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| '''Nur ibn Mujahid''' ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (] አሚር ኑር, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد ) (literally, "Light"; died 1567) was a |
'''Nur ibn Mujahid''' ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (] አሚር ኑር, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد ) (literally, "Light"; died 1567) was a Somali from the ] ] clan <ref> The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (Vol. 1) by Harvel Sabastian</ref> {{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |publisher=Red Sea press |page=244 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA244&dq=Emir+Nur+ibn+Mujahid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnh-vY2fnuAhXQLc0KHZhqCfMQ6AEwBXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Emir%20Nur%20ibn%20Mujahid&f=false}}</ref> He was the primary reason for the construction of the five-gated wall that surrounds the city of ]. He was known for marrying ] widow, ], and he also succeeded Imam Ahmad as leader of the ] forces fighting ] ].<ref>R.Basset (editor), ''Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie'' (''History of the Conquest of Abyssinia''), Paris, 1897–1901</ref> | ||
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Emir Nur was born to a ] ] family and was considered a saint from Harar, Mujahid was called the ''Sahib al-Fath al-Thani'', or "Master of the Second Conquest". When Imam Ahmad, who had led the Muslim conquest of the ], was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married ]'s widow, ], and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550. Promoted to Emir around 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and constructing the ] which still surrounds the city.<ref>Dr. E. Cerulli, ''Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia,'' Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931</ref> | Emir Nur was born to a ] ] family <ref> The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (Vol. 1) by Harvel Sabastian</ref> and was considered a saint from Harar, Mujahid was called the ''Sahib al-Fath al-Thani'', or "Master of the Second Conquest". When Imam Ahmad, who had led the Muslim conquest of the ], was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married ]'s widow, ], and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550. Promoted to Emir around 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and constructing the ] which still surrounds the city.<ref>Dr. E. Cerulli, ''Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia,'' Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931</ref> | ||
| In 1554-55, Nur departed on a ] (holy war), in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of ], and ]. In 1559, he invaded ], where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor ], and killed him in battle. Nur continued fighting for 12 years until, according to legend, at ] he said "Kaffa!", or "Enough!", and returned to Harar. Some believe the province is called ] for this reason.{{fact|date=December 2020}} | In 1554-55, Nur departed on a ] (holy war), in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of ], and ]. In 1559, he invaded ], where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor ], and killed him in battle. Nur continued fighting for 12 years until, according to legend, at ] he said "Kaffa!", or "Enough!", and returned to Harar. Some believe the province is called ] for this reason.{{fact|date=December 2020}} | ||
| During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching ] clans. It was at this time that the walls of Harar were built; tradition attributes them to Nur ibn Mujahid with the help of two chiefs, Aw Abadir and Aw 'Ali. By 1567, repeated Oromo raids had brought ] to the city. Nur left the city for three months on a punitive raid against the invaders. On his return he found an epidemic afflicting Harar, and he himself died of ] that year.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 373</ref> |
During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching ] clans. It was at this time that the walls of Harar were built; tradition attributes them to Nur ibn Mujahid with the help of two chiefs, Aw Abadir and Aw 'Ali. By 1567, repeated Oromo raids had brought ] to the city. Nur left the city for three months on a punitive raid against the invaders. On his return he found an epidemic afflicting Harar, and he himself died of ] that year.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 373</ref> | ||
| Emir Nur's ethnicity is seldom discussed in academic sources, though German historian Kurt Wendt reports some oral traditions linking him to the Marehan subclan of the Darod Somali clan family. <ref> According to German historian Kurt Wendt in his translation of Amharic/Ethiopian manuscripts and based on hagiographies relates that ""Tradition testifies Emir Nur Mujahid was from Somali-Darod tribe of Marehan""</ref> | |||
| ==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
Revision as of 01:12, 5 March 2021
Emir of Harar| Nur ibn Mujahid نور بن مجاهد | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir of Harar | |||||
.jpg) Tomb of Nur ibn Mujahid in Harar | |||||
| Reign | 1550–1567 | ||||
| Died | 1567 | ||||
| Spouse | Bati del Wambara | ||||
| |||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Harari: አሚር ኑር, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد ) (literally, "Light"; died 1567) was a Somali from the Marehan Darod clan Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea press. p. 244.</ref> He was the primary reason for the construction of the five-gated wall that surrounds the city of Harar. He was known for marrying his uncle's widow, Bati del Wambara, and he also succeeded Imam Ahmad as leader of the Muslim forces fighting Christian Ethiopia.
Biography
Emir Nur was born to a Marehan Darod family and was considered a saint from Harar, Mujahid was called the Sahib al-Fath al-Thani, or "Master of the Second Conquest". When Imam Ahmad, who had led the Muslim conquest of the Ethiopian Highlands, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's widow, Bati del Wambara, and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550. Promoted to Emir around 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and constructing the defensive wall which still surrounds the city.
In 1554-55, Nur departed on a Jihad (holy war), in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Bale, and Hadiya. In 1559, he invaded Fatagar, where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor Galawdewos, and killed him in battle. Nur continued fighting for 12 years until, according to legend, at Gibe he said "Kaffa!", or "Enough!", and returned to Harar. Some believe the province is called Kaffa for this reason.
During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching Oromo clans. It was at this time that the walls of Harar were built; tradition attributes them to Nur ibn Mujahid with the help of two chiefs, Aw Abadir and Aw 'Ali. By 1567, repeated Oromo raids had brought famine to the city. Nur left the city for three months on a punitive raid against the invaders. On his return he found an epidemic afflicting Harar, and he himself died of typhus that year.
Legacy
Contemporaries described Nur as a man of noble conduct, who was just, strong, and highly principled. Besides the wall which protected the city's inhabitants from invaders over the following centuries, he was noted for a number of buildings he erected in Harar. His tomb stands on a hill surrounded by houses and courtyards, and is a popular place of pilgrimage in Harar.
References
- The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (Vol. 1) by Harvel SabastianThe Dictionary of American Biography (Vol. 1)" Harvel sebastian
- R.Basset (editor), Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie (History of the Conquest of Abyssinia), Paris, 1897–1901
- The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (Vol. 1) by Harvel SabastianThe Dictionary of American Biography (Vol. 1)" Harvel sebastian
- Dr. E. Cerulli, Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia, Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
- Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 373