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| {{Short description|Cosmetic surgical procedure}} | |||
| {{orphan|date=June 2010}} | |||
| {{Redirect-distinguish|Clitoridotomy|clitoridectomy}} | |||
| {{Infobox medical intervention | |||
| | name = Clitoral hood reduction | |||
| | synonym = | |||
| | image = Clitoral hood reduction in adult caucasian female.jpg | |||
| | caption = Plastic surgical reduction of the clitoral hood (prepuce) for aesthetic reasons. Left: before, right: after the surgery. | |||
| | alt = | |||
| | pronounce = | |||
| | specialty = plastic surgeon | |||
| | synonyms = | |||
| | ICD10 = | |||
| | ICD9 = | |||
| | ICD9unlinked = | |||
| | CPT = | |||
| | MeshID = | |||
| | LOINC = | |||
| | other_codes = | |||
| | MedlinePlus = | |||
| | eMedicine = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Clitoral hood reduction''', also termed '''clitoral hoodectomy''',<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Renganathan | first1=Arasee | last2=Cartwright | first2=Rufus | last3=Cardozo | first3=Linda | title=Gynecological cosmetic surgery | journal=Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume=4 | issue=2 | date=2009 | issn=1747-4108 | doi=10.1586/17474108.4.2.101 | pages=101–104}}</ref> '''clitoral unhooding''', '''clitoridotomy''',<ref>{{cite news|author=Carol Downer|title=Self-help for sex|journal=Women's Sexual Development|publisher=Springer US|year=1980|pages=255–279|quote=Some therapists refer women for female circumcision ('''clitoridotomy''') to have their clitoral hoods removed so that they can be more sensitive to the thrusts of the penis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Barbera | first=M.C.L. | title=Multicentered Feminism: Revisiting the "female Genital Mutilation" Discourse | publisher=Compostampa | year=2009 | isbn=978-88-903912-6-2 | url=https://www.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/page/2009_n9/05_studi-03_MC_LaBarbera.pdf | access-date=2024-08-10 | pages=485–507}}</ref> or (partial) '''hoodectomy''', is a ] procedure (a form of ]) for reducing the size and the area of the ] in order to further expose the ] of the ]. | |||
| {{wikify|date=September 2009}} | |||
| It is usually performed as an elective cosmetic surgery meant to improve sexual satisfaction and to change the aesthetic appearance of the ]. The reduction of the clitoral hood usually is done together with a ] that reduces the ], and occasionally within a ]. | |||
| ] | |||
| Though patient surveys have indicated satisfaction with the outcome of such procedures, the ] cautioned in 2007 that for this type of vaginal surgeries, which are not medically indicated, women should be informed about the lack of data on their efficacy and potential complications.<ref name="Vaginal">{{cite journal | author=Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists | title=ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures | journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume=110 | issue=3 | date=2007 | issn=0029-7844 | pmid=17766626 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b | pages=737–738 |url=http://www.newviewcampaign.org/userfiles/file/ACOG%20gen.cosm.surg.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230104932/http://www.newviewcampaign.org/userfiles/file/ACOG%20gen.cosm.surg.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2008 }}</ref> | |||
| '''Clitoral hood''' reduction is a ] to reduce the size of the ]. Clitoral hood reduction is performed most often as part of a ] (labia minora reduction). Some doctors recommend against clitoral hood reduction as part of labiaplasty. The goal of clitoral hood reduction may be to contribute to the overall goal of labiaplasty: to improve the aesthetic and functional nature of the ]. Sometimes, clitoral hood reduction is performed to allow greater exposure of the ] during stimulation with the goal of improving a woman's sexual experience, including the likelihood of orgasm. | |||
| ==Surgical procedures== | |||
| ==Techniques== | |||
| ] | |||
| The procedures for labiaplasty occasionally include a clitoral hood reduction.<ref name="Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH, Mericli AF 125–34">{{cite journal | pmid = 21346521 | doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e31820d6867 | volume=68 | title=Current trends in vaginal labioplasty: a survey of plastic surgeons | date=February 2012 | author=Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH, Mericli AF | display-authors = etal | journal=Ann Plast Surg | issue=2 | pages=125–34 | s2cid=36163955 }}</ref> One technique for reducing the clitoral hood is the bilateral excision (cutting) of the prepuce tissues covering the clitoral glans, with especial attention to maintaining the glans in the midline.<ref name="Felicio Y. Labial Surgery 2007">{{cite journal | last=Felicio | first=Yhelda de Alencar | title=Labial surgery | journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume=27 | issue=3 | date=2007 | issn=1527-330X | pmid=19341661 | doi=10.1016/j.asj.2007.03.003 | pages=322–328}}</ref> Another technique cuts away (excises) the redundant folds of clitoral prepuce tissue, with incisions parallel to the long axis of the clitoris.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hunter | first=J | title=Considerations in female external genital aesthetic surgery techniques | journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume=28 | issue=1 | date=2008 | doi=10.1016/j.asj.2007.10.001 | pages=106–107| pmid=19083515 }}</ref> | |||
| Clitoral hood reduction can be included in the extended wedge resection labiaplasty technique, wherein the extension of the exterior wedge sections is applied to reducing the prepuce tissues of the clitoral glans. Yet, occasionally excess prepuce-skin, in the center of the clitoral hood, is removed with separate incisions.<ref name="Alter GJ 2008">{{cite journal | last=Alter | first=Gary J. | title=Aesthetic labia minora and clitoral hood reduction using extended central wedge resection | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume=122 | issue=6 | date=2008 | issn=1529-4242 | pmid=19050531 | doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818a9b25 | pages=1780–1789}}</ref> | |||
| There are many different techniques for performing labiaplasty, and most of them include recommendations for performing clitoral hood reduction.<ref>Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH Jr, Mericli AF, Bucciarelli P, Jandali S, Valerio IL, Stofman GM. (2011): Current Trends in Vaginal Labioplasty: A Survey of Plastic Surgeons. Ann Plast Surg. PMID 21346521</ref> | |||
| The deepetheliazed reduction labiaplasty does not include a method for clitoral hood reduction. However, a commentator offered the addition of a V-to-Y plasty of the clitoral tissue to provide improved aesthetic and functional results of labiaplasty. | |||
| One technique for reducing the clitoral hood is to excise tissue lateral to the clitoris on each side. This results in the exposure of the clitoris. Care must be taken to maintain the clitoris in the midline.2 | |||
| Another technique is to remove redundant folds of the clitoral hood with incisions parallel to the long axis of the clitoris. The proponent of this technique recommends against exposing the clitoris.1 | |||
| Clitoral hood reduction is an integral part of the wedge resection labiaplasty technique. In most cases, the extension of the exterior wedge sections is used to effect clitoral hood reduction. However, sometimes excess skin in the center of the clitoral hood is removed in a separate set of incisions.3 | |||
| ==Results== | ==Results== | ||
| {{multiple image | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | image1 = Labiaplasty with clitoral hood reduction and Princess Albertina piercing 1.jpg | |||
| | width1 = 180 | |||
| | alt1 = | |||
| | caption1 = | |||
| | image2 = Labiaplasty with clitoral hood reduction and Princess Albertina piercing 2.jpg | |||
| | width2 = 180 | |||
| | alt2 = | |||
| | caption2 = | |||
| | footer = Result of clitoral unhooding | |||
| }} | |||
| Studies have reported a high rate of patient satisfaction with the aesthetic changes to the ] after labioplasty, and a low incidence rate of medical complications.<ref name="Felicio Y. Labial Surgery 2007"/><ref name="Alter GJ 2008"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Scholten | first=Erik | title=Female genital cosmetic surgery--the future | journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery: JPRAS | volume=62 | issue=3 | date=2009 | issn=1878-0539 | pmid=19237147 | doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2009.01.002 | pages=290–291}}</ref><ref name="Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH, Mericli AF 125–34"/> The study ''Aesthetic Labia Minora and Clitoral Hood Reduction using Extended Central Wedge Resection'' (2008) reported that of a 407-woman cohort, 98 per cent were satisfied with the labial reduction outcomes; that the average patient satisfaction score was 9.2 points on a 10-point scale; that 95 per cent of the women experienced reduced pudendal discomfort; that 93 per cent of the women experienced improved ]; that 71 per cent experienced improved sexual functioning; that 0.6 per cent (one woman) reported lessened sexual functioning; and that 4.4 per cent of the women experienced medical complications.<ref name="Alter GJ 2008"/> The study ''Expectations and Experience of Labial Reduction: A Qualitative Study'' (2007) reported that the women who underwent labiaplasty had great expectations for the elimination of pubic discomfort and pain, improved cosmetic appearance of the ], and improved sexual functioning. Most of the women experienced improved ]; yet the study also reported that formal psychological counselling before the surgical operation about what to expect and what not to expect from a labia minora and clitoral prepuce reduction procedure might better serve the prospective patient by assisting her in establishing realistic expectations for her genital beauty and mental health after such a procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bramwell R, Morland C, Garden AS | year = 2007 | title = Expectations and Experience of Labial Reduction: A Qualitative Study | journal = British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | volume = 114 | issue = 12| pages = 1493–1499 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01509.x | pmid = 17877771 | s2cid = 71948922 | doi-access = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Di Saia JP | title = An Unusual Staged Labial Rejuvenation | journal = Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 2008 | issue = 5| pages = 1263–1267 }}</ref> | |||
| == Criticism == | |||
| In terms of improving appearance and functionality, labiaplasty procedures have a high rate of satisfaction and a low rate of complications.2,3,4<ref>Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH Jr, Mericli AF, Bucciarelli P, Jandali S, Valerio IL, Stofman GM. (2011): Current Trends in Vaginal Labioplasty: A Survey of Plastic Surgeons. Ann Plast Surg. PMID 21346521</ref> Only 4.4% of patients in Alter's study experienced significant complications.3 Alter's published rate of satisfaction indicates that 98% of patients would have labiaplasty again.3 "Almost all patients" in Alter's sample of 407 patients had concurrent clitoral hood reduction, although exactly how many and how they correlated to satisfaction rates is not given in detail. Other results from Alter's study included an average patient satisfaction score of 9.2 out of 10, with 95% of patients experiencing reduced discomfort, 93% of patients experiencing improved ], and 71% experiencing an improved ]. Only one respondent (0.6%) indicated a worsened sex life following clitoral hood reduction. Only 166 of 407 patients responded to the postsurgical questionnaire. | |||
| {{See also|Labia pride}} | |||
| Partial or total hoodectomy is classified by the ] as ] (FGM) Type 1A.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114180518/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2014 |title=Sexual and reproductive health: Classification of female genital mutilation |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2018-05-08 }}</ref> However, this classification is criticised as being "overly-simplified" and "culturally insensitive" by some. They argue that hoodectomy is no different than male ], which is ], and is often less invasive in practice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zakir |first=Mohammed |date=2016 |title=WHO's stance and the criminalization of female circumcision: The protection of or violation of human rights? |url=https://dbwrf.org/uploads/cause_files/the-protection-of-or-violation-of-human-rightspdf_1517826222.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204011710/https://dbwrf.org/uploads/cause_files/the-protection-of-or-violation-of-human-rightspdf_1517826222.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |website=Dawoodi Bohra Women for Religious Freedom}}</ref> | |||
| The ] (ACOG) published ''Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "Rejuvenation" and Cosmetic Vaginal Procedures'' (2007), the college's formal policy statement of opposition to the ] of labiaplasty, and associated vaginoplastic procedures, as medically "accepted and routine surgical practices". The ACOG doubts the medical safety and the therapeutic efficacy of the surgical techniques and procedures for performing vaginoplastic operations such as labiaplasty, ], the designer vagina, revirgination, and ], and recommends that women seeking such genitoplastic surgeries must be fully informed, with the available surgical-safety statistics, of the potential health risks of surgical-wound ], of ] damage (resulting in either an insensitive or an over-sensitive vulva), of ] (painful coitus), of tissue adhesions (]s), and of painful scars.<ref name="Vaginal" /> | |||
| ==Attitudes and expectations== | |||
| == Risks == | |||
| A study of attitudes toward labiaplasty in ] revealed that about 95% of women were familiar with the procedure. For most (78%) women, the source of knowledge was a ] source, mostly television and magazines. According to the study 95% of women frequently examined the appearance of their labia, and about 71% considered the appearance of their labia minora to be normal. About 7% of women had considered labiaplasty. About 38% of all participants paid regular attention to the appearance of the labia minora in other women, and 14% had received negative or positive comments on the appearance of their labia minora from partners. Seven percent had received comments from other women. | |||
| The dorsal nerves of the clitoris travel above the clitoris along the clitoral body. Permanent injury to these nerves can occur with clitoral hood reductions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ginger|first1=Van Anh T.|last2=Cold|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Yang|first3=Claire C.|date=2011-02-04|title=Surgical anatomy of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris|journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics|language=en|volume=30|issue=3|pages=412–416|doi=10.1002/nau.20996|pmid=21298720|s2cid=22501531|issn=0733-2467}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| In detailed interviews with labiaplasty patients, it was discovered that women had many expectations for results from a labiaplasty that included not only an improved appearance and less discomfort, but also an improved sex life and sometimes a hope that labiaplasty "would improve or save a relationship." Women interviewed did experience improved self-esteem about the appearance of their genitals. However, "Not all women experienced an improved sex life postoperatively, and those hoping for an improved relationship were disappointed." The study authors note, "It may be helpful for specialist staff to provide psychosocial interventions in the context of gynecological services" to help create realistic expectations from the procedures 10. Other authors have simply recommended that discussions with labiaplasty patients focus upon physical changes and not promises of improved sexual gratification 11. | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| In its 2007 recommendations, the ] (ACOG) noted, "Women who want to improve their sexual response should be evaluated for ], and nonsurgical interventions, including counseling, should be considered." It also noted that "published studies that assess the safety, complication rates, and long-term satisfaction"12 of labiaplasty and clitoral hood reduction were sparse. It did not note studies that showed either inefficacy or significant risks. It has not issued an updated statement that addresses more recent findings. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| <references /> | |||
| * - Refinery29 | |||
| 1. Hunter, JG. Considerations in Female External Genital Aesthetic Surgery Techniques. Aes Surg J. 28:1 (2008) 106-107. | |||
| 2. Felicio, Y. Labial Surgery. Aes Surg J. 27:3 (2007) 322-328. | |||
| 3. Alter, GJ. Aesthetic Labia Minora and Clitoral Hood Reduction Using Extended Central Wedge Resection. Plas Recon Surg J. 122:6 (2008) 1780-1789. | |||
| 4. Scholten, E. Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery—The Future. J Plas Recon Aes Surg. doi:10.1016/j.bps.2009.01.002 | |||
| 5. Maas, SM and Hage, JJ. Functional and Aesthetic Labia Minora Reduction. Plas Recon Surg J. 105:4 (2000) 1453-1456. | |||
| 6. Solanki, NS, et al. Aesthetic and Functional Reduction of the Labia Minora Using the Maas and Hage Technique. J Plas Recon Aes Surg. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2009.05.053 | |||
| 7. Choi, HY and Kim, KT. A New Method for Aesthetic Reduction of Labia Minora (the Deepithelialized Reduction Labioplasty). Plastic and ] J. 105:1 (2000) 419-422. | |||
| 8. Laub, DR. Discussion: A New Method for Aesthetic Reduction of Labia Minora (the Deepithelialized Reduction Labioplasty). Plas and Recon Surg J. 105:1 (2000) 423-424. | |||
| 9. Koning, M, et al. Female Attitudes Regarding Labia Minora Appearance and Reduction with Consideration of ]. Aes Surg J. 29:1 (2009) 65-71. | |||
| 10. Bramwell, R; Morland, C, and Garden AS. Expectations and Experience of Labial Reduction: A Qualitative Study. B J Obs Gyn. 1144 (2007) 1493-1499. Via Obs Gyn Surv. 63:3 (2008) 145-6. | |||
| 11 Di Saia, JP M.D. "An Unusual Staged Labial Rejuvenation" Journal of Sexual Medicine 2008:5: pp. 1263-67. | |||
| 12. American College of Gynecologists. ACOG Advises against Cosmetic Vaginal Procedures Due to Lack of Safety and Efficacy Data. 1 September 2007. | |||
| http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr09-01-07-1.cfm | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Clitoral Hood Reduction}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Clitoral Hood Reduction}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:49, 28 September 2024
Cosmetic surgical procedure "Clitoridotomy" redirects here. Not to be confused with clitoridectomy. Medical intervention| Clitoral hood reduction | |
|---|---|
 Plastic surgical reduction of the clitoral hood (prepuce) for aesthetic reasons. Left: before, right: after the surgery. | |
| Specialty | Plastic surgeon |
| [edit on Wikidata] | |
Clitoral hood reduction, also termed clitoral hoodectomy, clitoral unhooding, clitoridotomy, or (partial) hoodectomy, is a plastic surgery procedure (a form of vulvoplasty) for reducing the size and the area of the clitoral hood in order to further expose the glans of the clitoris.
It is usually performed as an elective cosmetic surgery meant to improve sexual satisfaction and to change the aesthetic appearance of the vulva. The reduction of the clitoral hood usually is done together with a labiaplasty that reduces the labia minora, and occasionally within a vaginoplasty.
Though patient surveys have indicated satisfaction with the outcome of such procedures, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists cautioned in 2007 that for this type of vaginal surgeries, which are not medically indicated, women should be informed about the lack of data on their efficacy and potential complications.
Surgical procedures
The procedures for labiaplasty occasionally include a clitoral hood reduction. One technique for reducing the clitoral hood is the bilateral excision (cutting) of the prepuce tissues covering the clitoral glans, with especial attention to maintaining the glans in the midline. Another technique cuts away (excises) the redundant folds of clitoral prepuce tissue, with incisions parallel to the long axis of the clitoris.
Clitoral hood reduction can be included in the extended wedge resection labiaplasty technique, wherein the extension of the exterior wedge sections is applied to reducing the prepuce tissues of the clitoral glans. Yet, occasionally excess prepuce-skin, in the center of the clitoral hood, is removed with separate incisions.
Results
Result of clitoral unhooding
Studies have reported a high rate of patient satisfaction with the aesthetic changes to the vulvo-vaginal complex after labioplasty, and a low incidence rate of medical complications. The study Aesthetic Labia Minora and Clitoral Hood Reduction using Extended Central Wedge Resection (2008) reported that of a 407-woman cohort, 98 per cent were satisfied with the labial reduction outcomes; that the average patient satisfaction score was 9.2 points on a 10-point scale; that 95 per cent of the women experienced reduced pudendal discomfort; that 93 per cent of the women experienced improved self esteem; that 71 per cent experienced improved sexual functioning; that 0.6 per cent (one woman) reported lessened sexual functioning; and that 4.4 per cent of the women experienced medical complications. The study Expectations and Experience of Labial Reduction: A Qualitative Study (2007) reported that the women who underwent labiaplasty had great expectations for the elimination of pubic discomfort and pain, improved cosmetic appearance of the vulva, and improved sexual functioning. Most of the women experienced improved self esteem; yet the study also reported that formal psychological counselling before the surgical operation about what to expect and what not to expect from a labia minora and clitoral prepuce reduction procedure might better serve the prospective patient by assisting her in establishing realistic expectations for her genital beauty and mental health after such a procedure.
Criticism
See also: Labia pridePartial or total hoodectomy is classified by the World Health Organization as female genital mutilation (FGM) Type 1A. However, this classification is criticised as being "overly-simplified" and "culturally insensitive" by some. They argue that hoodectomy is no different than male circumcision, which is legally permitted in most countries, and is often less invasive in practice.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "Rejuvenation" and Cosmetic Vaginal Procedures (2007), the college's formal policy statement of opposition to the commercial misrepresentations of labiaplasty, and associated vaginoplastic procedures, as medically "accepted and routine surgical practices". The ACOG doubts the medical safety and the therapeutic efficacy of the surgical techniques and procedures for performing vaginoplastic operations such as labiaplasty, vaginal rejuvenation, the designer vagina, revirgination, and G-spot amplification, and recommends that women seeking such genitoplastic surgeries must be fully informed, with the available surgical-safety statistics, of the potential health risks of surgical-wound infection, of pudendal nerve damage (resulting in either an insensitive or an over-sensitive vulva), of dyspareunia (painful coitus), of tissue adhesions (epidermoid cysts), and of painful scars.
Risks
The dorsal nerves of the clitoris travel above the clitoris along the clitoral body. Permanent injury to these nerves can occur with clitoral hood reductions.
See also
References
- Renganathan, Arasee; Cartwright, Rufus; Cardozo, Linda (2009). "Gynecological cosmetic surgery". Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 4 (2): 101–104. doi:10.1586/17474108.4.2.101. ISSN 1747-4108.
- Carol Downer (1980). "Self-help for sex". Women's Sexual Development. Springer US. pp. 255–279.
Some therapists refer women for female circumcision (clitoridotomy) to have their clitoral hoods removed so that they can be more sensitive to the thrusts of the penis
- Barbera, M.C.L. (2009). Multicentered Feminism: Revisiting the "female Genital Mutilation" Discourse (PDF). Compostampa. pp. 485–507. ISBN 978-88-903912-6-2. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
- ^ Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2007). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures" (PDF). Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (3): 737–738. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 17766626. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2008.
- ^ Mirzabeigi MN, Moore JH, Mericli AF; et al. (February 2012). "Current trends in vaginal labioplasty: a survey of plastic surgeons". Ann Plast Surg. 68 (2): 125–34. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31820d6867. PMID 21346521. S2CID 36163955.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Felicio, Yhelda de Alencar (2007). "Labial surgery". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 27 (3): 322–328. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2007.03.003. ISSN 1527-330X. PMID 19341661.
- Hunter, J (2008). "Considerations in female external genital aesthetic surgery techniques". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 28 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2007.10.001. PMID 19083515.
- ^ Alter, Gary J. (2008). "Aesthetic labia minora and clitoral hood reduction using extended central wedge resection". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 122 (6): 1780–1789. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818a9b25. ISSN 1529-4242. PMID 19050531.
- Scholten, Erik (2009). "Female genital cosmetic surgery--the future". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery: JPRAS. 62 (3): 290–291. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2009.01.002. ISSN 1878-0539. PMID 19237147.
- Bramwell R, Morland C, Garden AS (2007). "Expectations and Experience of Labial Reduction: A Qualitative Study". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 114 (12): 1493–1499. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01509.x. PMID 17877771. S2CID 71948922.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Di Saia JP. "An Unusual Staged Labial Rejuvenation". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 (5): 1263–1267.
- "Sexual and reproductive health: Classification of female genital mutilation". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
- Zakir, Mohammed (2016). "WHO's stance and the criminalization of female circumcision: The protection of or violation of human rights?" (PDF). Dawoodi Bohra Women for Religious Freedom. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2023.
- Ginger, Van Anh T.; Cold, Christopher J.; Yang, Claire C. (2011-02-04). "Surgical anatomy of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 30 (3): 412–416. doi:10.1002/nau.20996. ISSN 0733-2467. PMID 21298720. S2CID 22501531.