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{{Short description|Climate Index}} {{Short description|Climate Index}}
] ]


The '''Environmental Performance Index''' ('''EPI''') is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the ] performance of a state's policies. This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index, first published in 2002, and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=http://research.yale.edu/envirocenter/index.php?page=environmental-performance-index |access-date=16 March 2008 |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The '''Environmental Performance Index''' ('''EPI''') is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the ] performance of a state's policies, highlightning the degradation of the planet's life-supporting systems on which humanity depends. A world economy that continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels translates into ongoing air and water pollution, acidification of the oceans, and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These changes threaten the survival of species already suffering from widespread habitat loss, pushing them closer to extinction. Recent analyses show that humanity has already transgressed six out of nine critical planetary boundaries that define Earth's safe operating space — and is close to crossing a seventh.


The EPI was preceded by the ] (ESI), published between 1999 and 2005. Both indices were developed by ] (]) and ] (]) in collaboration with the ] and the ] of the ]. The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental sustainability relative to the paths of other countries. Due to a shift in focus by the teams developing the ESI, the EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators, then working as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by policy makers, environmental scientists, advocates and the general public.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Environmental Performance Index Report|url=http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf|access-date=18 March 2008|publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055057/http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2008}} See Executive Summary, pp. 32-35 for a detailed comparison between the ESI 2005, the EPI 2006 and the EPI 2008.</ref> Other leading indices like the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was started in 2002 by ] in association with the ] (]) and ] (]). The biennial EPI report harnesses the latest data sets, science, and technology to provide the most comprehensive assessment of the state of ] around the world. In total, the 2024&nbsp;EPI report incorporates 58&nbsp;indicators to rank 180&nbsp;countries on their progress at mitigating ], safeguarding ], and promoting ]. This broad set of metrics is a powerful tool to track progress towards the ], the climate mitigation targets in the ], and the biodiversity protection goals in the ].<ref name="EPI">{{cite web |author= |year=2024 |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy & Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute, Columbia University |website=epi.yale.edu |url=https://epi.yale.edu/ |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>
|url=http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-2016.pdf}}</ref> provide an integrated measure of the environmental, social and economic dynamics of national economies. The GGEI utilizes EPI data for the environmental dimension of the index while also providing a performance assessment of efficiency sectors (e.g. transport, buildings, energy), investment, green innovation and national leadership around climate change.


In 2023, the first global assessment of progress toward the goals of the ] revealed a grim picture: the world is far off track. Despite record deployment of renewable energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions keep rising. As the world enters uncharted climatic territory, there is a heightened risk of crossing irreversible tipping points in the planet's climate system.<ref name="EPI" />
The EPI for the year 2022 ranks 180 countries. The top five countries are ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 EPI Results |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/epi |website=Environmental Performance Index |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> India ranked last at 180 with a score of 18.9.<ref name="low score of India">{{cite news |title=Explained: What Is The Environmental Performance Index And Why India Has Rejected The Report |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/what-is-the-environmental-performance-index-and-why-is-india-rejecting-the-report-574129.html |work=IndiaTimes |date=8 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="india ranking">{{cite news |last1=P'rayan |first1=Albert |title=Why we need climate change education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/why-we-need-climate-change-education/article65665072.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>


== Methodology == == Methodology ==
EPI calculation variables change often as can be seen below. This should be taken into account when observing country performance through several reports, as it can lead to score and ranking changes founded just on methodology modification. Apart from variables addressing environmental health and ecosystem vitality, the calculation also takes into account other variables such as rule of law, control of corruption and government effectiveness.<ref name="low score of India" />


]
=== 2020 variables<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epi.yale.edu/sites/default/files/images/figure_1_1.jpg|title=EPI 2020 variables}}</ref> ===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left"
Over time, the methodology for the EPI has been criticized for its arbitrary choice of metrics which could introduce bias, and its poor performance as an indicator for environmental sustainability.<ref name="prudue1">{{cite journal |last1=Kanmani |first1=Aiyshwariya |last2=Obringer |first2=Renee |last3=Rachunok |first3=Benjamin |last4=Nateghi |first4=Roshanak |title=Assessing Global Environmental Sustainability Via an Unsupervised Clustering Framework |journal=Sustainability |date=2020-01-11 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=563 |doi=10.3390/su12020563 |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/fund/4 |access-date=2024-10-24 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Additional criticisms center on the EPI's lack of specific policy suggestions, and the index's weighting biases against data deficient countries that has led to the overlooking of ecological progress in developing countries.<ref name="prudue1" />

In 2024, India was ranked at 176 in the list and rejected the low ranking. As per a statement issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), it claimed that several indicators used in the calculation were based on unfounded assumptions and unscientific methods.<ref name="india rejects">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ankush |title=What Happened to Green India? Ranked Lowest as per Environmental Performance Index, India Disputes Methodology |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/sustainability/news/sci-simplified-what-happened-to-green-india-ranked-lowest-as-per-environmental-performance-index-india-disputes-methodology/articleshow/92564174.cms |work=Business Insider |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref><ref name="india rejection 2">{{cite news |title=India's lagging sustainability performance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indias-lagging-sustainability-performance-101656338200590.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2022-06-27 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref><ref name="9 india">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Esha |title=Explained: What is the environment index, and why has India questioned it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/environment-index-and-india-7963597/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2022-06-11 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>

The ] found 3&nbsp;Pros: EPI provides an easily comparable index; EPI's ecosystem vitality scores are based on six constituent policy categories: water resources, agriculture, forests, fisheries, biodiversity and habitat, and climate and energy; the referenced database yields maps for each of EPI's partial indices (normalised {{nowrap|to 0 … 100}}) and 3&nbsp;Cons: CIESIN's EPI rather is an attempt to quantitatively represent the ecological performance of countries and companies; actual reasons for dysfunctionalities might need further research; EPI would be a more policy-relevant index.<ref>{{cite web |author= |year= |title=Environmental performance index EPI. Pros & Cons |location= |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |website=unece.org |url=https://unece.org/environmental-performance-index-epi |date= |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>

As a result of these criticisms, the number of EPI indicators has increased, and their weight has changed, to provide a better data-driven summary of the state of sustainability around the world. The 2024&nbsp;index is based on 58&nbsp;performance indicators grouped into 30 issue categories with an objective of environmental health, ecosystem vitality and climate change, ranking 180&nbsp;countries.<ref name="EPIweights" />
{{clr}}

{| class="mw-datatable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
|+ 2024 EPI indicators and weights (%)
! Policy Objective || Wt. (%) || Issue Category || Wt. (%) || Indicator || Wt. (%)
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| style="background-color:#b8ffb8;" rowspan="34" | Ecosystem Vitality || style="background-color:#b8ffb8; text-align:center;" rowspan="34" | 45% || rowspan="12" | Biodiversity & Habitat || rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" | 25 || Marine KBA Protection || style="text-align:right;" | 12.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Marine Habitat Protection || style="text-align:right;" | 12.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Marine Protection Stringency || style="text-align:right;" | 2.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Protected Areas Representativeness Index || style="text-align:right;" | 12.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Species Protection Index || style="text-align:right;" | 16.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Terrestrial Biome Protection || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Terrestrial KBA Protection || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Protected Area Effectiveness || style="text-align:right;" | 2.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Protected Human Land || style="text-align:right;" | 2.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Red List Index || style="text-align:right;" | 12.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Species Habitat Index || style="text-align:right;" | 8.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience || style="text-align:right;" | 2.0
|- |-
| rowspan="5" | Forests || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | 5 || Primary Forest Loss || style="text-align:right;" | 30.0
!Objective!!Issue Category!!Indicator
|- |-
| Intact Forest Landscape Loss || style="text-align:right;" | 30.0
|rowspan="6" |] (40%)
|rowspan="3" |] (65%)
|Air pollution - Household Solid Fuels (40%)
|- |-
| Tree cover loss weighted by permanency || style="text-align:right;" | 25.0
|] - Average Exposure to PM2.5 (30%)
|- |-
| Net change in tree cover || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|Air pollution - PM2.5 Exceedance (30%)
|- |-
| Forest Landscape Integrity || style="text-align:right;" | 5.0
|rowspan="2" |] Quality (30%)
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
|] (50%)
| rowspan="5" | Fisheries || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | 2 || Fish Stock Status || style="text-align:right;" | 15.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Fish Catch Discarded || style="text-align:right;" | 20.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Bottom Trawling in EEZ || style="text-align:right;" | 25.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Bottom Trawling in Global Ocean || style="text-align:right;" | 35.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Regional Marine Trophic Index || style="text-align:right;" | 5.0
|- |-
| rowspan="4" | Air Pollution || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 6 || Ozone exposure KBAs || style="text-align:right;" | 8.3
|] (50%)
|- |-
| Ozone exposure croplands || style="text-align:right;" | 8.3
|] (5%)
|] (100%)
|- |-
| Adj. emissions growth rate for nitrous oxides || style="text-align:right;" | 41.7
|rowspan="18" |] vitality (60%)
|rowspan="6" |] and ] (25%)
|] (20%)
|- |-
| Adj. emissions growth rate for sulfur dioxide || style="text-align:right;" | 41.7
|] Protection (Global) (20%)
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| rowspan="4" | Agriculture || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 3 || Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Phosphorus Surplus || style="text-align:right;" | 3.3
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Pesticide Pollution Risk || style="text-align:right;" | 16.7
|- style="background-color:#e0ffe0;"
| Relative Crop Yield || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|- |-
| rowspan="4" | Water Resources || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 5 || Wastewater generated || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|Biome Protection (National) (20%)
|- |-
| Wastewater collected || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|] Index (20%)
|- |-
| Wastewater treated || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|Representativeness Index (10%)
|- |-
| Wastewater reused || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|Species Habitat Index (10%)
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| style="background-color:#b8b8ff;" rowspan="13" | Environmental Health || style="background-color:#b8b8ff; text-align:center;" rowspan="13" | 25% || rowspan="7" | Air Quality || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | 17 || Anthropogenic PM2.5 exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 38.2
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| Household solid fuels || style="text-align:right;" | 38.2
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| Ozone exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 8.8
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| NO<sub>x</sub> exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 5.9
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| SO<sub>2</sub> exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 2.9
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| CO exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 2.9
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
| VOC exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 2.9
|- |-
| rowspan="2" | Sanitation & Drinking Water || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 5 || Unsafe sanitation || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|Forests (10%)
|] Loss (100%)
|- |-
| Unsafe drinking water || style="text-align:right;" | 60.0
|rowspan="2" |] (10%)
|- style="background-color:#e0e0ff;"
|] Status (50%)
| Heavy Metals || style="text-align:center;" | 2 || Lead exposure || style="text-align:right;" | 100.0
|- |-
| rowspan="3" | Waste Management || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1 || Waste generated per capita || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|Regional Marine Trophic Index (50%)
|- |-
| Controlled solid waste || style="text-align:right;" | 20.0
|rowspan="5" |] (30%)
|{{CO2}} ] (Total) (50%)
|- |-
| Waste recovery rate || style="text-align:right;" | 40.0
|{{CO2}} Emissions (Power) (20%)
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| style="background-color:#ffe6b8;" rowspan="11" | Climate Change || style="background-color:#ffe6b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="11" | 30% || rowspan="11" | Climate Change Mitigation || rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | 30 || Adjusted emissions growth rate for carbon dioxide || style="text-align:right;" | 25.0
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| CO<sub>2</sub> growth rate (country- specific targets) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.7
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Adjusted emissions growth rate for methane || style="text-align:right;" | 10.0
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Adjusted emissions growth rate for F-gases || style="text-align:right;" | 6.7
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Adjusted emissions growth rate for nitrous oxide || style="text-align:right;" | 3.3
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Adjusted emissions growth rate for black carbon || style="text-align:right;" | 5.0
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Net carbon fluxes due to land cover change || style="text-align:right;" | 3.3
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| GHG growth rate adjusted by emissions intensity || style="text-align:right;" | 20.0
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| GHG growth rate adjusted by per capita emissions || style="text-align:right;" | 20.0
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Projected emissions in 2050 || style="text-align:right;" | 3.3
|- style="background-color:#fff4e0;"
| Projected cumulative emissions to 2050 relative to carbon budget || style="text-align:right;" | 1.7
|- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec; text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:small;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | {{notelist}} '''Note''': Wt. (%) is percent weights of overall EPI. Weights are rounded and may not add up to 100%.<ref name="EPIpdf">{{cite web |author=Block, S.; Emerson, J.W.; Esty, D.C.; de Sherbinin, A.; Wendling, Z.A. |display-authors=et al. |year=2024 |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index. Technical Appendix |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy |website=epi.yale.edu |url=https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/2024-epi-technical-appendix.pdf |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref><ref name="EPIweights">{{cite web |title=2024 Weights |format=CSV |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy |website=epi.yale.edu |url=https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2024weights.csv |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>
|}

== List of countries by 2024 EPI scores ==

The 2024 Environmental Performance Index report ranks 180&nbsp;countries and territories, based on 58&nbsp;performance indicators grouped into 30&nbsp;issue categories. The top five countries are ], ], ], ] and the ], while the last ones are ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="EPIreport">{{cite web |author=Block, S.; Emerson, J.W.; Esty, D.C.; de Sherbinin, A.; Wendling, Z.A. |display-authors=et al. |year=2024 |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy |website=epi.yale.edu |url=https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/2024epireport.pdf |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref> Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ].

{{sticky header}} {{mw-datatable}} {{Static row numbers}} {{sort under}}
{| class="mw-datatable wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers sort-under" style="text-align:right;"
|-
|+
! data-sort-style="text" | Country || Region || data-sort-style="number" | Value || data-sort-style="number" | Trend || data-sort-style="number" | Rank 2024
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Afghanistan" | {{AFG}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:31.0}} || data-sort-value="128" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:12.8}} || 144
|] (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Angola" | {{AGO}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:40.1}} || data-sort-value="82" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:8.2}} || 106
|{{N2O}} ] (5%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Albania" | {{ALB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:52.2}} || data-sort-value="61" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.1}} || 47
|] (5%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="United Arab Emirates" | {{ARE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:51.6}} || data-sort-value="91" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:9.1}} || 48
|rowspan="2" |] (10%)
|] Emissions (50%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Argentina" | {{ARG}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:47.0}} || data-sort-value="11" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.1}} || 70
|] Emissions (50%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Armenia" | {{ARM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:44.9}} || data-sort-value="20" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.0}} || 80
|] (10%)
|] (100%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Antigua and Barbuda" | {{ATG}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:55.6}} || data-sort-value="12" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.2}} || 37
|rowspan="1" |Agriculture (5%)
|Sustainable ] (100%)
|}

=== 2018 variables ===
The variables in 2018 are largely similar to those from 2016, but have changed in details and some weights.
Notably environmental Health is now weighted at 40% and ecosystem vitality at 60%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/images/figure_1_1.jpg|title=EPI 2018 variables}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left"
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Australia" | {{AUS}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:63.1}} || data-sort-value="42" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.2}} || 22
!Objective!!Issue Category!!Indicator
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Austria" | {{AUT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:68.9}} || data-sort-value="1" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.1}} || 8
|rowspan="7" |] (40%)||Health Impacts (33%)||Environmental Risk Exposure (100%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Azerbaijan" | {{AZE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:40.5}} || data-sort-value="-3" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.3}} || 103
|rowspan="4" |] (33%)||Household Air Quality (30%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Burundi" | {{BDI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:33.5}} || data-sort-value="-13" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.3}} || 138
|] - Average Exposure to PM2.5 (30%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Belgium" | {{BEL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:66.8}} || data-sort-value="49" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.9}} || 14
|Air pollution - PM2.5 Exceedance (30%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Benin" | {{BEN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:37.8}} || data-sort-value="-3" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.3}} || 119
|Air pollution - Average Exposure to {{chem2|NO2}} (10%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Burkina Faso" | {{BFA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:42.2}} || data-sort-value="1" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.1}} || 95
|rowspan="2" |] and ] (33%)||Unsafe Sanitation (50%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bangladesh" | {{BGD}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:28.1}} || data-sort-value="23" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.3}} || 148
|Drinking Water Quality (50%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bulgaria" | {{BGR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:56.2}} || data-sort-value="-12" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.2}} || 35
|rowspan="12" |Ecosystem vitality (60%)||] (25%)||] (100%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bahrain" | {{BHR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:35.3}} || data-sort-value="-14" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.4}} || 131
|rowspan="2" |Agriculture (10%)||] (75%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bahamas. The" | {{BHS}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:55.9}} || data-sort-value="16" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.6}} || 36
|] (25%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" | {{BIH}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:46.0}} || data-sort-value="33" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.3}} || 75
|Forests (10%)||Change in ] (100%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Belarus" | {{BLR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:58.2}} || data-sort-value="87" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:8.7}} || 31
|] (5%)||Fish stocks (100%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Belize" | {{BLZ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:47.4}} || data-sort-value="9" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.9}} || 67
|rowspan="5" |] and ] (25%)||Terrestrial Protected Areas (National ] Weights) (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bolivia" | {{BOL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:45.3}} || data-sort-value="34" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.4}} || 78
|]s (Global Biome Weights) (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Brazil" | {{BRA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:53.0}} || data-sort-value="67" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.7}} || 44
|]s (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Barbados" | {{BRB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:53.1}} || data-sort-value="26" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.6}} || 43
|] (National) (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Brunei Darussalam" | {{BRN}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:48.3}} || data-sort-value="-31" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.1}} || 62
|Species protection (Global) (20%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Bhutan" | {{BTN}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:43.3}} || data-sort-value="68" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.8}} || 89
|rowspan="2" |] (25%)||Trend in ] (75%)
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Botswana" | {{BWA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:49.2}} || data-sort-value="-18" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.8}} || 59
|Trend in ] per ] (25%)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Central African Republic" | {{CAF}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:39.0}} || data-sort-value="-51" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-5.1}} || 111
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Canada" | {{CAN}} || style="text-align:left;" | North America || {{formatnum:61.1}} || data-sort-value="35" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.5}} || 27
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Switzerland" | {{CHE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:67.8}} || data-sort-value="23" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.3}} || 9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Chile" | {{CHL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:49.6}} || data-sort-value="30" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.0}} || 57
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="China" | {{CHN}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:35.4}} || data-sort-value="56" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.6}} || 130
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Côte d'Ivoire" | {{CIV}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:42.9}} || data-sort-value="78" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.8}} || 90
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Cameroon" | {{CMR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:38.6}} || data-sort-value="22" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.2}} || 114
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Congo, Dem. Rep." | {{COD}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:39.5}} || data-sort-value="60" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.0}} || 109
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Congo, Rep." | {{COG}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:41.6}} || data-sort-value="9" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.9}} || 99
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Colombia" | {{COL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:49.7}} || data-sort-value="44" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.4}} || 56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Comoros" | {{COM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:38.2}} || data-sort-value="-59" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-5.9}} || 115
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Cabo Verde" | {{CPV}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:38.0}} || data-sort-value="-18" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.8}} || 117
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Costa Rica" | {{CRI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:55.5}} || data-sort-value="2" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.2}} || 38
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Cuba" | {{CUB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:52.5}} || data-sort-value="25" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.5}} || 46
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Cyprus" | {{CYP}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:53.9}} || data-sort-value="-2" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.2}} || 41
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Czechia" | {{CZE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:65.5}} || data-sort-value="4" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.4}} || 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Germany" | {{DEU}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:74.5}} || data-sort-value="43" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.3}} || 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Djibouti" | {{DJI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:32.3}} || data-sort-value="2" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.2}} || 141
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Dominica" | {{DMA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:49.3}} || data-sort-value="-2" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.2}} || 58
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Denmark" | {{DNK}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:67.7}} || data-sort-value="-3" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.3}} || 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Dominican Republic" | {{DOM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:47.7}} || data-sort-value="-11" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.1}} || 66
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Algeria" | {{DZA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:41.7}} || data-sort-value="32" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.2}} || 98
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Ecuador" | {{ECU}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:51.3}} || data-sort-value="70" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.0}} || 49
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Egypt, Arab Rep." | {{EGY}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:43.7}} || data-sort-value="35" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.5}} || 87
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Eritrea" | {{ERI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:29.0}} || data-sort-value="-3" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.3}} || 147
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Spain" | {{ESP}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:64.0}} || data-sort-value="22" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.2}} || 21
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Estonia" | {{EST}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:75.7}} || data-sort-value="149" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:14.9}} || 1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Ethiopia" | {{ETH}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.3}} || data-sort-value="38" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.8}} || 125
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Finland" | {{FIN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:73.8}} || data-sort-value="31" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.1}} || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Fiji" | {{FJI}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:46.0}} || data-sort-value="-24" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-2.4}} || 75
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="France" | {{FRA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:67.0}} || data-sort-value="16" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.6}} || 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Micronesia, Fed. Sts." | {{FSM}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:40.8}} || data-sort-value="3" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.3}} || 101
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Gabon" | {{GAB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:53.3}} || data-sort-value="73" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.3}} || 42
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | {{GBR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:72.6}} || data-sort-value="13" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.3}} || 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Georgia" | {{GEO}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:47.3}} || data-sort-value="62" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.2}} || 68
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Ghana" | {{GHA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.9}} || data-sort-value="18" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.8}} || 122
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Guinea" | {{GIN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.5}} || data-sort-value="-29" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-2.9}} || 123
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Gambia, The" | {{GMB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:37.6}} || data-sort-value="6" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.6}} || 120
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Guinea-Bissau" | {{GNB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:42.0}} || data-sort-value="-5" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.5}} || 96
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Equatorial Guinea" | {{GNQ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:41.7}} || data-sort-value="-33" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.3}} || 98
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Greece" | {{GRC}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:67.3}} || data-sort-value="89" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:8.9}} || 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Grenada" | {{GRD}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:45.8}} || data-sort-value="4" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.4}} || 76
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Guatemala" | {{GTM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:32.5}} || data-sort-value="-28" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-2.8}} || 140
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Guyana" | {{GUY}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:49.0}} || data-sort-value="23" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.3}} || 60
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Honduras" | {{HND}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:40.2}} || data-sort-value="29" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.9}} || 105
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Croatia" | {{HRV}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:62.3}} || data-sort-value="49" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.9}} || 24
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Haiti" | {{HTI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:36.4}} || data-sort-value="77" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.7}} || 124
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Hungary" | {{HUN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:59.8}} || data-sort-value="-13" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.3}} || 30
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Indonesia" | {{IDN}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:33.6}} || data-sort-value="58" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.8}} || 137
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="India" | {{IND}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:27.6}} || data-sort-value="42" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.2}} || 149
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Ireland" | {{IRL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:65.8}} || data-sort-value="28" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.8}} || 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Iran, Islamic Rep." | {{IRN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:41.8}} || data-sort-value="0" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.0}} || 97
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Iraq" | {{IRQ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:30.3}} || data-sort-value="64" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.4}} || 145
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Iceland" | {{ISL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:64.3}} || data-sort-value="25" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.5}} || 18
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Israel" | {{ISR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:48.0}} || data-sort-value="6" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.6}} || 63
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Italy" | {{ITA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:60.3}} || data-sort-value="48" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.8}} || 28
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Jamaica" | {{JAM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:48.5}} || data-sort-value="10" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.0}} || 61
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Jordan" | {{JOR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:47.3}} || data-sort-value="101" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:10.1}} || 68
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Japan" | {{JPN}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:61.4}} || data-sort-value="42" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.2}} || 26
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Kazakhstan" | {{KAZ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:47.8}} || data-sort-value="40" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.0}} || 65
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Kenya" | {{KEN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.9}} || data-sort-value="-2" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.2}} || 122
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Kyrgyz Republic" | {{KGZ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:42.8}} || data-sort-value="130" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:13.0}} || 91
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Cambodia" | {{KHM}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:31.2}} || data-sort-value="0" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.0}} || 143
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Kiribati" | {{KIR}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:44.3}} || data-sort-value="-11" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.1}} || 82
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Korea. Rep." | {{KOR}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:50.6}} || data-sort-value="49" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.9}} || 51
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Kuwait" | {{KWT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:44.4}} || data-sort-value="-18" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.8}} || 81
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Lao PDR" | {{LAO}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:26.3}} || data-sort-value="20" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.0}} || 151
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Lebanon" | {{LBN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:39.9}} || data-sort-value="79" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.9}} || 108
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Liberia" | {{LBR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:34.3}} || data-sort-value="13" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.3}} || 135
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="St. Lucia" | {{LCA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:51.1}} || data-sort-value="21" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.1}} || 50
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Sri Lanka" | {{LKA}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:38.8}} || data-sort-value="18" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.8}} || 112
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Lesotho" | {{LSO}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.9}} || data-sort-value="1" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.1}} || 122
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Lithuania" | {{LTU}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:64.1}} || data-sort-value="46" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.6}} || 20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Luxembourg" | {{LUX}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:75.1}} || data-sort-value="34" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.4}} || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Latvia" | {{LVA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:60.2}} || data-sort-value="12" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.2}} || 29
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Morocco" | {{MAR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:39.5}} || data-sort-value="26" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.6}} || 109
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Moldova" | {{MDA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:46.1}} || data-sort-value="28" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.8}} || 74
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Madagascar" | {{MDG}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:30.1}} || data-sort-value="8" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.8}} || 146
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Maldives" | {{MDV}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:38.1}} || data-sort-value="28" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.8}} || 116
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mexico" | {{MEX}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:44.2}} || data-sort-value="22" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.2}} || 83
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Marshall Islands" | {{MHL}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:42.5}} || data-sort-value="8" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.8}} || 94
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="North Macedonia" | {{MKD}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:50.3}} || data-sort-value="12" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.2}} || 52
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mali" | {{MLI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:34.5}} || data-sort-value="-33" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.3}} || 134
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Malta" | {{MLT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:66.9}} || data-sort-value="47" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.7}} || 13
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Myanmar" | {{MMR}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:27.1}} || data-sort-value="-14" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.4}} || 150
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Montenegro" | {{MNE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:47.7}} || data-sort-value="-5" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.5}} || 66
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mongolia" | {{MNG}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:37.2}} || data-sort-value="54" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.4}} || 121
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mozambique" | {{MOZ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:39.0}} || data-sort-value="52" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.2}} || 111
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mauritania" | {{MRT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:34.6}} || data-sort-value="-35" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.5}} || 133
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Mauritius" | {{MUS}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:47.3}} || data-sort-value="29" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.9}} || 68
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Malawi" | {{MWI}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:35.1}} || data-sort-value="-67" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-6.7}} || 132
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Malaysia" | {{MYS}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:41.0}} || data-sort-value="73" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.3}} || 100
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Namibia" | {{NAM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:44.0}} || data-sort-value="-1" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.1}} || 85
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Niger" | {{NER}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:40.0}} || data-sort-value="73" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.3}} || 107
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Nigeria" | {{NGA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:37.9}} || data-sort-value="47" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.7}} || 118
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Nicaragua" | {{NIC}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:47.4}} || data-sort-value="12" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.2}} || 67
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Netherlands" | {{NLD}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:66.9}} || data-sort-value="44" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.4}} || 13
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Norway" | {{NOR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:69.9}} || data-sort-value="33" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.3}} || 7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Nepal" | {{NPL}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:33.1}} || data-sort-value="7" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.7}} || 139
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="New Zealand" | {{NZL}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:57.3}} || data-sort-value="11" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.1}} || 32
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Oman" | {{OMN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:51.3}} || data-sort-value="129" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:12.9}} || 49
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Pakistan" | {{PAK}} || style="text-align:left;" | South Asia || {{formatnum:25.5}} || data-sort-value="-40" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-4.0}} || 152
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Panama" | {{PAN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:52.9}} || data-sort-value="52" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.2}} || 45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Peru" | {{PER}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:46.5}} || data-sort-value="39" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.9}} || 73
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Philippines" | {{PHL}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:32.1}} || data-sort-value="4" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.4}} || 142
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Papua New Guinea" | {{PNG}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:36.9}} || data-sort-value="-36" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.6}} || 122
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Poland" | {{POL}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:64.2}} || data-sort-value="18" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.8}} || 19
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Portugal" | {{PRT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:61.9}} || data-sort-value="41" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.1}} || 25
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Paraguay" | {{PRY}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:39.5}} || data-sort-value="7" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.7}} || 109
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Qatar" | {{QAT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:46.8}} || data-sort-value="56" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.6}} || 71
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Romania" | {{ROU}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:57.3}} || data-sort-value="-31" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.1}} || 32
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Russian Federation" | {{RUS}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:46.7}} || data-sort-value="-1" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.1}} || 72
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Rwanda" | {{RWA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:33.9}} || data-sort-value="-3" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.3}} || 136
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Saudi Arabia" | {{SAU}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:42.5}} || data-sort-value="95" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:9.5}} || 94
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Sudan" | {{SDN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:39.1}} || data-sort-value="39" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.9}} || 110
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Senegal" | {{SEN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:43.8}} || data-sort-value="48" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.8}} || 86
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Singapore" | {{SGP}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:53.0}} || data-sort-value="65" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.5}} || 44
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Solomon Islands" | {{SLB}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:42.2}} || data-sort-value="16" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.6}} || 95
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Sierra Leone" | {{SLE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:39.9}} || data-sort-value="53" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.3}} || 108
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="El Salvador" | {{SLV}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:41.6}} || data-sort-value="-44" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-4.4}} || 99
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Serbia" | {{SRB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:49.8}} || data-sort-value="-56" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-5.6}} || 55
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="São Tomé and Príncipe" | {{STP}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:36.2}} || data-sort-value="18" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.8}} || 126
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Suriname" | {{SUR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:56.9}} || data-sort-value="86" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:8.6}} || 34
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Slovak Republic" | {{SVK}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:65.1}} || data-sort-value="-16" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.6}} || 17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Slovenia" | {{SVN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:62.4}} || data-sort-value="0" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.0}} || 23
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Sweden" | {{SWE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:70.3}} || data-sort-value="2" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.2}} || 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Eswatini" | {{SWZ}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:38.7}} || data-sort-value="-24" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-2.4}} || 113
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Seychelles" | {{SYC}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:47.9}} || data-sort-value="-39" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.9}} || 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Chad" | {{TCD}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:35.9}} || data-sort-value="20" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:2.0}} || 127
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Togo" | {{TGO}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:35.7}} || data-sort-value="-11" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.1}} || 129
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Thailand" | {{THA}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:45.7}} || data-sort-value="45" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.5}} || 77
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Tajikistan" | {{TJK}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:32.3}} || data-sort-value="-42" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-4.2}} || 141
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Turkmenistan" | {{TKM}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:40.6}} || data-sort-value="49" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.9}} || 102
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Timor-Leste" | {{TLS}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:49.9}} || data-sort-value="96" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:9.6}} || 54
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Tonga" | {{TON}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:40.4}} || data-sort-value="-73" | {{nowrap|{{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-7.3}}}} || 104
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Trinidad and Tobago" | {{TTO}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:52.5}} || data-sort-value="10" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.0}} || 46
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Tunisia" | {{TUN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Middle East & North Africa || {{formatnum:45.3}} || data-sort-value="5" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.5}} || 78
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Taiwan, China" | {{TWN}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:50.1}} || data-sort-value="-1" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-0.1}} || 53
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Tanzania" | {{TZA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:43.6}} || data-sort-value="56" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:5.6}} || 88
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Uganda" | {{UGA}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:35.8}} || data-sort-value="42" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.2}} || 128
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Ukraine" | {{UKR}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:54.6}} || data-sort-value="73" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:7.3}} || 39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Uruguay" | {{URY}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:44.1}} || data-sort-value="5" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.5}} || 84
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="United States" | {{USA}} || style="text-align:left;" | North America || {{formatnum:57.2}} || data-sort-value="2" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.2}} || 33
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Uzbekistan" | {{UZB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Europe & Central Asia || {{formatnum:42.6}} || data-sort-value="-13" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-1.3}} || 93
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="St. Vincent and the Grenadines" | {{VCT}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:54.2}} || data-sort-value="8" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:0.8}} || 40
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Venezuela, RB" | {{VEN}} || style="text-align:left;" | Latin America & Caribbean || {{formatnum:53.3}} || data-sort-value="11" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:1.1}} || 42
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Vietnam" | {{VNM}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:24.6}} || data-sort-value="-37" | {{Decrease}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:-3.7}} || 153
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Vanuatu" | {{VUT}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:45.0}} || data-sort-value="93" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:9.3}} || 79
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Samoa" | {{WSM}} || style="text-align:left;" | East Asia & Pacific || {{formatnum:47.1}} || data-sort-value="60" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:6.0}} || 69
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="South Africa" | {{ZAF}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:42.7}} || data-sort-value="44" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:4.4}} || 92
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Zambia" | {{ZMB}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:46.7}} || data-sort-value="39" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:3.9}} || 72
|-
| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Zimbabwe" | {{ZWE}} || style="text-align:left;" | Sub-Saharan Africa || {{formatnum:51.6}} || data-sort-value="95" | {{Increase}}&nbsp;{{formatnum:9.5}} || 48
|} |}


==EPI scores== == EPI scores vs. GDP per capita, 2024 ==
=== 2020 ===
The Environmental Performance Index for the year 2020 ranks 180 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 EPI Results |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/component/epi |website=Environmental Performance Index |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>


]
'''Top 100 countries and score'''


EPI scores are positively correlated with a country's wealth, although after a point, increasing wealth yields diminishing. returns. At every level of economic development, though, some countries outperform their peers while others lag. Some of the poorest countries in the world outperform some of the richest. In this regard, factors other than wealth, such as investments in human development, rule of law, and regulatory quality, are stronger predictors of environmental performance.<ref name="EPIsummary">{{cite web |author= |year=2024 |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index. Policymakers' Summary |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy & Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute, Columbia University |website=epi.yale.edu |url=https://epi.yale.edu/ |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
# {{flag|Denmark}} 82.5
# {{flag|Luxembourg}} 82.3
# {{flag|Switzerland}} 81.5
# {{flag|United Kingdom}} 81.3
# {{flag|France}} 80
# {{flag|Austria}} 79.6
# {{flag|Finland}} 78.9
# {{flag|Sweden}} 78.7
# {{flag|Norway}} 77.7
# {{flag|Germany}} 77.2
# {{flag|Netherlands}} 75.3
# {{flag|Japan}} 75.1
# {{flag|Australia}} 74.9
# {{flag|Spain}} 74.3
# {{flag|Belgium}} 73.3
# {{flag|Ireland}} 72.8
# {{flag|Iceland}} 72.3
# {{flag|Slovenia}} 72
# {{flag|New Zealand}} 71.3
# {{flag|Canada}} 71
# {{flag|Czech Republic}} 71
# {{flag|Italy}} 71
# {{flag|Malta}} 70.7
# {{flag|United States of America}} 69.3
# {{flag|Greece}} 69.1
# {{flag|Slovakia}} 68.3
# {{flag|Portugal}} 67
# {{flag|South Korea}} 66.5
# {{flag|Israel}} 65.8
# {{flag|Estonia}} 65.3
# {{flag|Cyprus}} 64.8
# {{flag|Romania}} 64.7
}}


Wealth allows countries to make investments in the infrastructure required to provide clean drinking water, safely manage waste, and rapidly expand renewable energy. But wealth also leads to higher material consumption and its associated environmental impacts, such as higher rates of waste generation, GHG emissions, and ecosystem degradation. Many countries with high scores in some Ecosystem Vitality metrics — such as those measuring the pollution from pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, the integrity of forest landscapes, and the use of destructive fishing methods — do so because their economies are stagnant and underdeveloped.<ref name="EPIreport" />
===EPI report archive ===
Below is an unincorporated list of links to the archive of past reports
* regional rankings and scores (pages 111 - 114)
* regional rankings and scores (pages 121 - 123)
* rankings and scores are on page 6. Includes pilot tend EPI
* rankings and scores are on page 6
* includes rankings and scores
* rankings and scores are on page 6


Developing countries must be careful not to repeat the mistakes of nations that followed a dirty and unsustainable path to industrialization. On the other hand, rich countries need to decouple their consumption from environmental degradation and use their wealth to help developing countries leapfrog to a path of truly sustainable development, preserving their biodiversity and other global commons for the benefit of all humankind.<ref name="EPIpdf" /><ref name="EPIreport" /><ref name="EPIsummary" />
==Criticisms==
{{clr}}
The methodology for the EPI has been criticized for its arbitrary choice of metrics which could introduce bias, and its poor performance as an indicator for environmental sustainability.<ref name="prudue1">{{cite journal |last1=Kanmani |first1=Aiyshwariya |last2=Obringer |first2=Renee |last3=Rachunok |first3=Benjamin |last4=Nateghi |first4=Roshanak |title=Assessing Global Environmental Sustainability Via an Unsupervised Clustering Framework |journal= Sustainability|date=11 January 2020 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=563 |doi=10.3390/su12020563 |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/fund/4 |access-date=15 May 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref> Additional criticisms center on the EPI's lack of specific policy suggestions, and the index's weighting biases against data deficient countries that has led to the overlooking of ecological progress in developing countries. Below is a quote from the abstract:


== References ==
::Jordan spent 2001–2006 in a node represented by lower life expectancy due to particulate matter emissions (PME), but, from 2007 to 2010, the country shifted to a node with a lower PME magnitude—indicating a positive shift in overall environmental sustainability. By following the EPI ranking, the policymakers in Jordan may have assumed that their decisions between 2006 and 2008 led to a deterioration in environmental sustainability, when, in fact, the inconsistent nature of the weighting process involved in the EPI rankings is a likely cause...<ref name="prudue1" />
{{reflist|2}}


== See also ==
In 2022, India was ranked last in the list and rejected the low ranking. As per a statement issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), it claimed that several indicators used in the calculation were based on unfounded assumptions and unscientific methods.<ref name="india rejects">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ankush |title=What Happened to Green India? Ranked Lowest as per Environmental Performance Index, India Disputes Methodology |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/sustainability/news/sci-simplified-what-happened-to-green-india-ranked-lowest-as-per-environmental-performance-index-india-disputes-methodology/articleshow/92564174.cms |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name="india rejection 2">{{cite news |title=India's lagging sustainability performance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indias-lagging-sustainability-performance-101656338200590.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="9 india">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Esha |title=Explained: What is the environment index, and why has India questioned it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/environment-index-and-india-7963597/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*] (EVI) *] (EVI)
*]

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<!--unused<ref name=EPI2012>{{cite web|title=2010 EPI Rankings |url=http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120505092852/http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=25 January 2012 |author=Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University }}</ref>-->

<!--unused<ref name="Rank2014">{{Cite web|url=http://epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140129142747/http://epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2014 |title=Country Rankings |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |publisher=Yale }}</ref>-->

}}


==External links== ==External links==
*
* – EPI – A collaboration between ] and ] Universities
* – YCELP – Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy * – Center for Environmental Law & Policy
*


{{Quality of life country lists}} {{Quality of life country lists}}

Latest revision as of 02:34, 28 October 2024

Climate Index
Global map of countries by Environmental Performance Index, 2024

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies, highlightning the degradation of the planet's life-supporting systems on which humanity depends. A world economy that continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels translates into ongoing air and water pollution, acidification of the oceans, and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These changes threaten the survival of species already suffering from widespread habitat loss, pushing them closer to extinction. Recent analyses show that humanity has already transgressed six out of nine critical planetary boundaries that define Earth's safe operating space — and is close to crossing a seventh.

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was started in 2002 by World Economic Forum in association with the Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy (Yale University) and Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute (Columbia University). The biennial EPI report harnesses the latest data sets, science, and technology to provide the most comprehensive assessment of the state of sustainability around the world. In total, the 2024 EPI report incorporates 58 indicators to rank 180 countries on their progress at mitigating climate change, safeguarding ecosystem vitality, and promoting environmental health. This broad set of metrics is a powerful tool to track progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the climate mitigation targets in the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement, and the biodiversity protection goals in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

In 2023, the first global assessment of progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement revealed a grim picture: the world is far off track. Despite record deployment of renewable energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions keep rising. As the world enters uncharted climatic territory, there is a heightened risk of crossing irreversible tipping points in the planet's climate system.

Methodology

Environmental Performance Index Framework, 2024

Over time, the methodology for the EPI has been criticized for its arbitrary choice of metrics which could introduce bias, and its poor performance as an indicator for environmental sustainability. Additional criticisms center on the EPI's lack of specific policy suggestions, and the index's weighting biases against data deficient countries that has led to the overlooking of ecological progress in developing countries.

In 2024, India was ranked at 176 in the list and rejected the low ranking. As per a statement issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), it claimed that several indicators used in the calculation were based on unfounded assumptions and unscientific methods.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe found 3 Pros: EPI provides an easily comparable index; EPI's ecosystem vitality scores are based on six constituent policy categories: water resources, agriculture, forests, fisheries, biodiversity and habitat, and climate and energy; the referenced database yields maps for each of EPI's partial indices (normalised to 0 … 100) and 3 Cons: CIESIN's EPI rather is an attempt to quantitatively represent the ecological performance of countries and companies; actual reasons for dysfunctionalities might need further research; EPI would be a more policy-relevant index.

As a result of these criticisms, the number of EPI indicators has increased, and their weight has changed, to provide a better data-driven summary of the state of sustainability around the world. The 2024 index is based on 58 performance indicators grouped into 30 issue categories with an objective of environmental health, ecosystem vitality and climate change, ranking 180 countries.

2024 EPI indicators and weights (%)
Policy Objective Wt. (%) Issue Category Wt. (%) Indicator Wt. (%)
Ecosystem Vitality 45% Biodiversity & Habitat 25 Marine KBA Protection 12.0
Marine Habitat Protection 12.0
Marine Protection Stringency 2.0
Protected Areas Representativeness Index 12.0
Species Protection Index 16.0
Terrestrial Biome Protection 10.0
Terrestrial KBA Protection 10.0
Protected Area Effectiveness 2.0
Protected Human Land 2.0
Red List Index 12.0
Species Habitat Index 8.0
Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience 2.0
Forests 5 Primary Forest Loss 30.0
Intact Forest Landscape Loss 30.0
Tree cover loss weighted by permanency 25.0
Net change in tree cover 10.0
Forest Landscape Integrity 5.0
Fisheries 2 Fish Stock Status 15.0
Fish Catch Discarded 20.0
Bottom Trawling in EEZ 25.0
Bottom Trawling in Global Ocean 35.0
Regional Marine Trophic Index 5.0
Air Pollution 6 Ozone exposure KBAs 8.3
Ozone exposure croplands 8.3
Adj. emissions growth rate for nitrous oxides 41.7
Adj. emissions growth rate for sulfur dioxide 41.7
Agriculture 3 Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index 40.0
Phosphorus Surplus 3.3
Pesticide Pollution Risk 16.7
Relative Crop Yield 40.0
Water Resources 5 Wastewater generated 10.0
Wastewater collected 40.0
Wastewater treated 40.0
Wastewater reused 10.0
Environmental Health 25% Air Quality 17 Anthropogenic PM2.5 exposure 38.2
Household solid fuels 38.2
Ozone exposure 8.8
NOx exposure 5.9
SO2 exposure 2.9
CO exposure 2.9
VOC exposure 2.9
Sanitation & Drinking Water 5 Unsafe sanitation 40.0
Unsafe drinking water 60.0
Heavy Metals 2 Lead exposure 100.0
Waste Management 1 Waste generated per capita 40.0
Controlled solid waste 20.0
Waste recovery rate 40.0
Climate Change 30% Climate Change Mitigation 30 Adjusted emissions growth rate for carbon dioxide 25.0
CO2 growth rate (country- specific targets) 1.7
Adjusted emissions growth rate for methane 10.0
Adjusted emissions growth rate for F-gases 6.7
Adjusted emissions growth rate for nitrous oxide 3.3
Adjusted emissions growth rate for black carbon 5.0
Net carbon fluxes due to land cover change 3.3
GHG growth rate adjusted by emissions intensity 20.0
GHG growth rate adjusted by per capita emissions 20.0
Projected emissions in 2050 3.3
Projected cumulative emissions to 2050 relative to carbon budget 1.7
Note: Wt. (%) is percent weights of overall EPI. Weights are rounded and may not add up to 100%.

List of countries by 2024 EPI scores

The 2024 Environmental Performance Index report ranks 180 countries and territories, based on 58 performance indicators grouped into 30 issue categories. The top five countries are Estonia, Luxembourg, Germany, Finland and the United Kingdom, while the last ones are India, Myanmar, Laos, Pakistan and Vietnam. Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country Region Value Trend Rank 2024
 Afghanistan South Asia  31.0 Increase 12.8 144
 Angola Sub-Saharan Africa  40.1 Increase 8.2 106
 Albania Europe & Central Asia  52.2 Increase 6.1 47
 United Arab Emirates Middle East & North Africa  51.6 Increase 9.1 48
 Argentina Latin America & Caribbean  47.0 Increase 1.1 70
 Armenia Europe & Central Asia  44.9 Increase 2.0 80
 Antigua and Barbuda Latin America & Caribbean  55.6 Increase 1.2 37
 Australia East Asia & Pacific  63.1 Increase 4.2 22
 Austria Europe & Central Asia  68.9 Increase 0.1 8
 Azerbaijan Europe & Central Asia  40.5 Decrease −0.3 103
 Burundi Sub-Saharan Africa  33.5 Decrease −1.3 138
 Belgium Europe & Central Asia  66.8 Increase 4.9 14
 Benin Sub-Saharan Africa  37.8 Decrease −0.3 119
 Burkina Faso Sub-Saharan Africa  42.2 Increase 0.1 95
 Bangladesh South Asia  28.1 Increase 2.3 148
 Bulgaria Europe & Central Asia  56.2 Decrease −1.2 35
 Bahrain Middle East & North Africa  35.3 Decrease −1.4 131
 Bahamas Latin America & Caribbean  55.9 Increase 1.6 36
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe & Central Asia  46.0 Increase 3.3 75
 Belarus Europe & Central Asia  58.2 Increase 8.7 31
 Belize Latin America & Caribbean  47.4 Increase 0.9 67
 Bolivia Latin America & Caribbean  45.3 Increase 3.4 78
 Brazil Latin America & Caribbean  53.0 Increase 6.7 44
 Barbados Latin America & Caribbean  53.1 Increase 2.6 43
 Brunei East Asia & Pacific  48.3 Decrease −3.1 62
 Bhutan South Asia  43.3 Increase 6.8 89
 Botswana Sub-Saharan Africa  49.2 Decrease −1.8 59
 Central African Republic Sub-Saharan Africa  39.0 Decrease −5.1 111
 Canada North America  61.1 Increase 3.5 27
 Switzerland Europe & Central Asia  67.8 Increase 2.3 9
 Chile Latin America & Caribbean  49.6 Increase 3.0 57
 China East Asia & Pacific  35.4 Increase 5.6 130
 Ivory Coast Sub-Saharan Africa  42.9 Increase 7.8 90
 Cameroon Sub-Saharan Africa  38.6 Increase 2.2 114
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Sub-Saharan Africa  39.5 Increase 6.0 109
 Republic of the Congo Sub-Saharan Africa  41.6 Increase 0.9 99
 Colombia Latin America & Caribbean  49.7 Increase 4.4 56
 Comoros Sub-Saharan Africa  38.2 Decrease −5.9 115
 Cape Verde Sub-Saharan Africa  38.0 Decrease −1.8 117
 Costa Rica Latin America & Caribbean  55.5 Increase 0.2 38
 Cuba Latin America & Caribbean  52.5 Increase 2.5 46
 Cyprus Europe & Central Asia  53.9 Decrease −0.2 41
 Czech Republic Europe & Central Asia  65.5 Increase 0.4 16
 Germany Europe & Central Asia  74.5 Increase 4.3 3
 Djibouti Middle East & North Africa  32.3 Increase 0.2 141
 Dominica Latin America & Caribbean  49.3 Decrease −0.2 58
 Denmark Europe & Central Asia  67.7 Decrease −0.3 10
 Dominican Republic Latin America & Caribbean  47.7 Decrease −1.1 66
 Algeria Middle East & North Africa  41.7 Increase 3.2 98
 Ecuador Latin America & Caribbean  51.3 Increase 7.0 49
 Egypt Middle East & North Africa  43.7 Increase 3.5 87
 Eritrea Sub-Saharan Africa  29.0 Decrease −0.3 147
 Spain Europe & Central Asia  64.0 Increase 2.2 21
 Estonia Europe & Central Asia  75.7 Increase 14.9 1
 Ethiopia Sub-Saharan Africa  36.3 Increase 3.8 125
 Finland Europe & Central Asia  73.8 Increase 3.1 4
 Fiji East Asia & Pacific  46.0 Decrease −2.4 75
 France Europe & Central Asia  67.0 Increase 1.6 12
 Federated States of Micronesia East Asia & Pacific  40.8 Increase 0.3 101
 Gabon Sub-Saharan Africa  53.3 Increase 7.3 42
 United Kingdom Europe & Central Asia  72.6 Increase 1.3 5
 Georgia Europe & Central Asia  47.3 Increase 6.2 68
 Ghana Sub-Saharan Africa  36.9 Increase 1.8 122
 Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa  36.5 Decrease −2.9 123
 Gambia Sub-Saharan Africa  37.6 Increase 0.6 120
 Guinea-Bissau Sub-Saharan Africa  42.0 Decrease −0.5 96
 Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa  41.7 Decrease −3.3 98
 Greece Europe & Central Asia  67.3 Increase 8.9 11
 Grenada Latin America & Caribbean  45.8 Increase 0.4 76
 Guatemala Latin America & Caribbean  32.5 Decrease −2.8 140
 Guyana Latin America & Caribbean  49.0 Increase 2.3 60
 Honduras Latin America & Caribbean  40.2 Increase 2.9 105
 Croatia Europe & Central Asia  62.3 Increase 4.9 24
 Haiti Latin America & Caribbean  36.4 Increase 7.7 124
 Hungary Europe & Central Asia  59.8 Decrease −1.3 30
 Indonesia East Asia & Pacific  33.6 Increase 5.8 137
 India South Asia  27.6 Increase 4.2 149
 Ireland Europe & Central Asia  65.8 Increase 2.8 15
 Iran Middle East & North Africa  41.8 Increase 0.0 97
 Iraq Middle East & North Africa  30.3 Increase 6.4 145
 Iceland Europe & Central Asia  64.3 Increase 2.5 18
 Israel Middle East & North Africa  48.0 Increase 0.6 63
 Italy Europe & Central Asia  60.3 Increase 4.8 28
 Jamaica Latin America & Caribbean  48.5 Increase 1.0 61
 Jordan Middle East & North Africa  47.3 Increase 10.1 68
 Japan East Asia & Pacific  61.4 Increase 4.2 26
 Kazakhstan Europe & Central Asia  47.8 Increase 4.0 65
 Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa  36.9 Decrease −0.2 122
 Kyrgyzstan Europe & Central Asia  42.8 Increase 13.0 91
 Cambodia East Asia & Pacific  31.2 Increase 0.0 143
 Kiribati East Asia & Pacific  44.3 Decrease −1.1 82
 South Korea East Asia & Pacific  50.6 Increase 4.9 51
 Kuwait Middle East & North Africa  44.4 Decrease −1.8 81
 Laos East Asia & Pacific  26.3 Increase 2.0 151
 Lebanon Middle East & North Africa  39.9 Increase 7.9 108
 Liberia Sub-Saharan Africa  34.3 Increase 1.3 135
 Saint Lucia Latin America & Caribbean  51.1 Increase 2.1 50
 Sri Lanka South Asia  38.8 Increase 1.8 112
 Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa  36.9 Increase 0.1 122
 Lithuania Europe & Central Asia  64.1 Increase 4.6 20
 Luxembourg Europe & Central Asia  75.1 Increase 3.4 2
 Latvia Europe & Central Asia  60.2 Increase 1.2 29
 Morocco Middle East & North Africa  39.5 Increase 2.6 109
 Moldova Europe & Central Asia  46.1 Increase 2.8 74
 Madagascar Sub-Saharan Africa  30.1 Increase 0.8 146
 Maldives South Asia  38.1 Increase 2.8 116
 Mexico Latin America & Caribbean  44.2 Increase 2.2 83
 Marshall Islands East Asia & Pacific  42.5 Increase 0.8 94
 North Macedonia Europe & Central Asia  50.3 Increase 1.2 52
 Mali Sub-Saharan Africa  34.5 Decrease −3.3 134
 Malta Middle East & North Africa  66.9 Increase 4.7 13
 Myanmar East Asia & Pacific  27.1 Decrease −1.4 150
 Montenegro Europe & Central Asia  47.7 Decrease −0.5 66
 Mongolia East Asia & Pacific  37.2 Increase 5.4 121
 Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa  39.0 Increase 5.2 111
 Mauritania Sub-Saharan Africa  34.6 Decrease −3.5 133
 Mauritius Sub-Saharan Africa  47.3 Increase 2.9 68
 Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa  35.1 Decrease −6.7 132
 Malaysia East Asia & Pacific  41.0 Increase 7.3 100
 Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa  44.0 Decrease −0.1 85
 Niger Sub-Saharan Africa  40.0 Increase 7.3 107
 Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa  37.9 Increase 4.7 118
 Nicaragua Latin America & Caribbean  47.4 Increase 1.2 67
 Netherlands Europe & Central Asia  66.9 Increase 4.4 13
 Norway Europe & Central Asia  69.9 Increase 3.3 7
 Nepal South Asia  33.1 Increase 0.7 139
 New Zealand East Asia & Pacific  57.3 Increase 1.1 32
 Oman Middle East & North Africa  51.3 Increase 12.9 49
 Pakistan South Asia  25.5 Decrease −4.0 152
 Panama Latin America & Caribbean  52.9 Increase 5.2 45
 Peru Latin America & Caribbean  46.5 Increase 3.9 73
 Philippines East Asia & Pacific  32.1 Increase 0.4 142
 Papua New Guinea East Asia & Pacific  36.9 Decrease −3.6 122
 Poland Europe & Central Asia  64.2 Increase 1.8 19
 Portugal Europe & Central Asia  61.9 Increase 4.1 25
 Paraguay Latin America & Caribbean  39.5 Increase 0.7 109
 Qatar Middle East & North Africa  46.8 Increase 5.6 71
 Romania Europe & Central Asia  57.3 Decrease −3.1 32
 Russia Europe & Central Asia  46.7 Decrease −0.1 72
 Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa  33.9 Decrease −0.3 136
 Saudi Arabia Middle East & North Africa  42.5 Increase 9.5 94
 Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa  39.1 Increase 3.9 110
 Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa  43.8 Increase 4.8 86
 Singapore East Asia & Pacific  53.0 Increase 6.5 44
 Solomon Islands East Asia & Pacific  42.2 Increase 1.6 95
 Sierra Leone Sub-Saharan Africa  39.9 Increase 5.3 108
 El Salvador Latin America & Caribbean  41.6 Decrease −4.4 99
 Serbia Europe & Central Asia  49.8 Decrease −5.6 55
 São Tomé and Príncipe Sub-Saharan Africa  36.2 Increase 1.8 126
 Suriname Latin America & Caribbean  56.9 Increase 8.6 34
 Slovakia Europe & Central Asia  65.1 Decrease −1.6 17
 Slovenia Europe & Central Asia  62.4 Increase 0.0 23
 Sweden Europe & Central Asia  70.3 Increase 0.2 6
 Eswatini Sub-Saharan Africa  38.7 Decrease −2.4 113
 Seychelles Sub-Saharan Africa  47.9 Decrease −3.9 64
 Chad Sub-Saharan Africa  35.9 Increase 2.0 127
 Togo Sub-Saharan Africa  35.7 Decrease −1.1 129
 Thailand East Asia & Pacific  45.7 Increase 4.5 77
 Tajikistan Europe & Central Asia  32.3 Decrease −4.2 141
 Turkmenistan Europe & Central Asia  40.6 Increase 4.9 102
 Timor-Leste East Asia & Pacific  49.9 Increase 9.6 54
 Tonga East Asia & Pacific  40.4 Decrease −7.3 104
 Trinidad and Tobago Latin America & Caribbean  52.5 Increase 1.0 46
 Tunisia Middle East & North Africa  45.3 Increase 0.5 78
 Taiwan East Asia & Pacific  50.1 Decrease −0.1 53
 Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa  43.6 Increase 5.6 88
 Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa  35.8 Increase 4.2 128
 Ukraine Europe & Central Asia  54.6 Increase 7.3 39
 Uruguay Latin America & Caribbean  44.1 Increase 0.5 84
 United States North America  57.2 Increase 0.2 33
 Uzbekistan Europe & Central Asia  42.6 Decrease −1.3 93
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Latin America & Caribbean  54.2 Increase 0.8 40
 Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean  53.3 Increase 1.1 42
 Vietnam East Asia & Pacific  24.6 Decrease −3.7 153
 Vanuatu East Asia & Pacific  45.0 Increase 9.3 79
 Samoa East Asia & Pacific  47.1 Increase 6.0 69
 South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa  42.7 Increase 4.4 92
 Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa  46.7 Increase 3.9 72
 Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa  51.6 Increase 9.5 48

EPI scores vs. GDP per capita, 2024

EPI scores vs GDP per capita, 2024
Countries’ wealth is a strong predictor of their overall environmental performance, but some countries vastly outperform their economic peers, while others lag.

EPI scores are positively correlated with a country's wealth, although after a point, increasing wealth yields diminishing. returns. At every level of economic development, though, some countries outperform their peers while others lag. Some of the poorest countries in the world outperform some of the richest. In this regard, factors other than wealth, such as investments in human development, rule of law, and regulatory quality, are stronger predictors of environmental performance.

Wealth allows countries to make investments in the infrastructure required to provide clean drinking water, safely manage waste, and rapidly expand renewable energy. But wealth also leads to higher material consumption and its associated environmental impacts, such as higher rates of waste generation, GHG emissions, and ecosystem degradation. Many countries with high scores in some Ecosystem Vitality metrics — such as those measuring the pollution from pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, the integrity of forest landscapes, and the use of destructive fishing methods — do so because their economies are stagnant and underdeveloped.

Developing countries must be careful not to repeat the mistakes of nations that followed a dirty and unsustainable path to industrialization. On the other hand, rich countries need to decouple their consumption from environmental degradation and use their wealth to help developing countries leapfrog to a path of truly sustainable development, preserving their biodiversity and other global commons for the benefit of all humankind.

References

  1. ^ Block, S.; Emerson, J.W.; Esty, D.C.; de Sherbinin, A.; Wendling, Z.A.; et al. (2024-10-03). "2024 Environmental Performance Index. Technical Appendix" (PDF). epi.yale.edu. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved 2024-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "2024 Environmental Performance Index". epi.yale.edu. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy & Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute, Columbia University. 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. ^ Kanmani, Aiyshwariya; Obringer, Renee; Rachunok, Benjamin; Nateghi, Roshanak (2020-01-11). "Assessing Global Environmental Sustainability Via an Unsupervised Clustering Framework". Sustainability. 12 (2): 563. doi:10.3390/su12020563. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  4. Banerjee, Ankush. "What Happened to Green India? Ranked Lowest as per Environmental Performance Index, India Disputes Methodology". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  5. "India's lagging sustainability performance". Hindustan Times. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  6. Roy, Esha (2022-06-11). "Explained: What is the environment index, and why has India questioned it?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  7. "Environmental performance index EPI. Pros & Cons". unece.org. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  8. ^ "2024 Weights" (CSV). epi.yale.edu. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  9. ^ Block, S.; Emerson, J.W.; Esty, D.C.; de Sherbinin, A.; Wendling, Z.A.; et al. (2024-10-03). "2024 Environmental Performance Index" (PDF). epi.yale.edu. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved 2024-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "2024 Environmental Performance Index. Policymakers' Summary". epi.yale.edu. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy & Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute, Columbia University. 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

See also

External links

Lists of countries by quality of life rankings
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