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{{short description|Species of fig}}
{{Speciesbox {{Speciesbox
|image = Figuier étrangleur sur un Sralao (Angkor) (6827172380).jpg |image = Ficus altissima of Silpakorn University 20231223.jpg
|image_caption = |image_caption = ''Ficus altissima'' at ] in 2023
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Ficus altissima'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T147483545A147650743 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147483545A147650743.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Ficus |genus = Ficus
|parent = Ficus subg. Urostigma |parent = Ficus subg. Urostigma
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}} }}


'''''Ficus altissima''''', commonly known as the '''council tree''',<ref name=AFVS>{{cite web |url=http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1940 |title=''Ficus altissima'' |author1=Wunderlin, R. P. |author2=Hansen, B. F. |year=2008 |work=Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> is a ] of ], a ] in the ] ]. It is a large, stately ] tree and is native to ]. '''''Ficus altissima''''', commonly known as the '''council tree'''<ref name=AFVS>{{cite web |url=http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1940 |title=''Ficus altissima'' |author1=Wunderlin, R. P. |author2=Hansen, B. F. |year=2008 |work=Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> and '''lofty fig''', is a ] of ], a ] in the ] ]. It is a large, stately ] ] and is native to ].


==Description== ==Description==
]
''Ficus altissima'' is a large, evergreen forest tree, growing to {{convert|30|m|0|abbr=on}}, with a spreading crown and often multiple buttressed trunks and characteristic of its subgenus ''Urostigma''. The bark is smooth and grey, with small pale brown pustules. The branches are spreading and the twigs are hairy and often green when young.<ref name = "FOC">{{cite web |url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006347|title = ''Ficus altissima''|journal = Flora of China| volume = 5 |page = 43 |accessdate = 9 March 2017}}</ref> The leaves are alternate, elliptic to ovate, with entire margins and up to {{convert|100|by|40|mm|1|abbr=on}}. They are supported on short stalks and have sheathing stipules. The flowers are solitary or in pairs and are in the axils of the leaves. They are concealed inside hollow receptacles which grow into orangish-red, many-seeded. {{convert|25|mm|0|abbr=on}} figs following pollination.<ref name=BIOTIK>{{cite web |url=http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/f/fical/fical_en.html |title=''Ficus altissima'' Bl.: Moraceae |publisher=BIOTIK |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> ''Ficus altissima'' is a large, evergreen forest tree, growing to {{convert|30|m|0|abbr=on}}, with a spreading crown and often multiple buttressed trunks and characteristic of its subgenus ''Urostigma''. The bark is smooth and grey, with small pale brown pustules. The branches are spreading and the twigs are hairy and often green when young.<ref name = "FOC">{{cite journal |url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006347|title = ''Ficus altissima''|journal = Flora of China| volume = 5 |page = 43 |accessdate = 9 March 2017}}</ref> The leaves are alternate, elliptic to ovate, with entire margins and up to {{convert|100|by|40|mm|1|abbr=on}}. They are supported on short stalks and have sheathing ]s.


The flowers are solitary or in pairs and are in the axils of the leaves. They are concealed inside hollow ]s which grow into orangish-red, many-seeded. {{convert|25|mm|0|abbr=on}} figs following pollination.<ref name=BIOTIK>{{cite web |url=http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/f/fical/fical_en.html |title=''Ficus altissima'' Bl.: Moraceae |publisher=BIOTIK |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>
⚫ ==Distribution==

⚫ ''Ficus altissima'' is native to southeastern Asia and many islands in the Pacific. Its range includes the Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, South China and the ] region.<ref name=BIOTIK/> It was first described by the Dutch botanist ] in 1826 from Java. It has become naturalized in some of the southern counties of Florida.<ref name=AFVS/>
⚫ ==Distribution and habitat==
⚫ ''Ficus altissima'' is native to southeastern Asia and many islands in the Pacific. Its range includes the ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ] region.<ref name=BIOTIK/> It was first described by the Dutch botanist ] in 1826 from Java. It has become naturalized in some of the southern counties of Florida.<ref name=AFVS/> It grows in mountains and plains.<ref name="FOC" />


===Common Names=== ===Common Names===
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''Ficus altissima'' is a "strangler fig", often starting life as an ], on trees such as '']'' (as illustrated above) or palms, sending down roots to the ground which in time grow stout enough to support the growing tree independently. By this time the ] tree has been overwhelmed and killed. It can also grow as a ] in a crevice in a rock or a man made structure. It is sometimes planted as a shade tree but has a wide root system and is unsuitably large for most urban areas.<ref name=BIOTIK/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/ficus_altissima.htm |title=''Ficus altissima'' |publisher=TopTropicals |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> ''Ficus altissima'' is a "strangler fig", often starting life as an ], on trees such as '']'' (as illustrated above) or palms, sending down roots to the ground which in time grow stout enough to support the growing tree independently. By this time the ] tree has been overwhelmed and killed. It can also grow as a ] in a crevice in a rock or a man made structure. It is sometimes planted as a shade tree but has a wide root system and is unsuitably large for most urban areas.<ref name=BIOTIK/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/ficus_altissima.htm |title=''Ficus altissima'' |publisher=TopTropicals |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>


''Ficus altissima'' is one of many trees that hosts lac insects, ]s in the superfamily ], from which the dye ] is obtained.<ref name=BIOTIK/> It has been planted in southern Florida,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evergladescisma.org/species/subinfo.cfm?sub=5640 |title=Council tree |publisher=Everglades CISMA |accessdate=2014-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213144/http://www.evergladescisma.org/species/subinfo.cfm?sub=5640 |archive-date=2014-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it didn't used to seed because there weren't any native insects available to pollinate the flowers. However, non-native wasps ('']'' sp.), that have become established in the area, seems capable of pollinating it and the tree is now proliferating and becoming ].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nadel, Hannah |author2=Frank, J. Howard |author3=Knight, R. J. Jr. |year=1992 |title=Escapees and Accomplices: The Naturalization of Exotic ''Ficus'' and Their Associated Faunas in Florida |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |jstor=3495478 |doi=10.2307/3495478}}</ref> ''Ficus altissima'' is one of many trees that hosts lac insects, ]s in the superfamily ], from which the dye ] is obtained.<ref name=BIOTIK/> It has been planted in southern Florida,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evergladescisma.org/species/subinfo.cfm?sub=5640 |title=Council tree |publisher=Everglades CISMA |accessdate=2014-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213144/http://www.evergladescisma.org/species/subinfo.cfm?sub=5640 |archive-date=2014-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it didn't seed because there weren't any native insects available to pollinate the flowers. However, non-native wasps ('']'' sp.), that have become established in the area, seem capable of pollinating it and the tree is now proliferating and becoming ].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nadel, Hannah |author2=Frank, J. Howard |author3=Knight, R. J. Jr. |year=1992 |title=Escapees and Accomplices: The Naturalization of Exotic ''Ficus'' and Their Associated Faunas in Florida |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |jstor=3495478 |doi=10.2307/3495478}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
A cultivar 'Yellow Gem' is a variegated variety with yellow tinted leaves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://plantempire.com.au/products/ficus-altissima-yellow-gem-140mm |title=FICUS ALTISSIMA 'YELLOW GEM' 140MM |access-date=2021-01-22 |archive-date=2021-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306055802/https://plantempire.com.au/products/ficus-altissima-yellow-gem-140mm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thespottedquoll.com.au/products/ficus-yellow-gem |title=Ficus Yellow Gem (Rubber Plant) |access-date=2021-01-22 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130183234/https://thespottedquoll.com.au/products/ficus-yellow-gem |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Gallery== ==Gallery==
<gallery> <gallery>
file:Ficus altissima1.jpg File:Ficus altissima1.jpg
file:HK Park Ficus altissima 高山榕 Saturday 1.JPG File:HK Park Ficus altissima 高山榕 Saturday 1.JPG
file:Ficus altissima DSCN1381.jpg File:Ficus altissima DSCN1381.jpg
file:HKCL CWB tree 高山榕 Ficus altissima Oct-2013 009.JPG File:HKCL CWB tree 高山榕 Ficus altissima Oct-2013 009.JPG
File:HKCL CWB tree 高山榕 Ficus altissima Oct-2013 005.JPG
File:Ficus altissima allee - Marie Selby Botanical Gardens - Sarasota, Florida - DSC01331.jpg|Botanical specimens in the ], ], Florida
File:Ficus altissima3.jpg|Variegated variety
File:FicusAltissima SydBG-20171107-3b.jpg|A mature tree in ]
File:Ficus altissima 1z 01.jpg|Ficus altissima / Council tree
File:Ficus altissima 1z 03.jpg|Ficus altissima / Council tree
File:Ficus altissima 1z 07.jpg|Ficus altissima / Council tree
File:Ficus altissima 1z 05.jpg|Ficus altissima / Council tree
</gallery> </gallery>


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Latest revision as of 21:40, 10 April 2024

Species of fig

Ficus altissima
Ficus altissima at Silpakorn University in 2023
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Ficus
Subgenus: F. subg. Urostigma
Species: F. altissima
Binomial name
Ficus altissima
Blume, 1826
Synonyms
  • Ficus altissima var. laccifera (Roxb.) Prain
  • Ficus altissima f. laccifera (Roxb.) King
  • Ficus laccifera Roxb.
  • Ficus latifolia Oken
  • Urostigma altissimum Miq.
  • Urostigma lacciferum Miq.

Ficus altissima, commonly known as the council tree and lofty fig, is a species of flowering plant, a fig tree in the family Moraceae. It is a large, stately evergreen hemiepiphyte and is native to southeastern Asia.

Description

Leaves

Ficus altissima is a large, evergreen forest tree, growing to 30 m (98 ft), with a spreading crown and often multiple buttressed trunks and characteristic of its subgenus Urostigma. The bark is smooth and grey, with small pale brown pustules. The branches are spreading and the twigs are hairy and often green when young. The leaves are alternate, elliptic to ovate, with entire margins and up to 100 by 40 mm (3.9 by 1.6 in). They are supported on short stalks and have sheathing stipules.

The flowers are solitary or in pairs and are in the axils of the leaves. They are concealed inside hollow receptacles which grow into orangish-red, many-seeded. 25 mm (1 in) figs following pollination.

Distribution and habitat

Ficus altissima is native to southeastern Asia and many islands in the Pacific. Its range includes the Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, South China and the Malesia region. It was first described by the Dutch botanist Carl Ludwig Blume in 1826 from Java. It has become naturalized in some of the southern counties of Florida. It grows in mountains and plains.

Common Names

Vernacular names include:

  • Chinese: 高山榕 gao shan rong
  • Vietnamese: đa tía (sometimes đa rất cao: i.e. "very tall")
  • Myanmar; "Nyaung Moat Seit"

Ecology

Ficus altissima is a "strangler fig", often starting life as an epiphyte, on trees such as Lagerstroemia (as illustrated above) or palms, sending down roots to the ground which in time grow stout enough to support the growing tree independently. By this time the host tree has been overwhelmed and killed. It can also grow as a lithophyte in a crevice in a rock or a man made structure. It is sometimes planted as a shade tree but has a wide root system and is unsuitably large for most urban areas.

Ficus altissima is one of many trees that hosts lac insects, scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea, from which the dye lac is obtained. It has been planted in southern Florida, where it didn't seed because there weren't any native insects available to pollinate the flowers. However, non-native wasps (Eupristina sp.), that have become established in the area, seem capable of pollinating it and the tree is now proliferating and becoming invasive.

Cultivation

A cultivar 'Yellow Gem' is a variegated variety with yellow tinted leaves.

Gallery

References

  1. Shao, Q.; Zhao, L.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ficus altissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147483545A147650743. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147483545A147650743.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. "The Plant List". Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  3. ^ Wunderlin, R. P.; Hansen, B. F. (2008). "Ficus altissima". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  4. ^ "Ficus altissima". Flora of China. 5: 43. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  5. ^ "Ficus altissima Bl.: Moraceae". BIOTIK. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  6. "Ficus altissima". TopTropicals. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  7. "Council tree". Everglades CISMA. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  8. Nadel, Hannah; Frank, J. Howard; Knight, R. J. Jr. (1992). "Escapees and Accomplices: The Naturalization of Exotic Ficus and Their Associated Faunas in Florida". The Florida Entomologist. 75 (1): 29–38. doi:10.2307/3495478. JSTOR 3495478.
  9. "FICUS ALTISSIMA 'YELLOW GEM' 140MM". Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  10. "Ficus Yellow Gem (Rubber Plant)". Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2021-01-22.

External links

Taxon identifiers
Ficus altissima
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