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{{Short description|Directory to hold files for a specific user}}
⚫ In computing, a '''home directory''' is a ] which contains the personal files of a particular user of the system.
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
A '''home directory''' is a ] on a ] ] containing ] for a given ] of the system. The specifics of the home directory (such as its name and location) are defined by the operating system involved; for example, ] / ] (]) systems use <code>/home/{{angbr|username}}</code> or <code>/usr/home/{{angbr|username}}</code> and ] systems since ] use <code>\Users\{{angbr|username}}</code>.<ref name="hdtable">{{cite web |title=Where is my user home directory? |url=https://help.dugeo.com/m/faq/l/245652-where-is-my-user-home-directory |website=DownUnder GeoSolutions |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>


==Description==
On ] systems, this includes configuration files (usually hidden, i.e. starting with a <tt>.</tt>), documents, locally installed programs, etc. The home directory is defined as part of the user's account data (e.g. in the <tt>]/passwd</tt> file). On many systems—including most distributions of ] and variants of ] (e.g. ])—the home directory for each user takes the form <tt>]/''username''</tt> (where <tt>''username''</tt> is the name of the user account). The home directory of the ] account (usually named <tt>]</tt>) is traditionally <tt>]</tt>, but on many newer systems it is located at <tt>]</tt> (Linux, BSD), or <tt>]/root</tt> (]).
A user's home directory is intended to contain that user's files; including text documents, music, pictures, videos, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=What is a Home Directory? – TecAdmin |url=https://tecadmin.net/what-is-a-home-directory/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> It may also include their ]s of preferred settings for any software they have used there and might have tailored to their liking: ] ], favorite ] ] and ], stored ]s to any external services accessed via a given software, etc. The user can install executable software in this directory, but it will only be available to users with permission to execute files in this directory. The home directory can be organized further with the use of sub-directories.


The content of a user's home directory is protected by ], and by default is accessible to all authenticated users and administrators.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Paul |title=Classic SysAdmin: The Linux Filesystem Explained |url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/blog/classic-sysadmin-the-linux-filesystem-explained |website=The Linux Foundation |publisher=The Linux Foundation |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Any other user that has been granted administrator privileges has authority to access any protected location on the ] including other users' home directories.
This convention is not universal, however: in ], ], and ], users' home directories are stored in <tt>/Users/''username''</tt>. However in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP in a single user, non-networked setup, there is a restricted <tt>me</tt> account in tandem with the standard unrestricted <tt>root</tt> account, which stores its users' files in <tt>/me</tt>. In ], home directories are located in <tt>/home</tt>, but this is actually the mount point of the ], which mounts home directories as needed from a file server, or <tt>/export/home</tt> on the local system. Older Unix systems often used paths such as <tt>/u01</tt> or <tt>]/users</tt>.


==Benefits==
An additional Unix naming convention (originating from the ] shell) is that <tt>~user</tt> can be used as shorthand for referring to the home directory belonging to <tt>user</tt>, whatever its location on the filesystem. This is why many ]s are configured to show a user's personal ] when a ] such as http://www.catb.org/~esr/ is accessed (in this example, the username is <tt>esr</tt>). A further shorthand allows a user to refer to their ''own'' home directory simply as <tt>~</tt>.
Separating user data from system-wide data avoids redundancy (the same system files can be used by between different users) and makes backups of files that are important for a specific user simpler.


Separating user data from system-wide data avoids redundancy and makes backups of important files relatively simple. Furthermore, ]s, ]es and ]s running under the user's name and with their privileges will in most cases only be able to alter the files in the user's home directory, and perhaps some files belonging to workgroups the user is a part of, but not actual system files. Furthermore, ], ], and ] running under the user's name and with their privileges will in most cases only be able to alter the files in the user's home directory, and perhaps some files belonging to workgroups the user is a part of, but not actual ]s, reducing the chances of harming the functioning of the operating system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shimeall |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Spring |first2=Jonathan M. |title=Introduction to information security: a strategic-based approach |date=2014 |publisher=Syngress, an imprint of Elsevier |location=Amsterdam Heidelberg |isbn=978-1-59749-969-9 |edition=First}}</ref>


==Default home directory per operating system==
In newer versions of ], based on the multi-user ], each user has a home directory which by default is located at <tt>C:\Documents and Settings\''username''</tt> when using the ] version of the OS (with <tt>''username''</tt> again replaced by the particular user's login name).
{| class="wikitable"
== Persistent home directory ==
!colspan=2|]
In ] to store data, because the user cannot save data in a home directory. Because of this has been created the persistent home directories.
!]
!]
|-
|colspan=2|]
|<code>/usr/{{angbr|username}}</code>
| rowspan="7" |<code>]</code>
|-
|colspan=2|Unix-derived
|<code>/var/users/{{angbr|username}}</code><br><code>/u01/{{angbr|username}}</code><br><code>/usr/{{angbr|username}}</code><br><code>/user/{{angbr|username}}</code><br><code>/users/{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|colspan=2|Unix-based <ref>. Accessed on July 23, 2009</ref>
|<code>/home/{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|colspan=2|] / ] (])
|<code>/home/{{angbr|username}}</code> or <code>/usr/home/{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|colspan=2|] / ]
|<code>/export/home/{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|colspan=2|]
|<code>/Users/{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|colspan=2|]
|<code>/data/media/{{angbr|userid}}</code>
|-
|rowspan=3|]
|NT
|<code>\WINNT\Profiles\{{angbr|username}}</code>
|rowspan=3|<code>]</code><br><code>{{nowrap|]]}}</code>
|-
|2000<br>XP<br>2003
|<code>\Documents and Settings\{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|Vista<br>7<br>8<br>10<br>11
|<code>\Users\{{angbr|username}}</code>
|-
|}<ref name="hdtable"/><!-- I'm not sure how to add a source to an entire wikitable so this will do -->


===Subdirectories===
In ] you can save the directory using cd-persistent . Using both home=scan and home=/dev/sda1/morphix.img, Ubuntu accesses the USB memory device when starting up, but then reboots just before entering the GNOME environment.
The file {{code|/etc/xdg/user-dirs.defaults}} on many Linux systems defines the subdirectories created for users by default. Creation is normally done with the first login by Xdg-user-dirs, a tool to help manage "well known" user directories like ''desktop'', ''downloads'', ''documents'', ''pictures'', ''videos'', or ''music''. The tool is also capable of ] of the folders' names.<ref>{{cite web |title=Xdg-user-dirs-0.17 – Beyond Linux From Scratch (System V Edition), Chapter 11. General Utilities |website=linuxfromscratch.org |url=https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/general/xdg-user-dirs.html |access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>

==Other features, per operating system==

===Unix===
In Unix, the ] is automatically set to a user's home directory when they ]. In many built-in commands, typing the {{code|~}} (]) character is equivalent to specifying the current user's home directory.

The Unix ] has access to all directories on the file system, and hence can access home directories of all users. The superuser's home directory on older systems was {{mono|]}}, but on many newer systems it is located at {{mono|]}} (Linux, BSD), or {{mono|]/root}} (]).

===VMS===
In the ] operating system, a user's home directory is called the ''root directory'', and the equivalent of a Unix/DOS/Windows/AmigaOS ''root directory'' is referred to as the ''Master File Directory''.<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenVMS User's Manual |url=http://odl.sysworks.biz/disk$axpdocjun011/opsys/vmsos73/vmsos73/6489/6489pro_010.html |website=odl.sysworks.biz |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Master file directory - VSI OpenVMS Wiki |url=https://wiki.vmssoftware.com/Master_file_directory |website=wiki.vmssoftware.com |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

==Single-user operating systems==
Single-user operating systems simply have a single directory or ] for all user files, there is no individual directory setup per user (though users can still setup and maintain directories inside this main working directory manually).
* ] versions 2 and up have "System" and "Work" partitions on hard disks by default.
⚫ * ] (and its successors) have a /home directory which contains the files belonging to the single user of the system.
* Versions of Windows prior ] OEM Service Release 2 did not have a user folder but, since that release, {{mono|C:\]}} became in-effect the single user's home directory.
* ] and ] in a single-user, non-networked setup, {{code|/me}} is used, as well as {{code|/root}} when logged in as superuser.


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*] *]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*]


==References==
⚫ ]
{{Reflist}}


⚫ ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 04:53, 15 June 2024

Directory to hold files for a specific user
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Home directory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A home directory is a file system directory on a multi-user operating system containing files for a given user of the system. The specifics of the home directory (such as its name and location) are defined by the operating system involved; for example, Linux / BSD (FHS) systems use /home/⟨username⟩ or /usr/home/⟨username⟩ and Windows systems since Windows Vista use \Users\⟨username⟩.

Description

A user's home directory is intended to contain that user's files; including text documents, music, pictures, videos, etc. It may also include their configuration files of preferred settings for any software they have used there and might have tailored to their liking: web browser bookmarks, favorite desktop wallpaper and themes, stored passwords to any external services accessed via a given software, etc. The user can install executable software in this directory, but it will only be available to users with permission to execute files in this directory. The home directory can be organized further with the use of sub-directories.

The content of a user's home directory is protected by file-system permissions, and by default is accessible to all authenticated users and administrators. Any other user that has been granted administrator privileges has authority to access any protected location on the file system including other users' home directories.

Benefits

Separating user data from system-wide data avoids redundancy (the same system files can be used by between different users) and makes backups of files that are important for a specific user simpler.

Furthermore, Trojan horses, viruses, and worms running under the user's name and with their privileges will in most cases only be able to alter the files in the user's home directory, and perhaps some files belonging to workgroups the user is a part of, but not actual system files, reducing the chances of harming the functioning of the operating system.

Default home directory per operating system

Operating system Path Environment variable
AT&T Unix (original version) /usr/⟨username⟩ $HOME
Unix-derived /var/users/⟨username⟩
/u01/⟨username⟩
/usr/⟨username⟩
/user/⟨username⟩
/users/⟨username⟩
Unix-based /home/⟨username⟩
BSD / Linux (FHS) /home/⟨username⟩ or /usr/home/⟨username⟩
SunOS / Solaris /export/home/⟨username⟩
macOS /Users/⟨username⟩
Android /data/media/⟨userid⟩
Microsoft Windows NT \WINNT\Profiles\⟨username⟩ %USERPROFILE%
%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
2000
XP
2003 		\Documents and Settings\⟨username⟩
Vista
7
8
10
11 		\Users\⟨username⟩

Subdirectories

The file /etc/xdg/user-dirs.defaults on many Linux systems defines the subdirectories created for users by default. Creation is normally done with the first login by Xdg-user-dirs, a tool to help manage "well known" user directories like desktop, downloads, documents, pictures, videos, or music. The tool is also capable of localization (i.e. translation) of the folders' names.

Other features, per operating system

Unix

In Unix, the working directory is automatically set to a user's home directory when they log in. In many built-in commands, typing the ~ (tilde) character is equivalent to specifying the current user's home directory.

The Unix superuser has access to all directories on the file system, and hence can access home directories of all users. The superuser's home directory on older systems was /, but on many newer systems it is located at /root (Linux, BSD), or /var/root (Mac OS X).

VMS

In the OpenVMS operating system, a user's home directory is called the root directory, and the equivalent of a Unix/DOS/Windows/AmigaOS root directory is referred to as the Master File Directory.

Single-user operating systems

Single-user operating systems simply have a single directory or partition for all user files, there is no individual directory setup per user (though users can still setup and maintain directories inside this main working directory manually).

  • AmigaOS versions 2 and up have "System" and "Work" partitions on hard disks by default.
  • BeOS (and its successors) have a /home directory which contains the files belonging to the single user of the system.
  • Versions of Windows prior Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 did not have a user folder but, since that release, C:\My Documents became in-effect the single user's home directory.
  • NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP in a single-user, non-networked setup, /me is used, as well as /root when logged in as superuser.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Where is my user home directory?". DownUnder GeoSolutions. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  2. "What is a Home Directory? – TecAdmin". 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  3. Brown, Paul. "Classic SysAdmin: The Linux Filesystem Explained". The Linux Foundation. The Linux Foundation. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  4. Shimeall, Timothy J.; Spring, Jonathan M. (2014). Introduction to information security: a strategic-based approach (First ed.). Amsterdam Heidelberg: Syngress, an imprint of Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-59749-969-9.
  5. "Home Directory Definition". Accessed on July 23, 2009
  6. "Xdg-user-dirs-0.17 – Beyond Linux From Scratch (System V Edition), Chapter 11. General Utilities". linuxfromscratch.org. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  7. "OpenVMS User's Manual". odl.sysworks.biz. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  8. "Master file directory - VSI OpenVMS Wiki". wiki.vmssoftware.com. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
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