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| {{Short description|1861 Warrior-class ironclad ship}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{other ships|HMS Black Prince}} | ||
| {{good article}} | {{good article}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{ |
||
| {{Use British English|date=March 2018}} | |||
| {|{{Infobox ship begin}} | {|{{Infobox ship begin}} | ||
| {{Infobox ship image | {{Infobox ship image | ||
| |Ship image= |
|Ship image=HMS Black Prince (1861).jpg | ||
| |Ship caption= |
|Ship caption=''Black Prince'' in the 1880s | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Infobox ship career | {{Infobox ship career | ||
| |Hide header= | |Hide header= | ||
| |Ship country=United Kingdom | |Ship country=United Kingdom | ||
| |Ship flag={{shipboxflag| |
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} | ||
| |Ship name= |
|Ship name=''Black Prince'' | ||
| |Ship namesake=] | |Ship namesake=] | ||
| |Ship ordered=6 October 1859 | |Ship ordered=6 October 1859 | ||
| |Ship awarded= | |Ship awarded= | ||
| |Ship builder= ], ], ] | |Ship builder= ], ], ] | ||
| |Ship original cost= | |Ship original cost= | ||
| |Ship yard number= | |Ship yard number= | ||
| Line 22: | Line 25: | ||
| |Ship sponsor= | |Ship sponsor= | ||
| |Ship christened= | |Ship christened= | ||
| ⚫ | |Ship completed=27 September 1862 | ||
| |Ship acquired= | |Ship acquired= | ||
| |Ship commissioned=May 1862 | |Ship commissioned=May 1862 | ||
| ⚫ | |Ship completed=27 September 1862 | ||
| |Ship renamed=*''Emerald'', 1903 | |Ship renamed=*''Emerald'', 1903 | ||
| *''Impregnable III'', 1910 | *''Impregnable III'', 1910 | ||
| |Ship reclassified=As training ship, 1896 | |Ship reclassified=As a ], 1896 | ||
| |Ship refit= | |Ship refit= | ||
| |Ship struck=1896 | |Ship struck=1896 | ||
| Line 39: | Line 42: | ||
| |Hide header= | |Hide header= | ||
| |Header caption= | |Header caption= | ||
| |Ship class={{sclass |
|Ship class={{sclass|Warrior|ironclad|4}} ] | ||
| |Ship sail plan=] | |Ship sail plan=] | ||
| |Ship displacement={{convert|9137|LT|t}} | |Ship displacement={{convert|9137|LT|t|lk=on}} | ||
| |Ship length={{convert|420|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} | |Ship length={{convert|420|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship beam={{convert|58|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} | |Ship beam={{convert|58|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship draught={{convert|26|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}} | |Ship draught={{convert|26|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship power=*{{ |
|Ship power=*{{cvt|5772|ihp|lk=on}} | ||
| *10 rectangular ]s | *10 rectangular ]s | ||
| |Ship propulsion=1 shaft, 1 ] | |Ship propulsion=1 shaft, 1 ] | ||
| |Ship speed={{convert|14|kn|lk=in}} | |Ship speed={{convert|14|kn|lk=in}} | ||
| |Ship range={{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|11|knots|abbr=on}} | |Ship range={{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|11|knots|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship complement=707 |
|Ship complement=707 | ||
| |Ship armament= | |Ship armament= | ||
| *26 × ] ] | *26 × ] ] | ||
| *10 × ] ] | *10 × ] ] | ||
| *4 × Rifled breechloading ] |
*4 × Rifled breechloading ] | ||
| |Ship armour=*]: {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | |Ship armour=*]: {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | ||
| *]s: {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | *]s: {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | ||
| Line 60: | Line 63: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| '''HMS ''Black Prince''''' was the third ship of that name to serve with the ]. She was the world's second ocean-going, iron-hulled, armoured ], following her ], {{HMS|Warrior|1860|6}}. For a brief period the two {{sclass |
'''HMS ''Black Prince''''' was the third ship of that name to serve with the ]. She was the world's second ocean-going, iron-hulled, armoured ], following her ], {{HMS|Warrior|1860|6}}. For a brief period the two {{sclass|Warrior|ironclad}}s were the most powerful warships in the world, being virtually impregnable to the ] of the time. Rapid advances in naval technology left ''Black Prince'' and her sister obsolete within a short time, however, and she spent more time in reserve and training roles than in first-line service. | ||
| ''Black Prince'' spent her active career with the ] and was ]ed in 1896, becoming a harbour training ship in ]. She was renamed ''Emerald'' in 1903 and then ''Impregnable III'' in 1910 when she was assigned to the training establishment in ]. The ship was sold for ] in 1923. | ''Black Prince'' spent her active career with the ] and was ]ed in 1896, becoming a harbour training ship in ]. She was renamed ''Emerald'' in 1903 and then ''Impregnable III'' in 1910 when she was assigned to the training establishment in ]. The ship was sold for ] in 1923. | ||
| ==Design and description== | ==Design and description== | ||
| HMS ''Black Prince'' was {{convert|380|ft|2|in|m|1}} ] and {{convert|420|ft|m|1}} long ]. She had a ] of {{convert|58|ft|4|in|m|1}} and a ] of {{convert|26|ft|10|in|m|1}}.<ref name=b1>Ballard, p. 241</ref> The ship displaced {{convert|9137|LT|t}}. The hull was subdivided by watertight transverse ]s into 92 compartments and had a ] underneath the ] and ]s.<ref name=p18>Parkes, p. 18</ref> | HMS ''Black Prince'' was {{convert|380|ft|2|in|m|1}} ] and {{convert|420|ft|m|1}} long ]. She had a ] of {{convert|58|ft|4|in|m|1}} and a ] of {{convert|26|ft|10|in|m|1}}.<ref name=b1>Ballard, p. 241</ref> The ship displaced {{convert|9137|LT|t|lk=on}}. The hull was subdivided by watertight transverse ]s into 92 compartments and had a ] underneath the ] and ]s.<ref name=p18>Parkes, p. 18</ref> | ||
| ===Propulsion=== | ===Propulsion=== | ||
| The ''Warrior''-class ships had one 2-cylinder ] made by ] driving a single {{convert|24|ft|6|in|m|1|adj=on}} propeller.<ref>Ballard, p. 246</ref> Ten rectangular ]s<ref>Gardiner, p. 7</ref> provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of {{convert|20|psi|kPa kg/cm2|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. The engine produced a total of {{convert|5772|ihp|lk= |
The ''Warrior''-class ships had one 2-cylinder ] made by ] driving a single {{convert|24|ft|6|in|m|1|adj=on}} propeller.<ref>Ballard, p. 246</ref> Ten rectangular ]s<ref>Gardiner, p. 7</ref> provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of {{convert|20|psi|kPa kg/cm2|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. The engine produced a total of {{convert|5772|ihp|lk=on}} during ''Black Prince''{{'}}s ]s in September 1862 and the ship had a maximum speed of {{convert|13.6|kn|lk=in}} under steam alone.<ref>Ballard, pp. 246–247</ref> The ship carried {{convert|800|LT|t}} of coal, enough to steam {{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|11|knots}}.<ref name=p01>Parkes, pp. 20–21</ref> | ||
| The ironclads were ]ged and had a sail area of {{convert|48400|sqft|sqm|0}}. ''Black Prince'' could only do {{convert|11|kn}} under sail, {{convert|2|kn}} slower than her ] {{HMS|Warrior|1860|2}}.<ref name=p01/> | The ironclads were ]ged and had a sail area of {{convert|48400|sqft|sqm|0}}. ''Black Prince'' could only do {{convert|11|kn}} under sail, {{convert|2|kn}} slower than her ] {{HMS|Warrior|1860|2}}.<ref name=p01/> | ||
| Line 75: | Line 78: | ||
| The armament of the ''Warrior''-class ships was intended to be 40 ] ]s, 19 on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as ]s on the upper deck. This was modified during construction to ten rifled ] ], twenty-six 68-pounders, and four rifled breech-loading ] guns.<ref>Lambert, p. 85</ref> | The armament of the ''Warrior''-class ships was intended to be 40 ] ]s, 19 on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as ]s on the upper deck. This was modified during construction to ten rifled ] ], twenty-six 68-pounders, and four rifled breech-loading ] guns.<ref>Lambert, p. 85</ref> | ||
| The {{convert|7.9|in|mm| |
The {{convert|7.9|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} ] of the 68-pounder gun weighed approximately {{convert|68|lb|kg|1}} while the gun itself weighed {{convert|10640|lb|kg|0}}. The gun had a ] of {{convert|1579|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} and had a range of {{convert|3200|yd}} at an elevation of 12°. The {{convert|7|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} shell of the 110-pounder ] weighed {{convert|107|-|110|lb|1}}. It had a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1150|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} and, at an elevation of 11.25°, a maximum range of {{convert|4000|yd}}. The shell of the 40-pounder breech-loading gun was {{convert|4.75|in|0}} in diameter and weighed {{convert|40|lbs|1}}. The gun had a maximum range of {{convert|3800|yd}} at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1150|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>Textbook of Gunnery</ref> In 1863–1864 the 40-pounder guns were replaced by a heavier version with the same ballistics. All of the guns could fire both solid shot and ].<ref>Lambert, pp. 85–87, 89</ref> | ||
| ''Black Prince'' was rearmed during her |
''Black Prince'' was rearmed during her 1867–1868 refit with twenty-four 7-inch and four {{convert|8|in|0|adj=on}} ]. The ship also received four ] breech-loading guns for use as saluting guns.<ref name=p19>Parkes, p. 19</ref> The shell of the 15-] ] weighed {{convert|175|lb|kg|1}} while the gun itself weighed {{convert|9|LT|t}}. It had a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1410|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal {{convert|9.6|in|mm|0}} of ] armour at the ]. The 16-calibre ] weighed {{convert|6.5|LT|t}} and fired a {{convert|112|lb|kg|1|adj=on}} shell. It was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate {{convert|7.7|in|mm|adj=on|0}} armour.<ref>Gardiner, p. 6</ref> | ||
| ===Armour=== | ===Armour=== | ||
| The sides of ''Black Prince'' were protected by an armour ] of |
The sides of ''Black Prince'' were protected by an armour ] of wrought iron, {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0}} thick, that covered the middle {{convert|213|ft|1}} of the ship. The ends of the ship were left entirely unprotected, which meant that the steering gear was very vulnerable. The armour extended {{convert|16|ft|1}} above the ] and {{convert|6|ft|1}} below it. 4.5-inch transverse bulkheads protected the guns on the main deck. The armour was backed by {{convert|16|in|0}} of ].<ref name=p19/> | ||
| ==Construction and service== | ==Construction and service== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ''Black Prince'' was ordered on 6 October 1859<ref name=b0>Ballard, p. 240</ref> from ] in ], ] for the price of £377,954. The ship was laid down on 12 October 1859 and launched 27 February 1861. Her completion was delayed by a ] accident at |
''Black Prince'' was ordered on 6 October 1859<ref name=b0>Ballard, p. 240</ref> from ] in ], ], for the price of ]377,954. The ship was laid down on 12 October 1859 and launched 27 February 1861.<ref name=Parkes1624/> On 10 March, she ran aground in the ] near ] whilst being towed from Govan to Greenock.<ref name=FJ130361>{{Cite news |title=The Black Prince Aground |newspaper=Freeman's Journal |location=Dublin |date=13 March 1861 }}</ref> Her completion was delayed by a ] accident at Greenock while ], which damaged her masts. She steamed to ] in November 1861 with only ]ged fore and mizzenmasts.<ref name=Parkes1624>Parkes, pp. 16, 24</ref> The ship was commissioned in June 1862, but was not completed until 12 September 1862.<ref name=b0/> ''Black Prince'' was assigned to the ] until 1866, then spent a year as ] on the Irish coast. Overhauled and rearmed in 1867–1868, she became ] on the Clyde. The routine of that duty was interrupted in 1869 when she and ''Warrior'' towed a large ] from ] to ].<ref>Ballard, pp. 56, 58</ref> | ||
| ''Black Prince'' was again refitted in |
''Black Prince'' was again refitted in 1874–1875, gaining a ], and rejoined the Channel Fleet as flagship of ] Sir ], second-in-command of the fleet. In 1878 ] ] ] took command and the ship crossed the Atlantic to participate in the installation of a new ]. Upon her return ''Black Prince'' was placed in reserve at ], and, reclassified as an ], she was reactivated periodically to take part in annual fleet exercises. ''Black Prince'' was hulked in 1896 as a harbour ], stationed at Queenstown, and was renamed ''Emerald'' in 1903. In 1910 the ship was moved to Plymouth and renamed ''Impregnable III'' when she was assigned to the training school ] before she was sold for scrap on 21 February 1923.<ref>Ballard, pp. 58–59</ref> | ||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| {{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| * {{cite book|last=Ballard |first=G. A., Admiral |title=The Black Battlefleet |year=1980 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, |
* {{cite book|last=Ballard |first=G. A., Admiral |title=The Black Battlefleet |year=1980 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-924-3 |author-link=George Alexander Ballard}} | ||
| *{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor=Gardiner, Robert |
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2}} | ||
| *{{cite book|last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=British Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, |
*{{cite book|last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=British Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|edition=reprint of the 1957|isbn=1-55750-075-4}} | ||
| *{{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}} | *{{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}} | ||
| *{{cite book|title=Text Book of Gunnery|url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u? |
*{{cite book|title=Text Book of Gunnery|url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?%2Fp4013coll11%2C222|year=1887|publisher=Harrison and Sons for His Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204140418/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,222|url-status=dead}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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| {{Warrior class ironclad}} | {{Warrior class ironclad}} | ||
| {{1861 shipwrecks}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Black Prince (1861)}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Black Prince (1861)}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 20:01, 9 October 2024
1861 Warrior-class ironclad ship For other ships with the same name, see HMS Black Prince.
.jpg) Black Prince in the 1880s
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Black Prince |
| Namesake | Edward, the Black Prince |
| Ordered | 6 October 1859 |
| Builder | Robert Napier and Sons, Govan, Glasgow |
| Laid down | 12 October 1859 |
| Launched | 27 February 1861 |
| Completed | 27 September 1862 |
| Commissioned | May 1862 |
| Renamed |
|
| Reclassified | As a training ship, 1896 |
| Stricken | 1896 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 1923 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Warrior class armoured frigate |
| Displacement | 9,137 long tons (9,284 t) |
| Length | 420 ft (128.0 m) |
| Beam | 58 ft 4 in (17.8 m) |
| Draught | 26 ft 10 in (8.2 m) |
| Installed power | |
| Propulsion | 1 shaft, 1 Trunk steam engine |
| Sail plan | Ship rig |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Range | 2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) |
| Complement | 707 |
| Armament |
|
| Armour | |
HMS Black Prince was the third ship of that name to serve with the Royal Navy. She was the world's second ocean-going, iron-hulled, armoured warship, following her sister ship, HMS Warrior. For a brief period the two Warrior-class ironclads were the most powerful warships in the world, being virtually impregnable to the naval guns of the time. Rapid advances in naval technology left Black Prince and her sister obsolete within a short time, however, and she spent more time in reserve and training roles than in first-line service.
Black Prince spent her active career with the Channel Fleet and was hulked in 1896, becoming a harbour training ship in Queenstown, Ireland. She was renamed Emerald in 1903 and then Impregnable III in 1910 when she was assigned to the training establishment in Plymouth. The ship was sold for scrap in 1923.
Design and description
HMS Black Prince was 380 feet 2 inches (115.9 m) long between perpendiculars and 420 feet (128.0 m) long overall. She had a beam of 58 feet 4 inches (17.8 m) and a draught of 26 feet 10 inches (8.2 m). The ship displaced 9,137 long tons (9,284 t). The hull was subdivided by watertight transverse bulkheads into 92 compartments and had a double bottom underneath the engine and boiler rooms.
Propulsion
The Warrior-class ships had one 2-cylinder trunk steam engine made by John Penn and Sons driving a single 24-foot-6-inch (7.5 m) propeller. Ten rectangular boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 20 psi (138 kPa; 1 kgf/cm). The engine produced a total of 5,772 indicated horsepower (4,304 kW) during Black Prince's sea trials in September 1862 and the ship had a maximum speed of 13.6 knots (25.2 km/h; 15.7 mph) under steam alone. The ship carried 800 long tons (810 t) of coal, enough to steam 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph).
The ironclads were ship rigged and had a sail area of 48,400 square feet (4,497 m). Black Prince could only do 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) under sail, 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) slower than her sister Warrior.
Armament
The armament of the Warrior-class ships was intended to be 40 smoothbore, muzzle-loading 68-pounder guns, 19 on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as chase guns on the upper deck. This was modified during construction to ten rifled 110-pounder breech-loading guns, twenty-six 68-pounders, and four rifled breech-loading 40-pounder guns.
The 7.9-inch (201 mm) solid shot of the 68-pounder gun weighed approximately 68 pounds (30.8 kg) while the gun itself weighed 10,640 pounds (4,826 kg). The gun had a muzzle velocity of 1,579 ft/s (481 m/s) and had a range of 3,200 yards (2,900 m) at an elevation of 12°. The 7-inch (178 mm) shell of the 110-pounder Armstrong breech-loader weighed 107–110 pounds (48.5–49.9 kg). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s) and, at an elevation of 11.25°, a maximum range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m). The shell of the 40-pounder breech-loading gun was 4.75 inches (121 mm) in diameter and weighed 40 pounds (18.1 kg). The gun had a maximum range of 3,800 yards (3,500 m) at a muzzle velocity of 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s). In 1863–1864 the 40-pounder guns were replaced by a heavier version with the same ballistics. All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.
Black Prince was rearmed during her 1867–1868 refit with twenty-four 7-inch and four 8-inch (203 mm) rifled muzzle-loading guns. The ship also received four 20-pounder breech-loading guns for use as saluting guns. The shell of the 15-calibre 8-inch gun weighed 175 pounds (79.4 kg) while the gun itself weighed 9 long tons (9.1 t). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,410 ft/s (430 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 9.6 inches (244 mm) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The 16-calibre 7-inch gun weighed 6.5 long tons (6.6 t) and fired a 112-pound (50.8 kg) shell. It was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate 7.7-inch (196 mm) armour.
Armour
The sides of Black Prince were protected by an armour belt of wrought iron, 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick, that covered the middle 213 feet (64.9 m) of the ship. The ends of the ship were left entirely unprotected, which meant that the steering gear was very vulnerable. The armour extended 16 feet (4.9 m) above the waterline and 6 feet (1.8 m) below it. 4.5-inch transverse bulkheads protected the guns on the main deck. The armour was backed by 16 inches (406 mm) of teak.
Construction and service
_Masts_Manned.jpg)
Black Prince was ordered on 6 October 1859 from Robert Napier and Sons in Govan, Glasgow, for the price of £377,954. The ship was laid down on 12 October 1859 and launched 27 February 1861. On 10 March, she ran aground in the River Clyde near Greenock whilst being towed from Govan to Greenock. Her completion was delayed by a drydock accident at Greenock while fitting out, which damaged her masts. She steamed to Spithead in November 1861 with only jury-rigged fore and mizzenmasts. The ship was commissioned in June 1862, but was not completed until 12 September 1862. Black Prince was assigned to the Channel Fleet until 1866, then spent a year as flagship on the Irish coast. Overhauled and rearmed in 1867–1868, she became guardship on the Clyde. The routine of that duty was interrupted in 1869 when she and Warrior towed a large floating drydock from Madeira to Bermuda.
Black Prince was again refitted in 1874–1875, gaining a poop deck, and rejoined the Channel Fleet as flagship of Rear Admiral Sir John Dalrymple-Hay, second-in-command of the fleet. In 1878 Captain H.R.H. Duke of Edinburgh took command and the ship crossed the Atlantic to participate in the installation of a new Governor General of Canada. Upon her return Black Prince was placed in reserve at Devonport, and, reclassified as an armoured cruiser, she was reactivated periodically to take part in annual fleet exercises. Black Prince was hulked in 1896 as a harbour training ship, stationed at Queenstown, and was renamed Emerald in 1903. In 1910 the ship was moved to Plymouth and renamed Impregnable III when she was assigned to the training school HMS Impregnable before she was sold for scrap on 21 February 1923.
Notes
- Ballard, p. 241
- Parkes, p. 18
- Ballard, p. 246
- Gardiner, p. 7
- Ballard, pp. 246–247
- ^ Parkes, pp. 20–21
- Lambert, p. 85
- Textbook of Gunnery
- Lambert, pp. 85–87, 89
- ^ Parkes, p. 19
- Gardiner, p. 6
- ^ Ballard, p. 240
- ^ Parkes, pp. 16, 24
- "The Black Prince Aground". Freeman's Journal. Dublin. 13 March 1861.
- Ballard, pp. 56, 58
- Ballard, pp. 58–59
References
- Ballard, G. A., Admiral (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
- Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Text Book of Gunnery. London: Harrison and Sons for His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1887. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
External links
| Warrior-class ironclads | |
|---|---|
| |
