Spanish West Africa: Difference between revisions

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	{{short description\|Spanish colony from 1946 to 1958}}		{{short description\|Spanish colony from 1946 to 1958}}
	{{Infobox former country		{{Infobox former country
	\|native_name = ~~{{ubl\|~~{{native name\|ar\|~~الافريقية~~ ~~الغربية~~ ~~الاسبانية~~}}\|{{native name\|es\|~~África~~ ~~Occidental~~ ~~Española~~}}}}		\| native_name = {{native name\|es\|África Occidental Española}}{{ubl\|{{native name\|ar\|غرب افريقيا الاسبانية}}}}
	\|conventional_long_name = Spanish West Africa		\| conventional_long_name = Spanish West Africa
	\|common_name = Spanish West Africa		\| common_name = Spanish West Africa
			\| era = ]
	\|era =
			\| status = ] of ]
	\|status = Colony
	\|empire = Spain		\| empire = Spain
	\|life_span = 1946–1958		\| life_span = 1946–1958
	\|year_start = 1946		\| year_start = 1946
	\|date_start = 20 July		\| date_start = 20 July
	\|year_end = 1958		\| year_end = 1958
	\|date_end = 10 January		\| date_end = 10 January
		⚫	\| p1 = Spanish Morocco{{!}}{{nobr\|Spanish Morocco}}
	\|p1 = Ifni
	\|flag_p1 = ~~Flag~~ of ~~Spain~~ ~~1945~~ ~~1977~~.svg		\| flag_p1 = Merchant flag of Spanish Morocco.svg
			\| p2 = Ifni
⚫	\|p2 = Spanish Morocco{{!}}{{nobr\|Spanish Morocco}}
	\|flag_p2 = ~~Merchant~~ ~~flag~~ of ~~Spanish~~ ~~Morocco~~.svg		\| flag_p2 = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
			\| p3 = Saguia el-Hamra
⚫	\|p3 = Spanish Sahara{{!}}{{nobr\|Spanish Sahara}}
	\|~~flag_p3~~ = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg		\| flag_p4 = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
			\| p4 = Río de Oro
	\|s1 = Ifni
	\|~~flag_s1~~ = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg		\| flag_p3 = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
	\|s2 = Morocco		\| s1 = Morocco
	\|~~flag_s2~~ = Flag of Morocco.svg		\| flag_s1 = Flag of Morocco.svg
			\| s2 = Ifni
	\|s3 = Spanish Sahara{{!}}{{nobr\|Spanish Sahara}}
	\|~~flag_s3~~ = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg		\| flag_s2 = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
		⚫	\| s3 = Spanish Sahara{{!}}{{nobr\|Spanish Sahara}}
⚫	\|image_flag = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
	\|~~flag~~ = Flag of Spain		\| flag_s3 = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
		⚫	\| image_flag = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
⚫	\|image_coat =
			\| flag = Flag of Spain
⚫	\|national_anthem = '']''<br>~~{{smaller\|~~"Royal March"}}<br>{{center\|]}}
		⚫	\| image_coat =
⚫	\|image_map = Morocco Protectorate.svg
		⚫	\| national_anthem = '']''<br>"Royal March"<br>{{center\|]}}
	\|image_map_caption = Northwestern African territories under Spanish control in 1912.<br>Some of these would later be grouped to form Spanish West Africa.
		⚫	\| image_map = ]
	\|capital = ]
			\| image_map_caption = Spanish Northwestern African possessions in 1912.
⚫	\|common_languages = ]<br>]
			\| capital = ]
⚫	\|religion = ]<br>]
		⚫	\| common_languages = ]<br>]
	\|title_leader =
		⚫	\| religion = ]<br>]
	\|leader1 =
			\| government_type = ]
⚫	\|year_leader1 =
			\| title_leader = ]
	\|title_representative = Governor
			\| leader1 = ]
⚫	\|representative1 = ]
		⚫	\| year_leader1 = 1946–1958
⚫	\|year_representative1 = 1946–1949 ~~{{smaller\|~~(first)}}
			\| title_representative = ]
	\|representative2 = José Héctor Vázquez
		⚫	\| representative1 = ]
⚫	\|year_representative2 = ~~1958~~ ~~{{smaller\|~~(last)}}
		⚫	\| year_representative1 = 1946–1949 (first)
⚫	\|currency = Spanish peseta
			\| representative2 = ]
	\|footnotes =
		⚫	\| year_representative2 = 1957–1958 (last)
		⚫	\| currency = ]
	}}		}}

	'''Spanish West Africa''' ({{~~Lang-~~es\|África Occidental Española}}, AOE) was a grouping of ] along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa. It was formed in 1946 by joining the southern zone of the ], the ~~colony~~ of ] ~~and~~ ~~the~~ ~~colony of~~ ] into a single administrative unit. Following the ] (1957–58), Spain ] the ~~southern~~ ~~protectorate~~ to ] and created separate provinces for Ifni and the Sahara in 1958.<ref>Shannon E. Fleming, "Decolonization and the Spanish Army, 1940–76", in Wayne H. Bowen and José E. Alvarez, eds., ''A Military History of Modern Spain: From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror'' (Praeger Security, 2007), p. 129.</ref><ref>Susan Martin-Márquez, ''Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity'' (Yale University Press, 2008), p. 378.</ref>		'''Spanish West Africa''' ({{Langx\|es\|África Occidental Española}}, AOE) was a grouping of ] along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa. It was formed in 1946 by joining the southern zone (the ]) of the ] with the colonies of ], ] and ] into a single administrative unit. Following the ] (1957–58), Spain ceded the Cape Juby Strip to ] by the ], and created separate provinces for Ifni and the ] in 1958.<ref>Shannon E. Fleming, "Decolonization and the Spanish Army, 1940–76", in Wayne H. Bowen and José E. Alvarez, eds., ''A Military History of Modern Spain: From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror'' (Praeger Security, 2007), p. 129. {{ISBN\|9780275993573}}</ref><ref>Susan Martin-Márquez, ''Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity'' (Yale University Press, 2008), p. 378. {{ISBN\|978-0-300-15252-4}}</ref>

	Spanish West Africa was formed by a decree of 20 July 1946. The new governor sat at Ifni. He was '']'' the delegate of the ] in the southern zone of the protectorate, to facilitate its government along the same lines as the other Spanish possessions on the coast. On 12 July 1947, Ifni and the Sahara were raised into distinct entities, but still under the authority of the governor in Ifni. On 10 and 14 January 1958, respectively, the Sahara and Ifni were raised into regular Spanish ~~provinces~~ completely independent of one another.<ref>Robert Rézette, ''The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco'' (Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1975), p. 101.</ref><ref name=Villanova>José Luis Villanova, "La organización política del territorio de Ifni duranta la dominación colonial española (1934–1969)", ''Anales: Revista de Estudios Ibéricos e Iberoamericanos'' (2007): 49–82, esp. 62–72.</ref>		Spanish West Africa was formed by a decree of 20 July 1946. The new governor sat at Ifni. He was '']'' the delegate of the ] in the southern zone of the protectorate, to facilitate its government along the same lines as the other Spanish possessions on the coast. On 12 July 1947, Ifni and the Sahara were raised into distinct entities, but still under the authority of the governor in Ifni. On 10 and 14 January 1958, respectively, the Sahara and Ifni were raised into regular Spanish ]s completely independent of one another.<ref>Robert Rézette, ''The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco'' (Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1975), p. 101.</ref><ref name=Villanova>José Luis Villanova, "La organización política del territorio de Ifni duranta la dominación colonial española (1934–1969)", ''Anales: Revista de Estudios Ibéricos e Iberoamericanos'' (2007): 49–82, esp. 62–72.</ref>

	== Governors ==		== Governors ==
	{{main\|List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara}}		{{main\|List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara}}
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+Overview of governors of Spanish West Africa
			!scope="col"\|Tenure
			!scope="col"\|Incumbent
			!scope="col"\|Notes
			\|- valign="top"
			\|24 July 1946 to 17 August 1949
			\|scope="row"\|''']''',
			Governor
			\|
			\|- valign="top"
			\|17 August 1949 to 29 March 1952
			\|scope="row"\|''']''',
			Governor
			\|
			\|- valign="top"
			\|29 March 1952 to 26 February 1954
			\|scope="row"\|''']''',
			Governor
			\|
			\|- valign="top"
			\|26 February 1954 to 23 May 1957
			\|scope="row"\|''']''',
			Governor
			\|] established on 5 July 1954, with ] ] as the first ].
			\|- valign="top"
			\|23 May 1957 to 10 January 1958
			\|scope="row"\|''']''',
			Governor
			\|Served at the start of the ].
			\|}
			=== Vice Governors ===
			* 1947-1955: Rufino Pérez Barruecos<ref name="VG">{{Cite web \|title=BOE.es - Gazeta: formulario de búsqueda de disposiciones y noticias \|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/gazeta.php?campo%5B0%5D=ID_HIST&dato%5B0%5D=&campo%5B1%5D=TITULOS&dato%5B1%5D=Subgobernador&operador%5B1%5D=and&campo%5B2%5D=RNG.ID&dato%5B2%5D=&operador%5B2%5D=and&campo%5B3%5D=DEM.ID&dato%5B3%5D=&operador%5B3%5D=and&campo%5B4%5D=DOC&dato%5B4%5D=&operador%5B4%5D=and&campo%5B5%5D=TITULOS&dato%5B5%5D=&operador%5B5%5D=and&campo%5B6%5D=GAZ.ID&dato%5B6%5D=8&campo%5B7%5D=NBO&dato%5B7%5D=&operador%5B8%5D=and&campo%5B8%5D=FPU&dato%5B8%5D%5B0%5D=&dato%5B8%5D%5B1%5D=&operador%5B9%5D=and&campo%5B9%5D=FAP&dato%5B9%5D%5B0%5D=&dato%5B9%5D%5B1%5D=&page_hits=2000&sort_field%5B0%5D=FPU&sort_order%5B0%5D=desc&sort_field%5B1%5D=REF&sort_order%5B1%5D=asc&accion=Buscar \|access-date=2024-10-07 \|website=www.boe.es}}</ref>
			* 1956-1958: Manuel Mulero Clemente<ref name="VG" />

	== References ==		== References ==
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	*José Antonio Rodriguez Esteban, , ''Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography''. Online since 20 January 2011.		* José Antonio Rodriguez Esteban, , ''Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography''. Online since 20 January 2011.

	{{Spanish Empire}}{{Authority control}}		{{Spanish Empire}}{{Authority control}}
	{{Coord missing\|Morocco}}		{{Coord missing\|Morocco}}

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			]
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Latest revision as of 13:33, 28 October 2024

Spanish colony from 1946 to 1958

Spanish West AfricaÁfrica Occidental Española (Spanish)

غرب افريقيا الاسبانية (Arabic)

1946–1958

Flag

Anthem: Marcha Real
"Royal March"

Spanish Northwestern African possessions in 1912.

Status

Federation of Spanish colonial possessions

Capital

Sidi Ifni

Common languages

Spanish
Arabic

Religion

Roman Catholicism
Islam

Government

Colonial administration

• 1946–1958

• 1946–1949 (first)

• 1957–1958 (last)

Mariano Gómez-Zamalloa

Historical era

Cold War

• Established

20 July 1946

• Disestablished

10 January 1958

Currency

Spanish peseta

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Spanish Morocco
	Ifni
	Saguia el-Hamra
	Río de Oro

Morocco
Ifni
Spanish Sahara

Spanish West Africa (Spanish: África Occidental Española, AOE) was a grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa. It was formed in 1946 by joining the southern zone (the Cape Juby Strip) of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco with the colonies of Ifni, Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro into a single administrative unit. Following the Ifni War (1957–58), Spain ceded the Cape Juby Strip to Morocco by the Treaty of Angra de Cintra, and created separate provinces for Ifni and the Sahara in 1958.

Spanish West Africa was formed by a decree of 20 July 1946. The new governor sat at Ifni. He was ex officio the delegate of the Spanish high commissioner in Morocco in the southern zone of the protectorate, to facilitate its government along the same lines as the other Spanish possessions on the coast. On 12 July 1947, Ifni and the Sahara were raised into distinct entities, but still under the authority of the governor in Ifni. On 10 and 14 January 1958, respectively, the Sahara and Ifni were raised into regular Spanish overseas provinces completely independent of one another.

Governors

Main article: List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara

Overview of governors of Spanish West Africa
Tenure	Incumbent	Notes
24 July 1946 to 17 August 1949	José Bermejo López, Governor
17 August 1949 to 29 March 1952	Francisco Rosaleny Burguet, Governor
29 March 1952 to 26 February 1954	Venancio Tutor Gil, Governor
26 February 1954 to 23 May 1957	Ramón Pardo de Santayana y Suárez, Governor	Apostolic Prefecture of Spanish Sahara and Ifni established on 5 July 1954, with Félix Erviti Barcelona OMI as the first apostolic prefect.
23 May 1957 to 10 January 1958	Mariano Gómez-Zamalloa y Quirce, Governor	Served at the start of the Ifni War.

Vice Governors

1947-1955: Rufino Pérez Barruecos
1956-1958: Manuel Mulero Clemente

References

Shannon E. Fleming, "Decolonization and the Spanish Army, 1940–76", in Wayne H. Bowen and José E. Alvarez, eds., A Military History of Modern Spain: From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror (Praeger Security, 2007), p. 129. ISBN 9780275993573
Susan Martin-Márquez, Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity (Yale University Press, 2008), p. 378. ISBN 978-0-300-15252-4
Robert Rézette, The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco (Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1975), p. 101.
José Luis Villanova, "La organización política del territorio de Ifni duranta la dominación colonial española (1934–1969)", Anales: Revista de Estudios Ibéricos e Iberoamericanos 3 (2007): 49–82, esp. 62–72.
^ "BOE.es - Gazeta: formulario de búsqueda de disposiciones y noticias". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2024-10-07.

Viceroyalties	Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata
Captaincies General	Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán
Governorates	Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis
Audiencias	Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo

Economy

Currencies	Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon
Trade	Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

Armies

Strategists

Mariners

Conquistadors

Notable battles

Old World

Won	Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas
Lost	Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan

New World

Won	Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797)
Lost	La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante

Spanish conquests
Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines

Latest revision as of 13:33, 28 October 2024

Governors

Vice Governors

References

Further reading