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{{Short description|none}}
The official language of ] is ]. In addition, a large number of non-official, minority languages and some Greek dialects are spoken as well.
{{Languages of
| country = Greece
| official = ]
| sign = ]
| minority = ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
| foreign = ] (51%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages |publisher=ec.europa.eu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-06 }}</ref><br>] (9%)<br>] (8.5%)<br>] (8%)
| regional = ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
| keyboard = Greek keyboard
| keyboard image = ]
| source = ]<ref></ref>
}}
{{Culture of Greece}}


The official language of ] is ], spoken by 99% of the population. In addition, a number of non-official, minority languages and some Greek dialects are spoken as well. The most common foreign languages learned by Greeks are English, German, French and Italian.
==Greek==
Standard Greek is the only official language of the Hellenic Republic, and is spoken by some 99% of the population. (though not nessicarily as a first language). ] is the officially used standard, but there are several non-official dialects spoken as well.


==Modern Greek==
]
]
===Cretan===
] is spoken by upwards of half a million people on the island of Crete, as well as in the ]. It is rarely used in written speech, and differs much less from Standard Greek than other dialects.


] (Νεοελληνική γλώσσα) is the only official language of the Hellenic Republic, and is spoken by some 99.5% of the population — about 11,100,000 people<ref></ref> (though not necessarily as a first language). ] is the officially used standard, but there are several non-official dialects and distinct ] spoken as well. Regional spoken dialects exist side by side with learned, archaic written forms. All surviving forms of modern Greek, except the ], are descendants of the common supra-regional (''koiné'') as it was spoken in late antiquity. As such, they can ultimately be classified as descendants of ], the dialect spoken in and around ] in the classical era. Tsakonian, an isolated dialect spoken today by a dwindling community in the Peloponnese, is a descendant of the ancient ]. Some other dialects have preserved elements of various ancient non-Attic dialects, but Attic Koine is nevertheless regarded by most scholars as the principal source of all of them.
===Pontic===
The ] also have ], spoken by 200,000 in Greece.


===Tsakonian=== ===Cappadocian Greek===
] (Καππαδοκικά) is a ] originally spoken in ] and since the 1920s spoken in Greece. It has very few speakers and was previously thought to be extinct. The Cappadocians rapidly shifted to Standard Modern Greek and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s.
The little-spoken ] is used by some in the ] region of ]. The dialect is split into three sub-dialects, Northern, Southern, and Propontis. The dialect is spoken by only 1,200 people.

]
===Yevanic=== ===Cretan Greek===
] is spoken by more than 500,000 people on the island of ], as well as in the ]. It is rarely used in written language, and differs much less from Standard Greek than other varieties. The Cretan dialect is spoken by the majority of the ] in the island of Crete, as well as by several thousand Cretans who have settled in major Greek cities, notably in Athens, and in areas settled by Ottoman-era Cretan ] (the so-called ]), such as the town of ] in ].
A Jewish dialect of Greek spoken by the ], ] is almost completely extinct today. There are a total of roughly 50 speakers, around 35 of whom now reside in ]. The language may still be used by some elderly Romaniotes in ].

===Cypriot Greek===
] (Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) is spoken by ]. In Cyprus about 659,115 (in 2011) spoke the language, and many of them settled in Greek cities. The language is prevalent in many other parts of the world including Australia, Canada and the Americas. The total speakers are about 1.20 million people.

===Maniot Greek===
The ] (Μανιάτικη διάλεκτος) of the local area of ].

===Pontic Greek===
] (Ποντιακή διάλεκτος) is a ] originally spoken in ] and by ] in the ] region, although now mostly spoken in Greece by some 500,000 people. The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from ] via ] and ]

=== Thracian Greek ===
The ] is spoken mainly in ] and by the Greek minority in other areas of ] outside the ], and by greek refugees who came from East Thrace in Macedonia mainly

===Sarakatsanika===
An archaic dialect of Greek spoken by the ] of ] and elsewhere in ], a traditionally transhument, clan-based community of mountain shepherds.

===Tsakonian Greek===
The little-spoken ] (Τσακωνική διάλεκτος) is used by some in the ] region of ]. The language is split into three dialects: Northern, Southern, and Propontis. The language is spoken by 1,200 people.

===Yevanic Greek===
A ] (Ρωμανιώτικη διάλεκτος) spoken by the ], ] is almost completely extinct today. There are a total of roughly 50 speakers, around 35 of whom now reside in ]. The language may still be used by some elderly Romaniotes in ].

==Greek Sign Language==
] (Ελληνική Νοηματική Γλώσσα) is the sign language of the Greek deaf community. It has been legally recognised as the official language of the Deaf Community in Greece and is estimated to be used by about 42,000 signers (12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users) in 1986.


==Minority languages== ==Minority languages==
Euromosaic, ''Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce'', ''L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce'', ''Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce'', and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, ''The Turkish language in education in Greece''. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), ''Language and nationalism in Europe'', Oxford University Press 2000.</ref>]]
''See also, ].''

] in the Balkans.]]
===Albanian=== ===Albanian===
''See also, ].'' {{further|Albanian communities in Greece}}


Albanians make up the largest group of immigrants to Greece (as of 2001, there are at least 443,550 Albanian citizens in the country ). As such, the ] is widely spoken by these emmigrants. Since the 1990s, large numbers of Albanian immigrants have arrived in Greece, forming the largest immigrant group (443,550 in the 2001 census). Due to immigration, Albanian is considered as one of the widely spoken foreign languages in the country.


====Arvanites==== ====Arvanitika====
Unlike the recent immigrants from Albania, the ] are a centuries-old local Albanian-speaking Greek community, from the area today South Albania, living in parts of Greece especially in the south. Their language, now in danger of extinction, is known as ]. Their number has been estimated as between 30,000 and 140,000. Many have been assimilated into modern Greek culture.
The ] are an ethnic group traditionally living in northern Greece and speaking a ]. There are 30,000-140,000 Arvanites in Greece today.

===Armenian===
{{further|Armenians in Greece}}
Of the 35,000 ] in Greece today, some 20,000 speak the language.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}{{year needed|date=May 2018}}


====Cham====
The ] Albanians traditionally lived in Chameria, but many (mainly the Muslim Chams, who were a majority of the community) were expelled during the Second World War. Some have returned after the opening of the Albanian borders.
]
===Aromanian=== ===Aromanian===
]
''See also, ].''
The ], also known as ], are a population group linguistically related to ]. ] is an ]. It is spoken by the around 250,000 ].


====Megleno-Romanian====
The ], also known as ], are a Romance ethnic group related to ]. ] their ] is spoken by the some 40,000 ethnic Aromanians in Greece.
] is a ] spoken in Greece and ]. There are roughly 2,500 speakers in Greece.


===Macedonian=== ===Slavo-Macedonian===
{{further|Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia}}


In Greece, ] dialects ] with standard ] are spoken; however, the speakers do not all identify their language with their national identity. The 1951 census recorded 41,017 Macedonian speaking Greek citizens (most of them ]).{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} These Macedonian speakers in Greece vary on how they describe their language - most describe it as ''Macedonian'' and proclaim an Ethnic Macedonian national identity, although there are smaller groups, some of which describe it as ''Slavic'' and espouse a Greek national identity. Some historicals consider the local Macedonian dialect as a Bulgarian dialect.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030523145306/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223 |date=2003-05-23 }}</ref> Some prefer to identify as ''dopii'' and their dialect as ''dopia'' which mean ''local'' or ''indigenous'' in Greek.
The ], also known as "Slavic Macedonian" or "Slavic", is the mother tongue of an estimated 100 - 200 ] in northern Greece, according to the ] . ] estimates 180 speakers , primarily in the ], ], ], and ] regions. Greece does not officially recognize the language nor the Macedonian minority, instead regarding the speakers as "Slavophone Greeks". This has caused many international observers concerned over minority rights in Greece, thus the recognition for the Macedonian minority and language as well as human rights have been represented by the Macedonian political party of Greece "Vinozhito-Rainbow" .

In October 2006 , the ] in Greece reprinted the original ABECEDAR Slavic-Macedonian language primer in ], Greece, which was printed in ] in 1925 and was based on the ] dialect, as well as an up to date primer in the standardized ] and ] as taught in the ] and presented it to the Greek Ambassador to the OSCE, Mr Manesis . The book is reportedly being distributed to people self-identifying as ethnic Macedonians in northern Greece and it has been promoted in the city of ] .


===Bulgarian=== ===Bulgarian===
In addition to the above, there are an estimated 30,000 native speakers of ] in ] according to ],<ref></ref> where it is referred to as '']''.


===Ladino===
There are an estimated 30,000 native speakers of the ] in northern Greece, according to ], mainly in the ] area . It is spoken by the ], a Bulgarian people who are ] by faith.
] from ] written in ], ], ], ], ], and ].]]


], the Judeo-Spanish language, was traditionally spoken by the ] community in Greece, particularly in the city of ], where, at their peak percentage, they made up 56% of the population.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226001725/http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm |date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> However, many of Greece's Jews were murdered in World War II, and a large number emigrated to Israel after 1948. It is maintained today by between 2,000 and 8,000 people in Greece.
===Armenian===
''See also, ], ].''

Of the 35,000 Armenians in Greece today, some 20,000 can speak the language.


===Romani=== ===Romani===
{{further|Roma in Greece}}
In the population of 200,000 to 300,000 ], or Gypsy, people in Greece today, the ] is spoken widely. Romani is an ] similar to many Indian languages, due to the origins of the Roma people in northern ]. The dialect spoken in Greece (as well as in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], parts of ], and ]) is known as ]. There are 160,000 Romani speakers in Greece today (90% of the Roma population).
In the population of 200,000 to 300,000 ], or Gypsy, people in Greece today, the ] is spoken widely. Romani is an ] similar to many Indian languages, due to the origins of the Roma people in northern ]. The dialect spoken in Greece (as well as in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], parts of ], and ]) is known as ]. There are 160,000 Romani speakers in Greece today (90% of the Roma population).<ref></ref>
]

===Russian===
] has become widely spoken in Greece, particularly in ] and other parts of ], mainly by wealthy Russians settled in Greece and Russian speaking economic migrants who went there in the 1990s. Russian is also spoken as a second or third language by many ] and ] from ], ], and ] who settled in Greece in large numbers in the same period. The older generation of ] settled mainly in ], ] and elsewhere in ] in circa 1920 also speak Russian as a second language, as do most Greeks who had settled in ], the ], and other ] states following the ], returning to Greece mainly in the early 1990s.


===Turkish=== ===Turkish===
] is one of the most widely spoken minority languages in Greece today, with a speaker population of 128,380 people. Traditionally, there were many more Turkish speakers in Greece, due to the long period of rule by the Ottoman Empire, but after the ], a much smaller number remain. The Turkish-speaking population of Greece is mainly concentrated in the regions of ] and ]. Turkish speakers also make up a large part of Greece's ] minority. ] is one of the most widely spoken minority languages in Greece today, with approximately 50,000 to 60,000 speakers. Turkish sources claim that as many as 128,000 people consist the minority group, but this is unlikely. According to '']'', in 2014 there were 40,000 Turkish speakers in Greece, including 9,700 native speakers.<ref>, '']''</ref>


These are usually defined as ]. Traditionally, there were many more Turkish speakers in Greece, due to the ]. But after the ], a much smaller number remain, with even Turkish-speaking ] forcibly expatriated to Turkey in 1923. The Turkish-speaking population of Greece is mainly concentrated in the region of ]. Turkish speakers also make up a large part of Greece's ] minority.
===Ladino===
], the Judeo-Spanish language, was traditionally spoken by the ] community in Greece, particularly in the city of ], where, at their peak percentage, they made up 56% of the population. However, many of Greece's Jews were murdered in the Second World War, and a large number emigrated to Israel after ]. It is maintained today by between 2,000 and 8,000 people in Greece.


===Greco-Turkic or Urum===
{{CIA WFB 2006}}
This refers to the hybrid Greco-Turkish dialect spoken by the so-called ] or those who define themselves as Greek from the ] (mainly Pontians) region of central ] and also to the Greco-Tatar dialect spoken by ethnic ] and the ]. Most speakers of Urum now live in mainly ], having left Georgia in the 1990s the sold tons of rum, although many of those from Crimea and southeastern ] are still living in these areas.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

===Georgian===
] is widely spoken particularly in ] and other parts of ] by economic migrants who settled in Greece in the 1990s. As well as ethnic ], these include those defined as ] or ethnic ], from especially the south of the country and the ] region in the centre.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnt
*http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yej *
*http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GR *
*
*http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_alpha=1&id_minorites=gr-arom
{{CIA World Factbook|year=2006}}

{{Languages of Greece}}
{{Languages of Europe}}
{{Minority languages of Europe}}

{{commons category|Languages of Greece}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Greece}}
{{Europe in topic|Languages of}}
]

Latest revision as of 15:07, 19 October 2024

Languages of Greece
OfficialGreek (Demotic)
RegionalCretan, Cappadocian, Pontic, Maniot, Thracian, Tsakonian, Yevanic
MinorityAlbanian, Turkish, Russian, Romani, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Armenian
ForeignEnglish (51%)
German (9%)
French (8.5%)
Italian (8%)
SignedGreek Sign Language
Keyboard layoutGreek keyboard
SourceEuropean Commission
Part of a series on the
Culture of Greece
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The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by 99% of the population. In addition, a number of non-official, minority languages and some Greek dialects are spoken as well. The most common foreign languages learned by Greeks are English, German, French and Italian.

Modern Greek

The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.

Modern Greek language (Νεοελληνική γλώσσα) is the only official language of the Hellenic Republic, and is spoken by some 99.5% of the population — about 11,100,000 people (though not necessarily as a first language). Standard Modern Greek is the officially used standard, but there are several non-official dialects and distinct Hellenic languages spoken as well. Regional spoken dialects exist side by side with learned, archaic written forms. All surviving forms of modern Greek, except the Tsakonian language, are descendants of the common supra-regional (koiné) as it was spoken in late antiquity. As such, they can ultimately be classified as descendants of Attic Greek, the dialect spoken in and around Athens in the classical era. Tsakonian, an isolated dialect spoken today by a dwindling community in the Peloponnese, is a descendant of the ancient Doric dialect. Some other dialects have preserved elements of various ancient non-Attic dialects, but Attic Koine is nevertheless regarded by most scholars as the principal source of all of them.

Cappadocian Greek

Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά) is a Hellenic language originally spoken in Cappadocia and since the 1920s spoken in Greece. It has very few speakers and was previously thought to be extinct. The Cappadocians rapidly shifted to Standard Modern Greek and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s.

Cretan Greek

Cretan Greek is spoken by more than 500,000 people on the island of Crete, as well as in the Greek Diaspora. It is rarely used in written language, and differs much less from Standard Greek than other varieties. The Cretan dialect is spoken by the majority of the Cretan Greeks in the island of Crete, as well as by several thousand Cretans who have settled in major Greek cities, notably in Athens, and in areas settled by Ottoman-era Cretan Greek Muslims (the so-called Cretan Turks), such as the town of Al-Hamidiyah in Syria.

Cypriot Greek

Cypriot Greek (Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) is spoken by Greek Cypriots. In Cyprus about 659,115 (in 2011) spoke the language, and many of them settled in Greek cities. The language is prevalent in many other parts of the world including Australia, Canada and the Americas. The total speakers are about 1.20 million people.

Maniot Greek

The Maniot Greek dialect (Μανιάτικη διάλεκτος) of the local area of Mani.

Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (Ποντιακή διάλεκτος) is a Hellenic language originally spoken in Pontus and by Caucasus Greeks in the South Caucasus region, although now mostly spoken in Greece by some 500,000 people. The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from Ionic Greek via Koine and Byzantine Greek

Thracian Greek

The Thracian Greek dialect is spoken mainly in Western Thrace and by the Greek minority in other areas of Thrace outside the Greek borders, and by greek refugees who came from East Thrace in Macedonia mainly

Sarakatsanika

An archaic dialect of Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani of Greek Macedonia and elsewhere in Northern Greece, a traditionally transhument, clan-based community of mountain shepherds.

Tsakonian Greek

The little-spoken Tsakonian language (Τσακωνική διάλεκτος) is used by some in the Tsakonia region of Peloponnese. The language is split into three dialects: Northern, Southern, and Propontis. The language is spoken by 1,200 people.

Yevanic Greek

A Jewish dialect of Greek (Ρωμανιώτικη διάλεκτος) spoken by the Romaniotes, Yevanic is almost completely extinct today. There are a total of roughly 50 speakers, around 35 of whom now reside in Israel. The language may still be used by some elderly Romaniotes in Ioannina.

Greek Sign Language

Greek Sign Language (Ελληνική Νοηματική Γλώσσα) is the sign language of the Greek deaf community. It has been legally recognised as the official language of the Deaf Community in Greece and is estimated to be used by about 42,000 signers (12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users) in 1986.

Minority languages

Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Greek is today spoken as the dominant language throughout the country.

Albanian

Further information: Albanian communities in Greece

Since the 1990s, large numbers of Albanian immigrants have arrived in Greece, forming the largest immigrant group (443,550 in the 2001 census). Due to immigration, Albanian is considered as one of the widely spoken foreign languages in the country.

Arvanitika

Unlike the recent immigrants from Albania, the Arvanites are a centuries-old local Albanian-speaking Greek community, from the area today South Albania, living in parts of Greece especially in the south. Their language, now in danger of extinction, is known as Arvanitika. Their number has been estimated as between 30,000 and 140,000. Many have been assimilated into modern Greek culture.

Armenian

Further information: Armenians in Greece

Of the 35,000 Armenians in Greece today, some 20,000 speak the language.

Aromanian

The distribution of Romanians and Vlachs in the Balkans (Aromanians marked in red).

The Aromanians, also known as Vlachs, are a population group linguistically related to Romanians. Aromanian is an Eastern Romance language. It is spoken by the around 250,000 Aromanians in Greece.

Megleno-Romanian

Megleno-Romanian is a Romance language spoken in Greece and North Macedonia. There are roughly 2,500 speakers in Greece.

Slavo-Macedonian

Further information: Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia

In Greece, Slavic dialects heteronomous with standard Macedonian are spoken; however, the speakers do not all identify their language with their national identity. The 1951 census recorded 41,017 Macedonian speaking Greek citizens (most of them bilingual). These Macedonian speakers in Greece vary on how they describe their language - most describe it as Macedonian and proclaim an Ethnic Macedonian national identity, although there are smaller groups, some of which describe it as Slavic and espouse a Greek national identity. Some historicals consider the local Macedonian dialect as a Bulgarian dialect. Some prefer to identify as dopii and their dialect as dopia which mean local or indigenous in Greek.

Bulgarian

In addition to the above, there are an estimated 30,000 native speakers of Bulgarian in Western Thrace according to Ethnologue, where it is referred to as Pomak.

Ladino

1896 calendar from Thessaloniki written in Ottoman Turkish, Armenian, Greek, Bulgarian, Ladino, and French.

Ladino, the Judeo-Spanish language, was traditionally spoken by the Sephardic community in Greece, particularly in the city of Thessaloniki, where, at their peak percentage, they made up 56% of the population. However, many of Greece's Jews were murdered in World War II, and a large number emigrated to Israel after 1948. It is maintained today by between 2,000 and 8,000 people in Greece.

Romani

Further information: Roma in Greece

In the population of 200,000 to 300,000 Roma, or Gypsy, people in Greece today, the Romani language is spoken widely. Romani is an Indo-Aryan language similar to many Indian languages, due to the origins of the Roma people in northern India. The dialect spoken in Greece (as well as in Bulgaria, Albania, North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, parts of Turkey, and Ukraine) is known as Balkan Romani. There are 160,000 Romani speakers in Greece today (90% of the Roma population).

Russian

Russian has become widely spoken in Greece, particularly in Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece, mainly by wealthy Russians settled in Greece and Russian speaking economic migrants who went there in the 1990s. Russian is also spoken as a second or third language by many Georgians and Pontic Greeks from Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia who settled in Greece in large numbers in the same period. The older generation of Caucasus Greeks settled mainly in Salonika, Kilkis and elsewhere in Central Macedonia in circa 1920 also speak Russian as a second language, as do most Greeks who had settled in Czechoslovakia, the USSR, and other Eastern Bloc states following the Greek Civil War, returning to Greece mainly in the early 1990s.

Turkish

Turkish is one of the most widely spoken minority languages in Greece today, with approximately 50,000 to 60,000 speakers. Turkish sources claim that as many as 128,000 people consist the minority group, but this is unlikely. According to Ethnologue, in 2014 there were 40,000 Turkish speakers in Greece, including 9,700 native speakers.

These are usually defined as Western Thrace Turks. Traditionally, there were many more Turkish speakers in Greece, due to the long period of Ottoman rule. But after the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey, a much smaller number remain, with even Turkish-speaking Greek Muslims forcibly expatriated to Turkey in 1923. The Turkish-speaking population of Greece is mainly concentrated in the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Turkish speakers also make up a large part of Greece's Muslim minority.

Greco-Turkic or Urum

This refers to the hybrid Greco-Turkish dialect spoken by the so-called Urums or those who define themselves as Greek from the Tsalka (mainly Pontians) region of central Georgia and also to the Greco-Tatar dialect spoken by ethnic Greeks in Ukraine and the Crimea. Most speakers of Urum now live in mainly Northern Greece, having left Georgia in the 1990s the sold tons of rum, although many of those from Crimea and southeastern Ukraine are still living in these areas.

Georgian

Georgian is widely spoken particularly in Thessaloniki and other parts of Greek Macedonia by economic migrants who settled in Greece in the 1990s. As well as ethnic Georgians, these include those defined as Caucasus Greeks or ethnic Greeks in Georgia, from especially the south of the country and the Tsalka region in the centre.

References

  1. "SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-06.
  2. Europeans and their Languages
  3. cia.gov
  4. etchnologue.com Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
  5. dev.eurac.edu Archived 2003-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ethnologue.com
  7. jmth.gr Archived 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
  8. romani.uni-graz.at
  9. Greece - Languages, Ethnologue

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)

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