| Revision as of 14:08, 29 May 2010 edit117.241.121.215 (talk) →panagudi: new section← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 01:03, 11 January 2024 edit undoCewbot (talk | contribs)Bots8,044,972 editsm Maintain {{WPBS}} and vital articles: 3 WikiProject templates. Merge {{VA}} into {{WPBS}}. Keep majority rating "B" in {{WPBS}}. Remove 3 same ratings as {{WPBS}} in {{WikiProject Tamil civilization}}, {{WikiProject Dravidian civilizations}}, {{WikiProject India}}. |
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|dykentry=... that the discovery of a ] with ''']''' in 2006 was regarded by ] ] as the "greatest archaeological discovery of a century in ]"? |
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{| class="messagebox standard-talk" |
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|align="center"|The following users are active in maintaining and improving this article. If you have questions regarding ] and ], they may be able to help:<br>{{User|Venu62}} |
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] |
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==Vandalism== |
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I did not want to fix it since I did not want to eliminate the evidence (I don't know how that "History" page works - someone might want to have a look at it for changes to the "Pre-historic Period") but someone has been tampering with the first section of the article. A particularly juvenile replacement of the scientific name for humans has been substituted in a couple of places. Someone who knows the subject matter should probably have a look for less obvious changes. I have given up being a member of the Misplaced Pages community so someone else might want to put this page on a watchlist. Thanks. |
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] 23:18, 5 May 2007 (UTC) |
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==Justification for the title== |
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Great start, Venu. My only concern is that people would object to the title as the present-day entity ] has existed only in modern times. Well, if we can establish that the name was in vogue much before, it should be fine. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:58, 8 May 2006 (UTC) |
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:I think there is precedence to this - see ] and ]. We are only documenting the history of the region rather than asserting that there was an entity by the name Tamil Nadu back then. For that matter, there was no country called "India" until the British Raj period, and yet we do call our history the ]! |
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:] 22:26, 8 May 2006 (UTC) |
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::Yes, that's why people made suggestions to move the article to under "History of South Asia"! Well, it's not an issue. We'll deal with it when we come to it. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 04:56, 9 May 2006 (UTC) |
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:The Cilappatikaram uses the name "Tamil Nadu" in the forms "then thamizh nannadu" and "then thamizh nadu", so it should be pretty easy to establish that the name's been in vogue for quite a while. This article is starting to shape up well - kudos to all who've worked on it. The only significant gap I see is the absence of a detailed discussion about the Velir chiefs - are you planning to work on that? They were quite important in that period of Tamil history, particularly the Atiyaman dynasty. -- ] 22:15, 12 May 2006 (UTC) |
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::Thanks for the clarification, Arvind. A mention in Cilappatikaram makes it indisputable. I've no idea about the Velir Chiefs and ] is the main author and I hope he would take your inputs and use it. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 08:40, 16 May 2006 (UTC) |
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== Velir chieftains == |
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Hi Sundar and Arvind, I have added a brief para on the Velir chieftains. I will add a couple more sentences and citation later. - cheers |
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] 06:00, 17 May 2006 (UTC) |
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:That paragraph was informative. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:08, 17 May 2006 (UTC) |
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== Post-independence history == |
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May be the current content merits the duration of the period, but my personal wish would be to have more of it covered, either here or in a separate article. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:47, 30 May 2006 (UTC) |
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:We can certainly incldue more content under the post independent section, but I can't find appropriate non-partisan references for it. I have been away from Tamil Nadu too long to source anything appropriate and IMO they can only be sourced locally. If you can cite some online resources, I am more than happy to condense and write. - ] 06:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC) |
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::True. The dearth for a non-partisan account is one of the main reasons I wanted us to provide more info here. I'll try to get some sources here. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 07:00, 30 May 2006 (UTC) |
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:::I'll be dumping potentially useful references here. Please use it as required. Search for the phrase "Tamil Nadu" in the documents even if the primary subject is different. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 11:26, 5 June 2006 (UTC) |
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* http://cmd.princeton.edu/papers/wp0407.pdf |
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* http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps99.pdf - though talks primarily about Sri Lanka, it has a good account on the growth of the Dravidian movement etc., |
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* ... more from |
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* Ramaswamy, S., ''Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India 1891-1970''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 8121508525 has much useful information, and the entire book is . |
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* |
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* ] - well-sourced, has a good timeline at ] |
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===Other potential sources=== |
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* , |
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==Article should include== |
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Good worked article, Thanks. But it shouldn't be restricted only political matters. That is, more attention needed here on refering cultural, lingual(Tamil), religious and social events and histories. - ] 19:18, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:I don't believe the so-called religion ] is prominant enough to include in a summary article of the history a state that spans from pre historic to present days. I am removing the mention you added on Ayyavazhi - ] 19:51, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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::Let's discuss and then decide to move or not. |
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::Ayyavazhi was termed generally as a reform movement though all departments did not consider it as a religion. On sociology, Ayya Vaikundar was noted as the first social as well as religious reformer of Tamil Nadu. India,s first inter-dinning was held in Ayyavazhi centers(reported in Dina Malar by Pachai mal). Samuel Mateer's (book) Land of Charity, mentions Ayyavazhi quite often on writing the history of 19th century Travancore. To the Christian missionaries, Ayyavazhi was a major odstacle for their spread. Travancore is the most succesfull spot for them on spreading. Mind you in Travancore the major reason for the spread of Christianity is the caste issue. Mainly to escape from the caste tyranny most of the subjects of Travancore mainly Nadar caste, joined Christianity. In such a situation Ayyavazhi stabilised against Christianity. So apart from religious study Ayyavazhi is a major social issue in the History of not only Tamil Nadu but wholy to that of the nation. I will cite all the above if needed. I am reverting - ] 20:12, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:::Let us not get into a revert war. You may be a Ayyavazhi worshipper, but that does not mean Ayyavazhi is a major religion meriting mention in a summary article. There is no mention of any other religious mevements in the article, mainly becasue this is a summary. If we began to include each and every religious movement that began during the last two thousand years, the article will be huge. You have created your own set of Ayyavazhi article group. Please don't try to thrust it in irrelevant places. - ] 20:17, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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::::Sorry Venu, I am not telling to add only Ayyavazhi but all social, religious, lingual and cultural events. You can't say that they are negligible. Beacause the article was headed 'History of Tamil Nadu', not 'Political history of Tamil nadu' . So, History of Tamil Nadu includes all these. If the article goes long it should be splitted and not the notables be swallowed up. I've also mentioned it earlier - ] 20:32, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:::::The point is not that the article should only discuss political events, but that Ayyavazhi <u>as a social phenomenon</u> did not have a significant enough impact on Tamil Nadu to merit a mention in this article. Given that this is a summary article, it seems to me that we need to focus on events of the order of significance of the revival of Shaivism or the advent of Christianity. Ayyavazhi does not meet that standard <u>because</u> this article is only a summary of the social, political and religions history of TN. Ayyavazhi would quite possibly merit a mention in an article on ] as and when that happens to be written. -- ] 22:01, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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I am not not here to place merely a religion or it's growth, to the article of the history of a state. But look at the political and social impact created by Ayyavazhi in the then society. Keepng away the religious view on Ayyavazhi and Ayya Vaikundar and take a look under sociology. |
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*If you need to place the first protest against the casteism and untouchability in the state, you can't neglect Ayyavazhi or reform of Ayya Vaikundar. |
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*If you think that ] was a reformer,nearly 50 years before to him the same reform that periyar done against casteism and untouchability was performed by Vaikundar in the South. Religious conversion there, mainly because of casteism was prevented by this movement. |
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*India's first inter-dinning was held in Ayyavazhi centers by Ayya. Is this an ordinary thing. |
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*He agitated against the King Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma for his cruel activities (especially tax)against the sub-altern people. |
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What Iam telling is there are a set of religious as well as social reforms done by the advent of the Ayyavazhi. All were defined religiously in the scriptures of Ayyavazhi. But here this (reforms)is to be viewed with an eye of sociology and not religious. - ] 23:37, 7 June 2006 (UTC) |
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For this article at this present stage I accept mentioning Ayyavazhi as a reform movement. Also I accept mentioning Ayya and Ayyavazhi like this to the sociology and history related articles. More over this is not enough. There are many to say about Ayyavazhi and Ayya under sociology. But presently I've no source to cite. |
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And also in articles related to spirituality, philosophy, religion etc.. Ayya Vaikundar and Ayyavazhi should be mentioned exactly in the religious way as per the beleifs of Ayyavazhi and Akilam. I am telling this now to avoid confusion in future. |
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Also when the articles related to Tamil Nadu History get developed enough to mention every religious, social, cutural matters, Ayyavazhi should be mentioned in equal status with other religions in the religious way. That is telling Ayyavazhi as a religion;Vaikundar not as Mudisoodum Perumal etc.... With minor changes now, I found things Okey... - ] 00:59, 8 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:Ayyavazhi will not be considered at par with other major religions as long as it is unknown to a vast majority of people who live in the areas of Tamil nadu claimed to have a number of its followers. - ] 03:00, 8 June 2006 (UTC) |
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== Why Ayyavazhi mention is not appropriate in a summary article? == |
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Vaikunda Raja, I don't know if you can ever understand what an ] is or what ] means. Let me try to explain. ] as such may be notable to merit an article in Misplaced Pages. But, if we mention that in a ] (please DO NOT reply before you read the previous policy), it'll create a false impression that it's much more notable than what it is. We've mentioned only the most important historical events here and not everything that happenned in Tamil Nadu. For example, Adi Parasakthi movement, Tamil Nadu Mercantile bank reclamation movement, attempted murder of MGR, etc., are all events that are newsworthy or perhaps that merit a mention in non-summary articles like lists or be independent articles. If we mention one of them here, it seeks to imply that the mentioned one is much more notable than the others. This is what we're trying to avoid. Do you seriously believe that the social movement is much more notable than Periyar's movement? If so, wouldn't there be reliable scholarly writings on that subject? Please have a open mind and try to understand the previous points rather than dismiss them right away. Even a moderate ] like me feels that Ayyavazhi mention as social movement here is inappropriate. I'm removing the mention based on the above reasoning. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:48, 8 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:Sundar, I accept and sorry if any mistakes on my side truly. |
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:The following is the way of studying religions exactly in a social way beyond beleifs, faith etc... So it's not my own view, but on viewing Ayyavazhi as one among the other religions from the side of society. |
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:You asked, '''"Do you seriously believe that the social movement is much more notable than Periyar's movement? If so, wouldn't there be reliable scholarly writings on that subject?"''' |
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:This is the main focusing point of P.Sarveswaran in his book, '''"Sri Vaikunda Swamikal-A Forgotten Social Reformer of Kerala"'''. |
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:That is how such a reformer is forgotten in the history. It doesn't means that there is no reference about him in History. But not cared of. The author (P.Sarveswaran) exclimed it in the book. |
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:More over I am telling one event. Iam telling this because you asked me ''"'''Do you seriously believe''' that the social movement is much more notable than Periyar's movement?"'' |
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:The religious leader Bala Prajapathi was opposed by almost majority of the followers for the last two or three years mainly beacause of the fact that all his public speeches focuses Vaikundar as a reformer (social and religious). He also compares him to various reformers and telling that Vaikundar was the first and most suceeded. I too personally dislikes that. But few days before when I met him at his residence in Swamithoppe, I asked him the reason. He told me "Even on sociology, Ayya was the most rememberable reformer. But he was completely forgotten from the society". More over he also compared him with Narayana Guru and Chattampi Swamikal. |
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:He also told "Ayya's mission was many times greater than that of these two people. But they two were quite familer, but Ayya!!! Completely forgotten. So to bring this situation I give speeches like that." |
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:Look into the article ]. (All were given religious definitions in scripture.) But look them sociologically. Don't you find that some of the practices initiated there were the major effort to brought in social co-operation in a caste based diversifyied society. For eg. , (click the link, and then from the rows in the right Click Social Reforms.) |
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:You can't tell that He Vaikunadar was not accepted by people and all. The LMS Reports themselves are good proof for that. |
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:All these were done before some 150 years. Beafore the birth of all known reformers. These reforms were not done in a period, when people developed to question against the inhuman activities. But this was reverse in the time of Periyar and others. When they arose the people (most of them)were with enough boldness. But in the time of Vaikundar, it's the time of king and nobody can revolt against the king. But Vaikundar revolted agains the then King Swathi Thirunal. |
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:But the archives of Thiruvananthapuram (kings documents) did not contain any messages about Vaikundar. But the LMS Reports states the arrest of Vaikundar and imprisonment in Trivandrum. This is a question commonly asked: Why such a person revolted against the King was not mentioned in the archives of the Palace? No answers so far. |
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:Also we can't tell that no scolors mentioned about Vaikundar. Aset of historians |
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:V.T.Chellam's, Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum |
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:R.Ponnu's Vaikuntacuvamikal Valvum Valikattalum, |
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:M.S.S.Pandiyan's, Meanings of Colonialism and Nationalism :An essay on Vaikunda Swamy Cult , Studies in History, |
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:A.Sreedhara Menon's A Survey of Kerala History, Madras 1996 |
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:Arunan's Tamilakatil Camuka Cirtirutam Irunuttantu Varalaru, Madurai:Vaihai Publications, 1999, page-28 |
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:P.Sarveswaran's, Sri Vaikunda Swamikal-A Forgotten Social Reformer of Kerala, Page-3 |
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:Abbs, John's Twenty-two years Missionary experience in Travancore |
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:Caldwell,r's History of Tinnevelly |
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:Samuel Mateer's Land of Charity. |
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:and some more, not less than 50 books mentions Vaikundar (If needed I will mention all of them). |
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:More than this, the LMS Missionaries's Reports, for the years 1838, 1843, 1847, 1872 and 1892 (covers more than fifty years) had direct reference to Ayyavazhi. |
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:Apart from these |
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:* Reports of the Santhapooram District |
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:* Reports of the Jamestown Mission District |
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:* Reports of the Neyyor Mission District |
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:* Reports of the Nagercoil Mission District |
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:* Reports of the Tittuvilai Mission District |
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:* Reports of the Kottaram Mission District |
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:Also mention Ayyavazhi. |
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:All these were not (religious works) from Ayyavazhi, but external books viewing Vaikundar sociologically. Do all these focus towards a completly negligible person? or Do all these things focus a personality, is he neglegible? - '''''Vaikunda Raja''''' |
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::Sorry, if you got offended by my innocuous comments. I never made any comment on the "goodness" or otherwiseness of Ayyavazhi. IMO, not even Narayana Guru etc., might merit a place in this article. They along with Ayyavazhi would find a place in a more detailed article like ] or such. By the way, thanks for providing these many books as references. Please ] them in the appropriate format in the ] article if you've not added already. Let me help you out. Probably, once we have good subarticles, we can think of a mention in this summary article as well at a later stage. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:24, 9 June 2006 (UTC) |
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:::No problem Sundar, I don't. |
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:::Then I can't cite them in religious aricles because they all were social ann sociological studies studies. More over all these books were not with me presently. I found all these in the foot note area of the book "Religion and Sub-altern agency" (a book of G.Patrick, Madras University). Also, even in my knowledge, some of the books were missed by the resercher, Patrick. More over these books might mentioned Vaikundar, under sociology as either Mudisoodum perumal , Muthukutty samy or Vaikunda samy. They don't undergo a religious study. So in sociology related articles, if needed I will site. Thank you. - '''''Vaikunda Raja''''' 13:50, 9 June 2006 (UTC) |
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I'm getting increasingly frustrated with you and your POV pushing. It's adding considerable stress to valuable contributors for having to revert your POV additions to articles like ], where a mention of Ayyavazhi imputes a significant notability, which it doesn't have. I thing you mistook my commendation on your mentioning some books to be an endorsement of your view and a retraction of my comments made at the beginning of this section. Let me say that I still stand by them and if you engage in any further pushing, I'll need to seek administrative action. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 05:30, 12 June 2006 (UTC) |
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== Nationalism == |
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I'm slightly uncomfortable with the use of the word "nationalism" unqualified to mean "patriotism" given that it would be used to mean something else in the history of a later period. What would be a better choice? -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 07:18, 12 October 2006 (UTC) |
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:I think I see what you mean. Nationalism does have negative connotations in the history of the 20th century. However, feelings of Nationalism was the major - if not the only - driving force behind leaders such as Tilak and ] towards the ]. In the context of Indian History, Nationalism was not the negative, insular and xenophobic Nationalism of the ] or the ]. It was IMO a more utipian and idealistic Nationalism of ] and Gandhi. If one wishes to qualify the term in our context, may be we can perhaps use ther term 'Patriotic Nationalists'? - ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 11:13, 12 October 2006 (UTC) |
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::I didn't mean that. What I intended to mean was that nationalism would mean devotion to a ] and not a ], which for some people makes a big difference. Many would consider the devotion to Tamil language/ethnicity as a form of nationalism and devotion to India, the country, as patriotism. So, a hypothetical separatist group devoted to Tamil nationalism would definitely not considered patriotic. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 11:27, 12 October 2006 (UTC) |
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:::I agree with Sundar, particularly given that the secessionist group was not merely hypothetical, but actually existed up until 1963 or sometime thereabouts (it's called the DMK). We need to distinguish pan-Indian nationalism from Tamil nationalism. I'm not very sure how to word it, though. They certainly considered themselves both Tamil nationalists and Tamil patriots, so I don't think using those two words will get us very far. "Pan-Indian nationalism" and "Tamil nationalism" convey the idea much better, but they're a little clumsy. -- ] 21:13, 16 October 2006 (UTC) |
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::::Parthi, any thoughts on this? -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC) |
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::::Not sure really. This is a difficult one to do without being seen as POV. The heading '''Nationalism and Independence struggle''' may be changed to simply '''Independence struggle''' omitting the allusion to Tamil Nationalism. The paragraph following may be reworded to denote Bharathi et al as freedom fighters rather than nationalists. The Dravidian movement may be factually termed as the 'Dravidian movement' and the secessionist activities may then be decoupled from the nationalism tag. I will try and rewrite this paragraph. You may change it as you and Arvind may wish. - ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 06:35, 18 October 2006 (UTC) |
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:::::I'm ok with everything except omitting the allusion to Tamil nationalism part. Dravidian movement is a Tamil nationalistic movement among being so many other things. But, please go ahead with your rewrite. I'll make any changes if required. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:45, 18 October 2006 (UTC) |
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==Should History of TN have sections on the arts and culture ?== |
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TN means the people and their land and culture, no? Political history seems to be emphasized a lot. I've not read this article in depth to make any suggestions or comments, but it seems to be well written with a lot of info. --] 23:45, 17 October 2006 (UTC) |
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:I think a brief mention of Culture and art would be appropriate. There are however articles such as ], ], ] and ] which do more justice. This article is already has grown larger than average, so any new material will mean editing out some of the existing material. You are welcome to contribute. - ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 23:55, 17 October 2006 (UTC) |
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::I agree with Parthi. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 06:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC) |
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== Classification of Periods == |
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The presentation of linear history is well done. I am assuming that dominant powers and majority area cover to be the selective criteria for the classifying of periods. The classification of the periods needs further elaboration as rulers, territories often overlap or subdivide. --] 21:54, 26 October 2006 (UTC) |
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==Srilankan Connection== |
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I have made a few edits in relation to the Srilankan Connection based on the following points |
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# Loss of Sympathy towards LTTE is not equal to loss of sympathy towards Tamils |
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# Sympathy was lost due to Assassination and not due to war between IPKF and LTTE. Infact the war was responsible for an "increase" in sympathy during 1987 to 1991 |
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I have tried to give a ] picture.<span style="border:1px solid #000;padding:1px;"><font style="color:#ffd700;background:#000;">]</font></span> 01:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC) |
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== Inaccurate statement == |
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The article reads: |
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<blockquote>Since the 1998 elections, coalition governments have held power in Tamil Nadu.</blockquote> |
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It's highly inaccurate to state this. For one, there were no elections held for the TN Legislative Assembly in 1998. The terms are 1996-2001, 2001-2006, 2006-''ongoing''. In the '96 assembly elections, the DMK fought in alliance with the TMC and swept the polls. But, the DMK had a huge majority on its own and the TMC took a stand that it would fill the role of a "responsible opposition". In the '06 elections, the DMK led alliance won, but with DMK falling short of individual majority. Currently, the DMK government is a minority government with '''outside support''' from its alliance partners. So, even this government can't be called a coalition government. Either the author whom you've cited meant the coalition governments at the centre or he meant "alliance politics" when they said "coalition governments". This inaccuracy needs to be fixed. Following are a few useful resources: |
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* http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rapr2001/18042001/r180420015.html (a must see) |
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* http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rapr2001/24042001/r240420019.html |
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* http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050604981200.htm - a writeup that traces the evolution of alliance arithmetic |
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* http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/0021/index.htm |
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* http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051008901200.htm |
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* http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/result1.pdf |
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* http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/result2.pdf |
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I've reworded the section a bit removing any reference to a specific year. This is only an interim measure, please feel free to make any accurate statements on the emergence of alliance politics. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 07:39, 10 November 2006 (UTC) |
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== Post Independence Period == |
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The post independence period is not well organized. There is an abrupt transition to the second paragraph. Recent events and Srilankan conflict should be sub-sectioned. Also, the important event of Tamilnadu gaining Madras, is not even mentioned when discussing about the partition. |
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] 03:11, 11 November 2006 (UTC) |
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== Political History of TN, People History of Tamil Nadu == |
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This is certainly a good work. However, it does not contain even minimum information about the lives of people throughout the ages. This can be addressed in a separate article. Just a note. --] 23:41, 2 January 2007 (UTC) |
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== Not peepee but pee == |
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The abbreviation "pp" conventionally means page'''s''', plural; a single page is written "p". I changed a few examples of "pp" to "p" but quickly tired, I'm sorry to say. -- ] 09:34, 2 May 2007 (UTC) |
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==Many pics in this article are copyvios== |
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Many pics in this article are suspected copyvios. I have tagged them asking for source information. But no information has been forthoming except "assertions" of the uploaders themselves. I will wait for some time and pending proper explanation of the sources, I will be removing the pics. Thanks. 00:47, 5 May 2007 (UTC) |
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::You have no right to remove any pictures from the articles. The correct process is to tag them if you feel they are suspect and then wait for the examination by an admin. If you go about removing the pics It will be reported as vandalism. ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 00:59, 5 May 2007 (UTC) |
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:::Tagged pics are removed by bots. I could pitch in too. And nobody needs anybody's permission to uphold the integrity of[REDACTED] by stamping out copyvios. Its rather unfortunate that these copyvios have managed to circumvent the checks and balances that wiki has in place and have even managed to appear on the main page. As a true wikipedian.. I am deeply pained. ] 01:10, 5 May 2007 (UTC) |
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== The Adichanallur inscription == |
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''The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at Adichanallur. Recent excavations at these sites have also provided samples of early Tamil writing, dating back to at least 500 BCE.<ref> {{cite web | title= Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur | work= The Hindu, Feb 17, 2005 | url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm | publisher= The Hindu Group | accessdate=2006-11-15}}</ref>'' |
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The reference given for the above line is . The Hindu report does not say anything except in ambiguous language. It does not draw any conclusions. Most importantly, this is just a report in a newspaper about history that has not yet been even researched into. Neither has any researcher researched into it nor has any journal published anything about it. Citing sources like media reports in things like this, I believe is against Misplaced Pages conventions. I believe it wouldnt be a problem if you used a Hindu report or review of say, a research item that appeared in a reputed journal. But to use a media report to establish the veracity of something is questionable. |
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Also even reading the Hindu report, it is amply clear that '''nothing''' can be said about the inscription yet. The inscription just has 6 or 7 syllables which mean nothing yet and can possibly be in any language. It need not even be Tamil for that matter. Yes you might say that the script is Tamil Brahmi, but then who knows, tomorrow research might show that it indeed is some other language which probably used Tamil Brahmi even before Tamil started using it. My point is not to advance any theories of my own, but just to point out that even amateurs like me can demolish this theory if the Hindu report is all that you have. |
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In the light of the above, I will be removing that line. We will have to wait till something concrete(and not speculation) comes out in a reputed journal or something. ] 02:03, 5 May 2007 (UTC) |
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:The article quotes the Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle. what more do you want? |
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:I agree with you in general. The only area where media reports can be considered as ] is ]. They are not peer-reviewed journals. <b><font color="teal">]</font></b>''<sup><font color="teal">]</font></sup>'' <sup><b><font color="teal">]</font></b></sup> 08:08, 6 May 2007 (UTC) |
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== Spelling Vandalism == |
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This article was originally written in ], a derivative of ]. There appears to be some concerted ploy by some to silently convert articles such as this one into ]. Whenever the vandalism is corrected, it is done again. This needs to stop. — ] 07:51, 6 May 2007 (UTC) |
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:could you giuve an example of a diff of the sort that you mean? ] 08:39, 6 May 2007 (UTC) |
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:: Some examples from recent history: |
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:: This is hardly the only article to be subjected to this vandalism, either. — ] 10:43, 6 May 2007 (UTC) |
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==refs== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==British, not English== |
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Under Anglo-French conflicts the User:Venu62 keeps replacing British with English, even though during this time there were known as British because of the ] in 1707. To call the British English is not only inaccurate and ignorant it is insulting as the English are not the only people on the British isles. I am not the vandal Venu62, you are so please refrain from replacing British with English because it is vandalism. ] 7 May, 2007. |
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:See the following references: |
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:# Political and Military Events in British India: From the Years 1756 to 1849 By William Hough - |
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:# Outlines of Enlgish history By Robert Ross - |
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:# History of England: From the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-1783 By Philip Henry Stanhope - |
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:# Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century, By Edward Cust - |
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:# Carnatic Chronology: The Hindu and Mahomedan Methods of Reckoning Time Explained, By Charles Philip Brown - |
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:I can give you hundreds more citations for the use of 'English' instead of British in this context. So, don't revert. Naming valid edits as 'vandalism' is a ] and you may be blocked for this. - ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 23:00, 7 May 2007 (UTC) |
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It doesn't matter if they call them "English" in the scources you provided, the British are commonly called "English" but the term is incorrect because after 1707 it was the Kingdom of Great Britain. If this were a WWI article and you replaced German with Prussian that would be about the same thing you are doing now. Not all scources are correct and it is unencyclopedic to call the British "English" as there are also Scots, Welsh, Cornish, and Irish people in Great Britian and calling them all "English" is not correct and "English" needs to be changed to British. I hope a British user backs me up on this because what I am saying is 100% right and the vandalism warning I gave you is justified so please do not call it a personal attack as it is not. If I called you an insulting name or gave you a useless warning then it would be a "Personal attack", but since it is not I would appreciate you would stop vandalising the page by replacing the correct term of British with the incorrect term "English". ] 13:00, 7 May 2007 |
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: As an English person, I agree re: British vs. English. ] 11:37, 8 May 2007 (UTC) |
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::Just like to add that there is some semi obvious sockpuppeting up here with ] and ] almost certainly the same person or two friends tag-teaming this article. More info and evidence at: ]. ] 16:46, 9 May 2007 (UTC) |
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British it should be. Not English. ] 02:01, 10 May 2007 (UTC) |
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Good, so it is agreed that English will be changed to British. ] 9 May, 2007. |
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== Citecheck notice == |
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Sarvagnya, I see that you've added a {{tl|citecheck}} notice to the top of this ]. What is the misinterpretation here? The prose almost uses the language verbatim from the cited reference. If you don't give a reason here, I'd assume there's no problem whatsoever and remove the notice. If there's a genuine misinterpretation, you're free to reword the sentence, but don't remove cited content applying your ] over references citing misinterpretation (even as there's no "interpretation" issue in a verbagtim quote). -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 07:23, 2 August 2007 (UTC) |
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:I've already been through this Adichanallur nonsense more than once. Expecting people to explain the same thing over and over again is bad faith editing, if not disruption. For starters, the script hasnt been deciphered. Secondly, there's very little(only 4) difference between brahmi and tamil brahmi(which many scholars call southern brahmi). If a script that is far from being deciphered can resemble 'tamil brahmi' then it ought to resemble 'brahmi' too. And in any case, all your reports are just speculative "FIR"s filed by the media. Research in this is still pending. So stop bringing speculative reports and weaseling. In any case, this info/detail doesnt even belong in this article which is supposed to be a summary article. This weasel belongs, at best in the ] or ] article. ] 07:34, 2 August 2007 (UTC) |
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::Since you have a complaint, let's approach someone to have a look at it. Another possibility would be to agree on a rewording. Since the Tamil Brahmi detail is not critical (I agree with you that much) to this article, would you agree with the following prose? -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 07:45, 2 August 2007 (UTC) |
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{{cquote|The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at ], 24 km from ], where archaeologists from the ] unearthed 12 urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks, grains of rice, charred rice and ] ], giving evidence confirming it of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago. Adhichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.<ref>Subramanian T.S. (May 26, 2004 )''Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu'', The Hindu, retrieved 7/31/2007 </ref> <ref>'The most interesting pre-historic remains in Tamil India were discovered at Adichanallur.There is a series of urn burials. seem to be related to the megalithic complex. - Zvelebil, K.A., Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature - pp21–22, Brill Academic Publishers. </ref>}} |
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:::Remove weaseling about the script and keep whatever else you want... though imo, everthing else starting with the comma after "]" is superfluous and unnecessarily wordy for a SS article. ] 07:49, 2 August 2007 (UTC) |
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::::And btw.. what is it with ''megalithic'' urns containing 'neolithic celts'. Mind throwing some light? ] 07:54, 2 August 2007 (UTC) |
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:::::What's the contradiction here? If there's no contradiction, Marcus' version with Lotlil's suggestion shall be restored. -- ] <sup>\] \]</sup> 15:05, 17 August 2007 (UTC) |
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*I support ] and have written to Archeological Survey of India for further Documentation: |
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"To Whom it concerns, |
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I am seaching for Archaeological Survey of India publications and peer revieved journal articles regarding the early Tamil Brahmi script inscriptions found in burial urns at the Neolithic site at Adichanallur, Tirrunivelli District, Tamilnadu in 2005. This discovery has been described by T.S. Subramanian (Feb 17, 2005) The Hindu, Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur . |
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I am seeking authoritative references to support my statement: |
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"The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at Adichanallur, 24 km from Tirunelveli, where archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 157 urns, including 15 containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks, grains of rice, charred rice and Neolithic celts, and one having writing inside resembling the early Tamil Brahmi script on it, giving evidence confirming it of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago. Adhichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies." |
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which i wrote in http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=History_of_Tamil_Nadu&oldid=148895770#Pre-historic_period |
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but which was rejected as being non-authorative. |
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Any Archaeological Survey of India publications or peer revieved journal article references regarding the early Tamil Brahmi script inscriptions at Adichanallur would increase public understanding of this important aspect of early Tamil Nadu History. |
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Sincerely, |
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Marcus Sherman" |
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I await their response-] 07:15, 4 August 2007 (UTC) |
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'''Suggestion''' Since Hindu is a reliable secondary source, we can depend on their attribution. So, we should be able to use the article to say something like |
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:''According to archaeologist Dr. Satyamurthy and epigraphist M.D. Sampath, the script resembles the Tamil-Brahmi script'' |
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] 13:15, 4 August 2007 (UTC) |
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==Feedback== |
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Congrats to contributors and editors on this FA article. Some suggestions on this important piece of work. |
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1. This article is too vague in details and written in a winding prose. |
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2. Timelines and geographic patterns are not followed |
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3. It lacks a cohesive, comprehensive introduction |
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4. Many contradictory, superfluous information and invalid references |
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5. Use of maps, illustrations and timelines could be considered |
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Being a tamil myself, I am constantly amazed at the depth of this great article. Some TLC could be used in this article. Please unlock it. |
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] |
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:Thank you for your feedback. It would be useful to be a bit more specific with your comments. It will also be useful to note that this article has been through extensive ] and ] candidate nomination and review. You will certainly be aware that an article is not given the FA status without it having to meet the highest quality criteria. See ]. |
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:Thanks ] <sup><em>]/]</em></sup> 01:53, 23 August 2007 (UTC) |
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== Neutrality? == |
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"Together they ruled over this land with a '''unique culture and language''', contributing to the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in the world." |
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"There had always been an''' atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence''' between all religions in Tamil Nadu." |
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Hmmm. ] (]) 23:05, 26 April 2009 (UTC) |
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== panagudi == |
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--] (]) 14:08, 29 May 2010 (UTC)'''[[File:Bold tex |
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:Indented line |
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t]]''' |
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gzFbia ngWj;jtiuapy; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; tptrhak; MFk;. Fhyepiy ntg;gkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,g;gFjpapy; ePh; gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sJ. gzFbapy; Mw;W ePh;ghrdk; Fsj;J ePh;ghrdk; KiwapYk; tptrhak; nra;jdh;. Jl;gntl;g epiyahdJ $Ljy; ntg;gepiy 107o ghud;`Pl; Giwthd ntg;gepiy 64.9 o ghud; `Pl;lhf cs;sJ. etPd Nkhl;lhh;fs; %yk; fpzw;wpy; ,Ue;J ePiug; ngWfpd;wKiwAk; mLj;J Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy; KiwAk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. |
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kz;tsj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W tpjkhf gphpf;fyhk; mit 1.nrk;kz 2.fspkz; 3.tz;ly;kz; .gzFbapd; tljpirapy; fhpry;kz; njd;jpirapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F nrk;kz;Zk; fhpry; kz;Zk; mjpfk; cs;s epyg;gFjpahf fhzg;gLtjhy; tptrhak; Kf;fpa njhopyhf tpisnghUshf cs;sJ. o |
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,q;F new;gaph; mjpfk; tpisr;ry; MfpwJ NkYk; IPd; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiuapYk; mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiuapYk; ney; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F ePh;ghrdk; mDkhd; ejpapy; ,Ue;Jk; Fsj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; fpilf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; Nrhsk; Nfo;tuF kpsF njd;id fha;fwp thio gid Nghd;witAk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ. |
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gzFbapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fspkz;Zk; mjpfk; fpilg;gjy; nrq;fs; R+isfSf;Fk; xL njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fk; Kf;fpa %yg;nghUshf kz;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.,j;njhopy; ,q;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ. o |
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1.mDkhd; ejp |
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gzFbapy; cs;s mDkhd; MW kpfTk; rpwg;ghf fUjg;gLfpwJ.jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; rpwg;G ngw;w = ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rpthfkp mk;ghs; jpUf;Nfhtpy; gzFbapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mDkhd; ejpapd; mUhfikapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j mDkhd; ejpapd; %yk; gzFbapy; tptrhak; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ. ,jdhy; gzFb rpwg;G ngw;w Cuhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. o |
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2.rpW njhopy;fs; |
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gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; njhopy;fSk; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wJ. gzFbapy; cs;s mjpfkhd ngz;fs; gPb Rw;Wfpwhh;fs;. NkYk; $il Kiljy; RUl;L Rw;Wjy; nrq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy; CL njhopw;r;rhiyfs; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. o |
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3.njhopw;rhiyfs;: |
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gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; tptrhaj;ij jtpu gpw njhopy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mjpy; Kf;fpakhd njhopy; XL jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; nrq;fy; jahhpj;jy; MFk;. ,j;njhopypy; Vuhskhd kf;fs; <Lgl;L jq;fSila mbg;gil Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. |
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,q;F Vuhskhd xLfs; kw;Wk; nrq;fy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L ntspaplq;fSf;Fk; ntspA+h;fSf;Fk; NtW khepyq;fSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj; jtpu gy tpjkhd kpy;YfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fk; Vuhskhd kf;fs; <Lgl;L jq;fspd; mj;jpahtrpa Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs; |
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rpWnjhopy;fs; |
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,ijj; jtpu rpWnjhopy;fshf jq;f eif nra;jy; kur;rhkhd;fs; nra;jy; jl;lr;R kz;ghid nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngWfpd;wJ. |
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fhrp Kjy; fd;dpahFkhpf;F nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhiy ,e;j gzFb topahfj; jhd; nry;fpw. ,ijj; gzFbf;F mLj;j Cuhd fye;jgidfs; [hdfp fhl;ld; kpy; cs;sJ ,e;j kpy;ypYk; mjd; Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s Vuhskhd kf;fs; Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs; |
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rh;Nthja rq;fk; |
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mLj;J gzFbapy; rpwg;G ngw;wjhf rh;Nthja rq;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,q;F gy tpjkhd jhahhpg;Gfs; eilngWfpd;wd. kur;rhkd;fs; Nrhg;G nrUg;G Njd; CJgj;jpfs; jiyaid Nghd;w ,ju nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. |
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re;ij trjp |
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gzFbapy; kpfg; nghpa re;ij cs;sJ ,r;re;ij ; ikag;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sjhy; Rw;W tl;lhu Ch;fshd tlf;fd;Fsk; Fk;gpsk;ghL |
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fye;jgid ghk;gd;Fsk; Nuh];kpahGuk; jstha; Guk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; te;J nghUl;fis thq;fp nry;fpd;whh;fs; |
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rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk; xd;whd gj;Jghl;L E}y; ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jfhl;lhFk; ,e;E}ypy; G+k;Gfhh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU nghpa re;ij ,Ue;jJ me;j re;ijapy; ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J kf;fs; nghUl;fis thq;fpr; nry;y tUthh;fs; G+k;Gfhh; re;ijia Nghd;Nw ,e;j gzFb re;ijAk; rpwg;G ngw;W ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. jw;NghJ ,e;j re;ijapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; khjk;NjhWk; gzFb Njh;T epiy Ng&uhl;rpf;F nrhe;jkhdJ MFk;. ,jDila tUkhdj;ij gzFb cs;s ntz;lh;fs; t#ypg;ghh;fs; |
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,q;Fs;s kf;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Vuhskhd nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwhh;fs; tj;jy;, G+z;L;, ntq;fhak;;, goq;fs; fha;fwpfs;,; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ,e;j re;ijapy; fpilf;fpwd. jpde;NjhWk; re;ij eilngWfpwJ thu re;ijAk; eilngWfpwJ ,ijj; jtpu khl;Lr; re;ijAk; kPd;re;ijAk; cs;sJ. |
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ahjth; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fSk; nrl;bahh; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fSk; gzFb re;ijiaAk; ftdpf;fpd;whh;fs; 19k; Ew;whz;bypUeNj gzFbahdJ xU kpfg; nghpa fpuhkkhf rpwg;G ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ |
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Nghf;Ftuj;J |
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Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp jpUney;Ntypf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dh; ,q;F rhjhuz kz;rhiyfs; Nghlg;glbUe;jd ,e;j rhiyfSk; rhpahf elg;gl;bUe;jd gpd;dh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rpapd; NghJ rhiyfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld. |
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kJiu ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rpd; NghJ ,Ue;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; gzFbapy; rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld ,jdhy; mr;rhiy kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ gzFbapy; Muk;guj;jpy; ; kq;fk;khs; rhiy kl;Lk; jhd; ,Ue;jJ gzFb Kjy; ts;spA+h; topahf nry;yf;$ba rhiy ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpy; Kd;dhy; nry;fpwJ ,J Muk;gj;jpy; kz; rhiy Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Njrpa neLQ;rhiiyapd; topahfj; jhd; jpUney;Ntyp ehfh;Nfhtpy; jpUtde;jGuk; kw;Wk; nrd;id Nghd;w efh;fSf;F nry;Yk; NgUe;Jfs; nry;fpd;wd kw;w NgUe;Jfs;; iggh]; topahf nry;fpd;wd. |
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gzFbapy; xU nghpa NgUe;J epiyak; cs;sJ ,q;F jhd; ehfh;Nfhtpy; jpUney;Ntypf;F nry;Yk; kf;fSk; ntspA+f;F nry;Yk; kf;fSk; ,e;j NgUe;J epiyak; te;Jjhd; NgUe;J Vwp nry;fpd;wdh;. |
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gzFbapy; ,Ue;J Nghf;Ftuj;J jtpu ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; cs;sJ. 1903-k; E}w;whz;by; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Muk;gpf;fgl;lJ .rh;Nt fzf;Fgb ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ehd;FNehp jhYfh Kjy;jpUthq;$h; tiu ,jd; vy;iy ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; jpUney;Ntyp Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu gzFb ehfh;Nfhtpy; topahf ,Ug;Gg;ghij mikf;fg;gl;lJ. |
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gFjp-2 |
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rka epiy |
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gzFbapy; cs;s kf;fs; gytpjkhd kjj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; ,k;kf;fs; gytpjkhd flTistopgLfpwhh;fs;. ,e;J kjj;ij nghUj;jtiu mjpfkhfdkf;fs; tho;fpwhh;fs;. ,jpy; irth;fS;k; itzth;fSk; cs;sdh; NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fpwp];jt kjj;ij nghUj;jtiuapy; fj;Njhypf;fh;fs; GNuhl;l];z;Lfs; nge;NjNfh];Rfs; vd;w gphptpdh;fSk; cs;sdh; rpy K];yPk;fs; cUJ nkhop NgRfpd;wdh; ,th;fs; gl;lhzp K];;]Pk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh; jkpo; nkhop NgRk; K];;]Pkfs; nyg;ig vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh; |
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,g;gFjp ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; jiyefuhf rpWJ fhyk; ,Ue;jJ 1970 nrg;lk;gh; 1-y; Mq;fpNyauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjp gpw;fhyj;jpy; 1986-y; jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; Jj;Jf;Fb vd;Dk; ,U khtl;lq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ ,t;t+h; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpf; tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f gFjpfspy; xd;W MFk; ,t;t+h; fy;tp mwpT ngw;w gFjpahf cs;sJ. |
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II .gzFbf;Fk; ,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G: |
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,uhkhazKk; kfhghujKk; fhg;gpaq;fs; fhyk; MFk;.,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk;>kfhghujj;Jf;Fk; njhlu;G cs;sjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.NkYk; ,uhkDk; mDkhDk; gzFbapd; =,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;khs; Nfhtpypd; Kd; ,Ue;jjhf xU fij $wg;gLfpwJ.,J cz;ikah>ngha;ah vd;W njupatpy;iy.,uhku; ,uhNk];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;j yl;Rkzid ghu;f;f gzFbapy; ,Ue;J nrd;wjhf tha;nkhop $w;W $wg;gLfpwJ.,f;$w;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uhkhazk; gzbAld; njhlu;GilaJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. |
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,jdhy; tlehl;Lf;Fk;>njd;dhl;Lf;Fk; cwT cs;sJ vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.,jdhy; gzFbapy; cs;s =,uhkypq;f Rthkpia Nrhl;lh ehuhazd; vd;W tlehl;ltu;fs; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.rq;f E}yhdJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ghzu;fs; ahfu; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.ghz;ba ehl;by; cs;s Vo;ikahd kf;fSf;F ghzu; gupR nghUshf nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.,g;gb ghz;bau;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghzu; jhd; gzFb vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk;>gzFbf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ghdJ jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.mDkhd; ejp gzFbapy; gha;tjd; fhuzkhf mq;Fs;s kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpAld; tho;fpd;wdu;.,J xU fl;Lf;fij my;y.tuyhw;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l cz;ik MFk;. |
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mDkd; ejp: |
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rPijia kPl;fr; nrd;w ,uhkgpuhd; mq;F eilngw;w Nghupy; vz;zw;w tPuh;fs; ,wf;fNt mth;fSf;F capUl;Lk; nghUl;L mjw;Fupa %ypifia nfhz;Ltu mDkhid gzpj;jjhfTk;>Kypif Njb Kypif kiyf;Fte;j mDkhd; %ypifapd; ngaiu kwe;jjhy; kPz;Lk; Kypif ngaiu Nfl;Ltu ,yq;if nry;y Ntz;ba ,f;fl;lhd epiyiaczu;e;J jd; rkNahfpj Gj;jpahy; %ypif kiyiaNa ngau;j;JvLj;J nrd;wjhfTk; ,uhkhazk; $WfpwJ. |
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mDkhd; ngau;j;J vLj;Jr; nrd;w kiy vJ vd;w tpdhTf;F tpil Njbdhy; gyu; guthW $Wfpwhu;fs;.fd;dpahFkup khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kUe;Jtho; kiyNa m/J vd;fpwhu;fs;.kUe;Jtuo;kiy vd;w ngah; kl;Lk; nfhz;L mt;thW KbT nra;tijtpl kiyiag; ngah;j;Jr; nrd;w fhyj;jpy; mDkhDila thy; jiuapy; ,Oj;jgb nrd;wjhy; Vw;gl;l topNa (top vd;why; MW vd;gJ nghUs;) gzFb kiyapypUe;J cw;gj;jp MFk; mDkhd; ejp MFk;. Mfnt gzFbapd; nkw;nf cs;s kNfe;jpufpupna mDkhd; ngau;j;njLj;Jr; nrd;w kiy vd;W fUj ,lk; vw;gLfpwJ. |
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Kiyapy; ,Ue;J mDkhDila thy; ,Oj;J nrd;w ,lk; ehshtl;lj;jpy; Mwhf khwpaJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mDkhd; ejp ePu; gzFbapd; tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. mDkhd; ejpapd; Mw;W ePu; jz;ilahu;Fsk;> ngUq;Fb> rhj;jhd;Fsk;> ntg;gpyhq;Fsk;> Nghd;w Rw;wpAs;s CHfSf;F gha;fpwJ. gpd;du; ,uhjhGuk; nrl;bFsk; topahf tq;fhs tpupFlh flypy; fyf;fpwJ. |
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Fj;jugh[hd; mUtp: |
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mDkhd; kNfe;jpufpup kiyapypUe;J %ypif kiyiaf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Fj;ju gha;e;J nfhz;L nrd;whu;.mg;NghJ cUthd mUtp Fj;jugh[hd;.,t;tUtp Fj;ju gha;e;jjhy; Fj;jugh[hd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mUtpapy; 1974 Mk; Mz;L Mye;Jizahu; miz xd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. |
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kiof; fhyq;fspy; ,q;F mjpf ePu; tUk;. mjdhy; ,t;T+u; kpfTk; nropg;ghf cs;sJ. gzFbAk; njd;fhrpAk; xd;WNghy; cs;s ,lk; vd;W Mq;fpNyau; $wpAs;sdH.tPugz;bad;Fsk;> jstha;Guk; Nghd;w 34 Fsq;fSf;F ,e;j midf;fl;by; ,Ue;J jz;zPu; jpwe;J tplg;gLfpwJ.,e;j jz;zPH %yk; 1121 n`f;NlH epyq;fs; tpisr;ry; ngWfpd;wd. ,Wjpahf ,uhjhGuk; topahf nrd;W flypy; fyf;fpwJ. Fj;jugh[hd; mUtp &.1285 yl;rk; nrytpy; Rw;Wyh jykhf khw;w muR eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. |
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kNfe;jpufpup kiyapd; rpwg;G: |
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Nkw;Fnjhlh;r;rp kiyapd; xU gFjp jhd; kNfe;jpufphp kiy MFk;.,e;j kiyapy; gy;NtW tifahd Gz;zpa jPh;j;jq;fs;>Gz;zpa ghjq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.,k;kiyapy; rpj;jh;fs; ,d;Wk; gtdp tUfpd;whu;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;whu;fs;. |
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kNfe;jpufphp kiyapy; rptngUkhd; Ie;J Kfq;fSld; md;id rptfhkpf;F Ntj Mfkq;fis vLj;J mUspdhh; vd;gJk; mk;Gifahdts; epjj;ij jd; jiytDf;F vLj;J tpsf;fpdhh; vd;gJk; Guhzk; MFk;.,jid jpUthrfj;jpy; “fPh;j;jp jpUmfty;” vd;Dk; gjpfj;jpy; khzpf;fthrf ngUkhd; mUspAs;shh;.,e;j ,lj;ij “jha;ghjk;” vd;W mioj;J [hdk; Ntz;b nry;fpd;wdu;. |
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tpZtpd; Ie;jhtJ mtjhukhd thkd mtjhuj;jpy; kfhftp rf;uth;j;jp kNfe;jpufphp kj;jpy; Nfs;tp elj;jp nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ tp Z gfthd; fhy; Cd;wpa ,lk; tp Z ghjk; vd;Wk; ,jd;mUfpy; ghjjPh;j;jk; cs;sJ.,ij ek;gp cyh vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhzyhk;. |
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mDkhd; rPjhgpuhl;bia Njl njd;jpiria Nehf;fp Gwg;gLk; NghJ mq;fjd;>[hk;gthd; KjyhNdhh; kNfe;jpufphpapy; jd;id re;jpf;Fk;gb kw;w tPuh;fsplk; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.,e;j nra;jp fp fpe;jh fhz;lj;jpy; 831-k; ghlyhf tUfpwJ.,t;thW irtUk; itztUk; cU kdjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,e;j kiyia ,e;jpud; ehs;NjhUk; topgl;L te;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. |
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gFjp – 5 |
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nghUshjhu epiy |
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nghUshjhuk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; ciog;G tho;f;if juj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. nghUshjhuj;ij nhgWj;jtiuapy; mjpf tUkhdk; tptrhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ. gzFbapy; Vuhskhd njhopy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;fis khjphp ngz;fSk; coif;fpd;wdh;. XL jahhpj;jy;, gPb Rw;Wjy,; khL tsh;g;G, ngz;fs; Raj;njhopy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngw;wd. RacjtpFOf;fspd; %yk; ngz;fs; jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fist pw;W nhUs; <l;Lk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F tptrhak; Kf;fpa njhopy; MFk;. |
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tptrhak; |
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tptrhakhdJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. Fsw;Wghrdk; fpzw;Wghrdk; %ykhf gaph;fs; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rpykf;fs; 350 mbf;Fk; fPo; cs;s fpzw;wps; ePiu ePh; Njf;f njhl;bapy; epug;gp me;j jz;zPh; %yk; gapiu tpistpjjdh;. Rpy tptrhapfs; G+f;fisAk; gaph;nra;jdh;. Ne;j G+f;fis gwpj;J gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;f$ba fhty;fpzW kw;Wk; Njhthisapy; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdh; 1. ney;iy nghWj;jtiuapy; nhd;dp mhprp mjpfk; gaph; nra;jdh;. NkYk; tj;jy; Nrhsk; Nfo;tuF Nghd;w gaph;fisAk; gaphpl;ldh;. 2 |
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Rhik tuF gUj;jp Nghd;w gaphplg;gl;ld. MdhYk; kf;fs; mjpfk; ney;iyNa gaphpl;ldh;. I.Mh;.50 36 38 Nhd;w uf gaph;fSk; tpistpf;fg;gl;ld. ,J %d;W khj gaph;fs; MFk; ,ijj; jtpu thio Nghd;w gaph;fSk; gaphplg;gl;ld. Thiof;fhia fhty;fpzW tpyf;F kw;Wk; ehfh;NfhtpYf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;ghh;fs; 3 |
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1. Neh;fhzy; gftjpNf\d; G+tpahghp gzFb Njjp : 15.01.2010 |
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2. Neh;fhzy; S.K.fNzrd; tptrhap gzFb Njjp : 18.01.2010 |
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3. Neh;fhzy; P..ek;gp tptrhap gzFb Njjp : 18.01.2010 |
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njhopw;rhiyfs; |
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kz;tsj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W tpjkhf gphpf;fyhk; mit 1.nrk;kz;, 2.fspkz;, 3.tz;ly;kz;, .gzFbapd; tljpirapy; fhpry;kz;Zk,;; njd;jpirapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyepiyapy; gzFb ntg;g gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; nrq;fy; xL njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs; fpilg;gjhYk; ,q;F ,j;njhopy; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;njhopw;rhiyapd; %yk; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ. |
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nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy |
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gzFbapy; 1951-k; Mz;bypUe;J nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy njhlq;fpaJ. ,J KOtJk; jdpahh;f;Nf nrhe;jkhdJ MFk.; jw;NghJ gzFbapy;100 Uf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nrq;fy; #isfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nrq;fy; #isapy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; rpWth;fSk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; kpfTk; tWikahd FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; ,j;njhopiyNa ek;gp tho;fpd;wdh;. ,j,njhopy; %yk; jd; md;whl Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. 4 |
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jw;NghJ Xhprh, gPfhh; Nghd;w rpW njhopy; ,y;yhj khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; gzFbapy; nrq;fy; #isapy; Ntiy ghh;f;fpd;whh;fs;. |
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nrq;fy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw : |
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kz;tiffs; |
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fspkz;, tz;ly;kz;, FWkz; Nghd;w kz;fs; nrq;fYf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. fspkz girf;fhfTk; tz;ly;kz; nkJthf ,Ug;gjh;f;Fk; FWkz; fyitahf khWtjw;f;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ. |
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kz; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;: |
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; fspkz; gzFb Fsj;jpYk; tz;ly;kz; ehd;FNehp Fsj;jpYk; FWkzyhdJ Rw;WGwj;jpYs;s Fsq;fspypUe;J kzy; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ;5 |
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4. Neh;fhzy; R.M.S.N; njhopy; mjpgh; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010 |
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5. Neh;fhzy; S. uh[h, nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010 |
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kz; fyit tpfpjk; |
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fspkz; 1 gq;F |
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tz;ly;kz; 1 gq;F |
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FWkzy; 2 gq;F |
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Nrh;j;J jz;zPh; Cw;wp fye;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kWehs; me;j kz;iz kz;ntl;bapd; cjtpAld; thhp mjid fhyhy; kpjpj;J Fiof;f Ntz;Lk;.;. 6 |
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nrq;fy; nra;Ak; Kiw |
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fy; mWf;Fk; fUtpapd; ngsh; gpNuk; ,J %d;W miwfis nfhz;lJ. %d;W my;yJ ehd;F gf;fk; milf;fg;gl;L ,uz;L gf;fk; jpwe;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gpNuk; 3 fp.Nyh vil cilaJ. ,g;gpNukpy; kz;iz cUz;ilahf vLj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; mk;kz;iz rkepug;ghf;fp rkepug;ghd Njhpkzy; gug;gpa ,lj;jpy; ,g;gpNuik vLj;Jf; nhz;L Ngha; jpwe;j gFjpapy jiuapy; gLkhW fkj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; gpNuik vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; mk;kz; mofhd nrq;fyhf ,Uf;Fk;. 7 |
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gpd;dh; mr;nrq;fiy mjpf ntapy;glhky; fha itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mjd; kPJ njd;id Xiyia Nghl Ntz;Lk;. Mjd; <uj;jd;ik khwpaTld; Xiyia vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gpd;dh; mjid 3 fy; cauj;jpy; Nghh; fl;l Ntz;Lk;. 3 fy; Nghh; vd;why; nkhj;jk; 6 nrq;fy; mjd; nkhj;j vil 24 fpNyh MFk;. ,f;fy; Nyrhf fha;e;jTld; xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf itj;J Nghh;fl;l Ntz;Lk;. Nrq;fy; ed;whf fha;e;jTld; ml;bBghl Ntz;L;k;.gpd;dh; ,r;nrq;fiy $yp Ml;fs; %yk; mLf;fp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. 8 |
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6. Neh;fhzy; P.Kj;JfpU\zd; nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010 |
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7. Neh;fhzy; P.ngfUkhs; nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 22.01.2010 |
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8. Neh;fhzy; M.Ngh];Nf nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh; ; gzFb Njjp : 24.01.2010 |
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Ntiy nra;gth;fs;: |
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gzFbapy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy MFk;. rpWth;fs; Kjy; nghpath;fs; tiuAk; MZk; ngz;Zkhf Ntiyr; nra;fpd;wdh; ,j;njhopw;rhiyapy; Rkhk; 500f;F Nkw;gl;lth;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh; |
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gs;sp fy;Yhp gbf;Fk; khzt khztpfs; jq;fspd; tpLKiwf; fhyq;fspy; ,j;njhopw;rhiyf;F nrd;W Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. Mz;fSf;F xU ehisf;F Cjpakhf & 120 toq;fg;gLk;. ngz;fSf;F xU ehisf;F & 75 toq;fg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;F xU ehisf;F & 50 tof;fg;gLk;. ,e;j gzj;ij itj;J jq;fspd; md;whlj; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;J nfs;Sfpd;wdh;. |
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nrq;fis RLjy;: |
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nrq;fy; R+isapy; mLf;fg;gLk; nrq;’fiy mLg;gpd; cauk’ tiu mLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrq;fy; fyg;ghfTk; cg;Gr; nrq;fy; neUf;fkhfTk; mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. gpd;dh; R+isapd; mLg;gpy; tpwFfs; Ngl;L jPaplg;gLk;. nrq;fy; RLtjw;F Njitahd R+l;lpd; msT 8000 Kjy; 8500 NghJkhdJ MFk;.mjpfkhf jPapl;lhy; nrq;fy; cUfp fpl;lkhf khwptpLk; mjdhy; jPia Njitahd msNt Nghl Ntz;Lk; ed;whf nrq;fy; R+Nlwtpy;iy vd;why; Gifg;gl;L fUg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j fy;iy mLj;j Kiw fy;RLk; NghJ mLf;fp jPaplNtz;Lk; |
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gpd;dh; R+isia gphpg;ghh;fs; nrq;fiy jdpahf mLf;Fthh;fs; mg;NghJ ey;y nrq;fy; fopT nrq;fy; vd;W ,uz;L gFjpahf gphpg;ghh;fs;. ey;y nrq;fy; Kjy; jukhd nrq;fy; & 2.50 f;F tpw;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; jukhd nrq;fy; & 2 f;F tpw;fg;gLk;. %d;whk; jukhd nrq;fy; & 1.50 f;F tpw;fg;gLk;.10 |
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9 Neh;fhzy; : V.jkpo;thzd;, V.T.nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb, Njjp :24.01.2010 |
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10 Neh;fhzy; : M.tpf;lh; S.M.V. nrq;fy; cw;j;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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nrq;fy; tpw;gid : |
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cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nrq;fy; ntsp Ch;fSf;Fk; ntsp khtl;lj;jpw;f;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpwJ Kf;fpakhf jpUney;Ntyp nrd;id ehfh;Nfhtpy; Nghd;w ntspkhepyq;fSf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.11 |
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rYiffs ;: |
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nrq;fy; R+isapy; Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw Nghd]; njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F Cf;f njhifAk; toq;FtJ cz;L tajhdthfSf;F jpdKk; gb toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpRthrkhf Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F ,ytr tPL toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tPLfspy; ,Ug;gth;fs; FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.12 |
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XL njhopw;rhiy : |
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gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; ey;y tUkhdk; juf;$ba njhopw;rhiyapy; ,j;njhopyhy; Vuhskhdth;fSf;F Ntiy fpilf;fpwJ; |
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kz;tiffs; : |
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fspkz; rptg;Gkz; FWkz; Nghd;w kz; xL jahhpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. girf;fhfTk; rptg;Gkz; nkUJthf ,Ug;gjw;f;Fk; FWkz; fyitahf khw;w gad;gLfpwJ.13; |
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xL nra;Ak; Kiw : |
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1 mb rptg;G kz; 1mn fspkz; 11/2 mb FWkz; Nghd;w kz;id xU njhl;bapy; %d;W ehs;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt Nghl;L jz;zPh; |
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11 Neh;fhzy; : R.M.S. N; R.M.S nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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12 Neh;fhzy; : V.jkpo;thz;, V.T. nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 24.01.2010 |
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13 Neh;fhzy; : jq;fg;gd; R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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Cw;wp fyitahf khw;w Ntz;Lk;; gp;d;dh; ehd;fhtJ ehs; ,k;kziy vLj;J gf;kpy; vdg;gll ,ae;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; ed;F miuf;f Ntz;Lk;. Miuj;j kz;iz nrt;tf tbtkhf gphpj;J vLf;f Ntz;Lk; mk;kz;iz gth;gps]; vd;w ,ae;jpuj;jpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk; mjd;gpd; ,e;j gth;gps];rpy; Ntg;gvz;nza kz;nzz;ia Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; ,e;j vz;nza; mk;kzYld; Nrh;e;J fye;J xlhf mr;rplg;gLfpwJ mr;rplg;gll xil xU ml;bapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk; gpd;dh; xl;bd; msTf;F Vw;g mWg;G vd;w fj;jpia itj;J mWf;f Ntz;Lk;.14; |
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xL mLf;Fk; Kiw: |
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ml;bapy; itf;fg;gl;l xil 20 mb cauk; cs;s ghe;jpd; kPJ mLf;F mLf;fhf itj;J fha itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xil fhaitf;Fk; NghJ mjpf fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntapYk; ,y;yhj xU miwapDs; itj;jpUg;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ MFk;. mjw;F gjpyhf ntapypNyh fhw;Nwhl;lkhd gFjpapNyh gr;ir xil fhaitj;jhy; xL ntbj;J tise;J NghFk; epiy Vw;gLk;. |
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fha itj;j xil ghe;jpypUe;J [e;J ehl;fSf;F gpwF kWgf;fk; Gul;b itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf xL xU khj fhyk; tiu ghe;jpNyNa fha itf;f Ntz;Lk; gpd;dh; xil ghe;jpypUe;J vLj;J mLf;fhf mLf;fp itg;gh; R+isapy; itj;J jP NghLtjw;fhf.15 |
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R+isapy; jPapLjy; : |
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xU khjk; fopj;J xil R+isapy; 15 Ngh; Nrh;e;J mLf;Fthh;fs; mt;thW mLf;Fk; NghJ %d;W %d;W xlhf itj;J ,ilntsp tpl;L 15 xL cauk; tiu mLf;Fthh;fs; xU R+isapy; 1500 xL tiu mLf;fg;gLk;. R+isapd; mLg;Gfspy; %d;W ehl;fs; KOtJk; jP NghlNtz;Lk;. gpd;dh; ehd;fhtJ ehspy; R+isapy; 20ld; tpwif xNu ehspy; vhpf;f Ntz;Lk; [e;jhk; ehspw;F R+isapy; |
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14 Neh;fhzy; : KUfd; R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth, gzFb Njjp : 25.10.2010 |
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15 Neh;fhzy; : G. [hd;rd; My;gl; D.J.N xL njhopw;rhiyapd; chpikahsh; gzFb, Njjp: 26.10.2010 |
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R+L MWtjw;f;fhf Ngd; Nghlg;gl;L #L ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. gpd;dh; R+is gphpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dh; ey;y xL fopT xL vd;W gphpg;ghh;fs;. ey;y xLfis jdpahf vLj;J mLf;fp itg;ghh;fs;. ,t;xLfs; gy ,lq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpwJ.16 |
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xLfspd; tiffs; : |
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8x8,9x9 vd;w mstpy; xLfs; fhzg;gLk; xLfis [e;J tifahf gphpf;fyhk;. Mit GifxL, jiuxL, $iuxL, Nkhl;L xL, fz;zhb xL Mfpad MFk;.17 |
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Ntiy nra;gth;fs; : |
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xL njhopw;rhiyapy; rpWth; Kjy; nghpath; tiu Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh; ,e;j xL njhopw;rhiyia nghWj;jtiu Mz;fis tpl ngz;fNs mjpfk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. Rkhh; 3000 Ngh;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. gs;sp fy;Yhp khzth;fs; jq;fspd; md;whl Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,j;njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiyr; nra;Ak; Mz;fSf;F & 140 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk;. ngz;fSf;F & 100 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;F & 70 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk;.18 |
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rYiffs; |
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xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiyr; nra;Ak; FLk;gq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf tPLfl;b nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tPLfspy; kpd;rhu trjpAk; jz;zPh;; trjpAk; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw |
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16 Neh;fhzy; nry;tk;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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17 Neh;fhzy; KUfd, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb : 25.01.2010 |
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18 Neh;fhzy; nghd;dhj;jhs;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb,: 25.10.2010 |
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Nghd]; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. jq;fsplk; Ntiy nra;gth;fspd; Foe;ijia gbf;fTk; itf;fpwhh;fs;. |
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fpwp];Jk];, nghq;fy; gz;bifapd; NghJ rpwg;Ggb toq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw ,ytr kUj;Jt trjp nra;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gKfpwJ. tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw Ntiy Nra;gth;fSf;F Gj;jhil tiq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw Rw;WyhTf;F eph;thfk; mioj;J nry;fpwJ.19 |
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rhkpy;: |
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gzFbapy; nrq;fy; XL njhopw;rhiyf;F gpwF mjpf tUkhdk; juf;$baJ kumuitkpy; MFk;. rhkpy; vd;gJ kuk; mWf;Fk; fk;ngdp MFk;. |
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kuj;jpd; tiffs; |
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Ntg;gkuk; ,G+tuRkuk;, nfhLf;fhGopkuk,; Njf;Fkuk,; FthGy;kuk; khkuk; thifkuk; xlkuk; ntz;Njf;Fkuk; Gopakuk; Nghd;w kuq;fspd; %yk; kur;rhkhd;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ; mjhtJ Ntg;gkukj;jpy; ,Ue;J tPL epiyfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd;. kw;w kuq;fs; fl;by,; ngQ;R, NlGs;, ehw;fhyp ,[d;dy,; fjT Nghd;w tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ;20 |
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kuk; mWf;Fk; Kiw : |
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kuk; mWf;f ,uz;L ,ae;jpuk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,ae;jpuk; rhkpy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xd;W nghpa ,ae;jpuk; kw;nwhd;W rpwpa ,ae;jpuk; MFk.; nghpa ,ae;jpuj;jpd; Kd; xU jz;lthsk; cs;sJ. Mjd; kPJ buhyp tz;b epw;f;Fk; me;j tz;bapd; kPJ 5 mb caukuk; kw;Wk; 10 mb gUkd; cs;s kuj;ij itj;J nghpa rhkpy; Kd; js;sg;gLk;. mjd;gpwF mstpl;L kuk; mWf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; rpwpa rhkpy; %yk; mWf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; gyifia Njitf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp |
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19. Neh;fhzy; KUfd;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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20. Neh;fhzy; re;jpud;;, R.M.S. rhkpy; buhyp tz;bjs;Sgth;; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010 |
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mikf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F Ngf;fh;Nkd; Nghh;Nkd; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;;. Nghh;Nkd; vd;why; buhyp tz;bia js;Sgth;fs; Ngf;fh;Nkd; vd;gth; kuf;fl;ilia vLf;f $bath;fs; ,q;F nkhj;jk; ehd;F NgH; kl;LNk Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.21 |
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rhkpy;iy nghWj;jtiu gyh; nrhe;jkhf itj;Js;sdh;. 5f;F Nkw;gl;l rhkpy;fs; cs;sd. kuj;ij mWf;Fk; NghJ kuj;Js; fpilf;Fk; mij mLg;G vh;pf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. |
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gPb Rw;Wjy; : |
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gzFb kw;Wk; gzFbia Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkq;fis fye;jgid, ghk;gd; Fsk;, Kj;JrhkpGuk;, new;Q;rpfhyzp, Nwh];kpahGuk; Nghd;w Ch;fspy; gPb Rw;Wk; njhopy; Kf;fpa njhopyhf cs;sJ |
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nrhf;fyhy;, uhk;Nrl; gPb njhopw;rhiyapd; jiyikaplk; Kf;$lypy; mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,j;njhopw;rhiyapd; fp;isfs; jkpo; ehl;bd; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fspy; mike;Js;sJ.22; |
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,j;njhopy; rpWth; nghpath; tiu <LgLfpd;wdh;. gPb Rw;Wk; Kiw gPb ,iyia ntl;b mjpy; Gifapiy itj;J cUl;b Rw;wp Njq;fha; nel;bapd; %yk; mbj;j Jk;ig nfhz;L fl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf 50 tz;ly; 60 tz;ly; vd;W fl;b filapy; nfhLj;J ,iyAk; J}Sk; kWehs; gPb Rw;w thq;f tUthh;fs; khj filrpapy; fzf;F Kbf;fg;gLk;. fzf;F Kbe;jhy; kl;LNk rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 1000 gPbf;F 70& toq;fg;gLk;. mth;fspd; jpdrhp tUkhdk; 240& MFk;.23 |
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rpy FLk;gfspy; MZk; ngz;Zk; gPb Rw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,jd; %yk; tUk; tUthia mQ;ryfk; %yk; Nrkpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j fk;ngd; gPb Rw;Wgthpd; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; eilnWk; NghJ xU rpwps njhifia Nyhdhf nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. jPghtsp nghq;fy; rkaj;jpy; gPb Rw;Wgth;fSf;F Nghd]; fpilf;fpwJ. |
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21. Neh;fhzy; MNuhf;fpa rhkp R.M.S. rhkpy; kuk; mWg;gth; gzFb Njjp : 26.01.2010 |
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22. Neh;fhzy; K.S.K. Velmani(ed) Tamil Nadu State, Tirunelveli Dist Gazattera, Vol . I Chennai 2002 p-530 |
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gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010 |
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23. Neh;fhzy; S.N.R. fUizah jhliurpq;fk; rpfh; epWtdj;jpd; chpikahsh; gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010 |
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NkYk; gPb Rw;Wgth;fSf;F ngd;rDk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW gPb Rw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ,jd; %yk; ey;y tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ.24 |
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fhy; eilfis tsh;j;jy; |
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5% kf;fs; ahjt Fyj;ij rhh;jth;fs; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpj; njhopy; ML khL tsh;j;jy; MFk;. rpyh; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s tajhdth;fs; rpWth;fs; ML khLfis Nka;g;gth;fs;. Mdhy; rpy tPLfspy; rk;gsj;Jf;F Ms; itj;J fhy;eilfis guhkhpf;fpd;wdh;. fhiy 8 kzpastpy; fhy;eilfis gj;jp nrd;W gr;ir gNry; vd;w Gy;ntspapy; Nka;j;J tpl;L khiy Neuk; 6 kzpastpy; ML khLfis gj;jp nfhz;L tPL jpUk;Gthh;fs;.25 |
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gRkhL vUik khLfspy; ghy; few;J gzFb ghy;gz;izf;F nfhz;L Ngha; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. gz;izapy; xU ypl;lh; ghyf;F 12& nfhLg;ghh;fs;. kf;fs; &uy; Kd;Ndw;w Kiwapd; %yk; khl;L Nyhd; vLg;ghh;fs;. Rkhh; 10000 & Nyhd; thq;fp gRkhL tpiyf;F thq;fp mij tsh;j;J mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij jtiz Kiwg;gb jpUk;g nrYj;Jthh;fs;.26 |
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rh;Nthjah rq;fk; : |
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rh;Nthjah rq;fkhdJ fpuhkpaNkk;ghl;il ngUf;Ftjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l rq;fk; MFk; Vio vspa kf;fSf;fhf ,e;j rh;Nthjah rq;fk; Vw;gKj;jg;gl;lJ. Jhiljo;jg;gl;l goq;Fbkf;fs; ngz;fs; nghpath;fs; CdKw;Nwhh;fSf;fhf ,e;j rh;Nthjah rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; rpyh; Ntiytha;g;G ngw;Ws;sdh; |
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24. |
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25.Neh;fhzy; uhkypq;fk; fhy;eil guhkhpg;G gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010 |
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26.Neh;fhzy; |
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gzFb rq;fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs;: |
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gzFb rh;Nthjah rq;fkhdJ njd;fiu kfuh; ngy;l; Nghd;w nghUl;fSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xU Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf Njd; jhahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. |
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Vuhskhd ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njid gjg;gLj;jp ,Ue;J Njid gjg;gLj;jp kf;fspd; kUe;Jf;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;28 NkYk; kur;rhkhd;fs; nkj;ij jiyaiz fl;by; jiyaiz ciw Ngg;gh; Ngg;gh;fpsh]; jl;Lfs; gir jPg;ngl;b fjh;Jzp CJgj;jp nkOFth;j;jp Nghd;w nghUl;fs; gzFb rh;Nthjahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ ,e;j nghUl;fs; nghq;fy; jPghtsp fpwp];Jk]; Nghd;w gz;bif ehs;fspy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; NkYk; ,g;nghUs;fs; b];fTz;l; KiwapYk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; fjh; nghUl;fshy; Vuhskhd kf;fs; gad;ngWfpd;wdh;.29 |
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Ranjhopy; Ntiytha;g;G fy;tp epWtdk; : |
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ngz;fSf;F ,e;j Raj;njhopy; Ntiytha;g;G fy;tp epWtdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;epWtdk; ts;spa+hpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; %yk; ngz;fs; nghUs;<l;Ltjw;fhf cjtpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;epWtdj;jpy; Vuhskhd ngz;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.30 |
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iftpid nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;J nghUs; <l;lf;$ba KiwAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,q;F Vio vspa ngz;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf jhNd nghUl;fis nra;a gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf gidkuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; xiy %yk; Vuhskhd nghUl;fs; nra;fpd;wdh;. $il jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; moF nghUs; rhjdk; nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,ij kw;w ngz;fSf;F nrhy;ypf; |
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27 T.jkpo;Fkud; (com) op.cit. U-22 |
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28 Neh;fhzy; C.[ag;gd;, nrfnul;hp, ehd;FNehp, rh;Nthja rq;fk;, gzFb Njjp : 21/01/2008 |
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29 Vasant Desai, Small Scale and Entrepreneurship, Mumbai 2003, P-98 |
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nfhLg;gjd; %yk; me;j ngz;fs; Rakhf rk;ghjpj;J jhNd jd; FLk;gj;ij elj;Jfpd;w msTf;F ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wdh;.31 |
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,jpy; Vuhskhf ngz;fs; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;e;Js;sdh;. ,jpsy; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;tjw;f;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; taJ gjpndl;lhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mth;fSf;F fy;tp jFjp [e;jhk; tFg;G gbj;jhy; NghJk; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;j;J nfhs;sg;gLth;. CdKw;wth;fs; jq;fs; tPl;bNyNa nghUl;fis thq;fp nrd;W cs;s nghUl;fis thq;fp nrd;W tpw;gid nra;J nfhLg;ghh;fs;. xU nghUs; nra;a xU ehl;fs; kl;Lk; my;y gy ehl;fs; Mapd. ,jd; %yk; CdKw;wth;fs; tPl;by; ,Ue;Nj xU ehisf;F 75& rk;ghjpj;jdh;.32 |
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$ilfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fis re;ijf;F nrd;W thq;fp te;J nghUl;fs; jahhpj;J tpw;wdh;. mjd;%yk; mjpf tUtha; fpilj;jJ. Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs; Mz;fis Nghd;W nrhe;jkhf njhopypy; Foe;ijfSk; <Lgl;ldh;. ,e;j rpW njhopy; %yk; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilj;jJ.33 |
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nghpa njhopyhf kspiff;fil N l;ly; gyruf;Ffil ;tq;fp kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT tq;fp MFk; ,e;j tq;fp %yk; tptrha kf;fSf;F fld; cjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ kf;fsplk; Nrkpg;G gof;fKk; fld;trjp ngwTk; cWJizahf cs;sJ NkNy gzFb kf;fs; jq;fs; fbd ciog;gpd; %yk; tho;f;if juj;jpy; Nkk;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;gJ njhpatUfpwJ; |
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31 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lit |
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32 Neh;fhzy; T. uhjh fpU\;zd;, r%f Nrtfh;, gzFb. Njjp : |
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33 Neh;fhzy; mUz; $ilKilgth;, gzFb. Njjp : |
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gFjp - 7 |
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fy;tp epiy: |
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jkpo;ehl;il nghWj;jtiuapy; gzFb fy;tp epiyapy; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. ftpQh;fs; mwpQh;fs; Gyth;fs; Nghd;wth;fs; fy;tpapy; rpwe;jth;fshf ,Ue;jdh; jkpo;ehl;by; %d;W rq;fk; ,Ue;jJ ,jd; %yk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; ghpNkyofh; jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vKjpAs;shh;;. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; filrq;fj;jpy; eilngw;wit MFk;; |
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FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw: |
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Mf;fhyj;jpy; FUFyf; fy;tpjhd; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Ntjghlrhiy Njthug;ghlrhiy Nghd;wit Kf;fpa fy;tpahf ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; gbf;f ,isQHfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j gbg;ig gbf;f vy;yh kjj;jpdUk; Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;fs; Mdhy; Njthu ghlrhiyapy; gpuhkzh;fs; my;yhjth;fs; eph;tfpj;jdh;. ,q;F jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ2 |
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Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpd; fy;tpepiy: |
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ek; ehL Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;dh; fy;tpapy; Vuhskhd khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld Mf];l; 15 1947-y; Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;dh; kf;fs; Ra mwpNthL Kd;Ndwpdh;. ve;j gpur;rid Vw;gl;lhYk; kf;fs; Ra mwpNthL jPh;j;jdh;. ,jw;F fhuzk; fy;tp tsh;r;rpNa MFk;. |
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1 R.fhy;Lnty,; jpUney;Ntyp tuyhW, GJnly;yp, 1982 g-227 |
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2 S.Sathianathan, History of Education in the madras presidency, madras,1894,p,p 3-6 |
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3 T.Muthukumar, “Singampunari-A study” (unpublished M.phil, dissertation)Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai,2002,p-72 |
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njhlf;f fy;tp: |
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xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;s gs;spf;$lk; njhlf;fg;gs;spf;$lk; MFk;. Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; Vohk; tFg;G tiu cs;s gs;spf;$lk; eLepiyg;gs;spf;$lk; MFk;; ,g;gs;spapy; E}y;E}w;wy; tptrhak; Njhl;lguhkhpg;G Nghd;wit Muk;g gs;spfspy; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ mjd;gpwF ehk; ,g;NghhJ gpd;gw;Wk; vKj;J fy;tp Kiw mwpKfg;gl;lJ 4 jkpo;ehl;by; 1978-79 Kjy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp mwpKfgLj;jg;gl;lJ. Cah;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,ytr fy;tp mwpKfgLj;jg;gl;lJ cah;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,ytr fy;tp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd;dh; 1958-k; Mz;L xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; khzth;fSf;F jq;Fk; tpLjp mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ5 |
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gzFbapy; fy;tp tsh;r;rp: |
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Muk;g epiyapy; fy;tpahdJ nghUshjhuk; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1954 Kjy; 1953 tiu jkpo; ehl;by; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j ngUe;jiyth; K. fhkuh[h; mth;fs; gjpndhd;W taJ epuk;gpa midj;J gps;isfSk; Muk;g fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk; vd;w jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;jhh;6 gpwF ,th;fSf;F ,ytr czT jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;jhh; gpd;dh; gs;sp eilngwhj ehl;fspYk; ,e;j ,ytr czT khzthfSf;F tof;fg;gl;lJ.7 ,ytr czT toq;fg;gl;ljhy; khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwatpy;iy. |
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Muk;g epiyg; gs;spfs;: |
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gzFb gQ;rhaj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhf %d;W Muk;g epiy gs;spfs; cs;sd. ,g;gs;spfspy; fy;tpiaj; jtpu tpisahl;L fy;tpAk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ; |
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4 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit g-1187 |
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5 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit-gg-1184-1188 |
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6 R.P. Kapur, Kamaraj the Iron man New Delhi, 1966,pp-75-102 |
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7 K.R. uhi[ad;, jkpo;ehL tuyhW (1565-1965) kJiu,978,g-g 300-301 |
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jpU ,Uja Muk;gg;gs;sp: |
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jpU ,Uja Muk;g gs;spahdJ 1938-k; Mz;L jhd; jpU ,Uja rNfhjh;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j gs;spahdJ jpU ,Uja rigf;F nrhe;jkhdJ ,e;j gs;spapd; eph;thfj;ij jpU ,Uja rigNa ftdpj;J nfhs;Sk;. ,g;gs;spapd; Nkw;F jpirapy; rw;Wj; njhiytpy; xU Gjpa gs;spf;$lk; xd;W fl;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mjpf khzth;fs; ,g;gs;spapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;; 1946-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spahdJ eLepiyahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. 1981-k; Mz;L cah;epiyg; gs;spahfTk; 1997-k; Mz;L Nky;epiyg; gs;spahfTk; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.8 |
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jpU ,Uja Muk;g gs;spapy; 483 khzth;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspy; 237 khzth;fSk; 246 khztpfSk; cs;sdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu jhd; cs;sJ xt;nthU tFg;Gk; %d;W gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; 14 Mrphpah; ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. mth;fspy; gjpndhd;W MrphpiafSk; %d;W Mrphpah;fSk; cs;sdh;. ,th;fspy; jiyik MrphpaUk; mlq;Fthh;9 |
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St’ N[hrg; Muk;gg;gs;sp: |
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8 fUk;gyif jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg; gs;sp gzFb g-9 |
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9 Neh;fhzy;: N[Ruh[; jpU ,Uja njhlf;fg;gs;sp, gzFb |
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ml;;ltiz nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; gphpTfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2009;-2010 –Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;G gphpT khzth;fs; khztpah;fs; nkhj;jk; |
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1 A 18 18 36 |
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B 19 19 38 |
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C 18 19 37 |
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2 A 16 17 33 |
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B 15 16 31 |
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C 14 16 30 |
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3 A 15 15 30 |
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B 15 16 31 |
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C 16 17 33 |
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4 A 14 15 29 |
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B 15 14 29 |
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C 15 15 30 |
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5 A 15 16 31 |
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B 16 17 33 |
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C 16 16 32 |
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nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 483 |
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Xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; khzt khztpah;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msthf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. |
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T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;sp |
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T.D.T.A. vd;gJ Tirunelveli Diocesan Trust Association MFk;. ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhf ,Ug;gth; khd;rp]; mth;fs;. ,th; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;J T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;spf;Fk; ,tNu eph;thf jiyth; Mthh;.10 ,g;gs;spia 1951-k; Mz;L G.S.A ghf;fpaehjd; cd;w Nghjfh; epWtpdhh;. ,g;gs;sp 30.01.1951-k; Mz;L muR mq;fpfhuk; ngw;wJ. ,jd; R.C.N.O: 547 E2/50 MFk;. |
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A.N; rhiyapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; ,uz;lhk; tFg;G tiu gs;spf;$lk; cs;sJ. Gpd;dh; ,g;gs;spapd; njhlh;r;rp %d;whk; tFg;G Kjy; Ie;jhk; tFg;G tiu gzFbapypUe;J ehfh;Nfhtpy; nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfhikapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F nkhj;jk; 95 khzth;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh;.11 |
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ml;;ltiz nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; gphpTfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2009;-2010 –Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;G khzth;fs; khztpah;fs; nkhj;jk; |
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1 |
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10 |
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12 |
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22 |
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2 |
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09 |
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07 |
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16 |
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3 |
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09 |
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07 |
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16 |
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4 |
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09 |
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05 |
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14 |
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5 |
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08 |
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09 |
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17 |
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10. Neh;fhzy; A.N[f;fg; nry;iyah gzFb T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;spapd; jiyik Mrphpah;.Njjp |
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,g;gs;spfspy; kpfTk; Fiwthd khzth;fNs gbj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spfapy; Mjpjpuhtplh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Vio vspa FLk;gj;ij Nrh;e;j khzth;fNs mjpfk; gbf;fpd;whh;fs;.12 |
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ypl;by; /gpsthh; Mq;fpy njhlf;fg;gs;sp: |
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ypl;by; /gpsthh; Mq;fpy njhlf;fg;gs;spapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT khzthfs; jhd; gbf;fpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; jukhd Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. koiyah; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;sJ;13 |
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tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;sp : |
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tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg; gs;spahdJ gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;Nfhtpy; nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;sp 1825 –k; Mz;Lfl;lg;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; FUFyg;gs;spahf ,Ue;jJ.mjd;gpwF 1896-k; Mz;L [{iy 21-y; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; ehd;fhk; tFg;G tiu ,g;gs;spapd; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz;. 638 MFk;. mjd; gpd;dh; 1926-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 15-k; Njjp Ie;jhk; tFg;G Muk;gof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz; : 8 MFk;. |
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,t;thwhf ,g;gs;spapd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf ghLgl;lth; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfpahf ,Ue;j jhz;lthuhad;Kjypahh; Mthh;. ,th; kfd; mz;zhkiyag;gKjypahh; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhdhh;. ,thpd; kfd; ghyfpU\;zd; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhdhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gs;spapy; Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiyf;Fk; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz; : 109(A) E2/66 dt: 5.5 109(C) E2/66 dt 55.66.14 |
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12. Neh;fhzy; Mrs, Qhdghf;fpak;:T.D.T.A.; gs;spapd; jiyik Mrphpah;.Njjp |
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13. Neh;fhzy; R. jpUKUfd; uh;Nlhh; chpikahsh; gzFb Njjp : |
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14. fUk;gyif tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb.Njjp : |
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jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spapy; 557 khzth;fs; cs;sdh; xd;whk tFg;gpy; ,uz;L gphpTfSk; ,uz;lhk; tFg;G Kjy; ehd;fhk; tFg;G tiu xt;nthU tFg;GfSf;Fk; xU gphpTk; Ie;jhk; tFg;Gf;F kl;Lk; ,uz;L gphpTfSk; cs;sd . ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; gjpNdO Mrphpa ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wdh;. Mth;fspy; Ie;J Mrphpah;fSk; gd;dpnuz;L MrphpiafSk; cs;sdh;. |
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jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spia eph;tfpj;J tUgth;fs; ghyfp\;zdpd; ,uz;L kfd;fs; Mthh;fs;. xUth; mz;zhkiy kw;nwhUth; Ntjehafk; ,th;fSk; ,g;gs;spapNyNa Mrphpah; gzp Ghpfpd;wdh;. ,th;fNshL Nrh;e;Jjhd; Ie;J Mrphpah;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpwF MW Kjy; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu Xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; %d;W gphpTfs; cs;sd. Xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapNy khzth;fs; gbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.15 ,g;gs;spapy; gapYk; ngUk;ghyhd khzth;fs; Vio vspNahh;fs; kw;Wk; Mjpjpujtplh; goq;Fbapdh; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; eLj;ju th;f;fj;jpdh; gbf;fpd;wdh;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gs;spfspd; %yk; Rw;W tl;lhu kf;fs; fy;tpngw;W cah; fy;tp gapy;tjw;F toptFj;Js;sJ vdyhk;. |
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Ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb |
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15 Neh;fhzy; : Mr. rhyNkhd; RNu\; tlf;F ,e;JeLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb Njjp : |
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tFg;G |
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gphpT |
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khzth;fs |
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khztp;fs |
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nkhj;jk; |
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1 |
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A |
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B |
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16 |
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18 |
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16 |
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13 |
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32 |
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31 |
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2 |
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21 |
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20 |
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41 |
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3 |
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15 |
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24 |
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39 |
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4 |
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21 |
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23 |
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44 |
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5 |
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A |
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B |
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15 |
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16 |
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16 |
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15 |
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31 |
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31 |
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6 |
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A |
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B |
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C |
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18 |
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18 |
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17 |
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15 |
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16 |
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18 |
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33 |
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34 |
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35 |
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7 |
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A |
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B |
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C |
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18 |
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16 |
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17 |
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18 |
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17 |
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18 |
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36 |
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33 |
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35 |
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8 A |
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B |
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C 17 |
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18 |
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18 15 |
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17 |
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17 32 |
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35 |
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35 |
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m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp : |
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m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp jw;NghJ gzFb fhty; epiyak; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. 1936-k; Mz;by; jhd; ,g;gs;sp$lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapd; Kjy; eph;thfp Mr. mrhf;fypq;fk;gps;is Mthh;. Jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spia ,thpd; kfd; Rg;gpukzpad; eph;tfpj;J tUfpwhh;. ,g;gs;sp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l vz; : 102 C dt 17 1941.16 1936-k;Mx;Lf;F Kd;G ,g;gs;spapd; mgah; ,uhkypq;fk; Muk;g gs;sp vd;W ,Ue;jJ. |
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mg;NghJ mg;gs;spapd; eph;thfpahf Mr.M];th; vd;gth; ,Ue;jhh;. Mjd; gpd;dh; ,g;gs;spf;$lk; 1936 –k; Mz;L Mr. mrhf;fypq;fk; gps;isf;F khw;wp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mjd; gpwNf ,g;gs;spapd; ngah; m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp vd;W ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapy; ghlq;fs; midj;Jk; jopo; nkhopapNyNa fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ .,q;F gjpmdhd;W Mrphpa ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;dh;. ,g;gs;spapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; Ie;jhk; tFg;G tiu xU gphpT kl;Lk; jhd; cs;sJ. Mwhk; tFg;G vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu ,uz;L gphpTfs; cs;sd. ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; 443 khzth;fs; gapYfpd;whh;fs;.17 |
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16 Neh;fhzy; : m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpiaapd; miwapy; cs;s fUk;gyif gzFb |
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Njjp: |
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17. Neh;fhzy; : Mr. Rg;gpukz;ad; m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb Njjp : |
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ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;G |
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gphpT |
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khzth;fs; |
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khztp;fs; |
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nkhj;jk; |
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1 |
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17 |
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24 |
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41 |
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2 |
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21 |
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21 |
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42 |
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3 |
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22 |
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16 |
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38 |
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23 |
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42 |
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5 |
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20 |
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21 |
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41 |
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6 |
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A |
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B |
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22 |
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21 |
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21 |
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22 |
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43 |
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43 |
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7 A |
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B 18 |
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17 20 |
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19 38 |
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36 |
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8 |
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A |
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B 18 |
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20 18 |
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21 38 |
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41 |
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Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp : |
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Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;Yk; neLQ;rhiyapd; mUNf mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; koiyah; tFg;G Kjy; gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;sJ. ,e;j gs;spapy; nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwthfBt cs;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.18 |
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jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp : |
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jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp ,uhzpkq;fk;khs;rhiyapd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. 1938-k; Mz;L jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh;fshy; ,g;gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ . gpd;dh; 1997-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;sp Nky;epiyg;gs;spahf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.19 ,g;gs;spapy; Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu xt;NthU tFg;Gk; ehd;F gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mjd; gpd;dh; gjpndhd;W gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;Gfs; %d;W gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpndhd;W gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;gpy; fzpjk; fzpzpmwptpay; tuyhW fzf;fpay; ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ; ,g;gs;spapy; jiyik Mrphpah; I.N[hrg;. ,g;gs;spapy; ,Ug;gj;jp ,uz;L Mrphpah;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. NkYk; gj;J epue;ju gzp ,y;yhj Mrphpah;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.20 |
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18. Neh;fhzy; : yjh Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp : |
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19. Gdp;j #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; 25-k; Mz;L nts;sp kyh; gzFb 2001 g-10 |
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20. Neh;fhzy; N[hrg; jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp: |
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ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;G khzth;fSk; %d;W gphpTfSk; khztpfSk; %d;W gphpTfSk; |
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nkhj;jk; |
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6 107 101 208 |
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7 83 103 186 |
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8 92 88 180 |
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9 116 119 235 |
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10 87 116 203 |
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11 1.fzpjk; |
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2.fzpzpmwptpay; |
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3.tuyhWkw;Wk; fzf;Fgjtpay; 16 |
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35 |
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23 25 |
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28 |
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49 41 |
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63 |
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72 |
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12 1. fzpjk; |
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2. fzpzpmwptpay |
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3. tuyhWkw;Wk; fzf;Fgjtpay; 11 |
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26 |
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21 24 |
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15 |
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36 35 |
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41 |
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57 |
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nkhj;jkhzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1321 |
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,g;gs;spapy; 2007-2008-k; Mz;by; Mq;fpyg; gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,q;F Mwhk; tFg;Gk; Vohk; tFg;Gk; tiu jhd; cs;sJ ,g;gs;spapy; Mz;Ltpoh rpwe;j Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLk; NkYk; cly;fy;tp iftpid nghUl;fs; meptpay; eljljg;gLk; nghUl;fs; r%f Nritfs; rpWNrkpg;G E}yfk; tho;f;iffy;tp Nghd;w fy;tpAk; ,q;F fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.21 |
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21.Neh;fhzy; N[hrg; jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp |
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muRNky;epiyg;gs;sp : |
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1882-k; Mz;L muRnjhlf;fg;gs;spahf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ ,g;gs;sp gQ;rhaj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; 1958-k; Mz;L khtl;lg;gs;spahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF muR gs;spahf khwpaJ.22 |
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gzFbapy; cs;s muRNky;epiyg;gs;spia fl;Ltjw;fhf C.kfuhrhgps;is vd;gthpd; %j;j kfd; rptd;gps;is [e;J Vf;fh; epyj;ij jhdkhf nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;dh; muR njhlf;fg; gs;sp 1957-y; cah;epiyg;gs;spahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd mq;fpfhuk; ngw;w vz; e,f,v2,226D, Dis, 1098/57, dt.26.11.1957. gpd;dh; 1981-k; Mz;L muR cah;epiyg;gs;sp muR Nky;epiyg;gs;spahf juk; cah;e;jJ. mjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk; vz; d;f;v2;36100/w15/81,dt.18.06.1981.23 |
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,e;j gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;j jiyik Mrphpah; Mr.rq;fuRg;gpukzpad; ,th; 24o6/06/1957 Kjy; 26/10/1957 tiu jiyik Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. mjd;gpd; A.fpshb]; nly;kh Mthh;. ,th; 12/08/02 Mz;L ,th; 12/08/02 Mz;L Kjy; jiyik Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. ,g;gs;spapy; vl;L MrphpiafSk;, gjp%d;W Mrphpah;fSk; ,g;gs;spapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;whh;fs;. ,jpy; jiyik MrphpiaAk; xUth; Mthh;. nkhj;jk; Mrphpah;fs; 22 Ngh;fs; cs;sdh;. Mrphpah; my;yhj mYtyh;fs; ,uz;L Ngh; cs;sdh;.24 jdpahh; Jiwapd; %yk; Mz; Mrphpah;fs; fzpzp fy;tpf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. |
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22 K.S.K. Velmani(ed) op.cit.. g-1187 |
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23 jiyik Mrphpiaapd; miwapDs; cs;s fUk;gyif muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp, gzFb Njjp: |
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24 Neh;fhzy;: Mrs.A.fpshb]; nly;kh. jiyik Mrphpia muRNky;epiyg;gs;sp, gzFb |
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ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2007-2008 Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;GfSk;/gphpTk; khzth;fs; khztpfs; nkhj;jk; |
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6 |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 |
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A |
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B |
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C |
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D 37 |
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26 |
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26 |
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140 18 |
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36 |
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26 |
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150 55 |
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62 |
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52 |
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290 |
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10 A |
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B |
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C |
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106 |
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98 |
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204 |
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11 |
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12 |
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1.fzpjk; |
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2.mwptpay; |
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3.fzpjk; kw;Wk; fzpzp |
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4.fzpzp kw;Wk; fzf;Ffgjtpay; |
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5.tuyhW |
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1.fzpjk; |
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2.mwptpay; |
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3.fzpjk; kw;Wk; fzpzp |
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4.fzpzp kw;Wk; fzf;Ffgjtpay; |
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5.tuyhW 7 |
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7 |
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8 |
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7 |
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18 |
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6 |
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12 |
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5 |
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28 |
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17 20 |
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21 |
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17 |
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18 |
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33 |
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14 |
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14 |
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25 |
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21 |
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6 27 |
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28 |
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28 |
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25 |
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51 |
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10 |
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10 |
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30 |
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49 |
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23 |
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Gdpj md;dhs; Mq;fpyg; gs;sp : |
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,g;gs;spf;F Kjypy; mbf;f ehl;baJ gh];lh; gd;dPh; nry;tKk; nghp];gpiu]; vd;gtUk; Mthh;fs;. nghp];gpiu]; vd;gth; gzFbapy; cs;s Gdpj N;lh; Mthh; Mq;fpyg;gs;spiaf; fl;bath; rp];lh;md;. ,g;gs;sp 1992-k; Mz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ.25 |
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Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,g;gs;spapy; VO khzth;fs; jhd; gapd;wdh;. 1993-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spapd; tshfk; fl;lg;gl;lJ 1997-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spapd; Rw;wsT 1 fp.kPl;luhf ,Ue;jJ ,g;gs;sp ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; gzFbapy; ,Ue;J 1 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; njd;jpirapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Kjypy; ,g;gs;spia Rw;wpAs;s Ch;fspd; khzth;fs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh; ,g;gs;spapd; jhshsh; rp];lh;yprpkj;jpy; Kjy;th; rp];lh;nkl;bghYk; JizKjy;tuhf rp];lh;N;gpd;Dk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F vd;W ,ytr ghlE}y;fs; ,ytr NgUe;J gazrPl;L ,ytr ghlE}y;fs; ,ytr gs;spf;fl;lzk; Nghd;w trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ mwptpay;ghlj;Jf;Fk; fzpzpghlj;Jf;Fk; Ma;T$lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ NkYk; vy;yh khzth;fSk; fzpzpapd; mbg;gil fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; fuhj;Nj ,ir eldk; Nahfh xtpak; Nghd;w gpw fiyfSk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.27 |
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,g;gs;spf;F ntspNa xU tpisahl;L ikjhdk; cs;sJ mjd; %yk; tpisahl;L JiwapYk; clw;fy;tpapYk rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;whh;fs;. vy;yh tFg;gpYk; xNu vz;zpf;iahd khzth;fs; Nrh;j;J nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;. |
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; |
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25 ;Nfh Gdpj #irag;gh; Nfhtpypd; 25-k; Mz;L nts;sptpoh kyh; gzFb 2001 g-2 |
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26 Ann’s zine, 1992-2005 St-Ann’s Matric.Hr.Sec.School Sivakamipuram, panagudi,pp-12-14 |
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27 Nky; Fwpgpl;lit g-15 |
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ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2007-2008 Mz;Lg;gb |
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tFg;G gphpT khzth;fspd;vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; |
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1 A 50 |
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142 |
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B 46 |
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C 46 |
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2 A 50 |
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149 |
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B 49 |
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C 50 |
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3 A 45 |
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134 |
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B 45 |
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C 44 |
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4 A 62 |
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123 |
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B 61 |
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5 A 56 |
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112 |
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B 56 |
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6 A 62 |
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123 |
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B 61 |
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7 A 41 |
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82 |
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B 41 |
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tFg;G gphpT khzth;fspd;vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; |
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8 A 45 |
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89 |
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B 44 |
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9 A 39 |
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79 |
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B 40 |
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10 A 28 |
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60 |
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B 32 |
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11 A 20 |
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53 |
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B 33 |
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12 A 25 |
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40 |
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B 15 |
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nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1146 |
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kjpa czT jpl;lk;: |
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kjpa czT jpl;lkhdJ K.khkuh[h; mth;fs; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,k;Kiw Foe;ijfSf;F xU rpwe;j jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J Foe;ijfSf;F xU rpwe;j Cl;lr;rj;Js;s czthf ,Ue;jJ ,t;TzT jpdKk; midj;J gs;spapYk; kjpa czthfg; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.28 |
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28 P.Rao, The Mid Day Meal Programme and Nutrition, Madras, 1978,P16 |
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gpd;dh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,lk; ngw;w vk;.[p.uhkr;re;jpud; mth;fshy; Gjpa Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.mk;Kiw 1982-k; Mz;L [_iyapy; vy;yh fpuhkq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.29 |
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gzFb gs;spapy; rj;JzT thuj;jpw;F %d;W Kl;il Nghlg;gLfpwJ. kyioah; gs;spapy; 300 khzth;s; gbf;fpd;wdh; T.D.T.A gs;spapy; 89 khzth;fSk; kjpaczT jpl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fs; Mthh;fs;. muRNky;epiyg;gs;spapy; 510 khzth;fSk; kjpa czT jpl;lj;jpy cs;sth;fs;. tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;spapy; 300 khzth;fs; kjpa czT jpl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fs;. |
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; |
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29 jkpo;ehL khtl;lj;jpd; eph;thf mwpf;if, 1983-84, g-284 |
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30 gs;sp gjpNtL 2007-2008 |
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gzFbapd; r%f epiy |
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kf;fspd; r%f epiyia nghWj;jtiuapy; kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ rKjhaj;jpy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd kjk;> ,dk;> ;yPk; Nghd;wth;fSk; tho;fpd;wdh;. |
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gzFb kf;fspd; epiy: |
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1. ehlhh;: |
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gzFbapy; ,r;rhjp kf;fs;jhd; mjpfkhf tho;fpd;whh;fs;. ehlhh; kf;fs;jhd; rw;W cah;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fs; tptrhaj;ijAk;> nrq;fy;> XL njhopw;rhiyfisAk; Kf;fpa njhopyhff; nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;. fy;tpapYk; ey;y tsh;r;rp mile;jth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. |
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2. Mjpjpuhtplh;: |
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gzFbapy; Mjpjpuhtpl kf;fs; rw;W Fiwthfjhd; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; muR Copah;fshf gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. |
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Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpT ,y;yhky; fhzg;gl;l kf;fs; jw;NghJ fy;tpepiyapy; tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sdh;. ,th;fspd; tho;f;if juKk; Nkk;gl;L tUfpwJ. |
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3. nrl;bahh;: |
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,th;fs; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy;jhd; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; fy;tpawptpy; tsh;r;rp mile;J thzpg epiyapy; cah;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. |
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4. Mrhhp: |
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gzFbapy; Mrhhp kf;fs; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fis jq;f Mrhhp vd;Wk;> nfhy;y Mrhhp vd;Wk; ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,th;fs; jq;fg;gl;liw my;yJ nfhy;yg; gl;liw itj;J jq;fs; njhopiy nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. |
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5. gpuhkzh;fs;: |
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gpuhkzh;fs; Fiwthfj;jhd; cs;shh;fs;. ,th;fs; fy;tpepiyapy; cah;e;Js;sdh;. ,th;fs; muR gzpahsh;fshfTk;> Nfhtpy; G+rhhpfshfTk; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; r%fj;jpy; cah;e;jtuhf kjpf;fg;gLgpd;wdh;. |
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6. Kjypahh;: |
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,th;fs; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fs; fy;tpapYk; tsh;r;rp ngw;W thzpg epiyapYk; Mrphpa gzpapYk; cah;e;Js;sdh;. |
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7. gps;iskhh;fs;: |
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gpuhkzh;fSf;F mLj;jg;gbahf kjpf;fg;gLgth; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd;wdh;. muRgzpapYk; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;. |
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8. ahjth;fs;: |
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gzFbapy; mjpfkhNdhh; cs;shh;fs;. fy;tpapy; tsh;r;rp mile;J tUfpd;wdh; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; tptrhak;> ML >khL Nka;j;jYk; MFk;. ,th;fs; ghy; gz;izapy; mjpf Ntiy nra;fpd;whh;fs;. |
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9. Nrhoh;fs;: |
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Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif cilath;fs; ,th;;fs; fy;tpapy; tsh;r;rp mile;J ngw;Ws;sdh;;. NkYk; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; Rz;zhk;G jahhpj;J tpw;gid nra;tJ MFk;. |
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10. K];yPk;fs;: |
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K];yPk;fspy; ,U gphpTfs; cs;sJ. 1. gl;lhzp K];yPk;> ,th;fs; cUJ nkhop NgRgth;fs;. kw;nwhd;W nyg;ig K];yPk;fs; ,th;fs; jkpo; nkhop NgRgth;fs;. ,th;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; ntspehl;by; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. gy;NtW ,d> kjj;ij rhh;e;j gzFb gFjpapy; ,th;fs; xw;WikAld; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. |
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11. tz;zhh;: |
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,th;fs; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; gbg;gwpT ,y;yhky; ,Ue;j kf;fs; jw;NghJ fy;tpawpT cs;sth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; ryit njhopy; nra;fpd;wdh;. |
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12. fhl;Lehaf;fh;fs;: |
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,th;fs; Fiwe;j mstpy; cs;sdh;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; gbg;gwptpd;wp fhzg;gl;l ,th;fs; ,d;W Xh; msTf;F gbg;gwpT gilj;jth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; gd;wp tsh;g;gJ MFk;. fy;tpapy; Nkk;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;. |
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,e;Jf;fspd; nghJ epfo;r;rpfs; |
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,e;Jf;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; gytpjkhd nghJ epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jpdh;. ,th;fs; xt;nthU ehisAk; kpf Kf;fpa ehshf fUJfpd;wdh;. Foe;ijfs; gpwg;G> jpUkzk; fhhpaq;fs; kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wdh;. jpUkz rlq;Ffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. |
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jpUkzk;: |
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nghJ epfo;r;rpahf jpUkzk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jpUkzq;fs; nghJthf ngw;Nwhh;fshy; epr;rapf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUkzk; vg;gb eilngw;wJ vd;why; kzkf;fs; tPl;lhh; FLk;g egh;fNshL xd;whf cl;fhh;e;J |
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jPh;khdpj;J ngz; tPl;bw;F nrd;W me;j ngz; tPl;by; jha;> je;ij cw;whh;fsplk; Ngrp me;j ngz;iz jd;Dila kfDf;F juNtz;Lnkd;W Ngrp KbT nra;J epr;rajhh;j;jk; elj;jp cWjp nra;jgpd; jpUkzk; eilngWfpd;wJ. gpd;dh; me;j ngz; jd; FLk;gj;jpy; xUtuhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUkzk; vd;whNy tujl;riz Kf;fpa xd;whf cs;sJ. |
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tujl;riz khg;gps;is tPl;lhUf;F XU rpwe;ej tUkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. kzg;ngz;zhdts; f~;lg;glhky; ,Uf;f gpwe;j tPl;bypUe;J mtspd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; rPjdkhf mzpfyd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. |
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rKjhaj;jpy; Vio> vspa kf;fs; jpUkzj;ij Nfhtpypy; itj;J elj;jpdh;. Mdhy; cah; rhjp kf;fSk; cah;e;j me;j];j;J cs;s kf;fspd; jpUkzq;fs; Mlk;gukhf eilngw;wJ. ,th;fspd; jpUkzk; nghJthf kz;lgq;fspy; itj;J eilngWfpwJ. |
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Foe;ijg; gpwg;G: |
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Foe;ijg; gpwg;G tpoh rKjhaj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; Foe;ijapd; jhahh; jd;Dila fztd; FLk;gj;j-pw;F Foe;ij gpwe;j nra;jpia $Wthh;. FLk;gj;jhh;fs; me;j Foe;ijia ghh;j;J kfpo;;r;rpailthh;fs;. gpd;dh; Foe;ijf;F ngah; #l;Ltpohtpd; NghJ ngz; tPl;lhUk;> fzth; tPl;lhUk; Foe;ijf;F jq;f Mguzq;fs; mzpe;J kfpo;thh;fs;. ,J xU Kf;fpa tpohthFk;. |
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G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;Ltpoh: |
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Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz; Foe;ijfs; gdpnuz;L tajpypUe;J gjpide;J tajpw;Fs;shf nghpath;fs; Mthh;fs;. ,e;j Kiwf;F G+g;nga;jy; Kiw vd;W ngah;. ,jid ngw;Nwhh;fs; G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpohthf nfhz;lhLthh;fs;. ,J midj;J rhjpapdhplKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngw;NwhUf;F kfpo;r;rp juf;$ba epfo;r;rpahf fhzg;gl;lJ. |
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Nfspf;iffs;: |
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gzFbapy; ,e;J> K];yPk;> fpwp];jth;fs; Nghd;w kjj;jdh; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;Jf;fs; nghq;fy;> jPghtsp gz;bifapd;NghJ tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; itj;J ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;Fthh;fs;. mNj Nghd;W fpwp];jth;fSk; fpwp];Jk];> Gj;jhz;L Nghd;w gz;bif md;W fiy epfo;r;rpfs;> tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; itj;J kfpo;th;. |
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=,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypd; jpUthohtpd; NghJk; tpisahl;L Nghl;b itf;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; midj;J rhjp> kj kf;fSk; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;. NkYk; ,t;tpohf;fs; kf;fspilNA kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J kj ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; ,lk; ngwr; nra;fpwJ. |
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tPLfs;: |
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gzFb gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gFjpapy; 50>000-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tPLfs; cs;sd. mjpy; rpy tPLfs; njd;id Xiyahy; fl;lg;gl;l Fbir tPLfSk;> XL tPLfSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. |
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rpy tPLfs; fhd;fPupl;lhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. rpy tPLfspy; fpzWfs; fhzg;gl;ld. rpy tPLfspy; Nghh; Nghl;L jz;zPh; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. trjp gilj;j tPl;bd; Kd;dhy; nghpa miwAk;> gf;fthl;by; gLf;if miwAk;> rikay; miwAk;> Fspay; miwAk;> foptiwAk; ,Ue;jJ. Nghhpy; ,Ue;J tUk; jz;zPuhdJ Fspg;gjw;Fk;> Fbg;gjw;f;Fk;> ML> khLfis Fspg;ghl;Ltjw;f;Fk; gad;gl;lJ. NkYk; tPLfspy; ML> khL tsh;f;Fk; gof;fk; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ. |
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czT kw;Wk; Mil: |
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rKjhaj;jpy; czT gof;fkhdJ jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; KOtJk; XNu khjphpahfNt cs;sJ. kf;fspd; czT Kiwapy; irtKk;> mirtKk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. irtj;ij nghWj;j tiuapy; fha;fwp> NfhJik> mhprp Kjyhdtw;iw gad;gLj;jpdh;. mirtj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; Nfhop> ML> khL> gd;wp Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jgl;lJ. nghJthf midj;J kf;fSk; irt> mirt czitAk; cz;ldh;. ,e;Jf;fs; jPghtsp> nghq;fy; Nghd;w gz;bif ehl;fspy; mirtk; cz;ldh;. fpwp];Jk]; gz;bifapd; NghJk;> ,];yhkpah;fs; uk;rhd; gz;bif KbAk; NghJk; mirtk; cz;ldh;. nghJthf midj;J rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jthfSk; thuj;jpy; xU ehs; mirt czT cl;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. |
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Mil: |
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kf;fs; gytpjkhd Milfs; cLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,isQh;fs; Ngz;l;> ; Nghd;w <ilia gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. jpUkzk; Mfhj ngz;fs; Kf;fpakhf fy;Y}hp nry;Yk; ngz;fs; Rbjhh; Nghd;w Milia mzpe;jdh;. kw;w ngz;fs; |
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rhjhuz Milia mzpe;jdh;. Viof; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ngz;fs; ghthil jhtzp mzpe;jdh;. ,jid jtpu gs;spapy; gbg;gth;fs; rPUil mzpe;J nrd;wdh;. |
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jpUkzk; Kbe;j ,sk;ng;fs; tpjtpjkhd tz;z Milfis mzpe;jdh;. Glitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;jdh;. Mdhy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; ntz;zpw MilAk;> ,sk; tpjitfs; tz;z MilAk; mzpe;jhh;fs;. |
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gzFb kf;fSf;F jPghtsp> nghq;fy; Nghd;w gz;biffs; Kf;fpa gz;bifahf nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;. jPghtsp md;W kf;fs; vz;nza; Nja;j;J Fspg;ghh;fs;. nghq;fy; gz;bif ehl;fspy; jpUkzkhd ngz;fSf;F nghq;fy; rPuhf mhprp> ghj;jpuk;> fha;fwpfs;> fUk;G Nghd;wit nfhLg;ghh;fs;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vy;yh gof;f tof;fq;fSk; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. |
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,];yhkpah;fs;: |
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gzFbapy; ,];yhkpah;fs; nyg;ig K];yPk;> gl;lhzp K];yPk; ,U gphpthf cs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; flikfSk;> topghLk; XNu khjphpahf cs;sd. ,];yhkpah;fspd; flik Ie;J tifahFk;. mit: |
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1. fypkh |
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2. njhOif |
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3. Nehd;G |
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4. [hfj; |
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5. `[;[p |
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,e;j klikfs; Ie;Jk; xt;nthU K];yPk;fspd; flikahFk;. kdpjd; thOk; ehl;fs; KOtJk; mtd; filgpbf;f NTz;ba flikfshFk;. ,e;j flikfis filgpbg;gth;fs; my;yh`;tpd; mUis ngw;wth;fs; Mthh;fs;. mJ kl;kpy;yhky; cz;ikahd K];yPk; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLthh;fs;. |
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muR mYtyq;fq;fs;:- |
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gzFbapy; muR mYtyfq;fs; rpy nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd. me;j muR mYtyfq;fs; %yk; kf;fSf;F gy cjtpfs; nra;J tUfpwJ. gzFbapy; muR mYtyfq;fshf gQ;rhaj;J> fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk; fhty; epiyak; Kjypad cs;sd. |
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gzFb gQ;rhaj;J:- |
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gzFb gQ;rhaj;J Njh;Tepiy Ng&uhl;rp MFk;. gzFb gQ;rhaj;ij 1949-k; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gQ;rhaj;jpd; gug;gsT 49 r.fp.kP ,e;j gQ;rhaj;jpd; fPo; gd;dpuz;L fpuhkk; cs;sJ. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L thh;Lfs; cs;sd. jw;NghJ gQ;rhaj;J jiytuhf re;jpud; vd;gtUk; Jizj; jiytuhf gQ;rhaj;J rq;fh; vd;gtUk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. gQ;rhaj;jpy; nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jp vl;LNgh; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. |
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,e;j gQ;rhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa gzp vd;dntd;why; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fspYk; rhiyfs;> Fbjz;zPh;> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> ghyq;fs; Kjyhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;tJ MFk;. NkYk; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fSf;F FbePh; trjpAk;> fpuhkq;fis Jg;GuT nra;aTk;> kiof; fhyq;fspy; nfhR kUe;J mbf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. |
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fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk;: |
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fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; rhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; muR fpuhkq;fSf;F vd;W mwptpf;Fk; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jthh;fs;. NkYk; ,ytr Ntl;b> Nriy> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;wit nfhLg;gJk; ,th;fs;jhd;. tPL fl;Lgth;> filfs; fl;Lgth;> njhopy; njhlq;Fgth; fpuhk eph;thf mYtyhplk; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;G gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. |
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fhty; epiyak;: |
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=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypd; tlf;F gFjpapYk; jpUney;Ntyp ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfhikapy; fhty;epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. gzFbia Rw;wp cs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F ,e;j XNu fhty;epiyak; kl;Lk; jhd; cs;sJ. ,q;F Fw;wthspfis milj;J itf;Fk; miwAk; cs;sJ. |
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jghy; epiyak;: |
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gzFbapd; nghpa njUtpy; jghy; epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j jghy; epiyaj;jpy; fbjk; nfhz;L nry;yTk;> rpW Nrkpg;G fl;Tk;> njhiyNgrp fl;lzk; fl;Ltjw;Fk; ,e;j jghy; epiyaj;Jf;F jhd; nry;yNtz;Lk;. gzFb kf;fs; Nrkpg;G fzf;Ffs; itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. |
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56 |
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IV . gzFb tl;lhu rkaepiy |
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rkaepiyia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; kf;fs; gytpj kj topghLfis nfhz;l kf;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. fpwp];jth;fs; Njthyaq;fSf;F nrdW ,NaR fpwp];Jit topgl;ldh;. ,e;;Jf;fs; gytpjkhd .e;J flTis topg;gl;ldh;. K];yPk;fs; k#jpf;F nrd;W my;yhit topg;gl;ldh;. Mth;fSf;F gl;lhzp, K];yPk; nyg;ig K];yPk; vd ,uz;L k#jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,uz;L kR+jpapYk; Ie;J Kiw njhOif eilngw;WtUfpeJ. |
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=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpy;. |
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=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; jpUNfhtpy;. gzFbapy; cs;sJ. mJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd it\;zt Nfhtpy; MFk;. ,q;F rptd; tp\;Z Rthkpf;F topghL el;f;fpwJ..mJ ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; neLQ;rhiyapy; fhty; epiyak; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; mUfhikapy; jhd; gzFb Ng&e;J epiyak; cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; Kfg;G fpof;F Nehf;fp mike;Js;sJ.1 |
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,f;Nfhtpypd; Kd;gf;fk; njg;gf;Fsk; xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Fsj;jpd; fpo; jpirapy;; xU fiyauq;fk; cs;sJ. jpUtpoh fhyq;fspy; ,f;fiyauq;fpy; fiyepfo;r;rp eilngWk;. (tl ,e;jpah;fs; ,f;Nfhapiy Nrhl;lh ehuhazh vd;W $Wthh;fs;. |
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1. Neh;fhzy; : |
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“Nrhl;lh ehuhazh vd;why; rpwpa ehuhazd; vd;W nghUs;gLk;) ,e;j jftiy nfhLj;jth;fs; rpd;diahgps;is2 nyl;Rkz; nrlbahh; Mthh;fs;. ,f;Nfhtpypd; cl;gFjpapy; rpwpa it\;zt NfhtpYk; cs;sJ.3 |
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ypq;fk;. |
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,uhkh; Nfhtpiy fl;Lthw;fhf ,uhNk];tuj;jpypUe;J ypq;fk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;lJ NkYk; ,uhkd; tzq;fpa ypq;fk; vd;gjhy; ,uhkypq;fk; vd ngah;ngw;wJ.irth;fSk; itzth;fSk; ,f;Nfhtpiy topg;gl;ldh;.Vndd;why; mhpAk; rptDdk; xd;W mjid mhpahjth; thapy; kz;Z vd;W $Wthh;fs;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; rptidAk; tp\;ZitAk; topg;gl;ldh;.4 |
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Nfhtpypd; tuyhW : |
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fp.gp. 14-k; E}w;whz;by; njd;fhrpia Ml;rp nra;j cj;jk ghz;bad; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; gzFbapy; Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ Nfhtpypy; tre;j kz;lgk; rpwg;G mikAkhWk; nra;jhh;. ,jdhNyNa Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gzFb ‘cj;jkghz;baGuk;’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.5 |
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,k;kd;dd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; ypq;f topghL eilngw;wJ. ,ijg;gw;wp ,f;Nfhtpypy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,f;Nfhtpy; ek;gprpq;fngUkhs; Nfhtpy; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ ghz;ba kd;dd;jhd; ,f;Nfhtpiy fl;bdhd; vd;gjw;F milahskha; Nfhtpypd; ntspNa cs;s rg;guj;jpd; cah;e;j Nky;jsg;gFjpapy; kPd; rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNj fhuzkhFk;. |
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2. Neh;fhzy; : rpd;diahgps;is- Njjp : |
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3. Neh;fhzy; : nyl;Rkz nrl;bahh;- Njjp : |
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,f;Nfhtpypd; mbg;gFjpapy; xU Ruq;fg;ghij cs;sJ; ,e;j Ruq;fg;ghij jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh; gs;spapd; gpd;Gwk; cs;s fpzw;wpy; KbtilfpwJ.vd;W $Wthh;fs;. ,e;j Ruq;fghijia kd;dh;fs; mtru fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. |
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topghLfSk; jpUtpohf;fSk;: |
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,f;Nfhtpypy; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf %d;W G+i[fs; eilngw;wd. mJ epj;jpak; nea;epj;jpak; kw;Wk; fkpak; MFk; epj;jpak; vd;gJ jpdKk; eilngWk; G+i[ MFk; nea;epj;jpak; vd;gJ kf;fspd; xw;Wikf;fhf nra;ag;gLk; G+i[ MFk;. fkpyk; vd;gJ Mz;fs; ngz;fs; vd;W jdpahf eilngWk; G+i[fs; MFk;.6 |
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epj;jpa G+i[ eilngWk; Neuk; fhiy 8 kzpapypUe;J 8.30 kzp tiu eilngWk;. ,J fhyr;re;jp G+i[ vdTk; $wg;gLk;. fhiy Neu G+i[apd; NghJ kf;fs; fhiyapy; ePuhbtpl;L flTSf;F jPghuhjid fhl;b nea;tpsf;F Vw;wp GspNahjiu gilj;J tzq;Fthh;fs;. |
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cr;rp fhy G+i[ : |
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fhiy 11 kzp Kjy; 11;.30 kzp tiu G+i[ eilngWk;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; jPghuhjid eilngWk; ,e;j topghL Kbe;j cld; Nfhtpypd; eil milf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; khiyapy; 4.30 kzpf;F jpUk;gTk; Nfhtpy; eil jpwf;fg;gLk;. |
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4. Neh;fhzy; |
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5.T.jkpo;Fkuz;- gzFb kyh; :g.10 - 1994 |
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6. . Neh;fhzy; : Nfhtpapy; G+rhhp : Njjp : |
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khiyNeu G+i[ : |
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khiy Neuk; eilngWk; G+i[ irauh[ G+i[ MFk;. khiy 6 kzp Kjy; 6.30 kzp tiu jPgq;fs; fhl;b nea;tpsf;F Vw;Wthh;fs; gpd;dh; jpUk;gTk; Nfhtpypd; eil 8.30 kzpastpy; G+l;lg;gLk;.7 |
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jpUtpohf;fs; : |
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ij khjk; nghpa jpUtpohf;fs; eilngWk; xt;nthU rKjhaj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf jpUtpoh elj;Jthh;fs;. kf;fs; jq;fspd; epyj;jpy; tpise;j nghUl;fis nfhz;L te;J flTSf;F fhzpf;if nrYj;jpdhh;fs;.NkYk; gyh; jq;fspd; Ntz;Ljy; epiwNtwpaJk; jpUtpoh vLj;jdh;. tzpfh;fs; njhopy; mjpgh;fs; jq;fs; njhopypy; ntw;wp ngw;whYk; ngsh;zkp mkhthirapy; eilngWk; jopo; khjq;fspy; jhd; jpUtpoh eilngWk;.8 |
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khjk; NjhWk; eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fs; : |
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rpj;jpiu khjk; rpj;jpu ngsh;zkp jpUtpoh eilngWk.; mg;NghJ 1008 jpUtpsf;F G+i[Ak; eilngWk;. itfhrp khjk; KUfngUkhDf;F itfhrp tprhfk; jpUtpoh eilngWk; Guhl;lhrp khjk; filrpapy; etuhj;jphp tpohTk; eilngWk; etuhj;jphp md;W mk;ghSf;F jpdKk; [g;grp khjk; jpUfy;ahzKk; jPghtsp gz;bifAk; eilngWk;. |
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7. |
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8. |
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fhh;j;jpif khjk; fe;jr\;bAk; jpUf;fhh;j;jpif jpUtpohTk; eilngWk; khh;fop khjk; jpUthjpiu kw;Wk; itFz;l Vfhjrp jpUtpohTk; eilngWk; NkYk; nghq;fy; gz;biff;F rpwg;G topghLfSk; eilngWk;.9 |
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,t;thwhf xt;nthU khjKk; xt;nthU flTSf;F rpwg;G topghLfs; eilngWk; khrpkhjk; kfhrptuhj;jphp jpUtpoh eilngWk;. |
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thfdk; : |
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khjk; NjhWk; eilngWk; jpUtpoh rkaq;fspy; Nfhtpypy; thfdk; vLf;fg;gLk;. thfdj;ij G+f;fshy; myq;fhpj;J mjDs; flTspd; rpiyia itj;J gf;jh;fs; thfdj;ij kf;fs; jhprdj;Jf;fhf tPjp cyh nfhz;L nry;thh;fs;. |
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njg;gj; jpUtpoh : |
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ij khjk; xt;nthU tUlKk; gzFb ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypy; 10 ehs; jpUtpoh eilngWk; ,j;jpUtpohit njg;gj;jpUtpoh vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. ,j;jpUtpohit xt;nthU rKjhaj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; tpoh MFk;. xt;nthU rKjhaKk; ,j;jpUtpohit jq;fspd; nrhe;j gzj;ij itj;J jpUtpoh elj;Jthh;fs; ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ fufhl;lk;, kapyhl;lk,; Nghd;w fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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jpUtpohtpd; NghJ tPjpfspy; filfs; mikf;fg;gLk;. vy;;yh ,dk;, kjk;, kf;fSk; ,j;jpUtpohtpy; gq;nfLg;gh;fs;. jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; njUf;fid Rj;jk; nra;thh;fs;. Nfhtpy; gOJ ghh;f;fg;gl;L th;zk; G+rg;gLk;Nfhtpiy Rw;wpYk; kpd;tpsf;Ffshy; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.1 |
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gj;J ehs; jpUtpoh: |
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Kjy; ehs; jpUtpoh nfhbNaw;wj;Jld; Muk;gk; MFk;. ,j;jpUtpohit fpU\;z gps;is vd;gth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. ,th;fs; 5 tPl;L gps;iskhh;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLthh;fs;. ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;. ,utpy; mk;ghs; thfdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyh tUthh;. |
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,uz;lhk; ehs; jpUtpohit ehlhh; rKjhaj;jpdh; elj;Jthh;fs;. fhiy 8 kzpastpy; Rthkpf;F rpwg;G topghL eilngWk;. Gpd;dh; Rthkp mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; jpU tPjp Rw;wp tUthh;. gpd;dh; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk. ,utpy; rpwg;G MuhjidAk; mk;ghs; hp;\g thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wptUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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%d;whk; jpUtpoh Mjpjpuhtpl r%jhaj;jpdh; elj;jJthh;fs; fhiy rpwg;G MuhjisAk; 8 kzpastpy; mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; fiy epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;. |
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ehd;fhk; ehs; jpUtpohit nrl;bah; r%fj;jpdh; elj;jJthh;fs; ,th;fs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJk; Nkw;fz;l midj;J epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;. |
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Ie;jhk; ; ehs; jpUtpohit ahjth; r%fj;ij Nrh;le;j kf;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. ,th;fs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJk; Nkw;fz;l midj;J epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;. NkYk; fUlhthfdj;jpy; =Njtp G+khNjtp ek;gprpq;f nghUkhs; jpUtPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. |
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Mwhk; ehs; jpUtpohit Mrhhp r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j kf;fs; elj;Jthh;fs; fhiy 8 kzpastpy; mk;ghs; jpUtPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; gfypy Fk;ghgpN\fk; ,utpy; mk;ghs; ahid md;dk; thfdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;. |
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Vohk; ehs; ;. jpUtpohit nts;shsh; r%fj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. rpwg;G topghlhf fhiyapy; rghgjp kz;lgj;jpw;F vOe;jUay; epfo;r;rpAk; gpd;dh; gy;yf;fpy; Rthkp jPUtPjp vyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;. gpd;dh; Fk;ghgpN\fKk; ,utpy; mk;ghs; eluj[h; jpUtP cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;. |
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vl;lhk; jpUtpohit Njth; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jthh;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. mg;NghJ fhiyapy; mk;ghs; rpk;khrdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyh tUk; epfo;r;rpAk; gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;.gpd;dh; ,uT mk;ghs; eluh{h; tPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; Fjpiu thfdj;jpy; KUfg;ngUkhd; ghpNtlilf;F Gwg;gLjy; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk; |
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xd;gjhk; ehs; jpUtpohit Kjypahh; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. md;W jhd; NjhNuhl;lk; eilngWk; Njhiu ed;F G+f;fshy; myq;fhpj;J GJg;nghypTld; itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,j;Njhpy; mk;ghs; tpehafh; jpUtPjp Rw;wp tUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. ,utpy; Rthkp mk;ghs; G+g;gy;yf;fpy; jpUtPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. NjNuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ vy;yh rhjp kj kf;fSk; Nrh;e;Nj Njiu ,Og;ghh;fs; mg;NghJ vy;NyhUk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ug;gh;. |
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gj;jhk; ehs; jpUtpohit %g;gdhh; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. fhiyapy; mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; jPh;j;jthhpAk; gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ njg;gj;jpy; mk;ghs; vOe;jUSk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. me;j rkaj;jpy; NfhGuj;jpd; Kd;gFjpapy; cs;s Fk;gj;Jf;F mgpN\fk; nra;thh;fs; mg;NghJ Nfhtpy; GJg;gpf;fg;gLk;.5 |
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md;djhdk;: |
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=,ujkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; jpU Nfhtpypy; jpUtpoh fhyq;fypy; jpzKk; gfy; 12 kzpf;F md;djhdk; eilngWk;. mg;NghJ Vio vspa kf;fs; tajhdth;fSk; fye;J md;djhdj;ij rhg;gpl;Lkfpo;th;. |
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IV. k#jpfs; |
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,];yhkpah;fs;: |
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gzFbapy; ,];yhkpah;fs; nyg;ig K];yPk;> gl;lhzp K];yPk; ,U gphpthf cs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; flikfSk;> topghLk; XNu khjphpahf cs;sd. ,];yhkpah;fspd; flik Ie;J tifahFk;. mit: |
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6. Fypkh |
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7. .njhOif |
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8. .Nehd;G |
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9. .[hfj; |
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10. .`[;[p |
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,e;j klikfs; Ie;Jk; xt;nthU K];yPk;fspd; flikahFk;. kdpjd; thOk; ehl;fs; KOtJk; mtd; filgpbf;f NTz;ba flikfshFk;. ,e;j flikfis filgpbg;gth;fs; my;yh`;tpd; mUis ngw;wth;fs; Mthh;fs;. mJ kl;kpy;yhky; cz;ikahd K];yPk; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLthh;fs;. |
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1.fypkh: |
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fypkh nrhy;tJ kdpjdpd; Kjw;flikahFk;. fypkh vd;gJ K];yPk; kf;fspd; flikfspd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. mjhtJ Mz;ltid cah;thf; $WtjhFk;. Mz;ltd; xUtNd MFk;. ,e;j fypkh Foe;ij tha; Ngr njhl;q;Fk; ehspy; ,Ue;J mtd; tho;ehs; filrp tiuapYk; xt;nthU kdpjDk; $wNtz;ba flikahFk;. |
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2.njhOif: |
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njhOif ,];yhkpahpd; ,uz;lhtJ flikahFk;. Foe;ijfspd; 7taJ Kjy; tho;ehs; KOtJk; kdpjd; kPJ njhOif flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Xt;nthU ehSk; 5 Neuk; njhOifahdJ Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. |
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njhOifahdJ my;yhit epidj;J gpuhhj;jid nra;tJ MFk;. njhOifapd; NghJ kdpjd; cly;> cil> ciwtplk; midj;Jk; Rj;jkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mJkl;Lkpy;yhky; kdKk; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L nkf;fh ,Uf;Fk; jpirahd Nkw;F Nehf;fp epd;w epiyapy; njhOifia kdpjd; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. njhOifahdJ mtd; clYf;Fk; ey;yJ. mtDila ghtq;fisAk; khw;Wk; vd;gJ tof;fkhFk;. |
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3.Nehd;G: |
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Nehd;G K];yPk;fspd; flikfspy; %d;whtJ flikahFk;. ,jid tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw uk;rhd; khjk; KOtJk; filgpbf;fNtz;Lk;. uk;rhd; khjk; K];yPk;fspd; ed;ik juf;$ba khjkhFk; |
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,e;j khjj;jpy; K];yPk;fs; jd; ghtq;fis epidj;J gpuhh;j;jid nra;jhy; mtDila ghtq;fs; midj;Jk; my;yh`;`Pjhyh kd;dj;J ed;ikiaf; nfhLf;Fk; khjk; MFk;. |
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Mjdhy; ,e;j khjj;jpy; K];yPk;fs; mjpfkhd gpuhhj;jidfisAk;> edlikfisAk; nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,e;j khjj;jpy; trjp gilj;jth;fs; ,y;yhj Vio kf;fSf;Fk;> jd; FLk;gj;jpy; Vio ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy; mth;fSf;Fk; gy cjtpfis mjpfkhf nra;aNtz;Lk;. |
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Nehd;G filgbf;Fk; tpjk;: |
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Xt;nthU ,];yhkpaUk; Nehd;G Muk;gpf;Fk; Neuk; mjpfhiy 4 kzpastpy; Nehd;G filgpbj;Jtpl;L md;W gfy; KOtJk; jz;zPh;> czT |
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rhg;gpLjy; $lhJ. NkYk; jtwhd Ngr;Rfs;> jtwhd gof;f tof;fq;fs; mj;jidAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp jk; ehitAk;> kdijAk; xUepiyf;F itj;J ey;yij epidj;J ey;yijNa nra;aNtz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; khiy 6 kzpf;F gpwF Nehd;ig jz;zPh; Fbj;J Kbj;J nfhs;thh;fs;. |
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Nehd;G vd;gJ Vioapd; tapW grpiaAk; cly; tUj;jj;ijAk; nry;te;jh;fs; czh;e;J ViofSf;F cjtp nra;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Nehd;G jpwe;j gpd;G fQ;rpia Fbj;J kfpo;thh;fs;. |
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cly; rhpapy;yhj kf;fs;>rpW Foe;ijfs; Kjph;e;j tajhdth;fs;>fw;gpdpngz;fs; gazk; nra;gth; Nghd;wth;fs; Nehd;G gpbf;ftpl;lhYk; ve;jtpj gpur;ridfSk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; kw;wth;fs; kz;bg;ghf Nehd;G filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. |
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4.[fhj;: |
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;yhkpah;fspd; flik MFk;. |
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5.tw[;[p: |
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tw;yPk;fspd; Ie;jhtJ flikahFk; tw;yhj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. |
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Viokf;fs; trjptha;g;G ,y;yhjth;fs; cly;epiy FiwAs;sth;fs; tw[;[p nry;y tha;g;gpy;iy vd;whYk; mth;fs; jhq;fs; nra;j ghtq;fis jhq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhYk; mth;fSila tho;ehspy; nra;j ghtq;fs; mij;Jk; kwe;JtpLk;. Mdhy; trjptha;g;G cs;sth;fSf;F fz;bg;ghf tw[;[p nry;y Ntz;Lk;. |
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Fh; Md;: |
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Fh; Md; K];yPk;fspd; GdpjE}y; MFk;. mJ kpfTk; cah;thd my;yhtpd; jpUkiw xt;nthU kdpjDk; vg;gb tho;e;jhh;fs;. tho Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; mJ tpsf;fpd;wJ xt;nthU %];yPk; kf;fSk; Fh; Mid fz;bg;ghf Xj Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Neha;f;fhd kUe;Jk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. |
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jpUkzk;: |
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,];yhkpah;fs; tujl;rid ,y;yhky; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fspd; fl;lha flik MFk;. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s NghFk; khg;gps;is tPl;lhh;fs; ngz; tPl;lhhplk; vJTk; tujl;rizahf thq;ff;$lhJ. NkYk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s NghFk; khg;gps;is jhd; ngz;Zf;F eif> gzk; vy;yhk; nfhLj;J jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. |
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,];yhj;jpd; jpUkzk; nuhk;g Mlk;gukhf nra;J nfhs;skhy; vspikahfj; jhd; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; flikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; MZk;> ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; md;W jhyp fl;Lk; NghJ jhd; xUtiu xUth; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sthh;fs;. kzg;ngz;fSf;F tajhd ngz; jhd; jhypfl;Lthh;fs;. |
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gh;jh Kiw:- |
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,];yhj;jpd; rl;lg;gb xt;nthU %];yPk; ngz;fSk; gh;jh fz;bg;ghf mzpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntspNa nry;Yk; ngz;fs; gh;jh mzpahtpl;lhYk; mth;fSila jiyAk;> NjhSk; ntspNa njhpahky; xU Jzpahy; %bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gh;jh Kiwia ,];yhkpa ngz;fSf;F flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. |
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,];yhkpah;fspd; gz;bif:- |
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cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s ,];yhkpah;fs; nfhz;lhLk; gz;bif kpyhbegp> Kfuk;gz;bif> uk;rhd;> gf;hPj; gz;biffs; MFk;. ,e;j gz;bifapd; NghJ ,];yhkpah;fs; Gj;jhil cLj;jp njhOif elj;jptpl;L jq;fspd; tPl;by; nra;Ak; czT> gz;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw kw;w rhjpapdhpy; jdf;F ,Uf;Fk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; jq;fspd; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; nfhLj;J kfpo;thh;fs;. uk;rhd; gz;bifapd; NghJ ,];yhkpah;fs; Nehd;G Kwpf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; jhd; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; tho;j;J nrhy;yp kfpo;thh;fs;. |
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gzFbapy; ,uz;L gphpitr; rhh;e;j K];yPk;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. xd;W gl;lhzp K];yPk;fs; . mth;fspd; jha;nkhop cUJ MFk;. kw;nwhd;W nyg;ig K];yPk;fs; mth;fspd; jha;nkhop jopo; MFk;. |
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gzFbapy; K];yPk;fs; Rkhh; 250 tPLfs; cs;sd. ,th;fs; jd;j;jdpahf k#jpf;F nrd;W topgl;ldh;. cUJ Ngrf;$ba gl;lhzp K];yPk;fSf;F; gzFb nkapd; Nuhl;bd; fpof;F gFjpapy; k#jp mike;Js;sJ.,q;F jpdKk; 5 Kiw njhOif eilngWk;. |
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jpdKk; #hpa cjaj;jpw;F Kd; kjpak; khiy #hpad; m];jkhd Neuk; ,uT vd ;]Pk;fSk; [e;J Kiw njhKif elj;Jfpd;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fspd; k#jp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;k#jp njw;F njd;Nkw;F gFjpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,th;fSk; nts;spf;fpoikapy; rpwg;G njhKif nra;fpd;wdh;. |
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fpwp];Jt Myaq;fs;: |
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gzFbapy; fpwp];Jt Myaq;fs; ,uz;L tpjkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. xd;W fj;Njhypf;f jpUrig MFk;. ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;fpd;w gzFb neLQ;rhiyapy; njd;gFjpapy; Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak; cs;sJ. Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak; cs;sJ Gspakuj;J g];];lhg; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,it njd;dpe;jpa jpUr;rig (CSI) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ |
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Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak;: |
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Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;ij topgLgth; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fs; Mthh;fs; ,th;fs; R.C fpwp];jth;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLth;. ,f;Nfhtpypd; Kd; kz;lgj;ij #irehjh; fl;bdhh;. 1995-k;Mz;L Myak; kzpf;$z;bd; Nky; Njtrfhak; vd;gtuhy; jpU ,Uja ,NaRtpd; cUtk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ, |
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Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; tuyhW : |
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,q;F tho;e;j ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Kfkjpah;fs; fpwp];jth;fshf ,Ue;jth;fs;.ngUk;ghYk; ehlhh; kf;fs; Mthh;. gpd;dh; gidNaWk; njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf ehlhh; fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs; rhj;jhd; Fsk; tlf;fd; Fsk; fs;sp Fsk; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ,q;F Fbngah;e;J te;jdh;. |
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fpwp];Jt kf;fs; midtUk; trpg;gjw;fhf Rthkp fpuNfhhp 1870-k; Mz;L gzFbf;Fj; njw;Nf 5 Vf;fh; epyk; thq;fp mjpy; mth; xU rpw;whyj;ij mikj;jhh;. |
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mjidg; Gdpj #irag;gUf;F mh;g;gzpj;jhh; Mdhy; Mya eph;thfk; Myaj;jpy; n[gpj;jy; ghLjy; ,it gw;wp ehlhh; fj;jpf;fhuh; Mfpa ,U r%fj;jpdhpilNa jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ mikjp Vw;gLj;j tlf;fd;Fsk; gq;FFUthf ,Ue;j Rthkp G+Nf 1894-k; Mz;L fj;jpf;fhuh;fs; jq;fSf;F vd;W Myak; xd;W mikf;f mDkjp toq;fpdhh;. |
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,jd;%yk; rpYit tbtpy; mike;j Myak; khpyhtpd; mky cw;gj;jpf;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehlhh; fpwp];jth;fs; topghL nra;J te;j Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak; 1892-k; Mz;by; nghpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; ,U jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;lJ gq;FFU jdJ trjpNghy; ,uz;L Myaq;fspYk; khwp khwp jpUg;gyp epiwNtw;wpdhh;. ,uz;L Mya topghLfspYk; ,U jug;gpdUNk gq;F ngw;wdh;. |
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gzFbNahL ,ize;j rpw;Wh;fspy; tlyptpis, FkhuGuk; flk;gd;Fsk; ,G\;gtdk,; kw;Wk; Nuh];kpah Guk; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdit tlyptpisapy; gujh;fs; tho;e;jdh;. flk;gd; Fsj;jpy; thOk; ehlhh; kf;fs; Rthkp nfsrhdy; kde;jpUk;gpdhh; mq;Fs;s rpw;whyak;. gzFb Myak; 1939-k; Mz;L brk;gh; 24-k; Njjp jdpg;gq;fhdJ. |
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7.cg Myaq;fs;: |
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G\;gtdj;jpy; Foe;ij njurk;khs; Myak; cs;sJ. tlf;FNtg;gpshd;Fsj;jpy; Gdpj me;Njhzpahh; MyaKk; Nuh];kpahGuj;jpy; kpf;Nfy;iyah MyaKk; tlyptpisay; Gdpj rNthhpah; MyaKk; |
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Gd;dpatjp Myak; FUrbapYk; ,jstha;Guj;jpy; khjh MyaKk; gzFbapd; #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; cg Myaq;fs; MFk;. |
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1983-y; jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh;fshy; xU Myak; fl;lg;gl;lJ mjd;gpwF mJ 1988-k; Mz;L gs;sp$lkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ Kjy; jlitahf muR Njh;T vKjpdhh;fs;. ,r;rkaj;jpy; MNuhf;fpa gPl;lh; gq;F FUthf ,Ue;jhh; mg;NghJ jhd; ,e;j gs;spapd; %yk; Mz;LNjhWk; Vuhskhd Vio khzt khztpah; gad;ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. |
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ghlfh; FK: |
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jpUg;gypapid rpwg;ghf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F cjTk; tifapy; ghlfh; FO xd;W cs;sJ Vwf;Fiwa 11 ngz;fSk; 8 Mz;fSk; nfhz;l ghlfh; FO ghly; ghLfpd;wdh; ghl;bw;F Vw;g jhsk; ,irf;f ,irf;fUtpfSk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. jpUtpohtpd; NghJ Gjpa ghly;fs; cUthf;fp tpohtit ghlfh; FOtpdh; NkYk; nkUNfw;Wth;. |
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gPlr;rpWth;fs;: |
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jpUg;gypf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J Vw;ghLfis jpUg;gyp Neuj;jpy; gq;F je;ijf;F cjt rpWth;fs; cs;sdh; .,th;fs; gPlj;ij Rw;wp epd;W jpUg;gypf;F cjtp nra;th; J}gk; fhl;Ljy; jPgk; Vw;Wjy; Nghd;w gzpfisAk; nra;thh;fs; .,th;fspy; jiyikahd xUth; gq;Fje;ijapd; midj;J fhhpaq;fspYk; Jiz epw;ghh; mth; cgNjrpahh; vd;W miof;fg;gLthh;. Myak; kw;Wk; jpUg;gypapd; midj;J nghWg;GfisAk; gq;F je;ijf;F mLj;jgbahf ,tNu ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. |
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Rigfs;: |
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1) ghyh; rig - rpWth;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;thh;fs; |
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2) ew;fUiz tPuh;riy – 6 Kjy; 12-k; tFg;G tiu cs;s khzth;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;thh;fs;.; |
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3) khjh rig - ,sk; ngz;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;th; ,th;fspd; gzp Myaj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;Jjyl MFk;. |
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4) jpUf;FLk;g rig - jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; kl;Lk; |
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5) ,isQh; rig - ,isQh;fs; kl;Lk; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs; |
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6) Gdpj #irag;gh; ew;gzp kd;wk; - jpUkzkhd Mz;fs; kl;Lk; |
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7). tpd;nrd; Njghy; rig - cjtp nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL cUthf;fg;gl;L rpwe;j Kiwapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ fy;tpr; nryT kUj;Jtr; nryT kw;Wk; ,ju trjpfs; midj;Jk; ,th;fshy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpwJ. |
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md;gpaq;fs;: |
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njUTf;F xd;W vd;w tifapy; md;gpaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L 26 md;gpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j md;gpaq;fs; md;gpid ntspgLj;jp kf;fs; xw;Wikahf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;NfhL cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. QhapW NjhWk; khiy [e;J kzpastpy; md;gpaf; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; njUtpy; cs;s midtUk; VjhtJ xUth; tPl;by; xd;whf $b el;GwNthL n[gpg;ghh;fs;. |
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rig $l;;lq;fs; : |
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mkNyhw;gt khjh rigahdJ QhapW NjhWk; khiy 4 kzpastpy; eilngWk; midj;J ,sk; ngz;fSk; xd;W $b n[gpg;ghh;fs;. |
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QhapW kiwf; fy;tp : |
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QhapW NjhWk; fhiy 8 kzpastpy; jpUg;gyp Kbe;jJk; 8.15 kzpastpy; khzth;fSf;F kiwf;fy;tp tFg;Gfs; eilngWk; tUlj;jpy; xU Kiw mjhtJ Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; kiwf;fy;tpj; Njh;Tfs; eilngWk; ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;fp nfsutpg;ghh;fs;. |
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tpohf;fs;: |
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nghq;fy;tpoh, Mq;fpytUl gpwg;G, fpwp];J gpwg;G tpoh, <];lh;, jkpo; tUlg;gpwg;G Nghd;w tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. Gdpj #irag;gh;f;F gj;J ehl;fs; jpUtpoh tUle;NjhWk; Vg;uy; 22 Kjy; Nk 1 tiu eilngWk;. mNj Nghd;W xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; 30-k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 8-k; Njjp tiu MNuhf;fpa khjh jpUtpoh ehl;fs; eilngWk;. xt;nthU ehSk; fhiyapy; jpUg;gypAk; khiyapy; MuhjidAk; eilngWk;. Myaj;jpd; ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; khjhit gagf;j;jpNahL Muhjid nra;J topgLthh;fs; mr;rkaj;jpy; Myaq;fis Rw;wp Vuhskhd myq;fhuq;fs; nra;thh;fs; kf;fs; iffspy; nkOFth;j;jp Vw;wp Myaj;ij Rw;wp tUthh;fs;. |
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xt;nthU Mz;Lk; khh;r; khjj;ij Gdpj #irag;gUf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf tpoh nfhz;lhLthh;fs;. |
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,j;jpUtpoh cyfj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh #irag;gh; Myaj;jpYk; eilngWk;. #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fs; xU FKthf Njh;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. |
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gzFbapy; nkhj;jk; 800 f;F Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fshf cs;sdh;. etk;gh; 8-k; Njjp Kjy; brk;gh; 7 tiu khjh Myaj;jpy; Muhjid eilngWk; jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njh;gtdp khjh Myak; tiu vLj;J nry;yg;gLk;. Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; vd;d topghL Muhjid eilngWNkh mNj Nghd;W khjh Myaj;jpYk; Muhjhid topghL eilngWk;. mg;NghJ vy;yh kf;fSk; topghl;by; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;. |
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,NaR fpwp];J 40 ehl;fs; f\;lg;gLthh; ,e;j ehl;fis nyd;e;J ehl;fs; vd;W miog;gh;. ,jid fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs; mDrhpg;ghh;fs;. ,e;j ehl;fspd; NghJ fpwp];jth;fs; tpujk; ,Ug;ghh;fs; |
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FUj;J xiy QhapW gz;bif md;W kf;fs; midtUk; njd;idkuj;jpd; FUj;J xiyia gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tPjp tPjpahf xrd;dh xrd;dh vd;W $wpf; nfhz;Nl nry;Ythh;fs;. mjd; gpd;dh; nghpa tpahod; nghpa nts;sp ehl;fisAk; kf;fs; Gdpjkhf mDrhpg;ghh;fs;. |
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Xt;nthU khjk; Kjy; Gjd; fpoik md;W gzFb Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; fhiy 11 kzpf;F jpUg;gypAk; khiy 6 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etzy; n[gk; ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk; gtdp mjid njhlh;e;J Fzkspf;Fk; etehs; jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;. |
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xt;nthU Mz;Lk; brk;gh; 24-k; Njjp eL ,utpy; 11.30 kzpastpy; jpUg;gyp njhlq;Fk; rhpahf 12 kzpf;F fpwp];k]; ghliy ghb fpwp];Jk]; jpUg;gyp eilngWk; ;brk;gh 25-k; Njjpia fpwp];J gpwg;ghf nfhz;lhLfpd;whh;fs;. md;W ,uT Myaj;jpy; gytpjkhd epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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31 –k; Njjp ,uT 11.30 kzpf;F rhpahf GJtUl Muhjid eilngWk; ;jth;fs; Gj;jhil mzpe;J gl;lhR ntbj;J kfpo;thh;fs; md;W kjpak; 2.30 kzpf;F gytpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; rpWth;fSf;Fk; nghpath;fSf;Fk; eilngWk;. mg;NghJ ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;fg;gLk;. |
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nfgpfs;:- |
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gzFb #irag;gh; jpUj;jyj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; nfgpfs; cs;sd. Xd;W Nthshq;fz;zp khjhnfgp ,e;j nfgp 1990 – y; gq;Fj;je;ij gd;dPh; nry;tk; mth;fs; mikj;jhh;. kw;nwhd;W Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; nfgp ,e;j ,uz;L nfgpfspYk; rpwpa jpUtpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. |
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nfhbkuk;:- |
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1947 – y; gq;Fje;ij nuk;; k]pah; mth;fshy; Njf;Fkuf; nfhbkuk; mfw;wg;gl;L xw;iwf;fy;ypy; Md nfhbkuk; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;nfhbkuf;fiy ehd;F khl;Ltz;bfs; xd;whf G+l;b nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,g;gb fy;nfhbkuk; cyfj;jpNyNa gzFbapYk;> n[UrNykpYk; cs;sJ. |
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gj;J ehs; jpUtpoh: |
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xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gzFb Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. Vg;uy; khjk; 22k; Njjp nfhbNaw;wp Nk 1-k; Njjp jpUtpoh KbAk;. 10 ehl;fSk; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohit fpuhkj; jpUtpoh vd;Wk; miog;gh;. NkYk; [dthp 5 – k; Njjp Gdpj me;Njhzpahh;nfgp jpUtpoh nkhj;jk; 13 ehl;fs; eilngWk;. |
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Kjy; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpastpy; gtdpAk; mij njhlh;e;J $l;Lj;jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;. jtwhd Kiwapy; eilngw;w jpUkzq;fs; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. khiy 6 kzpf;F rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nfhbNaw;wKk; 6.30 kzpastpy; n[gkhiy kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh;thjKk; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; QhapW kiwf;fy;tp Mrphpah;fs;> khzth;fs; toq;Fk; rpwg;G fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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,uhz;lhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> $l;Lj;jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;. khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy> etehs;> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPUk; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb Gdpj tsdhh; Muk;gg;gs;sp khzt khztpfs; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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%d;whk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb Gdpj md;dhs; Nky;epiy gs;sp khzt khztpfs; toq;Fk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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ehd;fhk; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtzp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg; gs;sp toq;Fk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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Ie;jhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtzp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; Gdpj #irag;gh; ew;gzpkd;wk; elj;Jk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. |
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Mwhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy gq;F ,isQh;fs; rig toq;Fk; ,d;dpirf; fr;Nrhp (my;yJ) ,isQh;fs; ehlfk;. |
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Vohk; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; Kk;ig tho; gzit kf;fs; ,ize;J toq;Fk; ,d;dpir tpUe;J. |
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vl;lhk; ehs; jpUtpoh fhiy 5.30 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gyp> kw;Wk; GJed;ik toq;Fk; rlq;F eilngWk;. khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy rpwg;G ew;fUizg;gtdp etehs;> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk;> ,jid GJed;ik ngWk; rpWth; rpWkpah;fs; rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;. |
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xd;gjhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> eilngWk;> jpUg;gyp Kbe;jTld; 8.30 kzpastpy; rpWFoe;ijfSf;F jpUKOf;F (Qhd];jhdk;> ngah; #l;Lk; epfo;r;rp) vd;Dk; rlq;F eilngWk;. ,uT 7 kzpf;F n[gkhiy> etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; tpaf;fitf;Fk; thzNtbf;iffs; eilngWk;. gpd;dh; 10 kzpastpy; Njh;gtdp tPjpia Rw;wptUk;. kWehs; mjpfhiy 4 kzpastpy; Myaj;jpw;f;Fs; Njh;fs; nfhz;L tug;gLk;. |
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gj;jhk; jpUtpoh fhiy 4.30 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp jpUg;gypAk> gpd;dh; fhiy 6.30 kzpf;F jpUtpohj; jpUg;gypAk; Mlk;gu ngUtpoh $l;Lj; jpUg;gypAk; Njh;gtzpAk; eilngWk;. ,uT 6.30 kzpf;F etehs;> Gdpjhpd; gtdp> Njhpy; itj;J ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk;> eilngWk;. ,uT 9.30 kzpastpy; ,d;dpir fr;Nrhp eilngWk;. |
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gj;jhk; jpUtpoh epiwT ngw;wg;gpd; tUfpd;w Qhapw;Wf;fpoikapy; jpUg;gyp epiwT ngw;wJk; nfhbahdJ ,wf;fg;gLk;. jpUtpohtpd;NghJ xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J gq;F je;ijah;fs; jpUtpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L kiwAiu kw;Wk; MrpAiuAk; toq;fp tpohit rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;. mNj Nghd;W vl;L> xd;gJ kw;Wk; gj;jhk; ehs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJ NkjF Mah; mth;fs; tpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L tpohit rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;. |
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Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak;: |
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Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak; gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy; mUfhikapy; Gspa kuj;J g]; ];lhg; gf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. |
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Myaj;jpd; tuyhW: |
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1891 – k; Mz;L gzFbia Nrh;e;j Njtrfhak; vd;gtuhy; fl;l ,lk toq;fg;gllJ. gpd;dh; ,uz;lhapuk; &gha; nrytpy; xU fy; Myak; fl;bdhh;. xU E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G ,uz;lhapuk; &ghapd; kjpg;G ,g;NghJ ,Uklq;F mjpfkhFk;. gpd;dh; 1893 – y; ,e;j Myak; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Myak; FNshrg;Gfs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> ehf;Fkzp> thrpg;Gg;gPlk;> ew;fUiz Nkir> jpUKOf;Fj.njhl;b> fbfhok;> FOkhh; Mrzq;fs; midj;Jk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 1894 –k; Mz;L [dthp khjk; 5 – k; Njjp mUl;ngUe;jpU jpUthq;$h; Nguhah; mth;fshy; ,e;j Myak; gpujp~;il nra;ag;gl;lJ. |
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,e;j Myaj;ij C.S.I Myak; vd;W $Wthh;fs; ,e;j Myaj;ij topg;gLk; kf;fs; GNuhl;l];lhz;L fpwp];Jtkf;fs; Mthh;fs;. Njtyhaj;jpy; xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf;fpoik md;W jtwhky; Muhjid eilgngWk; ,e;j Muhjidapy; fpwp];Jt GNuhl;l];lhz;L kf;fs; fye;Jnfhs;thh;fs;. fpwp];Jk];. FUj;J Xiy QhapW <];lh; gz;biffs; Nghd;wit ,th;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. |
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fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];Jth;fis Nghd;w cUt topg;ghLk; flTspd; jpUTUtg;glq;fis itj;Jtopg;gLk; gof;fKk; ,th;fsplKk; ,y;iy GNuhl;l];lhz;L fpwp];Jth;fs; ,NaR ehjiu kl;Lk; topg;ghLthh;fs; Mdhy; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];Jtkf;fs; ; ,NaR ehjhpd; jha; je;ijahiu topg;gLk; gof;fk; cilath;fs;. |
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fpwp];jth;fs; kw;wkjj;Jld; xw;WikAld; fhzg;gl;ldh;. Kw;w kjj;jpdhpd; gz;biffspYk; ,e;j kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpaHy; fye;Jf; nfhs;thh;. jPghtsp. fpwp];Jk];. uk;rhd;> nghq;fy;> Nghd;w gz;bifapd; NghJ jq;fSf;Fs; ,dpg;G gz;lq;fis gwpkhwpf; nfhs;th;. fy;tpia nghWj;jtiuapy; ,th;fs; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldh;. ,g;NghJ nfhQ;rk; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. |
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== Thiruvallur, A Jain? that's funny. == |
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gFjp - 4 |
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Thirukkural was not written in era of Kalabras. Although exact period when Thirukkural was written has not been established yet, it's a common knowledge here, in tamil nadu, that it might have been written atleast before 1st century. Although I can argue Thiruvalluvar is not a Jain in any means, Knowing Thirukkural a little I feel it's futile to argue which religion he might have belonged to. Those who know Thirukkural atleast a bit won't confine Valluvar into any religion for that matter. Thirukkural is praised as "Mankind's universal moral code". Likely said so because it suits for any or all religions, any or all people of this world. ] (]) 03:15, 6 January 2022 (UTC) |
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,irapd; gpwg;gplk; gzFb |
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“ Foy; ,dpJ aho;,dpJ vd;g jk;kf;fs; |
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koiyr;nrhy; Nfshjth;” |
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vd;gJ ts’Std; thf;F …….. |
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,ir Nrhh;e;j kdJf;F Gj;Jzh;Tk; ,jkhd RfKk; jUtjpy; ,irf;F epfh; NtW ,y;iy. Rhpfkgjep vd;w VO Ruq;fSf;Fs; vj;jid uhfq;fs;? mg;gg;gh…. tpaf;f itf;fpwJ. Fh;ehlf rq;fPjk; vd;wJk; ek; epidTf;F tUtJ Mh;Nkhdpa nglbjhd. “fhw;wpdpNy tUk; fPjk;…”vd;ghh;fs;. |
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fhw;wpy tUk; ehjj;ij xypahf;fp ,irahf;fp ,ir aikg;ghsh;fs; ghly; fk;Ngh]; nra;Ak; Kjy; ,irf;fUtp Mh;Nkhdpak; jhd;. |
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Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kd;G gzFbapy; Rg;gpukzpa Mrhhp vd;gth; Mh;Nkhdpa nglbfis vUthf;f njhlq;fpdhh; |
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,d;W mtuJ Ngud;fs; kzpuh[Nfhghy; yl;Rkzd; KUfd; MfpNahh; kpFe;j rpuj;ij vLj;J Mh;Nkhdpa ngl;bfis tbtikf;fpwhh;fs;.,e;j Mh;Nkhdpaq;fs; gw;wp kzpuh[Nfhghyplk; Nfhl;l NghJ vq;f jhj;jh fhyj;Jy njhlq;fpa njhopiy vdJ je;ijf;F gpwF ehq;fs; nra;JtUfpd;Nwhk;. |
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== Refs == |
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hPl;]; ];gphpq; gyif vd 15 tpjkhd nghUl;fis nfhz;L Mh;Nkhdpangl;bia tbtikf;fpNwhk; h{l;]; ek;k gFjpapy; fpilf;fpwjpy;y |
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fpUghde;j thhpahh; ghuhl;L. |
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gzFb Mh;Nkhdpak; vd;why; kiwe;j jpUKUffpUghde;jthhpahUf;F myhjp gphpak; mtuJ nrhw;nghopT epfo;r;rpfSf;F gzFb Mh;Nkhdpaj;ijNa gad;gLj;JtJ tof;fk; . mtUf;fhf jdpf;ftdk; vLj;J #Ljy; mikg;Gld; cUthf;fp nfhLj;Js;shh;fs;. |
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. FIuhj;jpy; ,Ue;J mij thq;FfpNwhk; vd;whh;. 37 hPl;]; 41 hPl;]; 61 hPl;]; Nghd;w 4 tifahd Mh;Nkhdpaq;fis jahhpf;fpNwhk;.. vd;Wk; mth; 61 hPl;]; vd;gJ Myaq;fs; tpohf;fspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghhpd; Mh;fhd; vd;fpwhh;. xU Mh;Nkhdpak; tbtikf;f Rkhh; 15 ehl;fs; tiy MFk;. |
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ntspehLfSf;F nry;Yk; Mh;Nkhdpak; |
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,q;F jahhpf;Fk; Mh;Nkhdpak; me;jkhd; yz;ld; mnkhhpf;fh Nghd;w gFjpfSf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jgw;wp ylRkzd; nrhy;Yk;NghJ yz;ld; kpA+rpaj;jpy; gzFb Mh;Nkhdpak; jahhpg;G Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; Gifg;glj;Jld; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;f xd;whFk;. |
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* https://theprint.in/features/stalins-archaeology-push-in-tamil-nadu-is-the-stuff-of-culture-wars-experts-have-a-warning/1006949/ |
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] (]) 10:14, 11 July 2022 (UTC) |
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rh;r; Mh;fd; |
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Fpwp];jt Myaq;fspy; ,irf;Fk; rh;r; Mh;fd; vd;w rf;fpq; Mh;fd; njhd;dpe;jpshtpyNa gzFbapy;kl;Lk;jhd; jahhpf;fpwhh;fs;. nghJthf ,ej Mh;fd; jahhpf;f 1 khjk; tiu MfpwJ. |
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Gik;ngUik kpf;f ,e;j Mh;fd; jahhpg;Gk; jf;fNghJ Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. Myaq;fspy; me;j Mh;fid cgNahfpg;gjd; %yk; rh;r; Mh;fd; njhopiy ghJfhf;fyhk; vd $Wfps;whh;fs;. |
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gzFb kTR yz;ld; tiu: |
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,ir vd;whNy epidTf;F tUtJ ghl;Lk; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfSk; jhd; rhjhuz etPd ,ir fr;Nrhp Kjy; nghpa ,ir tpohf;fs; elf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfSf;F vd;W jdp kTR cz;L.etPd fk;g;a+l;lh; Afj;jpy; vj;jidNah tpjkhd vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf;fUtpfs; te;jhYk; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfs; jhd; xU ,irf; fiyQDf;F m];jpthuk;. jkpo; ehl;by; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jtpu Mh;fd; nra;Ak; njhopiy fle;j 4 jiyKiwfshf ney;iy khtl;lk; gzFbapy; kl;LNk nra;J tUfpd;wdh;. |
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ney;iy khtl;lk; gzFb vd;w xU rpwpa Chpy; ,Ue;J nra;ag;gLk; ,e;j ,irg;ngl;bfs; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkyy ntspehLfspYk; ,e;jpa ,iria vKg;gpf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd;. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa ,iria vKg;gpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuhj;jpd; rpwg;G mk;rkhd ‘fh;ehlf ,ir’ ia Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bapy; kl;Lk; jhd; ,irf;f KbAk;. ,irf;F Kd;Ndhbahd fhw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;L ,irapid vKg;Gk; ,f;;fUtpfis ,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fyhk; Jthuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jp ,ir vKg;Gk; fUtpia ‘Mh;nkhdpak; vd;Wk; fhw;iw Jthuq;fs; %yk; cwpQ;rp ,ir vKg;Gk; fUtpia ‘Mh;fs;’ vd;Wk; gphpj;J $wyhk;. Mh;fdpy; Nkw;fpe;jpa ,iris kl;LNk vKg;g KbAk;. Mdhy; Mh;nkhdpaj;jpy; kl;Lk; jhd; fh;ehlf ,iria vKg;g KbAk; etPd ;’fP’ Nghh;Lfs; te;jjhy; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfSf;F cs;s kTR Fiwe;Js;sJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. vd;whYk; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bapy; thrpf;fg;gLk; ‘mD#uk;;’ vd;Wk; ,iria cyfpy; NtW ve;j vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfspYk; ,irf;f KbahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tiu fy;fj;jhit rhh;e;j ‘Lthh;f;fps;’ vd;w fk;ngdpf;F vh;zhFsj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ‘khDNty; ,d;l];l;hPRk;’ jhd; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfis jahhpj;J tj;jJ. Mdhy; mitfSk; jahhpg;ig ,d;W Kw;wpYkhf epWj;jp tpl;ld. |
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gzFbapy; Mh;Nkhdpag; ngl;bfs; jahhpf;Fk; yl;Rkzd; KUfd; MfpNahh; $Wk;NghJ ntspehLfspy; ‘fP Nghh;fs;;’ vdg;gLk; vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfspd; tuthy; Kw;wpYkhf mq;F Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfspd; jahhpg;ig epWj;jp tpl;ld. ,g;nghOJ vq;fsplk; gy ntspehl;bdh; te;J Mh;lh; nra;J thq;fp nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sdh;. yz;ld; kpA+rpaj;jpy; $l vq;fsJ Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jhd; fhl;rpg; nghUshf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpNyNa Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; nra;tJ gw;wpa tFg;Gfs; elj;j kj;jpa muR mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpaJ vq;fSf;F kl;LNk. vq;fsJ nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy; mjid rhptu ,g;nghOJ elj;j Kbtjpy;iy vd;W $wpdh;. |
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,e;jpahtpy; njd;Nfhbapy; cs;s gzFb vd;w ChpypUe;J jhahhpf;Fk; ,e;j ,ir ngl;bfs; gy ,e;J g;jt Myaq;fspYk; ,iria vOg;gp hPq;fhukpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fh;ehlf ,irf;F mr;rhukhd ,e;j ‘Mh;nkhdpa’ ngl;bfSf;F <lhf vj;jid etPd Af;jpfSld; vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfs; te;jhYk; ,itfspd; kTR kl;Lk; vd;Wk; Fiwdahky; cynfq;Fk; ,irj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. |
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Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jahh; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kug;gyiffs; ‘nul;rPlhh;’ vd;Dk; xUtif kiyNtk;G kuj;jpy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fgLfpwJ. ,e;j tif kug;gyiffSf;Fj;jhd ,irapd; mjph;Tfis Nrjg;gLj;jhky; ntspgLj;Jk; Fzk; cz;lhk; vdNt jhd; giofhyj;J kzp mbf;Fk; fbfhuq;fspy; ,e;j tif kuq;fspd; gyiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; goq;fhyj;J NubNah ngl;bfspYk; ,e;j tif kug;gyiffs; jhd; gad;gLj;jgl;Ls;sd.vilFiwthfTk; mjpf jpl jd;ik cilajhd ,k;kuq;fspy; ,Uf;f jhd; kPdth;fs; kPd;gpbf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh; ‘fl;Lkuq;fs;’ $l nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,g;nul;rPlhh; ku tiffs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiygFjpfspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. |
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vdNt jhd; ,q;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfSf;F kTR mjpfk;. |
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Thirukkural was not written in era of Kalabras. Although exact period when Thirukkural was written has not been established yet, it's a common knowledge here, in tamil nadu, that it might have been written atleast before 1st century. Although I can argue Thiruvalluvar is not a Jain in any means, Knowing Thirukkural a little I feel it's futile to argue which religion he might have belonged to. Those who know Thirukkural atleast a bit won't confine Valluvar into any religion for that matter. Thirukkural is praised as "Mankind's universal moral code". Likely said so because it suits for any or all religions, any or all people of this world. 182.65.140.76 (talk) 03:15, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
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