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'''Ibrahim Bey''' (born '''Abram Shinjikashvili'''; 1735 – 1816/1817) was a ] chieftain and regent of ]. '''Ibrahim Bey''' (born '''Abram Shinjikashvili'''; 1735 – 1816/1817) was a ] ] chieftain and regent of ].


==Biography== ==Biography==
Ibrahim Bey was born as Abram Sinjikashvili (აბრამ სინჯიკაშვილი), of ] origin, into the family of a ] priest in ] in the southeastern Georgian province of ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2018|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|publisher=|location=|last1=Crecelius|first1=Daniel|last2=Djaparidze|first2=Gotcha|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|pages=|issn=1873-9830|quote=Ibrāhīm Bey (c.1148–1228/1735–1813), who experienced an unusually long career in Mamlūk politics in Ottoman Egypt, played a central role in virtually all the major events that engulfed that province during the last three decades of the eighteenth century. Born Abram Shinjikashvili, the son of a Georgian Orthodox priest in the village of Martkofi, Georgia, he was purchased by Muḥammad Bey Abū l-Dhahab (d. 1189/1775) around 1178/1765. Along with Murād Bey, another Georgian mamlūk purchased about the same time (...)|title=Ibrāhīm Bey|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-first=Denis|editor3-last=Matringe|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_32342|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="EFRNW">Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Ibrahim Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars'', Vol. 2, p. 471-2. ABC-CLIO, Inc.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crecelius|first1=Daniel|last2=Djaparidze|first2=Gotcha|title=Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|date=2002|volume=45|issue=3|pages=320–341|jstor=3632851|doi=10.1163/156852002320896328}}</ref> As a child, he was captured by ] ] raiders and sold out in Egypt where he was converted to Islam and trained as a Mamluk. Through loyal service to ], the Mamluk ruler of ], he rose in rank and attained to the dignity of ]. While the Georgian historian Alexander Mikaberidze and a few other Georgian historians claims that Ibrahim Bey was born as Abram Sinjikashvili (აბრამ სინჯიკაშვილი), of ] origin, into the family of a ] priest in ] in the southeastern Georgian province of ],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2018|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|publisher=|location=|last1=Crecelius|first1=Daniel|last2=Djaparidze|first2=Gotcha|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|pages=|issn=1873-9830|quote=Ibrāhīm Bey (c.1148–1228/1735–1813), who experienced an unusually long career in Mamlūk politics in Ottoman Egypt, played a central role in virtually all the major events that engulfed that province during the last three decades of the eighteenth century. Born Abram Shinjikashvili, the son of a Georgian Orthodox priest in the village of Martkofi, Georgia, he was purchased by Muḥammad Bey Abū l-Dhahab (d. 1189/1775) around 1178/1765. Along with Murād Bey, another Georgian mamlūk purchased about the same time (...)|title=Ibrāhīm Bey|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-first=Denis|editor3-last=Matringe|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32342}}</ref><ref name="EFRNW">Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Ibrahim Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars'', Vol. 2, p. 471-2. ABC-CLIO, Inc.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crecelius|first1=Daniel|last2=Djaparidze|first2=Gotcha|title=Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|date=2002|volume=45|issue=3|pages=320–341|jstor=3632851|doi=10.1163/156852002320896328}}</ref> some 19th-century and early 20th-century sources identified him as Circassian.<ref name="Bouillet">Marie Nicolas Bouillet: '']'', . Hachette, Paris 1869</ref><ref name="EncIslam">], "Ibrāhīm Bey", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), ''E. J. Brill's First ], 1913-1936'', p. 436-7. Brill, {{ISBN|90-04-08265-4}}., ''''</ref> As a child, he was captured by ] ] raiders and sold out in Egypt where he was converted to Islam and trained as a Mamluk. Through loyal service to ], the Mamluk ruler of ], he rose in rank and attained to the dignity of ].


With time he emerged as one of the most influential Mamluk commanders, sharing a '']'' control of Egypt with his fellow ]. The two men became a ], Murad Bey managing military matters while Ibrahim Bey managed civil administration. They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes.<ref name="EFRNW"/> They served as ]s (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held ''de facto'' power for decades, even over the appointed ].<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/93">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=93}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/138">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=138}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/156">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=156}}</ref> From 1771 to 1773, Ibrahim Bey served as the '']'' (commander of the hajj caravan) of Egypt.<ref>Creighton, Ness. . p. 133.</ref> With time he emerged as one of the most influential Mamluk commanders, sharing a '']'' control of Egypt with his fellow ]. The two men became a ], Murad Bey managing military matters while Ibrahim Bey managed civil administration. They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes.<ref name="EFRNW"/> They served as ]s (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held ''de facto'' power for decades, even over the appointed ].<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/93">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=93}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/138">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=138}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/156">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=156}}</ref> From 1771 to 1773, Ibrahim Bey served as the '']'' (commander of the hajj caravan) of Egypt.<ref>Creighton, Ness. . p. 133.</ref>

Revision as of 20:51, 22 April 2022

Mamluk chieftainFor others called Ibrahim Bey, see Ibrahim Bey (disambiguation).
Ibrahim Bey's mansion on Al-Rudah Island, near Cairo

Ibrahim Bey (born Abram Shinjikashvili; 1735 – 1816/1817) was a Georgian Mamluk chieftain and regent of Egypt.

Biography

While the Georgian historian Alexander Mikaberidze and a few other Georgian historians claims that Ibrahim Bey was born as Abram Sinjikashvili (აბრამ სინჯიკაშვილი), of Georgian origin, into the family of a Christian priest in Martqopi in the southeastern Georgian province of Kakheti, some 19th-century and early 20th-century sources identified him as Circassian. As a child, he was captured by Ottoman slave raiders and sold out in Egypt where he was converted to Islam and trained as a Mamluk. Through loyal service to Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, he rose in rank and attained to the dignity of bey.

With time he emerged as one of the most influential Mamluk commanders, sharing a de facto control of Egypt with his fellow Murad Bey. The two men became a duumvirate, Murad Bey managing military matters while Ibrahim Bey managed civil administration. They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes. They served as kaymakams (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held de facto power for decades, even over the appointed Ottoman governor of Egypt. From 1771 to 1773, Ibrahim Bey served as the amir al-hajj (commander of the hajj caravan) of Egypt.

In 1786, the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid I sent Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey. Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct Ottoman Empire control over Egypt. Ismail Bey was appointed as new Mamluk leader and Shaykh al-Balad (civil governor and de facto ruler). However, in 1792, only six years after their expulsion by Hasan Pasha, the duumvirate returned to Cairo from hiding in southern Egypt and took back de facto control.

When the French invaded Egypt in 1798, Ibrahim fought against Napoleon's armies at the battles of the Pyramids and the Heliopolis but was defeated on both occasions. These defeats effectively ended his reign over the country, and he died in obscurity in 1816 or 1817, having survived Mohammad Ali Pasha's 1811 massacre of Mameluke leaders.

See also

References

  1. Crecelius, Daniel; Djaparidze, Gotcha (2018). "Ibrāhīm Bey". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32342. ISSN 1873-9830. Ibrāhīm Bey (c.1148–1228/1735–1813), who experienced an unusually long career in Mamlūk politics in Ottoman Egypt, played a central role in virtually all the major events that engulfed that province during the last three decades of the eighteenth century. Born Abram Shinjikashvili, the son of a Georgian Orthodox priest in the village of Martkofi, Georgia, he was purchased by Muḥammad Bey Abū l-Dhahab (d. 1189/1775) around 1178/1765. Along with Murād Bey, another Georgian mamlūk purchased about the same time (...)
  2. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Ibrahim Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Vol. 2, p. 471-2. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
  3. Crecelius, Daniel; Djaparidze, Gotcha (2002). "Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 45 (3): 320–341. doi:10.1163/156852002320896328. JSTOR 3632851.
  4. Marie Nicolas Bouillet: Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie, page 910. Hachette, Paris 1869
  5. Kahle, P., "Ibrāhīm Bey", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 436-7. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4., online
  6. 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 93.
  7. 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 138.
  8. 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 156.
  9. Creighton, Ness. Dictionary of African Biography. p. 133.
  10. ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 181.
  11. Mehmet Süreyya (1996) , Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, ISBN 9789753330411
  12. 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 317–322, 373.
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