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{{short description|Army leader in Shivajiraje's Army}}
]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
'''Tanaji Malusare''' (]: तानाजी मालुसरे), also known as ''Simha'' (Lion), was a renowned warrior and military leader in the army of ], founder of the ] in ] ].
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tanaji Kaloji Malusare
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Tanaji Malusare.jpg
| caption = Bronze bust of Subhedar Tanhaji Malusare at ]
| death_date = 4 February 1670
| birth_place = Godavli, Javali Taluka, ], Maharashtra{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=March 2022}}
| death_place = ], India
| birth_name =
| allegiance = ] ]
| branch = ]
| serviceyears = {{circa|1646–1670}}
| rank = ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=History of Architectures and Ancient Building Materials in India |publisher=Tech Books International |year=2003 |isbn=9788188305032 |publication-date=2003 |pages=167 |language=English}}</ref>
| known_for = *]
| battles = ]<ref><br />{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |date=1920 |title=Shivaji and his times |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |journal=Shivaji and his times |pages=32}}</ref><br />]<br />Battle of Jawali<ref name="mehendale 2011">{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=http://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-and-times-1nbsped-9380875177_compress |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |pages=425–426}}</ref><br />]{{KIA}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relations = Kaloji Malusare (father)<br />Savitri Bai (wife)<br />Raybaji Malusare (son)
}}


'''Tanaji Kaloji Malusare'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2019 |title=Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji due to numerological reasons |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanaji-due-to-numerological-reasons-1487495-2019-03-27 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009062408/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanaji-due-to-numerological-reasons-1487495-2019-03-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> or '''Subedar Tanaji Malusare''' was a military commander of the ] and a companion of Shivaji. A local poet Tulsidas,{{efn|not to be confused with ]}} wrote a ] describing Subhedar Tanhaji's heroics and sacrifice of life in the ], which has since made him a popular figure in Indian folklore.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kantak|first=M. R.|date=1978|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=38|issue=1/4|pages=51|issn=0045-9801|jstor=42931051|title=The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of Shivajiraje's Swarajya}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections, An Anthology, Volume One|page=375|editor=K. Ayyappa Paniker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA375|isbn=9788126003655|year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Vasanta Dinanath|date=1939|title=SIDE-LIGHT ON THE MARATHA LIFE FROM THE BARDIC (शाहिरी) LITERATURE OF THE 18th CENTURY|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=1194–1212|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44252466}}</ref>{{efn|The text has not been dated conclusively. It is popularly accepted to be written not long after the Battle; however, some scholars have claimed the text to have been written in the eighteenth century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raeside|first=Ian|date=July 1978|title=A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona District|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=394|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00006211|s2cid=145438073 |issn=1469-8099}}</ref>}}
Tanaji was one of Shivaji's closest friends; the two had known each other since childhood. In ], at Shivaji's request, he pledged to recapture the fortress of ] near ]. According to many accounts, he received the summons at his son's wedding, and immediately left the festivities.


== Background ==
==Capture of Kondana / Sinhagad fort==
According to the historian David Hardiman, ]s were the early helpers of ] in a revolt. Tanhaji Malusare is one such prominent example whose name is memorizalized due to his act of capturing the fort of Singhad and handing it to Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ|title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563956-8|pages=221|language=en|quote=When Shivaji began his revolt in the following decade, the Kolis were amongst the first to join him under the leadership of the Sirnayak Khemi and they played a leading role in helping Chatrapati Shivaji to consolidate his power. The Koli Tanhaji Malusare, is remembered in Maharashtra to this day for his courage in capturing the almost impregnable fort of Singhad for Shivaji.}}</ref> Tanhaji's father's name was Kaloji Malusare.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}


== Military career ==
Kondana was a well-defended stronghold located atop steep cliffs. It was strategically placed in the middle of three forts, Rajgad, Purandar, and Torana. It was considered nearly impossible to capture it by force. Shivaji had earlier controlled Kondana between c.1650 and 1660. After strengthening its defences, Shivaji had been forced to cede it to the Mughals as part of the treaty of ] signed with ] of Jaipur, an important officer in the mughal army. At that time, Kondana was garrisoned by over a thousand ] soldiers in the service of the mughals, led by Udai Bhan, a relative of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. Capturing this fort was necessary for reestablish de facto control over the surrounding region.
'''Early military career'''


According to many historians including ], Tanaji was involved in the capture of Torna fort or Battle of Torna (1646). In 1646, ] along with his fellow commanders ], Yesaji Kank, Baji Phalaskar and Tanaji Malusare captured the fort of Torna<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |date=1920 |title=Shivaji and his times |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |journal=Shivaji and his times |pages=32}}</ref> taking advantage of the illness of the Adil Shahi Sultan, ].
With almost all his troops, Udai Bhan had a roaring party on top of the overhanging cliff. Tanaji mounted a surprise attack. With a band of about three hundred men, he approached the fort at night from the base of its highest and sheerest cliff -- this part of the fort was considered so impregnable that it was lightly guarded.


'''As an official Army Officer'''
==Tanaji uses a Giant Monitor Lizard to climb up the sheer steep fort wall==
{{See|Battle of Pratapgarh}}
Tanaji was with Shivaji Maharaj around the time when he took his pledge at Rayareshwar temple to establish a sovereign kingdom. He was the commander of Maratha troops in the ]<ref name="mehendale 2011" /> and also in the ], where Shivaji Maharaj killed ].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}


'''Final Battle and Death'''
]'s general Tanaji Malusare used Shivaji’s famous pet ] which is locally known as ''ghorpad'' named "Yeshwanti" with a rope tied around its shoulder for climbing up the walls of the ] fort from it’s steepest and the least guarded side in the dead of a moonless night during the ]. Once he had scaled up himself after the giant lizard, up the sheer steep cliff unnoticed, he threw down rope ladders for others to climb. ] ''(Varanus bengalensis)'' found locally in present day ] is the species of Monitor Lizard said to have been used which is also known as ''ghorpad'' in ].
{{Main|Battle of Sinhagad}}
] following his reconquest, he sent Maratha forces under the command of Tanaji Malusare to recapture the fort of ] (then,Kondhana fort) at the night of 4 February 1670. Mughal Kiledar (fortress commander), Udaybhan Rathore and Tanaji was martyred in the battle but However, the Marathas recaptured the fort.


==In popular culture==
These Monitor lizards are famous for their ability to cling to smooth surfaces, and were traditionally trained for this purpose by herders in the area.
] of Tanhaji's vow to ] and ] in the presence of his son and uncle before the campaign for Kondana fort.<!-- Need to cite a reputable source if you wish to add ''“Aadhi lagin kondhanyache mag mazya Raybache”'' to this image.-->]]


* ] had written a ballad on him, which was banned by the colonial British government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT7755|title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|editor=Derek Jones|isbn=9781136798634}}</ref>
Being ] reptiles monitor lizards can be commonly seen clinging to verticle rock faces and old fort walls and such to warm themselves for becomming active by getting maximum exposure to early morning sun.
* ''Gad aala pan sinh gela'' (]: गड आला पण सिंह गेला) ({{Translation|We won the fort but we lost the lion}}) a Marathi novel by ] was written in 1903, based on his life.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|author=Sisir Kumar Das|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA532|page=532|isbn=9788172010065}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV8RAQAAIAAJ|title=Gaḍa ālā, paṇa sīha gelā|last=Apte|first=Hari Narayan|publisher=Ramyakathā Prakāśana|year=1903|location=Pune|language=mr}}</ref>

* In 1922 Bengali poet ] wrote a poem named ''Singhagarh'' stating the heroic death of Tanaji Malusare while recapturing the fort''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=পাতা:জাগরণী - যতীন্দ্রমোহন বাগচী.pdf/১৭ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_-_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80.pdf/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=bn.wikisource.org |language=bn}}</ref>
=="The fort is gained, but the lion is lost"==
* '']'', a 1933 Marathi film was produced by ], based on the 1903 novel.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA239|access-date=10 February 2015|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof|url-access=registration|title=The Oxford History of World Cinema|last=Nowell-Smith|first=Geoffrey|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874242-5|pages=|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

* Bengali writer ] wrote the ] series where the younger version of ] was mentioned as a close associate of Shivaji.
Using the dropped rope ladders, an advance guard climbed to the fort and lowered rope ladders. Tanaji and some of his men scaled the walls. Tanaji was in the vanguard, and his hand was cut off. The Marathas suffered heavy casualties initially and Tanaji was himself killed in the initial part of the battle. After a pitched fight, the Marathas managed to open the gates of the fort from inside, allowing the remainder of their attacking force to enter the fort.
* In 1971 ] released a comic book called Tanhaji, written by Meena Talim and illustrated by Vasant B. Halbe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talim |first1=Meena |last2=Halbe |first2=Vasant B. |last3=Pai |first3=Anant |title=Tanhaji: The Maratha Lion |date=1973 |publisher=Amar Chitra Katha |isbn=978-81-8482-159-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aIg841Aeu8C |access-date=15 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601184129/https://books.google.com/books?id=5aIg841Aeu8C |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Tanhaji's character is portrayed by an actor in ] serial of ].
Tanaji's uncle, Shelar Mama and his brother Suryaji had moved close to the gates of the fort with another 300 Mavalas (Maratha Soldiers). Once inside, all his comrades mercilessly fell upon their enemies. They started slaughtering the surprised and ill-prepared and drunk Muslim soldiers.
* In the 2018 ]-language epic '']'', Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ganesh Yadav.

* In the 2019 ]-language epic '']'', Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by ].
When Shivaji learned of his friend's death, he remarked "Gad ala pan Sinha gela", meaning "We have gained the fort, but lost the lion."
* Bollywood actor ] produced and played the role of Tanhaji Malusare in ]. It was based on the Battle of Kondhana, Tanhaji film theatrically released on 10 January 2020. It was a box-office hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://moviealles.com/movies/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-wiki-news-cast-crew-release-date/|title=Taanaji The Unsung Warrior movie on Movie Alles|date=2018-06-22|work=Movie Alles|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214721/https://moviealles.com/movies/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-wiki-news-cast-crew-release-date/|archive-date=2018-09-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

* In the 2023 ]-language epic '']'', Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ajay Purkar.
Following the Victory Kondana fort was renamed ].

Today, Sinhagad is a major tourist spot, and a historical attraction. The fort itself is in bad shape but the cliffs are as imposing as they ever were. A memorial to Tanaji's hand may be seen at the site of his attack, and the sheer cliff has become known as the ''Ghorpad Wall''.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
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*


{{commons category}}
{{Shivaji}}
{{Maratha Empire}}


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Latest revision as of 23:26, 7 December 2024

Army leader in Shivajiraje's Army

Tanaji Kaloji Malusare
Bronze bust of Subhedar Tanhaji Malusare at Sinhagad
BornGodavli, Javali Taluka, Satara, Maharashtra
Died4 February 1670
Sinhagad, Maharashtra, India
Allegiance Maratha Empire
Service / branchMaratha Army
Years of servicec. 1646–1670
RankSubedar
Known for
Battles / warsCapture of Torna fort
Battle of Pratapgarh
Battle of Jawali
Battle of Sinhagad †
RelationsKaloji Malusare (father)
Savitri Bai (wife)
Raybaji Malusare (son)

Tanaji Kaloji Malusare or Subedar Tanaji Malusare was a military commander of the Maratha kingdom and a companion of Shivaji. A local poet Tulsidas, wrote a powada describing Subhedar Tanhaji's heroics and sacrifice of life in the Battle of Sinhagad, which has since made him a popular figure in Indian folklore.

Background

According to the historian David Hardiman, Kolis were the early helpers of Shivaji Maharaj in a revolt. Tanhaji Malusare is one such prominent example whose name is memorizalized due to his act of capturing the fort of Singhad and handing it to Shivaji. Tanhaji's father's name was Kaloji Malusare.

Military career

Early military career

According to many historians including Jadunath Sarkar, Tanaji was involved in the capture of Torna fort or Battle of Torna (1646). In 1646, Shivaji along with his fellow commanders Netaji Palkar, Yesaji Kank, Baji Phalaskar and Tanaji Malusare captured the fort of Torna taking advantage of the illness of the Adil Shahi Sultan, Mohammad Adil Shah.

As an official Army Officer

Further information: Battle of Pratapgarh

Tanaji was with Shivaji Maharaj around the time when he took his pledge at Rayareshwar temple to establish a sovereign kingdom. He was the commander of Maratha troops in the Battle of Jawali and also in the Battle of Pratapgarh, where Shivaji Maharaj killed Afzal Khan.

Final Battle and Death

Main article: Battle of Sinhagad

Shivaji following his reconquest, he sent Maratha forces under the command of Tanaji Malusare to recapture the fort of Sinhagad (then,Kondhana fort) at the night of 4 February 1670. Mughal Kiledar (fortress commander), Udaybhan Rathore and Tanaji was martyred in the battle but However, the Marathas recaptured the fort.

In popular culture

An early 20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Tanhaji's vow to Shivaji and Jijabai in the presence of his son and uncle before the campaign for Kondana fort.
  • Vinayak Damodar Savarkar had written a ballad on him, which was banned by the colonial British government.
  • Gad aala pan sinh gela (Marathi: गड आला पण सिंह गेला) (transl. We won the fort but we lost the lion) a Marathi novel by Hari Narayan Apte was written in 1903, based on his life.
  • In 1922 Bengali poet Jatindramohan Bagchi wrote a poem named Singhagarh stating the heroic death of Tanaji Malusare while recapturing the fort.
  • Sinhagad, a 1933 Marathi film was produced by Baburao Painter, based on the 1903 novel.
  • Bengali writer Saradindu Bandyopadhyay wrote the Sadashib series where the younger version of Tanhaji was mentioned as a close associate of Shivaji.
  • In 1971 Amar Chitra Katha released a comic book called Tanhaji, written by Meena Talim and illustrated by Vasant B. Halbe.
  • Tanhaji's character is portrayed by an actor in Raja Shivchatrapati serial of Star Pravah.
  • In the 2018 Marathi-language epic Farzand, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ganesh Yadav.
  • In the 2019 Marathi-language epic Fatteshikast, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ajay Purkar.
  • Bollywood actor Ajay Devgn produced and played the role of Tanhaji Malusare in Tanhaji. It was based on the Battle of Kondhana, Tanhaji film theatrically released on 10 January 2020. It was a box-office hit.
  • In the 2023 Marathi-language epic Subhedar, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ajay Purkar.

See also

Notes

  1. not to be confused with Goswami Tulsidas
  2. The text has not been dated conclusively. It is popularly accepted to be written not long after the Battle; however, some scholars have claimed the text to have been written in the eighteenth century.

References

  1. Chandra, Satish (2003). History of Architectures and Ancient Building Materials in India. Tech Books International. p. 167. ISBN 9788188305032.

  2. Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). "Shivaji and his times". Shivaji and his times: 32.
  3. ^ Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale (2011). Shivaji His Life and Times. pp. 425–426.
  4. "Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji due to numerological reasons". India Today. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. Kantak, M. R. (1978). "The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of Shivajiraje's Swarajya". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 38 (1/4): 51. ISSN 0045-9801. JSTOR 42931051.
  6. K. Ayyappa Paniker, ed. (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections, An Anthology, Volume One. p. 375. ISBN 9788126003655.
  7. Rao, Vasanta Dinanath (1939). "SIDE-LIGHT ON THE MARATHA LIFE FROM THE BARDIC (शाहिरी) LITERATURE OF THE 18th CENTURY". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3: 1194–1212. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44252466.
  8. Raeside, Ian (July 1978). "A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona District". Modern Asian Studies. 12 (3): 394. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00006211. ISSN 1469-8099. S2CID 145438073.
  9. Hardiman, David (1996). Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. Oxford University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-563956-8. When Shivaji began his revolt in the following decade, the Kolis were amongst the first to join him under the leadership of the Sirnayak Khemi and they played a leading role in helping Chatrapati Shivaji to consolidate his power. The Koli Tanhaji Malusare, is remembered in Maharashtra to this day for his courage in capturing the almost impregnable fort of Singhad for Shivaji.
  10. Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). "Shivaji and his times". Shivaji and his times: 32.
  11. Derek Jones, ed. (2001). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136798634.
  12. Sisir Kumar Das (1991). History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 532. ISBN 9788172010065.
  13. Apte, Hari Narayan (1903). Gaḍa ālā, paṇa sīha gelā (in Marathi). Pune: Ramyakathā Prakāśana.
  14. "পাতা:জাগরণী - যতীন্দ্রমোহন বাগচী.pdf/১৭ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার". bn.wikisource.org (in Bengali). Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  15. Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  16. Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. pp. 403. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  17. Talim, Meena; Halbe, Vasant B.; Pai, Anant (1973). Tanhaji: The Maratha Lion. Amar Chitra Katha. ISBN 978-81-8482-159-8. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  18. "Taanaji The Unsung Warrior movie on Movie Alles". Movie Alles. 22 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
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