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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}} |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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| native_name = Савезна Република Југославија<br>Savezna Republika Jugoslavija |
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{{R from move}} |
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| conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
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{{R from merge}} |
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| common_name = Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
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{{R from former name}} |
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| status = ] (1992–2003)<br/>] (2003–2006) |
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{{R hatnote}} |
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| p1 = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
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{{R printworthy}} |
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| flag_p1 = Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg |
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{{R with Wikidata item|Q838261}} |
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| s1 = Serbia |
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| flag_s1 = Flag of Serbia.svg |
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| s2 = Montenegro |
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| flag_s2 = Flag of Montenegro.svg |
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| image_flag = Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg |
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| flag = Flag of Serbia and Montenegro |
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| image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg |
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| symbol = Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro |
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| image_map = Serbia and Montenegro.svg |
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| national_anthem = '']''<br/>Hey, Slavs<br/><center>]</center> |
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| common_languages = ] (1992–1997)<br/>] (1997–2006) |
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| capital = {{nowrap|] (unofficial after 2003){{ref|box1|a}}}} |
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| government_type = {{nowrap|] (1992–2003)<br>] (2003–2006)}} |
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| title_leader = ] |
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| leader1 = Dobrica Ćosić |
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| year_leader1 = 1992–1993 |
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| leader2 = Zoran Lilić |
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| year_leader2 = 1993–1997 |
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| leader3 = Slobodan Milošević |
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| year_leader3 = 1997–2000 |
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| leader4 = Vojislav Koštunica |
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| year_leader4 = 2000–2003 |
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| leader5 = Svetozar Marović |
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| year_leader5 = 2003–2006 |
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| title_deputy = ] |
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| deputy1 = Milan Panić |
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| year_deputy1 = 1992–1993 |
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| deputy2 = Radoje Kontić |
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| year_deputy2 = 1993–1998 |
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| deputy3 = Momir Bulatović |
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| year_deputy3 = 1998–2000 |
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| deputy4 = Zoran Žižić |
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| year_deputy4 = 2000–2001 |
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| deputy5 = Dragiša Pešić |
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| year_deputy5 = 2001–2003 |
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| deputy6 = Svetozar Marović |
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| year_deputy6 = 2003–2006 |
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| era = Post–Cold War |
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| event_pre = Constitution |
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| date_pre = 27 April 1992 |
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| date_start = 28 April |
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| year_start = 1992 |
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| event2 = {{nowrap|]{{ref|box2|b}}}} |
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| date_event2 = 1 November 2000 |
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| event3 = ] |
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| date_event3 = 4 February 2003 |
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| event_end = Dissolution |
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| date_end = 5 June |
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| year_end = 2003 |
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| stat_year1 = 2003 |
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| stat_area1 = 102350 |
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| stat_pop1 = 10832545 |
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| currency = {{nowrap|Serbia<br/> • ] (1992–2003)<br/> • ] (2003–2006)<br/>Montenegro<br/> • ] (1992–2003)<br/> • ] (1999–2002)<br/> • ] (2002–2006)}} |
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| cctld = ] |
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| calling_code = 381 |
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| footnote_a = {{note|box1}} After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in ]. ] served as the seat of the Supreme Court. |
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| footnote_b = {{note|box2}} Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; ] = CS; UTC offset = +1. |
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}} |
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}} |
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] |
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'''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' was a country in ], created from the two remaining republics of ]. The republics of ] and ] together established a ] in 1992 as the '''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' (FRY). In 2003, it was reconstituted as a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm |title=Profile: Serbia and Montenegro |publisher=BBC News |date=5 June 2006 |first=Matthew |last=Price}}</ref> |
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] |
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] |
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The FRY aspired to be a sole ] to the ], but those claims were opposed by other former republics. The ] also ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/pdfmpunyb/wood_1.pdf|title=Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law|chapter=Participation of Former Yugoslav States in the United Nations|pages=241–243}}</ref> Eventually, after the ] from power as president of the federation in 2000, the country rescinded those aspirations and accepted the opinion of ] about shared succession, and reapplied for and gained UN membership on 2 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=FR Yugoslavia Investment Profile 2001|url=http://www.fifoost.org/jugoslaw/yugo.pdf|publisher=EBRD Country Promotion Programme|page=3}}</ref> From 1992 to 2000, some countries, including the ], referred to the FRY as "Serbia and Montenegro".<ref>1999 ] ]: </ref> |
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] |
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] |
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The FRY was initially dominated from 1992 to 1997 by ] and his supporters.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 61">Sabrina P. Ramet. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. University of Washington Press, 2005. Pp. 61. (During Milošević's tenure as President of Serbia, the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was de facto subordinate to his government, with Milošević installing and forcing the removal of several Federal Presidents and Prime Ministers. However this changed after 1997 when Milošević's last legal term as Serbian President ended and he became Federal President that year, in which Milošević entrenched the power of the Federal Presidency.)</ref> Milošević, president of Serbia since 1989, installed and forced the removal of several Federal Presidents and Prime Ministers.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 61"/> Federal Prime Minister ] became frustrated with Milošević's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992, and told Milosevic to "shut up" because Milošević's position was officially subordinate to his position.<ref>James Gow. Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War Columbia University Press (1997). New York City. p. 228.</ref> Milosevic later forced Panić to resign.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61.</ref> However this situation changed after 1997 when Milošević's second and last legal term Serbian President ended. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 61"/> By this time however, the influence of Slobodan Milošević was confined to Serbia only as Montenegro had experienced internal regime change in 1996 when former Milošević ally ] reversed his policies, showed resilience by becoming leader of his party and subsequently dismissing former Montenegrin leader ], a man who remained loyal to Milošević. As Bulatović was given central positions in ] from that time (as such national Prime Minister), Đukanović continued to govern Montenegro and isolated his republic from Serbia so that from 1996 to 2006, Montenegro and Serbia were only nominally one country - governance at every feasible level was conducted locally (Belgrade for Serbia and ] for Montenegro). |
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] |
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] |
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A loose union, Serbia and Montenegro were united only in certain realms, such as defense. The two constituent republics functioned separately throughout the period of the Federal Republic, and continued to operate under separate economic policies, as well as using separate currencies (the ] was the only legal tender in Montenegro). On 21 May 2006, the ] was held, and 55.5% of voters voted in favor of independence. The state union effectively came to an end after ]'s formal declaration of independence on 3 June 2006, and ]'s formal declaration of independence on 5 June. After the dissolution, Serbia continued to be the ] of the union, while Montenegro re-applied for membership in international organizations. |
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] |
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==History== |
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{{Main|Breakup of Yugoslavia}} |
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With the collapse of the ] during the 1990s, only the republics of ] and ] agreed to maintain the Yugoslav state, and established a new constitution for a new Yugoslavia in 1992. With the collapse of communism across Eastern Europe, the new state followed the wave of democratic change. It abandoned former communist symbolism: the ] was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a white double-headed eagle with the arms of both Serbia and Montenegro within it. The new state also abandoned the collective presidency of the former SFRY and replaced it with the system consisting of a single president, who was initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected. |
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===Foundation=== |
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With the collapse of the ] and its institutions from 1991 to 1992, the issue of unity of the two republics remaining in the collapsing federation, Serbia, Montenegro, as well as Serb breakaway territories in Croatia and Bosnia that wished to remain united, became an issue. In 1991 diplomatic talks chaired by Lord Carrington with the leaders of the six republics of the collapsing federation, resulted in all the republics except for Serbia agreeing that Yugoslavia had collapsed and that each republic should become an independent state. The Serbian government was surprised and outraged by Montenegro's decision in favour of terminating Yugoslavia, as the Bulatovic government had previously been closely allied with Milosevic's government in Serbia. It was discovered that Montenegro had been offered quick access into the ] by Italy if Montenegro agreed to the termination of Yugoslavia. The Serbian government pressured Montenegro to back down and rescind the position, and thus Serbia and Montenegro agreed that Yugoslavia should continue. Yugoslavia's collapse began in 1991 when Slovenia, Croatia, and the ] declared independence. |
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On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held territory in Croatia of ] agreed that they would form a new "third Yugoslavia".<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. University of Washington Press, 2005. pp. 55-56.</ref> Efforts were also made in 1991 to include ] within the federation, with negotiations between Milosevic, Bosnia's ], and the Bosniak proponent of union - Bosnia's Vice-President ] taking place on this matter.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72">Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup. The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, New York, USA: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. ISBN 9781563243097 p. 72.</ref> Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from attempting to forge a union with Serbia, Montenegro, and Krajina; and promoted a compromise between the Serbs and Bosniaks, in which Serb Krajina and Bosniak Sanjak from Serbia would be annexed into a ] that within a union with Serbia and Montenegro, would secure both the unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> Zulfikarpašić's proposition opposed any cantonization of Bosnia.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> The Bosnian Serbs did not include Zulfikarpašić's proposition alongside their propositions.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> However Milosevic continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić to include Bosnia within a new Yugoslavia.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> |
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Efforts to include the whole of Bosnia within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegovic planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories.<ref>Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup. The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, New York, USA: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. ISBN 9781563243097 pp. 72-73.</ref> |
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===Yugoslav Wars=== |
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{{Main|Yugoslav Wars}} |
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]. It is widely believed that Milošević tried to unite all ] across a ].<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/655616.stm|title=Obituary: Slobodan Milosevic|publisher=BBC News|date=11 March 2006|accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref><ref>Decision of the ICTY Appeals Chamber; 18 April 2002; Reasons for the Decision on Prosecution Interlocutory Appeal from Refusal to Order Joinder; Paragraph 8</ref>]] |
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The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions. This was due to the ongoing ] during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the ] from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions, which resulted in economic disaster that forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country. |
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In a ] documentary, called the ''Death of Yugoslavia'', and later in his testimony before the ] during the ], Yugoslav official ] revealed that the Bosnian Serb army arose from the Yugoslav army forces in ]. He claimed that he had realized that Bosnia and Herzegovina was about to be recognized by the international community, and since ] troops were still located there at that point, their presence on Bosnian territory could have led to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia being accused of aggression. To avoid this, he and Milošević decided to move all JNA soldiers originating from Serbia and Montenegro back into Serbia and Montenegro, and to move all JNA soldiers of Bosnian Serb descent to Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="youtube1">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5kD1FdxvIE |title=Bosnia: Who Lit the Fire? |publisher=YouTube |date=11 November 2007 |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> In this way, every Bosnian Serb was transferred from the Yugoslav army to what became the newly created Bosnian Serb Army. Through this, the Bosnian Serb army also received extensive military equipment and full funding from the FRY, as the Bosnian Serb faction alone could not pay for the costs.<ref name="youtube1"/> Furthermore, ] founder and paramilitary ] claimed that President Milošević personally asked him to send paramilitaries into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="youtube1"/> |
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In 1995, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević represented the FRY and Bosnian Serbs at peace talks in ], ], which negotiated the end of war in Bosnia with the ]. |
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===Growing separatism=== |
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====Montenegro==== |
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From 1996, the first public signs of political discord between parts of Montenegrin leadership and the Serbian leadership began to appear. By 1998, simultaneously with Montenegrin Prime Minister ] coming out on top in the power struggle with Montenegrin President ], the republic undertook a different ] by adopting the ] as its currency. During autumn 1999, following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing campaign, Đukanović (who by now firmly held power in Montenegro as Bulatović was completely squeezed out) drafted a document called ''Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije'' (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) calling for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia though still officially seeing Montenegro within a joint state with Serbia. Milošević did not respond to the platform considering it unconstitutional as political relations within the federal state got strained to a maximum especially against the backdrop of the assassination wave of figures from top political, criminal, and state business circles in both republics (], ], ], and ] as well as two attempts on the life of opposition politician ]). By October 2000 Milošević had lost power in Serbia. Contrary to expectation, Đukanović's response to the power change in Belgrade was not to further push the agenda outlined in his platform, but instead to suddenly start pushing for full independence, thus completely dropping the platform in the process. Subsequent governments of Montenegro carried out pro-independence policies, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite political changes in Belgrade. |
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====Kosovo War==== |
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{{Main|Kosovo War}} |
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] who were killed during NATO bombing of the RTS building in 1999.]] |
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With Milošević's second and last legal term as Serbian President expiring in 1997, he ran for, and was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997. Upon taking office, Milošević gained direct control of the Yugoslav military and security forces, and directed them to engage Kosovo separatists. The conflict escalated from 1998 to 1999 and became a civil war, known as the Kosovo War. |
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From March 1999, the ] (NATO) under the leadership of the United States waged war on Yugoslavia. NATO suspected that the Yugoslav government was committing genocide on ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. This suspicion was based on the presence of Serbian ultra-nationalist and former paramilitary ] being Prime Minister of Yugoslavia; a fear of a repeat of atrocities similar to those committed by Serb forces in Bosnia; and suspicion of Milošević's influence in the previous war atrocities. NATO began an air campaign called ] against Yugoslav military forces and positions and suspected Serbian paramilitaries. The NATO campaign came under severe criticism for its attacks and many inaccurate bombings across Yugoslavia which killed many civilians. The Yugoslav government claimed the NATO attacks were a terror campaign against the country while NATO defended its actions as being legal. The air attacks against Belgrade by NATO were the first attacks on the city since ]. Some of the worst massacres against civilian Albanians by Serbian forces occurred after NATO started its bombing of Yugoslavia. ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/kosovo/cuska/cuska_frameset.html |title=Justice for Kosovo - Massacre at Cuska |publisher=Americanradioworks.publicradio.org |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/balkans/crimesandcourage.html | work=CBC News | title=CBC News Indepth: Balkans}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/inside_kosovo/velika_krusa.stm | publisher=BBC News |title=Inside Kosovo – Velika Krusa}}</ref> were some of the massacres committed by the Serbian police and paramilitaries during the war. NATO promised to end its bombings of Yugoslavia, when Milošević agreed to end the Yugoslav campaign in Kosovo, withdraw Yugoslav & Serb security forces from the province. After an array of bombings, Milošević submitted and agreed to end Yugoslavia's anti-separatist campaign in Kosovo and allowed NATO forces to occupy Kosovo. |
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In June 1999, after the NATO bombings ended, NATO and other troops, entered the province and organized with the controversial Albanian separatist ] (KLA) paramilitaries, to maintain order. NATO's decision to cooperate with the KLA was seen by Serbs as a pro-separatist stand on Kosovo. The KLA committed a number of atrocities during the Kosovo War. Before the handover of power, some 300,000 Kosovars, mostly Serbs, left the province, many had been expelled by the Albanians. The number of Serbs in Kosovo dropped drastically as Serbs fled Kosovo, fearing persecution by the KLA which had integrated into the Kosovo security force called ]. Despite the controversy, the United Nations proceeded to created a mandate in Kosovo, in which the province technically remained a part of Serbia (or the FRY as it was then), but was completely autonomous. The status of Kosovo was now greater than it had been between 1974 and 1990 when it was at its strongest; the province followed Montenegro in rejecting the Yugoslav/Serbian Dinar in place of the international currencies, and went even further: Kosovo's parliament created new car registration plates for its citizens, unlike Montenegro which continues to use the old FRY type licence plates two years after independence. Kosovo was sanctioned to deploy its own law enforcement, its own government, whilst all Yugoslav security forces (i.e. the military, police, militias and paramilitaries) were repelled from entering the region, breeching conditions which did allow a presence of Belgrade forces within Kosovo to protect objects of interest to the Serbs and the various other nationalities (such as the Orthodox monasteries, and the Catholic churches used by ]). The U.N. mandate would remain in place for the full duration of the FRY and beyond. |
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====State Union==== |
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In 2002, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia, since they were part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 4 February 2003, the ] created a loose ] - State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. A new ] was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country. |
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On Sunday, 21 May 2006, ] voted on an independence referendum, with 55.5% supporting independence. Fifty-five percent or more of affirmative votes were needed to dissolve the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. The turnout was 86.3% and 99.73% of the more than 477,000 votes cast were deemed valid. |
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The subsequent Montenegrin proclamation of independence on June 2006 and the Serbian proclamation of independence on 5 June ended the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and thus the last remaining vestiges of the former ]. |
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==Politics== |
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The ] (1992–2003) was composed of two chambers: the council of citizens and the council of republics. Whereas the council of citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FRY, the council of republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality. |
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Under the FRY, the old collective ] was dissolved and a single president was elected. The status of leadership of the Federal Yugoslav president was unstable with no president lasting more than four years in office. The first president from 1992 to 1993 was ], a former communist ] during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial ]. Despite being head of the country, Ćosić was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President ]. Ćosić was replaced by ] who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Milošević becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. The presidential election in 2000 was accused of being the result of vote fraud. Yugoslav citizens took to the streets and engaged in ] demanding that Milošević be removed from power. Shortly afterwards Milošević resigned and ] took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. |
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After the federation was reconstituted as a state union, the new ] was created. It was unicameral and was made up of 126 deputies, of which 91 were from Serbia and 35 were from Montenegro. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of FRY, which now houses the ]. |
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In 2003, after the constitutional changes, new ] was elected. ] was the first and last President of Serbia and Montenegro until its breakup in 2006. |
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==Administrative divisions== |
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] |
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Serbia and Montenegro was composed of four principal political units, consisting of two republics and two subordinate autonomous provinces: |
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*''']''' (capital: ]) |
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:*] – autonomous province within Serbia (capital: ]) |
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:*] – autonomous province within Serbia. Under ] administration after the 1999 ] (capital: ]) |
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*''']''' (capital: ]) |
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===Serbia=== |
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{{Main|Subdivisions of Serbia}} |
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The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the ] on 24 July 1991. Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.<ref name="zakon">, Parliament of Serbia {{sr icon}}</ref> |
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Serbia was divided into 195 ] and 4 ], which were the basic units of local autonomy. It had two autonomous provinces: ] in the south (with 30 municipalities), which was under the administration of ] after 1999, and ] in the north (with 46 municipalities and 1 city). The territory between Kosovo and Vojvodina was called ]. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own. |
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In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, ], ] and ], each having an assembly and budget of its own. The cities comprised several municipalities, divided into "urban" (in the city proper) and "other" (suburban). Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided. |
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Municipalities were gathered into ], which are regional centres of state authority, but have no assemblies of their own; they present purely administrative divisions, and host various state institutions such as funds, office branches and courts. The Republic of Serbia was than and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own. |
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===Montenegro=== |
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Montenegro had ], and two urban municipalities, subdivisions of ] municipality. |
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==Geography== |
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Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518 sq mi), with 199 kilometres (124 mi) of coastline. The terrain of the two republics is extremely varied, with much of Serbia comprising plains and low hills (except in the more mountainous region of Kosovo and Metohija) and much of Montenegro consisting of high mountains. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The climate is similarly varied. The north has a ] (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and ]; the southern region had an ] along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland. |
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], with its population of 1,574,050, is the largest city in the two nations: and the only one of significant size. The country's other principal cities were ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], each with populations of about 100,000-250,000 people. |
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==Demographics== |
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Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. The three largest named nationalities were ] (62.3%), ] (mostly Ghegs) (16.6%) and ] (5%) according to the 1991 census. The country also had significant populations of ], ], ], ], ] and other eastern Romance peoples (including ], ] and ]), plus dozens of other ], namely ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. ] subgroups still live in ] (mostly ] and ]). There were a number of citizens who declared their nationality as ] and ]. These two were previously regarded as a part of ] who are of the belief that they originated from present-day ] and ]. Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the provinces of ] and ], where smaller numbers of other minority groups may have be found. The large ]n population was chiefly concentrated in ], with smaller populations in the ] and ] municipalities in ], and in the south-east of Montenegro (] municipality). The large ] and ] Muslim population lived in the ] region on the border between ] and ] (mainly ] in Serbia, and ] in Montenegro). |
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;Total Serbia-Montenegro - 10,019,657 |
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*Serbia (total): 9,396,411 |
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**Vojvodina: 2,116,725 |
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**Central Serbia: 5,479,686 |
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**Kosovo: 1,800,000 |
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*Montenegro: 623,246 |
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*Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) - 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica): |
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**] (Belgrade): 1,280,639 (1,574,050 metro) |
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**]: 215,600 (298,139 metro) |
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**]: 200,000 (2002 estimate) |
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**]: 173,390 (234,863 metro) |
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**]: 145,890 (175,182 metro) |
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**]: 139,500 (169,000 metro) |
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**]: 121,000 (2002 estimate) |
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**]: 99,471 (147,758 metro) |
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According to a 2004 estimate the State Union had 10,825,900 inhabitants. |
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According to a July 2006 estimate, the State Union had 10,832,545 inhabitants. |
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==Economy== |
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The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suffered significantly economically due to the loss of previous territories of the SFRY to the seceding states and due to mismanagement of the economy, and an extended period of economic sanctions. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from ] of the Yugoslav dinar. By the mid-1990s, the FRY had overcome the inflation. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the ] left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President ] in October 2000, the ] (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the ] in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate with other world nations by rejoining the ] and the ]. |
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PLEASE REWRITE AND UPDATE THIS PART SO THAT IT IS APPLICABLE TO THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA. |
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A World Bank-] sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion ] government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion ] commercial debt has been reached in July 2004; 62% of the debt have been written off. --> |
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The smaller republic of ] severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies - it first adopted the ], and continued to use it until the mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the ]. Serbia continued to use the Yugoslav Dinar, renaming it the '']''.<!-- rewrite as part of history |
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The southern Serbian province of ], while formally still part of Serbia (according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244), is moving toward local autonomy under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (]) and is dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The euro is official currency, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. --> |
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The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large ] and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy. |
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An extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to FR Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the ] left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former ] President Slobodan Milošević in October 2000, the ] (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the ] in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the ] and the ]. A World Bank-] sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion ] government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion ] commercial debt has been reached in July 2004; 62% of the debt had been written off. |
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The smaller republic of ] severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. During the Serbia and Montenegro period, both republics had separate central banks, different currencies - Montenegro first used the Deutsche Mark, then the ] when it replaced the Deutsch Mark, while Serbia used the ] as official currency. The two states also had different customs tariffs, separate state budgets, police forces, and governments. |
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The southern Serbian province of Kosovo, while formally still part of Serbia (according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244), moved toward local autonomy under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (]) and was dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The ] and the ] were official currencies, and UNMIK collected taxes and managed the budget. |
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The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large ] and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy. |
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==Transport== |
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] |
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Serbia, and in particular the valley of the ] is often described as "the crossroads between the ] and the ]" - one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The valley is by far the easiest way of land travel from continental Europe to Greece and ]. |
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Until the outbreak of the ], the ironically named ] (Brotherhood and Unity) running through Croatia, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia was one of Europe's most important transport arteries. It gradually resumed this role as the security situation stabilized. |
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Major ] going through Serbia are ] and ]. ]/] is the most important route connecting Serbia with Montenegro. |
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The ], an important international waterway, flows through Serbia. |
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The ] was the largest seaport located in Montenegro. |
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==Holidays== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+<big>'''Holidays'''</big> |
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|- |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Date |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes |
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|- |
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| 1 January |
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| ] |
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| (non-working holiday) |
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|- |
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| 7 January |
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| ] ] |
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| (non-working) |
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|- |
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| 27 January |
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| ]'s feast Day — Day of Spirituality |
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|- |
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| 27 April |
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| ] |
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|- |
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| 29 April |
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| Orthodox ] |
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| Date for 2005 only |
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|- |
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| 1 May |
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| Orthodox ] |
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| Date for 2005 only |
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| 2 May |
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| Orthodox ] |
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| Date for 2005 only |
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| 1 May |
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| ] |
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| (non-working) |
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|- |
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| 9 May |
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| ] |
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|- |
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| 28 June |
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| ] (]'s Day) |
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| In memory of soldiers fallen at the ] |
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|} |
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;Holidays celebrated only in Serbia |
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*15 February - Sretenje (], non-working) |
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;Holidays celebrated only in Montenegro |
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*13 July - Statehood Day (non-working) |
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==Proposed flag and anthem== |
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After the formation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav tricolour was to be replaced by a new compromise flag. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter <ref></ref> stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. Among the flag proposals, the popular choice was a flag with a shade of blue in between the Serbian tricolour and the Montenegrin tricolour of 1993-2004. The colour shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice.<ref>{{cite news|last=Price|first=Matthew|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm|title=Belgrade flag flap reveals identity crisis|publisher=BBC News|date=7 October 2003|accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame and the flag was not adopted. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia & Montenegro never adopted a flag. |
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A similar fate befell the country's anthem and coat-of-arms to be; the above-mentioned Article 23 also stipulated that a law determining the State Union's flag and anthem was to be passed by the end of 2003. The official proposal for an anthem was a combination piece consisting of one verse of the Serbian anthem "]" followed by a verse of the Montenegrin anthem, "]". This proposal was dropped after some public opposition, notably by Serbian Patriarch ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870|title=Nova drzavna himna: Boze zore|publisher=Vreme|accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> Another legal deadline passed and no anthem was adopted. Serious proposals for the coat of arms were never put forward, probably because the coat of arms of the ], adopted in 1994 combining Serbian and Montenegrin heraldic elements, was considered adequate. |
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Thus, the State Union never officially adopted state symbols and continued to use the flag and anthem of the ] by inertia until its dissolution in 2006. |
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==Sports== |
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===Football=== |
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The country qualified for two ]s - in ] and ]. It also qualified for ]. |
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The 1998 World Cup appearance in France was accompanied with plenty of expectation and quiet confidence as the team was considered to be one of the tournament's dark horses due to being stacked with proven world-class players such as 29-year-old ], 33-year-old ], 29-year-old ], 28-year-old ], and 31-year-old ], as well as emerging 19-year-old youngster ], and tall 24-year-old target forwards ] and ]. Another reason for heightened expectations was the fact this was the country's first major international appearance following the UN-imposed exile. However, the talented squad never managed to hit top gear - although it did make it out of the group, it got eliminated by Holland via an injury-time goal in the round-of-16. Two years later at Euro 2000, virtually the same team again made it out of the group and was again eliminated out of the tournament by Holland, this time convincingly 1-6 in the quarter finals. |
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The country was also represented at the ], the ], and the ]. |
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Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were represented by ] team ] tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. The final squad was made up of players born in both Serbia and Montenegro. |
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They played their last ever international on 21 June 2006, a 3-2 loss to ]. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a ] was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions. |
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===Basketball=== |
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The country dominated European and world basketball during mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s with three European titles, two World Championships titles, and the Olympic silver medal. |
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The national team started competing internationally in 1995 after a three-year exile due to the UN trade embargo. During this time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the ] in ], ], and finally ] whose hosting was originally awarded to Belgrade before being taken away and moved to ]. |
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At the ] in ], its first international competition, the hungry and highly motivated Yugoslav team led by ] brought a starting five full of world-class talent with established European stars at positions ] through ] — 27-year-old ], 25-year-old ], 29-year-old ], 22-year-old ] — capped off with 27-year-old ], the starting center for the ] at the ] position. With the bench that was just as capable — experienced ] (the only player over 30 in the team), ], talismanic power forward ], and up-and-coming young center ] — the team rampaged through its preliminary group featuring medal contenders Greece and Lithuania with a 6-0 record. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy France, thus setting up a semifinal clash with hosts Greece. In the highly charged atmosphere of the ], Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess this time to pull off a famous eight-point win in a tense, low-scoring 60-52 game. The final against experienced Lithuania team led by basketball legend ] in addition to world class players ], ], ], etc., turned into a classic game of basketball with crafty Yugoslavs prevailing 96-90 behind Đorđević's 41 points. |
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They were represented by a single team in the ] as well. This team was also inherited by Serbia after the tournament, while Montenegro created a separate national basketball team afterwards, as well as the national teams of all other team sports. |
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The two countries were represented in the ] pageant by a single delegate, Dubravka Skoric. |
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Serbia and Montenegro also participated in the ] and in ] only on one occasion. The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when ] got 2nd place. The next to follow was the Montenegrin boyband No Name. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro didn't have representative due to the scandal in Europesma 2006. |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Serbia and Montenegro}} |
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*, ] |
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* Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Retrieved 25 November 2010. {{fr}} |
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{{Yug-timeline}} |
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{{coord|44|49|N|20|28|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbia And Montenegro}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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