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| ==Biography== | |||
| ] | |||
| Pasqua Rosée was born in the early seventeenth century into the ethnic Greek community of the ] (now southernmost ]),{{sfn|Cowan|2017}} and is variously described as Greek,{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=25}}{{sfn|Pendergrast|2019|p=12}} Armenian,{{sfn|Wild|2004|p=90}}{{sfn|Weinberg|2001|p=xv}} Turkish{{sfn|Brandon|2010|p=26}} and "of Greek or Turkish origin".{{sfn|Grafe|2007|p=9}} Little is known about his early life, but it is thought he spoke at least three languages: Greek, Turkish and English.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=33}} | |||
| By 1651 Rosée was living in ] in the ] (now Turkey), where he became the servant of Daniel Edwards, an English merchant of the ].{{sfn|Cowan|2017}}{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=5}}{{efn|The Levant Company was an English ] formed in 1592 with the purpose of regulating English trade with the ] and the ]. The charter effectively provided a monopoly for fifty-three English merchants named in the text.{{sfn|Wood|1964|p=20}}}} English merchants preferred to employ ]ine servants as they were cheaper than those from England and better knowledge of the local languages and customs.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=5}} Rosée's language skills made him an important aid for Edwards in business, and acted as "a clerk of accounts, a translator and a social diplomat, using his knowledge of Turkish customs to smooth the path of commerce";{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=27}} he also acted in a personal capacity as Edwards's ] and coachman. While Edwards's servants prepared and served his food, as his valet, Rosée served prepared and served his coffee.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=27–28}} | |||
| Edwards left Smyrna in late 1651 to return to England;{{sfn|Cowan|2017}} he was accompanied by Rosée. The reason the pair left was either because Edwards had thwarted activities of a ] cadre in the Levant Company in 1647 and 1650, or because of an outbreak of plague in region which reached Smyrna in September 1651.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=28}} According to the historian Markman Ellis, "Edwards brought some characteristics of Levantine merchants: hard work, Puritan politics and coffee drinking".{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=28}} According to one of Edwards's friends, it was known he "drank two or three dishes at a time, twice or thrice a day".{{sfn|Houghton|1699|p=312}} Friends would visit Edwards frequently to share his coffee and socialise; so many visited and drank the coffee that it impacted his family life, and in 1652 he decided to set up a coffee-house. As the rules of the Levant company meant he was unable to open it himself, he set up Rosée in business.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=5}}{{efn|The company's rules were that its members had to be "mere merchants", only involved in wholesale trading, rather than other enterprises.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=5}}}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Edwards and Rosée selected a premises on St Michael's Alley, just off ] and near the ]. The lanes and alleys around the Exchange—a favoured place for merchants to meet daily—were busy with traders, lawyers, tavern keepers and the general public. The first incarnation of their coffee-house was a shed resembling a market stall on the edge of the churchyard of ].{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=30–32}} A sign hung over his stall, described either as "an image of himself dressed in some Levantine clothing",{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=32}} or a sign portraying his head.{{sfn|Ellis|1956|p=30}} | |||
| To promote his enterprise, in 1652 Rosée published a handbill advertising ''The Vertue of the Coffee Drink'' in which he extolled the benefits of coffee,{{sfn|Cowan|2017}} claiming "It is excellent to prevent and cure the dropsy, gout and scurvy",{{sfn|Rosée|1652}} as well as scrofula, miscarriages and "a most excellent remedy against the spleen, hypocondriack winds and the like".{{sfn|Rosée|1652}} This was the earliest-known advertisement for coffee.{{sfn|Ellis|1956|p=32}} The launch of the new product onto the London market was aided by the politics of the day, with puritans attacking the sale of wine and beer as being connected to the profligate and licentious activities of the royalists. Taverners and wine merchants bemoaned the falling sales of their products in 1651 and 1652, and Rosée's positioning of coffee as a healthy and sober drink helped the product become commercially successful. One contemporary estimated that Rosée's turnover was 30 or 40 shillings a day – approximately £450 to 600 a year.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=8}}{{efn|£450 in 1652 equates to approximately £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|450|1652|r=-3}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}; £600 in the same year equates to approximately £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|600|1652|r=-3}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, according to calculations based on the ] measure of inflation.{{sfn|Clark|2018}}}} | |||
| Markman Ellis considers the estimate is "probably overstated", although Rosée's business was successful enough to generate jealousy from local tavern owners; they petitioned the ] on the basis Rosée was not a ], and therefore should not be able to trade as he did.{{sfn|Lillywhite|1963|p=438}} To overcome the barrier to Rosée's continuing trading, Edwards turned to his father-in-law, ] Thomas Hodges, who proposed one of his former apprentices, Christopher "Kitt" Bowman, a freeman of the City, to join Rosée as a partner, which took place in 1654.{{sfn|Cowan|2017}}{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=34–35}} | |||
| ], which now stands on the original location of on St. Michael's Alley]] | |||
| In 1656 Rosée and Bowman moved from their shed into premises, also on St Michael's Alley, which measured {{convert|27.5|by|19|ft|m}}; the property was in poor condition, needing repairs and the men paid an annual rent of £4.{{sfn|Cowan|2017}}{{efn|£4 in 1656 equates to approximately £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|4|1656|r=-3}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, according to calculations based on the ] measure of inflation.{{sfn|Clark|2018}}}} The two men operated in partnership until at least 1658 (when they were both listed in the churchwardens' accounts), but Rosée seems to have no part in the joint venture after that.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|p=36}} The two men also ran competing coffee-houses on opposite sides of the street,{{sfn|Cowan|2017}} which was remembered in ] verse under the name Adrianus del Tasso:{{sfn|Robinson|1893|pp=89–90}} | |||
| <poem> | |||
| Pull courage, Pasqua, fear no Harms, | |||
| From the beseiging Foe; | |||
| Make good your ground, stand to your Arms, | |||
| Hold out this summer, and then tho' | |||
| He'll storm, he'll not prevail—your Face | |||
| Shall give the Coffee Pot the chace.{{sfn|Ellis|1956|p=31}} | |||
| </poem> | |||
| There are no records relating to Rosée after June 1657.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=11}} The ] and writer ], writing in 1699, said that Rosée disappeared from London "for some misdemeanour",{{sfn|Houghton|1699|p=313}} although no record or evidence for the misdemeanour has been found.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=12}} There were claims that he left England and sold coffee in Holland in 1664 or Germany, but there is no evidence to support either claim.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=12}}{{sfn|Weinberg|2001|p=64}} | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| ] | |||
| Bowman continued to run the coffee-house until 1662, when he died of ]. His widow continued to run the coffee-house until at least May 1663, when hers was one of seven coffee-houses in the Cornhill ward.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=39–40}} The original closely built wooden buildings on St Michael's Avenue were destroyed in the 1666 ], although the stone-built church survived.{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=13}}{{sfn|Lillywhite|1963|p=437}} | |||
| Rosée's was only the first of many coffee-houses in London.{{sfn|Wild|2004|p=91}} In 1659 a ] barber wrote that there was seemingly coffee sold "in almost every street".{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=15}} Increasingly they became, as Markham Ellis writes, "firmly associated with the tumultuous political culture of the ]."{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=15}} In the early years of the growth of coffee-houses, there was opposition from local tavern keepers, who complained to the Lord Mayor of London about the number of non-Freemen of the city involved in the trade,{{sfn|Cowan|2005|p=49}} and in December 1675 ] issued "A proclamation for the Suppression of Coffee-Houses", which withdrew all licences to sell coffee; the resulting uproar meant the proclamation was withdrawn.{{sfn|Wild|2004|p=91}} No precise figures exist, but by 1708 they were found in London—with 500-600 in London and Westminster—and several provincial cities,{{sfn|Ellis|2008|p=157}} and by 1739, the ''London Directories'' listed 551.{{sfn|Wild|2004|p=91}} | |||
| Rosée's sign was copied and imitated by several other coffee-houses and taverns across Britain. In his 1963 study of London coffee-houses from 1652 to 1900, the historian Bryant Lillywhite identified over fifty outlets using a sign comprising a Turk's head.{{sfn|Lillywhite|1963|p=603}}{{efn|It is possible that Rosee was not the only inspiration for the use of a Turk's head; the outline of ], the tenth and longest-reigning ] of the ] between 1520 and 1566 is also a possible influence, according to Lillywhite.{{sfn|Weinberg|2001|p=154}}{{sfn|Lillywhite|1963|pp=602–603}}}} | |||
| After he left the coffee-house, Rosée's reputation remained in the popular memory. He was the inspiration for a character in "Knavery in all Trades'', a play written by ] in 1664, and he was the target of the satire ''A Broad-Side Against Coffee''.{{sfn|Cowan|2017}} | |||
| A ], the ], now occupies the location of Rosée's outlet on St. Michael's Alley. In 1952 the Lord Mayor of London, Sir ], unveiled a plaque on the location, in celebration of the tercentenary of Rosée's shop.{{sfn|"London's First Coffee House". ''The Times''}} | |||
| ==First coffee-house== | |||
| Markham Ellis writes that while several sources state that Rosée's coffee-house was the first in London but the second in England, he considers this erroneous and that Rosée's "was the first in Christendom".{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=29–30}} The source of the coffee-house in Oxford, Ellis states, is from the Oxford ] ] who wrote in "Secretum Antonii" (1671) that "Jacob a Jew opened a coffey (''sic'') house at the Angel in the parish of S. Peter, in the East Oxon". Wood left the reference undated, but the editor of his work, ], dated it to March 1650 or 1651. Wood's diaries state that coffee was consumed in private in 1650 in Oxford and that it was "publickly solde at or neare the Angel within the East Gate of Oxon ... by an outlander or a Jew" at some point between August 1654 and April 1655.{{sfn|Ellis|2004a|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Ellis|2004b|p=18}} | |||
| ==Notes and references== | |||
| ===Notes=== | |||
| {{notes}} | |||
| ===References=== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ===Sources=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| ====Books==== | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Brandon|first1=David|title=London Pubs|date=2010|publisher=Amberley Publishing|location=Stroud|isbn=978-1-4456-2927-8|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GnaIAwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Cowan|first1=Brian William|title=The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse|date=2005|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-10666-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Aytoun|title=The Penny Universities. A History of the Coffee-Houses|date=1956|publisher=Secker & Warburg|location=London|oclc=560091808}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Markman|title=The Coffee-House: A Cultural History|date=2004a|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0-2978-4319-1}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Grafe|first1=Christoph|editor1-last=Grafe|editor1-first=Christoph|editor2-last=Bollerey|editor2-first=Franziska|title=Cafés and Bars: The Architecture of Public Display|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-1342-2817-1|pages=4–46|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h1d_AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=The Architecture of Cafés, Coffee Houses and Public Bars}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Houghton|first1=John|author-link=John Houghton (apothecary)|title=A Discourse of Coffee|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|date=September 1699|volume=21|issue=256|pages=311–317|doi=10.1098/rstl.1699.0056}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Lillywhite|first1=Bryant|title=London Coffee Houses: A Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|date=1963|publisher=G. Allen and Unwin|location=London|oclc=491528636}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Pendergrast|first1=Mark|author1-link=Mark Pendergrast|title=Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World|date=2019|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-5416-9938-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward Forbes|title=The Early History of Coffee Houses in England; with Some Account of the First Use of Coffee and a Bibliography of the Subject|date=1893|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofco00robi/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Ros%C3%A9e|oclc=473270265}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Weinberg|first1=Bennett Alan|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4159-2722-2|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wild|first1=Antony|title=Coffee: A Dark History|date=2004|publisher=Fourth Estate|location=London|isbn=978-1-84115-649-1|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5/mode/2up}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Alfred C.|author1-link=Alfred Wood (historian)|title=A History of the Levant Company|date=1964|orig-year=1935|publisher=Frank Cass and Co|location=London|oclc=433802203|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187679/mode/2up?}} | |||
| ====Journals and magazines==== | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=Markman|title=Pasqua Rosee's Coffee-House, 1652–1666|journal=The London Journal|date=May 2004b|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1179/ldn.2004.29.1.1}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=Markman|title=An Introduction to the Coffee-House: A Discursive Model|journal=Language & Communication|date=April 2008|volume=28|issue=2|pages=156–164|doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2008.01.004}} | |||
| ====News sources==== | |||
| * {{cite news|title=London's First Coffee House|work=The Times|date=26 March 1952|page=6|ref={{sfnRef|"London's First Coffee House". ''The Times''}}}} | |||
| ====Websites==== | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Gregory|title=The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/|access-date=4 June 2020|publisher=MeasuringWorth|date=2020}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
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