali coast. The two Sufi groups gathered their followers and met at Berbera which was than under the control of Sultan Nur. According to Walsh Nur would welcome the Senussi members, and they would become regular visitors to Berbera aswell as other cities on his kingdom. their were also a few minor encounters with the British on the coast in 1886. and 1892.

The new Sultan of the Bah Sugelleh was the very same man that killed Awad In his raid at Ogaden his name being Mattar Xersi. Madar’s kingdom wouldn’t consist of any lands in Somali land and would control northern western and Eastern Ogaden aswell as Haud. Madar who was a Sufi needed assistance due to the majority of his lands being destroyed by the Reer Sugelleh prior to Awad’s death. The Mullah’s from Kob and fardod, and the Nubian king would support Madar. With this Madar’s kingdom would be back as it was before the Ogaden Habar younis War’s.

References

1. The Journal of anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 21. p. 161.
2. Journal of east Africa Natural History of society Vol 17. Official publication Coryndon Memorial Museum. p. 76.
3. Cosmos: communicazioni sui progressi recenti e notevoli della geografia e delle scienze affini di Guido Cora p. 201
4. British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, p. 79 - 82, 1912
5. D’Abbadie Antoine. 1890. p. 334.
6. Géographie de l'Ethiopie: ce que j'ai entendu, faisant suite à ce que j'ai. 1890. p. 334.
7. British Somali land. Drake Brokman. 1912. pp. 79–82.
8. British Somali by Ralph. Drake Brokman. 1912.
9. Somali land. Verlag Von Veit and Comp: Felix Rossen. 1907. p. 114. ISBN 9780274113415.
10. Somali land. Rossen. 1907. pp. 114–115.
11. Somali land. Felix Rossen. 1907. p. 15.
12. Felix Rossen. 1907. p. 15.
13. Somali powetry an introduction. Oxford University press: I.M Lewis, Andrzejewiski. 1964. p. 106.
14. Proceedings of the Royal geographical Society and monthly record of geography Volume 7. 1885. p. 627.
15. Rendiconti. Reale Accademia dei lencie. 1885. pp. 227–228.
16. Rendiconti. Luigi.Robicchi. 1885. p. 228.
17. The Academy a weekly review of literature science and art: Volume 35. 1889. p. 126.
18. British Somali land. Brokman. pp. 79–82.
19. Under the flag Somali coast stories. p. 212.
20. Under the Flag, Somali coastal stories. By Walsh langton. p. 259.
21. Under the Flag Somali Coast stories. Walsh Langton. p. 243.
22. Somali coast Adminstration Report of the protectorate. Bombay Castle New Delhi. 1882.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
23. Notes on a part of the Somali country. Leicstershire Regiment: By Captain G.D.Carlton.
24. Das Staatsarchiv. Vomume 65. p. 3.

• Sultanates
• 17th century in Ethiopia
• 18th century in Ethiopia
• 19th century in Ethiopia
• Sunni Islam in Africa
• Islamic monarchies
• History of Somaliland