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| {{Short description|Fallen angel in various traditions}} | {{Short description|Fallen angel in various traditions}} | ||
| {{primary|date=June 2024}} | |||
| ], c. 1923]] | ], c. 1923]] | ||
| '''Samyaza''' ({{ |
'''Samyaza''' ({{langx|he|שַׁמְּחֲזַי}} ''Šamməḥăzay''; {{langx|arc|שְׁמִיעָזָא}} ''Šəmīʿāzāʾ''{{px2}}; {{langx|el|Σεμιαζά}}; {{langx|ar|ساميارس}}, ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Samyarus}}''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ar.lib.eshia.ir/10516/1/132|title=(طبقات ناصري (تاريخ ايران و اسلام}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/book-of-thousands.html|title=Al-Juzjani, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 1 (c. 1259-1260 CE))}}</ref>), also '''Shamhazai''', '''Aza''' or '''Ouza''', is a ] of ]l ] traditions and ] as the leader of the ]. | ||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| The name "Shemyaza(z)" means "the (or my) name has seen," "he sees the name," or "I have seen." It is also spelled "Samyaza", "Shemhazai", "Samiaza(z)", "Semiaza", "Shamazya", "Shemyazaz", "Shemihazah", "Shemyaza", "Sêmîazâz", "Semjâzâ", "Samjâzâ", and "Semyaza".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Book of Enoch, Section I|url=https://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>{{sfnp|Davidson|1967|p=265}} | The name "Shemyaza(z)" means "the (or my) name has seen," "he sees the name," or "I have seen." It is also spelled "Samyaza", "Shemhazai", "Samiaza(z)", "Semiaza", "Shamazya", "Shemyazaz", "Shemihazah", "Shemyaza", "Sêmîazâz", "Semjâzâ", "Samjâzâ", "Šemihaza", and "Semyaza".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Book of Enoch, Section I|url=https://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>{{sfnp|Davidson|1967|p=265}} | ||
| The scholars lean towards the Semitic etymology of this appellation which contains the letters ''shin'' (ש) and ''mem'' (מ), thus suggesting the derivation from either “name” (Heb. שם, ''shem'') or “heavens” (Heb. שמים, ''shamaym''). ] proposed that Samyaza is the one who “gazes at heavens” or “gazes from heavens”. This interpretation goes well with the motif of the heavenly ], i.e., the angels supervising humans on earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=אידל |first1=משה |last2=Idel |first2=Moshe |date=2016 |title=SHMYHZH: Shamhazay/Shamhaza'y/Shmayya'a+Haze'/Shmayyahaze' / שמיחזה: שמחזי / שמחזאי / שמיא + חזא / שמיחזא |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24704335 |journal=Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects / לשוננו: כתב-עת לחקר הלשון העברית והתחומים הסמוכים לה |volume=עח |issue=א/ב |pages=37–42 |jstor=24704335 |issn=0334-3626}}</ref> | The scholars lean towards the Semitic etymology of this appellation which contains the letters ''shin'' (ש) and ''mem'' (מ), thus suggesting the derivation from either “name” (Heb. שם, ''shem'') or “heavens” (Heb. שמים, ''shamaym''). ] proposed that Samyaza is the one who “gazes at heavens” or “gazes from heavens”. This interpretation goes well with the motif of the heavenly ], i.e., the angels supervising humans on earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=אידל |first1=משה |last2=Idel |first2=Moshe |date=2016 |title=SHMYHZH: Shamhazay/Shamhaza'y/Shmayya'a+Haze'/Shmayyahaze' / שמיחזה: שמחזי / שמחזאי / שמיא + חזא / שמיחזא |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24704335 |journal=Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects / לשוננו: כתב-עת לחקר הלשון העברית והתחומים הסמוכים לה |volume=עח |issue=א/ב |pages=37–42 |jstor=24704335 |issn=0334-3626}}</ref> | ||
| In colloquial Aramaic of the Christians of the Middle East, it has become the common name for a television.<ref>1 from he words Shmo (hear)-tele and chazi(see)-vision</ref> | |||
| ==Book of Enoch== | ==Book of Enoch== | ||
| In the ], one of the apocryphal writings, Samyaza is portrayed as the leader of a band of angels called "]" or "]" (''grigori'' in Greek) |
In the ], one of the apocryphal writings, Samyaza is portrayed as the leader of a band of angels called "]" or "]" (''grigori'' in Greek). | ||
| Samyaza is introduced in Book 6, heading a meeting of a total of 200 angels, wherein they discuss their desire to consummate with human women:<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| When the rebel angels first meet upon ] to organize their secret society of 200 members, Samyaza, as their recognized chieftain, initially doubts the initiates' resolve to forswear heaven. This they had planned to achieve through dark alliances and clandestine oaths sworn under penalty of death, thereby binding themselves to that treachery whereby they would use their heaven-acquired knowledge to create a counterfeit religion on earth to satisfy their lusts and carnal desires:<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| {{blockquote|And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then swear they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. (]:3-5)}} | {{blockquote|And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then swear they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. (]:3-5)}} | ||
| Samyaza and his fellow Watchers then each take human women for wives and bestow ] upon them. The children born from these partnerships are known as ], a plural noun rendered as "giants" in the ] translation of the ]. The Nephilim "consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind." (]:3-5) | |||
| {{blockquote|a star fell from heaven, and it arose and ate and pastured amongst those oxen. And after this I saw the large and the black oxen, and behold, all of them changed their pens and their pastures and their heifers, and began to moan, one after another. And again I saw in the vision and looked to heaven, and behold, I saw many stars, how they came down and were thrown down from heaven to that first star, and amongst those heifers and bulls; they were with them, pasturing amongst them. And I looked at them and saw, and behold, all of them let out their private parts like horses and began to mount the cows of the bulls, and they all became pregnant and bore elephants and camels and asses. And all the oxen feared them and were affrighted at them, and began to bite with their teeth and to devour, and to gore with their horns. And they began, moreover, to devour those oxen; and behold all the children of the earth began to tremble and quake before them and to flee from them ... (1 En 86:1-6)}} | |||
| In the '']'', found at ], Samyaza, through this forbidden action, fathers two half-breed giant sons, Ohya and Hahyah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: Book of Giants|url=http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_book_of_giants.htm|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.gnosis.org}}</ref> | |||
| The Watchers shared with humankind various forbidden arts, sciences, and celestial "secrets" or "mysteries" of the true heavenly ''gnosis'' or knowledge — especially that Wisdom possessed by ], who taught them also the secrets of magic, of war (including metallurgy and weaponry) and of seductive ornamentation (including jewelry and cosmetics) — all of which ultimately brought down the wrath of Heaven upon the rebel angels and their spawn.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| God commanded the angel ] to cause the Watchers and giants to wage civil war: | |||
| {{blockquote|And to Gabriel said the Lord: "Proceed against the biters and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy the children of the Watchers from amongst men : send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle: for length of days shall they not have (]:9)}} | |||
| Finally, the judgement of the Watcher-associates of Samyaza is described. | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In Book 10, God commands the angel ] to cause the Watchers and Nephilim to wage civil war, after the completion of which he condemns Samyaza to be " fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: and 14 to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever." (]:11-14) | ||
| Once the archangels and the host of the righteous had punished the Watchers and giants, God poured forth, after several generations, the ] of ] to wipe out the lingering remnants of the corrupted races of Earth. Through the diluvial ], God swept away the last of the lawlessness that had been unleashed by the forbidden knowledge of the Watchers, re-establishing His ] and his sons and restoring harmony and fertility to the Earth. | |||
| ==Book of Giants== | ==Book of Giants== | ||
| In ], Shemyaza (or ''Šahmīzād'' in the ] version) begets two sons, who together battle ]. However, they are not portrayed as heroic, but as boasting about their own victory; a symbol of royal failure to keep one's power in this world. After the defeat of the Leviathan, Shemyaza and his offspring are slain by the four punishing angels.<ref>Michel Tardieu ''Manichaeism'' University of Illinois Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780252032783}} p. 46-48</ref> | In ], Shemyaza (or ''Šahmīzād'' in the ] version) begets two sons, who together battle ]. However, they are not portrayed as heroic, but as boasting about their own victory; a symbol of royal failure to keep one's power in this world. After the defeat of the Leviathan, Shemyaza and his offspring are slain by the four punishing angels.<ref>Michel Tardieu ''Manichaeism'' University of Illinois Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780252032783}} p. 46-48</ref> | ||
| == Babylonian Talmud == | == Babylonian Talmud == | ||
| Line 44: | Line 31: | ||
| ==Other traditions== | ==Other traditions== | ||
| ⚫ | In legend, Azza (another name for Samyaza) is the seraph tempted by the maiden Ishtar to reveal to her the Explicit Name of God. In Solomonic lore, the story is that Azza was the angel who revealed to the Jewish king the heavenly arcana, thus making Solomon the wisest man on earth. Of the two groups of angels headed by Metatron, one of the groups, the angels of justice, were under the rulership of Azza, who at this time had not yet fallen. | ||
| {{more citations|section|date=December 2022}} | |||
| ⚫ | In legend, Azza (another name for Samyaza) is the seraph tempted by the maiden Ishtar to reveal to her the Explicit Name of God |
||
| Azza, according to the rabbinic tradition, |
Azza, according to the rabbinic tradition, is suspended between Heaven and Earth along with Azazel as punishment for having had carnal knowledge of mortal women. He is said to be constantly falling, with one eye shut and the other open, to see his plight and suffer the more. It is said that he now hangs, head down, and is the constellation of Orion.{{sfnp|Davidson|1967|p=265}} | ||
| Uzza (said to be another name for Samyaza) is the tutelary angel of the Egyptians.<ref>Ginsberg, ''The Legends of the Jews III'', 17</ref> | Uzza (said to be another name for Samyaza) is the tutelary angel of the Egyptians.<ref>Ginsberg, ''The Legends of the Jews III'', 17</ref> | ||
| Line 55: | Line 41: | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * {{anli|Culture hero}} | * {{anli|Culture hero}} | ||
| * ] | |||
| * {{anli|Prometheus}} | * {{anli|Prometheus}} | ||
| * {{anli|Satan}} | * {{anli|Satan}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:10, 23 October 2024
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Samyaza (Hebrew: שַׁמְּחֲזַי Šamməḥăzay; Imperial Aramaic: שְׁמִיעָזָא Šəmīʿāzāʾ; Greek: Σεμιαζά; Arabic: ساميارس, Samyarus), also Shamhazai, Aza or Ouza, is a fallen angel of apocryphal Abrahamic traditions and Manichaeism as the leader of the Watchers.
Etymology
The name "Shemyaza(z)" means "the (or my) name has seen," "he sees the name," or "I have seen." It is also spelled "Samyaza", "Shemhazai", "Samiaza(z)", "Semiaza", "Shamazya", "Shemyazaz", "Shemihazah", "Shemyaza", "Sêmîazâz", "Semjâzâ", "Samjâzâ", "Šemihaza", and "Semyaza".
The scholars lean towards the Semitic etymology of this appellation which contains the letters shin (ש) and mem (מ), thus suggesting the derivation from either “name” (Heb. שם, shem) or “heavens” (Heb. שמים, shamaym). Moshe Idel proposed that Samyaza is the one who “gazes at heavens” or “gazes from heavens”. This interpretation goes well with the motif of the heavenly Watchers, i.e., the angels supervising humans on earth.
Book of Enoch
In the Book of Enoch, one of the apocryphal writings, Samyaza is portrayed as the leader of a band of angels called "sons of God" or "Watchers" (grigori in Greek).
Samyaza is introduced in Book 6, heading a meeting of a total of 200 angels, wherein they discuss their desire to consummate with human women:
And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then swear they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. (1 En 6:3-5)
Samyaza and his fellow Watchers then each take human women for wives and bestow knowledge upon them. The children born from these partnerships are known as Nephilim, a plural noun rendered as "giants" in the King James translation of the Book of Genesis. The Nephilim "consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind." (1 En 7:3-5)
In Book 10, God commands the angel Gabriel to cause the Watchers and Nephilim to wage civil war, after the completion of which he condemns Samyaza to be " fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: and 14 to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever." (1 En 10:11-14)
Book of Giants
In The Book of Giants, Shemyaza (or Šahmīzād in the Manichaean version) begets two sons, who together battle Leviathan. However, they are not portrayed as heroic, but as boasting about their own victory; a symbol of royal failure to keep one's power in this world. After the defeat of the Leviathan, Shemyaza and his offspring are slain by the four punishing angels.
Babylonian Talmud
The Babylonian Talmud contains a singular mention of the name Samyaza (spelled שמחזאי in the Vilna edition with some lesser variations in the manuscripts) in Niddah 61a. Accordingly:
Now, Sihon and Og were brothers, as the Master said: Sihon and Og were sons of Ahijah, son of Shamhazai.
The text does not elucidate the identity of Samyaza who appears nowhere else in the corpus, but clearly portrays him as the grandfather of Og, the king of Bashan and the last of Rephaim known for his gigantic height and strength (Deuteronomy 3:11). As such this can be taken as a reference to the myth of the fallen angels and the motif of their gigantic progeny transmitted in apocrypha and pseudepigrapha.
Other traditions
In legend, Azza (another name for Samyaza) is the seraph tempted by the maiden Ishtar to reveal to her the Explicit Name of God. In Solomonic lore, the story is that Azza was the angel who revealed to the Jewish king the heavenly arcana, thus making Solomon the wisest man on earth. Of the two groups of angels headed by Metatron, one of the groups, the angels of justice, were under the rulership of Azza, who at this time had not yet fallen.
Azza, according to the rabbinic tradition, is suspended between Heaven and Earth along with Azazel as punishment for having had carnal knowledge of mortal women. He is said to be constantly falling, with one eye shut and the other open, to see his plight and suffer the more. It is said that he now hangs, head down, and is the constellation of Orion.
Uzza (said to be another name for Samyaza) is the tutelary angel of the Egyptians.
Before the fall, Ouza (said to be another name for Samyaza) was of the rank of Seraphim.
See also
- Culture hero – Mythological hero who changes the world through invention or discovery
- List of angels in theology
- Prometheus – Titan, culture hero, and trickster figure in Greek mythology
- Satan – Figure in Abrahamic religions
- Sexuality in Christian demonology
- Theft of fire – Recurring theme in world mythologies
References
- "(طبقات ناصري (تاريخ ايران و اسلام".
- "Al-Juzjani, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 1 (c. 1259-1260 CE))".
- ^ "The Book of Enoch, Section I". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
- ^ Davidson (1967), p. 265.
- אידל, משה; Idel, Moshe (2016). "SHMYHZH: Shamhazay/Shamhaza'y/Shmayya'a+Haze'/Shmayyahaze' / שמיחזה: שמחזי / שמחזאי / שמיא + חזא / שמיחזא". Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects / לשוננו: כתב-עת לחקר הלשון העברית והתחומים הסמוכים לה. עח (א/ב): 37–42. ISSN 0334-3626. JSTOR 24704335.
- Michel Tardieu Manichaeism University of Illinois Press, 2008 ISBN 9780252032783 p. 46-48
- "Niddah 61a:18". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
- Kosior, Wojciech (2021-01-01). "'The Affair of Uzza and Azael' (b. Yoma 67b). The Creation of Demons and the Myth of the Fallen Angels in the Babylonian Talmud". Henoch. Historical and Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Judaism and Christianity.
- Ginsberg, The Legends of the Jews III, 17
- Davidson (1967), p. xiii.
Works cited
- Davidson, Gustav (1967). A Dictionary Of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. The Free Press.