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{{Short description|Prefix or suffix added to someone's name in certain contexts}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Customary title|other use|customary land}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}
A '''title''' is a ] or ] added to someone's name in certain contexts. It may signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted before a last name (for example, '']'' in ], ] in ] usage or clerical titles such as ]). Some titles are ].


A '''title''' is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, '']'' in ], ] in ] usage – ] – or clerical titles such as ]). Some titles are ].
== Types ==


== Types ==
{{Redirect|Honorary title|the term in academia specifically|Honorary title (academic)}}
Titles include: Titles include:
* ]s or ], a phrase used to convey respect to the recipient of a communication, or to recognize an attribute such as: * ]s or ], a phrase used to convey respect to the recipient of a communication, or to recognize an attribute such as:
** ]
** ]
** ] ** ]
** ]s, prevalent among certain sections of society due to historic or other reasons.
** Other accomplishment, as with a ] ** Other accomplishment, as with a ]
* ], an identifier that specifies the office or position held by an ] * Title of authority, an identifier that specifies the office or position held by an ]


== Titles in English-speaking areas == == Titles in English-speaking areas ==
===Common titles===
The following titles are the default titles:
* ] – Adult male (regardless of marital status) * ] – Adult man (regardless of marital status)
* ] – Adult females (usually just for married females, widows, and divorcées) * ] – Adult woman (regardless of marital status)
* ] – Married Adult woman (includes widows and divorcées)
* ] – Adult females (used by those who are not strongly identified with their marital status or don't wish their marital status to be known; the female equivalent of ''Mr'')
* ] – Unmarried Adult Woman or Female child
* ] – Does not indicate gender, usually an option for nonbinary people (The gender-neutral equivalent of ''Mr'' and ''Ms'')
* ] – Male Child
* ] – Formal title for unmarried females and for female children
* ] (also Madame and Ma'am) – Formal form of address for an adult woman. Also used to denote a position of power or respect, similar to the usage of "Mister" for men, e.g. "Mister/Madam Ambassador"
* ] – For male children: Young boys were formerly addressed as "Master ." This was the standard form for servants to use in addressing their employer's minor sons. It is also the courtesy title for the eldest son of a Scottish ].
* ] – Gender neutral or unspecified (may not be recognised in some places)
* ] – Archaic: When used as a title before a name (and not as a general term for a young ]), this was a way to denote an unmarried woman, such as the character ].
* ] (also madame)


====Controversy around usage of common titles====
], Auntie, or ] may be used as titles by nieces and nephews, or by children to adults who they know.
Some people object to the usage of titles to denote marital status, age or gender. In 2018, a campaign named GoTitleFree<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gotitlefree.org/ |title=GoTitleFree: Freedom from marital status titles |access-date=29 June 2022 }}</ref> was launched to encourage businesses to stop requesting, storing and using marital status titles in their registration forms, and when speaking with customers, launched on the grounds that titles often lead to assumptions about a woman's age or availability for marriage, and exclude non-binary people (though various titles, such as Mx., are increasingly used in some countries) . This is in line with established practice advocated by the World Wide Web Consortium<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-personal-names#fielddesign |title=Personal names around the world |access-date=6 August 2022 }}</ref> and the Government Digital Service<ref>{{cite web |url=https://design-system.service.gov.uk/patterns/names/ |title=Ask users for Names |access-date=6 August 2022 }}</ref> which sets the standard for UK government online services. This in turn means that titles are optional on UK passports and driving licences.


====Familial====
Other titles are used for various reasons, such as to show aristocratic status or one's role in government, in a religious organization, or in a branch of the military.
Family titles in English-speaking countries include:

* ] – one's parent's brother (may also include great uncles)
* ] or Aunty – one's parent's sister (may also include great aunts)
* Granny, Gran, Grandma or Nana – one's ] (may also include great-grandmothers)
* Pop, Grandpa, Gramps or Grandad – one's ] (may also include great-grandfathers)


===Legislative and executive titles=== ===Legislative and executive titles===
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Some job titles of members of the legislature and executive are used as titles. Some job titles of members of the legislature and executive are used as titles.
*MP, for members of the Parliament *MP, for members of the Parliament (usually the ])
*MYP, for members of the Youth Parliament *MYP, for members of the ]
*MSYP, for members of the Scottish Youth Parliament
* ] * ]
* ], for members of the American or Australian ]
* ]
* ] * ], for speaker of Parliament
* ] (from which comes such titles as ], ], ], and ]) * ] (from which comes such titles as ], ], ], and ])
* ] * ], for member of a council
* Youth Councillor (YC)
* ]/] * ]/]
* ] * Delegate
* ] and related terms such as ] and ] * ] and related terms such as ] and ]
* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ], ], ], ], ], and other titles in the form "Secretary of..." in which Secretary means the same thing as Minister * ], ], ], ], ], and other titles in the form "Secretary of..." in which Secretary means the same thing as Minister
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Minister (from which comes such titles as Prime Minister and Health Minister)


===Aristocratic titles=== ===Aristocratic titles===
{{See also|Royal and noble ranks}} {{See also|Royal and noble ranks}}
* ]/] – From the ] '']'', meaning "first person" or "first citizen." The title was originally used by ] at the establishment of the ] to avoid the political risk of assuming the title ''Rex'' ("King") in what was technically still a republic. In modern times, the title is often given to the sons and daughters of ruling monarchs. Also a title of certain ruling monarchs under the ] and its subsidiary territories until 1918 (still survives in ], and also in Monaco although that is elsewhere), and in ] before 1917. The German title is ] ("first") is a translation of the Latin term; the equivalent Russian term is ''князь (knyaz)''. * ]/] – From the ] '']'', meaning "first person" or "first citizen". The title was originally used by ] at the establishment of the ] to avoid the political risk of assuming the title ''Rex'' ("King") in what was technically still a republic. In modern times, the title is often given to the sons and daughters of ruling monarchs. Also a title of certain ruling monarchs under the ] and its subsidiary territories until 1918 which is still used in ], (] still uses the title Prince to this day, even though it was not a part of the Holy Roman Empire) and in ] before 1917. The German title is ] ("first"), a translation of the Latin term;{{efn-ua|from ] ''{{lang|goh|furisto}}'', "the first", a translation of the ] ''{{lang|la|]}}''}} the equivalent Russian term is ''князь (knyaz)''.
* ]/] – A title derived from the ] '']'' ("ruler; higher") and the Latin '']''("leader"). It was used most notably by the ] that ruled ] and ] until 1918 * ]/] – A title derived from the ] '']'' ("ruler; higher") and the Latin '']''("leader"). It was used most notably by the ] that ruled ] and ] until 1918.
* ]/]. "Big; large" + Latin ''Dux'' (leader). A variant of "Archduke," used particularly in English translations ] Russian titles. Also used in various Germanic territories until ]. Still survives in ]. * ]/] – "Big; large" + Latin ''Dux'' (leader). A variant of "Archduke", used particularly in English translations ] Russian titles. Also used in various Germanic territories until ]. Still survives in ].
* ] (the feminine equivalent is ]) from the Latin '']'', a military title used in the ], especially in its early ] when it designated the military commander for a specific zone. * ]/] – From the Latin '']'', a military title used in the ], especially in its early ] when it designated the military commander for a specific zone.
* ] or ] (the feminine equivalent is ] or ]) from the French ''marchis'', literally "ruler of a border area," (from Old French ''marche'' meaning "border"); exact English translation is "March Lord," or "Lord of the March." * ] or ]/] or ] – From the French ''marchis'', literally "ruler of a border area" (from Old French ''marche'' meaning "border"); exact English translation is "March Lord", or "Lord of the March".
* ] (the feminine equivalent is ]) from the Latin '']'' meaning "companion." The word was used by the Roman Empire in its Byzantine period as an honorific with a meaning roughly equivalent to modern English "peer." It became the title of those who commanded field armies in the Empire, as opposed to "Dux" which commanded locally based forces. * ]/] - From the Latin '']'' meaning "companion". The word was used by the Roman Empire in its Byzantine period as an honorific with a meaning roughly equivalent to modern English "peer". It became the title of those who commanded field armies in the Empire, as opposed to "Dux" which commanded locally based forces.
* ] (used in the ] instead of ], but the feminine equivalent is ]) From the Germanic ''jarl'', meaning "chieftain," the title was brought to the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons and survives in use only there, having been superseded in Scandinavia and on the European continent. * ] (used in the ] instead of ], but the feminine equivalent is ]) – From the Germanic ''jarl'', meaning "chieftain", the title was brought to the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons and survives in use only there, having been superseded in Scandinavia and on the European continent.
* ] (feminine equivalent is ]) From the Latin '']'' (Deputy; substitute. Hence "vicar" and prefix "vice-") appended to Latin '']''. Literally: "Deputy Count" * ]/] - From the Latin '']'' ("Deputy; substitute". Hence "vicar" and prefix "vice-") appended to Latin '']''. Literally: "Deputy Count".
* ] (the feminine equivalent is ]ess) From the ] ''Baro'', meaning "man, servant, soldier" the title originally designated the chief feudal tenant of a place, who was in vassalage to a greater lord. * ]/] - From the ] ''Baro'', meaning "man, servant, soldier". The title originally designated the chief feudal tenant of a place, who was in vassalage to a greater lord.


In the ], "Lord" and "Lady" are ] for members of the nobility. Unlike titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs", they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances, for example as courtesy titles for younger sons, etc., of peers. In the ], "Lord" and "Lady" are ] for members of the nobility. Unlike titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs", they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances, for example as courtesy titles for younger sons, etc., of peers. In ] "]" and "Lady of Parliament" are the equivalents of Baron and Baroness in ].


* ] from Old English ''], ]'', meaning, literally, “bread-keeper," from hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“guardian, keeper”) and by extension husband, father, or chief. (From which comes modified titles such as ] and ].) The feminine equivalent is ] from the related Old English '']'' meaning, literally, “bread-kneader”, from hlāf (“bread”) + dīġe (“maid”), and by extension wife, daughter, or mistress of the house. (From which comes ], the anachronistic ], etc.) * ] – From Old English ''], ]'', meaning, literally, "bread-keeper", from hlāf ("bread") + weard ("guardian, keeper") and by extension "husband, father, or chief". (From which comes modified titles such as ] and ].) The feminine equivalent is ] from the related Old English '']'' meaning, literally, "bread-kneader", from hlāf ("bread") + dīġe ("maid"), and by extension wife, daughter, or mistress of the house. (From which comes ], the anachronistic ], etc.)
* ]/] – From the Latin '']'', meaning he/she who holds the authority to command (''imperium'') * ]/] – From the Latin '']'', meaning he/she who holds the authority to command (''imperium'').
* ]/] – Derived from ]/Germanic words. The original meaning of the root of "king" apparently meant "leader of the family" or "descendant of the leader of the family," and the original meaning of "queen," "wife." By the time the words came into English they already meant "ruler." * ]/] – Derived from ]/Germanic words. The original meaning of the root of "king" apparently meant "leader of the family" or "descendant of the leader of the family", and the original meaning of "queen", "wife". By the time the words came into English they already meant "ruler".
* ]/] (Tsaritsa) – Slavonic loan-word from Latin '']'': the name of ] taken by his heir ] and thereafter by Augustus' successors as ] through the ] in 1453. Germanic loan-word for Caesar is ]. * ]/] (Tsaritsa) – Slavonic loan-word from Latin.
* ] – The name of ] taken by his heir ] and thereafter by Augustus' successors as ] through the ] in 1453. Loaned into German as ].
* ] – From Old English ''lædan'', meaning "to guide", derived from Old Norse and Germanic. The head of state of ] is titled Great Leader. The '']'' head of state of ] is titled ]. * ] – From Old English ''lædan'', meaning "to guide". The head of state of ] is titled Great Leader. The '']'' head of state of ] is titled ].
*] – A variation of the English "Prince", used as the short form of the word "Chieftain" (except for in ], where "Chieftain" is a title held by a titleholder subordinate to a chief). Generally used to refer to a recognised leader within a ] system. From this come the variations ], ] and ]. The feminine equivalent is ].


{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="15%" |] version !width=100pt|] version
!width="15%" |] version !width=100pt|] version
!width="15%" |] !width=100pt|]
!width="15%" |] !width=100pt|]
!width="15%" |'']'' !width=100pt|'']''
!Examples !Examples
|-
|]
| ''There is no formal feminine of Pope''
|]
|]
|''Papa''
|Monarch of the ] and later Sovereign of the State of ]
|- |-
|] |]
|Empress |Empress
|] |]
|Imperial<br /><br />] (Austria) |Imperial<br />] (Austria)
|''Imperator (Imperatrix)'' |''Imperator'' (''Imperatrix'')
| ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (none left in Europe after 1918), ] (ceased to be used after 1947 when ] was granted independence from the ]), ] (the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world). | ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (none left in Europe after 1918), ] (ceased to be used after 1947 when ] was granted independence from the ]), ] (the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world).
|- |-
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|] |]
|Royal |Royal
|''Rex (Regina)'' |''Rex'' (''Regina'')
|Common in larger sovereign states |Common in larger sovereign states
|- |-
|] |]
|Vicereine |Vicereine
|Viceroyalty |]
|Viceroyal |Viceroyal, Viceregal
|''Proconsul'' |''Proconsul''
|Historical: ] Empire (], ], ], ]), ], (], ]), ] Empire |Historical: ] Empire (], ], ], ]), ], (], ]), ] Empire
|- |-
|] |]
|] |Grand Duchess
|] |]
|Grand Ducal |Grand Ducal
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|] |]
|Archduchess |Archduchess
|Archduchy |]
|Archducal |Archducal
|''Arci Dux'' |''Arci Dux''
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|- |-
|] |]
|Princess |]
|], ] |], ]
|Princely |Princely
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|- |-
|] |]
|] |Countess
|] |]
|Comital |Comital
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|] |]
|Baroness |Baroness
|] |]
|Baronial |Baronial
|''Baro'' |''Baro''
|There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies, a sovereign barony can be compared with a principality, however, this is an historical exception; sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony, but only the title and style |There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies, a sovereign barony can be compared with a principality, however, this is an historical exception; sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony, but only the title and style
|- |-
|] |]
|Chieftainess
| ''There is no formal feminine of Pope'' (Popess) <sup>]</sup>
|], ]
|Papacy
|Chiefly
|Papal
|''Papa'' |''Capitaneus''
|The ]s of ], the grand chiefs in the ], the ], the chiefs of the ], numerous others
|Monarch of the ] and later Sovereign of the State of ]
|- |-
|} |}


* ]<br />The title of a character found in ] based upon the ] on the Roman Catholic Church. As the Bishop of Rome is an office always forbidden to women there is no formal feminine of Pope, which comes from the Latin word ''papa'' (an affectionate form of the Latin for ''father''). The legendary ], is also referred to as ''Popess''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter |date=October 1, 1910 |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08407a.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508213031/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08407a.htm |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |access-date=November 10, 2023 |publisher=] |title=Popess Joan }}</ref>.<br />Nonetheless some European languages, along with English, have formed a feminine form of the word ''pope'', such as the Italian ''papessa'', the French ''papesse'', the Portuguese ''papisa'', and the German ''Päpstin''.
* ]
The title of a character found in ] based upon the ] on the Roman Catholic Church. As the Bishop of Rome is an office always forbidden to women there is no formal feminine of Pope, which comes from the Latin word ''papa'' (an affectionate form of the Latin for ''father''). Indeed, the ] does not contain the word.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/noresults?dictionaryVersion=region-uk&isWritersAndEditors=true&noresults=true&page=1&pageSize=20&q=popess&searchUri=All&sort=alpha&type=dictionarysearch |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref><br />
The mythical ], who was reportedly a woman, is always referred to with the masculine title pope, even when her female identity is known. Further, even if a woman were to become Bishop of Rome it is unclear if she would take the title popess; a parallel might be drawn with the Anglican Communion whose female clergy use the masculine titles of ''priest'' and ''bishop'' as opposed to ''priestess'' or ''bishopess''.<br />
Nonetheless some European languages, along with English, have formed a feminine form of the word pope, such as the Italian ''papessa'', the French ''papesse'', and the German ''Päpstin''.


===Titles used by knights, dames, baronets and baronetesses=== ===Titles used by knights, dames, baronets and baronetesses===
These do not belong to the nobility. These do not confer nobility.
* ] – Used by ]s and ] * ] – Used by ]s and ]
* ] – Used by dames and ]es * ] – Used by dames and ]es
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"Sir" and "Dame" differ from titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs" in that they can only be used before a person's first name, and not immediately before their surname. "Sir" and "Dame" differ from titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs" in that they can only be used before a person's first name, and not immediately before their surname.


* Chevalier * Chevalier (French)
* Cavaliere (Italian)


===Judicial titles=== ===Judicial titles===
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* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ] '''J''' * ] '''J'''
** ] '''CJ''' (of the ]) ** ] or ] '''CJ''' (of the ])
** ] ** ]
** ] '''LJ''' (of the ]) ** ] '''LJ''' (of the ])
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* Member and Chairman, for members of quasi-judicial boards * Member and Chairman, for members of quasi-judicial boards
* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ]
* ] '''P''' (of the ]) or ] '''P''' (of the Family Division)
* ] '''P''' (of the ]) or ] '''P''' (of the Family Division)
** ] ** ]
* ] (or ]) '''PC''' (of ]) * ] (or ]) '''PC''' (of ])
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ] – also for ]s
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ], ], and Reverend Mother * ], ], and Reverend Mother
* ]
* Sister – for ]s and ]s


====Priests==== ====Priests====
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] – (from {{lang-la|Dominus}}, "Lord") Used for ] monks in solemn ], but reserved for ]s among the ]. In Brazil, it is used for bishops. * ] – (from {{langx|la|Dominus}}, "Lord") Used for ] monks in solemn ], but reserved for ]s among the ]. In Brazil, it is used for bishops.
* ] * ]
* ] – Used by Armenian priests. * ] – Used by Armenian priests.{{cn|date=November 2023}}


====Used for deceased persons only==== ====Used for deceased persons only====
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (in ]) * ] (in ])
* ] * ]
* ] and ] (Christian) * ] and ] (Christian)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Great (Lord) Father of all churches


===Academic titles=== ===Academic titles===
{{main article|Academic titles (disambiguation){{!}}Titles in academia}} {{main|Academic titles (disambiguation){{!}}Titles in academia}}


* Dr. – Short for ], a title used by those with doctoral degrees, such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Those with ] degrees do not use this as a title. * Dr. – Short for ], a title used by those with doctoral degrees, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Those with ] degrees, although technically allowed, do not use this as a title by convention.
* Prof. – ] * Prof. – ]
* Doc. – ]
* EUR ING – Short for ], an international professional qualification and title for highly qualified engineers used in over 32 European countries.


===Military titles=== ===Military titles===
Military ranks are used before names. Military ranks are used before names.


* ] (from which come ], ], ], ], and ])
* Colonel
* General
* ] (from which comes ])
* ] (from which come ] and ])
* ], more often titled as ] or ]
* ] (from which come ] and ]
* ] (from which come ], ], ], and ])
* ] * ]
* ] (from which comes ]) * ] (from which comes ])
* ] (from which comes ])
* ] (from which come ], ], and ]) * ] (from which come ], ], and ])
* ] (from which comes ])
* ] (from which come ] and ])
* ] is usually used as a sort of shorthand for "general military commander". The term's far-reaching connotation has provoked its use in a very broad range of titles, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] * ] is usually used as a sort of shorthand for "general military commander". The term's far-reaching connotation has provoked its use in a very broad range of titles, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]
* ], a generic sort of title whose use has spread in recent years into a wide array of mostly corporate and military titles. These include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
* ] (from which come ], ] and ]) * ] (from which come ], ] and ])
* ] * ]
* ] (from which comes ], ], ] and ])
* ] – and many equivalent ranks depending on regiment
* ], more often titled as ] or ]
* ], a generic sort of title whose use has spread in recent years into a wide array of mostly corporate and military titles. These include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
* ], and many equivalent ranks depending on regiment.
* ] (from which come ] and ]).

===Maritime titles===
{{main|Seafarer's professions and ranks}}
The names of shipboard officers, certain shipping line employees and ] faculty/staff are preceded by their title when acting in performance of their duties.
* ] – a ship's highest responsible officer acting on behalf of the ship's owner (Master) or a person who is responsible for the maintenance of the vessels of a shipping line, for their docking, the handling of cargo and for the hiring of personnel for deck departments (Port Captain).
* Chief – a licensed mariner in charge of the engineering (]) or deck (] or Officer) department
* Mate – licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship (see ] & ])
* ] – unlicensed trainee mate/officer or engineer under training


===Ranks of other organizations=== ===Law enforcement===
The names of police officers may be preceded by a title such as "Officer" or by their rank. The names of police officers may be preceded by a title such as "Officer" or by their rank.
* ] (from which come ] and ]) * ] (from which come ] and ])
* ] * Agent
* Sergeant
* ]
* ]


===Protected Professional Titles=== ===Protected professional titles===
In North America, several jurisdictions restrict the use of some professional titles to those individuals holding a valid and recognised license to practice. Individuals not authorised to use these reserved titles may be fined or jailed. Protected titles are often reserved to those professions that require ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health/Recommendations.aspx|title='IOM Nursing Educational Recommendations 2010'}}</ref> or higher and a state, provincial, or national license. In North America, several jurisdictions restrict the use of some professional titles to those individuals holding a valid and recognised license to practice. Individuals not authorised to use these reserved titles may be fined or jailed. Protected titles are often reserved to those professions that require a ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health/Recommendations.aspx|title=The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health Report Recommendations |website=Institute of Medicine |date=November 17, 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809105918/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health/Recommendations.aspx|archive-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> or higher and a state, provincial, or national license.


* ], Registered Engineer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ieeeusa.org/policy/positions/Engineertitle0213.pdf|title='ieee usa policy Engineer title'}}</ref> * ], Registered Engineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ieeeusa.org/policy/positions/Engineertitle0213.pdf|title=The Use of the Title "Engineer" |date=15 Feb 2013 |publisher=IEEE-USA |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084344/http://ieeeusa.org/policy/positions/Engineertitle0213.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-09}}</ref> Engineer (in Quebec)<ref name="Guide de pratique professionnelle">{{cite web | title=Titres professionnels | website=Guide de pratique professionnelle | url=http://gpp.oiq.qc.ca/Start.htm#t=titres_professionnels.htm | publisher=Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec | year=2011 | access-date=2023-03-23 | language=fr }}</ref>
* ], Registered Nurse, Nurse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/State/Legislative-Agenda-Reports/State-TitleNurse/Title-Nurse-Summary-Language.html|title='Nurse Title Protection Language by State'}}</ref> * ], Registered Nurse, Nurse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/State/Legislative-Agenda-Reports/State-TitleNurse/Title-Nurse-Summary-Language.html|title=Title "Nurse" Protection: Summary of Language by State |website=American Nurses Association |date=July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226172053/http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/State/Legislative-Agenda-Reports/State-TitleNurse/Title-Nurse-Summary-Language.html |archive-date= Feb 26, 2018 }}</ref>


===Unofficial use=== ===Other organizations===
Some titles are used to show one's role or position in a society or organization. Some titles are used to show one's role or position in a society or organization.
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] may be used before a name * ]
* Wizard, such as the ] and ] of the ] * Wizard, such as the ] and ] of the ]
* ] or ] * Brother or Sister
* ], the head of The Scout Association, * ] – the head of The Scout Association
* ] title conferred upon a scout upon achieving highest attainable award achievable in the Scouting movement * ] – title conferred upon a scout upon achieving highest attainable award achievable in the Scouting movement
* ] title conferred upon a guide upon highest attainable award for members of the Girl Guiding movement * ] – title conferred upon a guide upon highest attainable award for members of the Girl Guiding movement
* Scout, ] * Scout, ]
* ]


Some titles are used in English to refer to the position of people in foreign political systems Some titles are used in English to refer to the position of people in foreign political systems
Line 301: Line 343:


===Default titles in other languages=== ===Default titles in other languages===
{{see also|Mrs.#Non-English equivalents|Mr.#Foreign equivalents}}

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! !! French !! German !! Dutch !! Spanish !! Hindi ! !! French !! German !! Dutch !! Spanish !! Italian !! Swedish !! Portuguese !! Greek !! Hindi
|- |-
| Male || Monsieur || Herr || Meneer || Señor || Śrīmān/Śrī | Male || Monsieur || Herr || Meneer || Señor || Signor || Herr || Senhor || Κύριος-ε (]) || Śrīmān/Śrī
|- |-
| Female || Madame || Frau || Mevrouw || Señora || Śrīmatī | Female || Madame || Frau || Mevrouw || Señora || Signora || Fru || Senhora || Κυρία || Śrīmatī
|- |-
| Unmarried female || Mademoiselle || Fräulein || Juffrouw/Mejuffrouw || Señorita || Suśrī | Unmarried female || Mademoiselle || Fräulein || Juffrouw/<br>Mejuffrouw || Señorita || Signorina || Fröken || Senhorita || Δεσποινίς || Suśrī
|- |-
|} |}

====Rajput social titles====

Titles used in ] and other neighbourhood states of India in honour of ] (only):

*Hukum – used in general to address any Rajput. Also used as suffix after following titles.
*Daata – used for highest male member of a Rajput family.
*Banna – used for Rajput boys.
*Baisa – used for Rajput girls.
*Babosa – used for eldest man of family.
*Bhabha – used for eldest woman of family.

===Martial Arts===
* ] - used for martial arts instructors
* ] - used for junior karate instructors and karate instructors in training
* Karate-ka - used for karate students
* Judge - used for the judges and referees at martial arts tournaments
* Master - used for kung-fu instructors or people who have studied the art their entire life


===Academic=== ===Academic===
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===Religious=== ===Religious===
* ]
* ] and the related ] and ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] and the related ] and ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]


===Honorary titles=== ===Honorary titles===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


===Rulers=== ===Rulers===
{{See also|Royal and noble ranks}} {{See also|Royal and noble ranks}}
* ] (from which come ] and ])
* "Dear Leader" and "Supreme Leader" referred to ] as chief of North Korea. The title now refers to his son and successor ]. (친애하는 지도자, ch'inaehanŭn jidoja)
* ]
* ]/Emira – Arabic Prince/Princess * ]/Emira – Arabic Prince/Princess
* ] – origin of Chief of Staff, Chieftain, ], ], and ]. The present head of ] is titled a ]
* ]/] – Arabic for "powerful ruler"
* ]/]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]/] – Arabic for "powerful ruler"
* ]
* ] – origin of Chief of Staff, Chieftain, ], ], and ]. The present head of ] is titled a ]
* ] (from which come ] and ])
* ] and ] * ] and ]
*]
* ] was referred to as "Dear Leader" and "Supreme Leader". The title now refers to his successive son ]. (친애하는 지도자, ch'inaehanŭn jidoja)


====Historical titles for heads of state==== ====Historical titles for heads of state====
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=====Appointed===== =====Appointed=====
* ] (an honorific family name passed through Roman emperors by adoption) * ] (an honorific family name passed through Roman emperors by adoption)
* ] * Legate
* ]
* ] * ]
* Tetrarch


=====Elected or popularly declared===== =====Elected or popularly declared=====
* ] * Archon
*Augustus (title)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * Decemvir
* Doge
* ]
* Duce
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]


=====Hereditary===== =====Hereditary=====
*]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (The feminine equivalent is Queen-Empress) * ] (the feminine equivalent is Queen-Empress)
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] (the masculine form is ])
* Pharaoh
* Regina (the masculine form is Rex)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 411: Line 498:
** ] – ] of ] ** ] – ] of ]
** ] – ] people of Buganda in Uganda ** ] – ] people of Buganda in Uganda
** ] – Kings of ] and ]
** ] – ] ** ] – ]
** ] – ] of ] ** ] – ] of ]
** ] – ], title of some Emperors/kings in Uganda ** ] – ], title of some Emperors/kings in Uganda
** ] – ancient Egypt ** ] – ancient Egypt
** ] – Kings of ] and ]
* Asia * Asia
** Arasan/] – ] (India), ] ** Arasan/] – ] (India), ]
** Arqa/Thagavor – ]
** Bayin – The title given to the king of pre colonial ] ** Bayin – The title given to the king of pre colonial ]
**]/ ]/ ]/ Chakarwarti Raja – ] ]
** ] – ] (Siam), the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (This royal title does not refer directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to traditions.)
** ] — hereditary title given to the king of ]
** Chakrawarti Raja – ] ]
** ] — "Divine Ruler" — ruled Sikkim until 1975 ** ] — "Divine Ruler" — ruled Sikkim until 1975
** ] – pre-colonial Philippines ** ] – pre-colonial Philippines
** ] — hereditary title given to the king of ]
** ] – ], to denote particular family lineage akin to royalty ** ] – ], to denote particular family lineage akin to royalty
*** ] – Filipino title for king
** ] – Imperial China (Emperor) ** ] – Imperial China (Emperor)
*** ] – Self-styled Korean "emperor"; states that unified Korea *** ] – Self-styled Korean "emperor"; states that unified Korea
*** ] – Self-styled Vietnamese "emperor"; unified Vietnam *** ] – Self-styled Vietnamese "emperor"; unified Vietnam
** ] – Aceh before Islam
**] – meaning "head" or "chief" is an Indian title.The Patil is in effect the ruler of this territory as he was entitled to the revenues collected therefrom.
** ]/feminine form is Maharani – Emperor, Empress ], ] ** ]/feminine form is Maharani – Emperor, Empress ], ]
** ] – ] before Islam
** ], Persian/Iranian, Indian and Afghanistan and Tajikistan King
*** ] (] or Begzadi, son-daughter of ''Beg''), ] or ] in Under ''Mirza'' & using King or Military title.
** ] – meaning "head" or "chief" is an Indian title. The Patil is in effect the ruler of this territory as he was entitled to the revenues collected therefrom.
** ] – ] (Siam), the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (This royal title does not refer directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to traditions.)
*** ] – Thailand, same meaning as Raja *** ] – Thailand, same meaning as Raja
*** ] – pre-colonial Philippines *** ] – pre-colonial Philippines
*** ] – ], Raja denotes royalty in Perak and certain Selangor royal family lineages, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess *** ] – ], Raja denotes royalty in Perak and certain Selangor royal family lineages, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess
*** ] – Nepal King *** ]/Rani – Nepal King
*** Rani – Nepali Queen *** Rani – Nepali Queen
*** ] – Filipino title for king ** ] – Sub- king ]
** ] – ] ], the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (referring not directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to tradition)
** ] – Sub- king ]
** ] – Central Asian Tribes
** ] – ] ], the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (This royal title doesn't refer directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to traditions.)
** ] – Central Asian Tribes
** ] – ], king of ], today as a part of ] ** ] – ], king of ], today as a part of ]
** ] – the Indonesian princely state of Surakarta until its abolition
** ] or ] or Badshah- ]n/]ian "King of Kings" or Persian rulers in ](]) ** ] or ] or Badshah- ]n/]ian "King of Kings" or Persian rulers in ](])
*** ] – Persian/Iranian and Afghanistan and Tajikistan King *** ] – Persian/Iranian and Afghanistan and Tajikistan King
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** ]/] – Arabic King (present ] and former ]) ** ]/] – Arabic King (present ] and former ])
*** ], ], ], ], ], Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states. *** ], ], ], ], ], Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states.
** ] – the Indonesian princely state of Surakarta until its abolition
** ] – ], descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
** ] – ], descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
** ] – Japan ** ] – Japan
*** '']'' – Japanese ]
*** ], ] – Japan, king *** ], ] – Japan, king
** ] – ], ], Tengku (also spelled Tunku in Johor), Negeri Sembilan, Kedah and Deli Sultanate of Indonesia is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess
*** ] – Japanese ], always a ]
** ] – ], ], Tengku (also spelled Tunku in Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah and Deli Sultanate of Indonesia is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess
** ], ko/] – ](India) ** ], ko/] – ](India)
** ] (King) – pre-Imperial China. In ], "king" is the usual translation for the term ''wang'' 王. ** ] (King) – pre-Imperial China. In ], "king" is the usual translation for the term ''wang'', 王.
*** ] – States of Korea that did not have control over the entire peninsula. *** ] – States of Korea that did not have control over the entire peninsula.
*** ] – States in Vietnam that did not control the entire realm. *** ] – States in Vietnam that did not control the entire realm.
** ] – Monarch of Malaysia, elected each five years among the reigning Sultan of each Malaysian state ** ] – Monarch of Malaysia, elected each five years among the reigning Sultan of each Malaysian state
** ], Persian/Iranian, Indian and Afghanistan and Tajikistan King
*** ] (] or Begzadi, son-daughter of ''Beg''), ] or ] in Under ''Mirza'' & using King or Military title.
* Europe * Europe
**] – Greek term for the Byzantine Emperor
** Arqa/Thagavor – ]
** ]
** ]/Großbürgerin (English: Grand Burgher) – historical German title acquired or inherited by persons and family descendants of the ] in autonomous German-speaking cities and towns of Central Europe, origin under the ], ceased after 1919 along with all titles of German nobility.
** ] – Greek ruler ** ] – Greek ruler
** ], a ] court title, also granted in the states under Byzantine influence, such as the ], ], ], and the ]. ** ], a ] court title, also granted in the states under Byzantine influence, such as the ], ], ], and the ].
** ] (in Romanian)/Gospodar (in Old Slavonian) – Medieval Romania (], ])
** ] – Ancient Hungarian
** ] – Ancient/Medieval Hungarian ** ] – Ancient/Medieval Hungarian
** ]
** ] – the ruler of Imperial Russia
** ]/Großbürgerin (English: Grand Burgher) – historical German title acquired or inherited by persons and family descendants of the ] in autonomous German-speaking cities and towns of Central Europe, origin under the ], ceased after 1919 along with all titles of German nobility.
** ] (Serbian)/] (Hungarian) – Serbian/Hungarian/] Title
** ]/Kaiserin – Imperial rulers of Germany and of Austria-Hungary
** ] (in Romanian) /Gospodar (in Old Slavonian) – Medieval Romania (], ])
** ], Rí túaithe, Ruiri, Rí ruireach, and ] – King, local king, regional overking, (provincial) king of overkings, and ] in ] Ireland, also Scotland
** ]/Knyaginya/Knez/Knjeginja (generally translated as "prince") – Kievan Rus'/Serbia ** ]/Knyaginya/Knez/Knjeginja (generally translated as "prince") – Kievan Rus'/Serbia
** ] – Imperial Germany
** ]/Tsaritsa – Bulgaria, pre-imperial Russia, Serbia
** ] (Kunigaikštis) – ]n, ] as in ]. ** ] (Kunigaikštis) – ]n, ] as in ].
** ], Rí túaithe, Ruiri, Rí ruireach, and ] – King, local king, regional overking, (provincial) king of overkings, and ] in ] Ireland, also Scotland
** ] sometimes Veliki Župan (Grand Župan) – Serbia, Croatia
** ] Greek term for the Byzantine Emperor ** ]/Tsarina – the ruler of Imperial Russia
** ]/Tsaritsa – Bulgaria, pre-imperial Russia, Serbia
** Vezér – Ancient Hungarian
** ] (Serbian)/] (Hungarian) – Serbian/Hungarian/] title
** ], sometimes Veliki Župan (Grand Župan) – Serbia, Croatia
* Oceania * Oceania
** ] – Leader of a tribe or clan. ** ] – Leader of a tribe or clan.
** ''Tu{{okina}}i'' or ''tui'' – there were/are also kings in Oceania (i.e. ], ], ], ])
** ], ], ], ], ], ] – usually translated as "chief" in various Polynesian countries. ** ], ], ], ], ], ] – usually translated as "chief" in various Polynesian countries.
** "Mo'i" normally translated as King is a title used by Hawaiian monarchs since unification in 1810. The last person to hold that title was Queen Lili'uokalani.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} ** "Mo'i" – normally translated as King, used by Hawaiian monarchs since unification in 1810. The last person to hold that title was Queen Lili'uokalani.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
** ''Tu{{okina}}i'' or ''tui'' – there were/are also kings in Oceania (i.e. ], ], ], ])


=== Aristocratic === === Aristocratic ===
Line 494: Line 581:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


'''German:''' '''German:'''
Line 500: Line 587:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 509: Line 596:
* ] * ]


'''others''' '''Others:'''
* ] (The masculine equivalent is ]) * ] (Feminine equivalent of ])
* ] (translates as Beloved)
* ] * ]
* ] (The Chinese imperial system, for instance, had a vastly complex hierarchy of titled concubines and wives to the emperor) * ] (The Chinese imperial system, for instance, had a vastly complex hierarchy of titled concubines and wives to the emperor)
* Ras (which translates as Head)
* ] (translates as Beloved)
* ] (translates as Leader of the Vanguard)
* ] (translates as Commander of the Gate) * ] (translates as Commander of the Gate)
* ] (translates as Commander of the Right) * ] (translates as Leader of the Vanguard)
* ] (used as a title in such forms as ], ], and ]. The feminine equivalent is ], or, in some circumstances, ].)
* ] (translates as Commander of the Left) * ] (translates as Commander of the Left)
* ] (translates as Commander of the Right)
* ] (used as a title is such forms as ], ], and ]. The feminine equivalent of a Gentleman is a ], or, in some circumstances, a ].)
* Ras (translates as Head)
* ] * ]

==Fictional titles==
* ]
* Alpha
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Ser
* ]
* Khal (male)/ ] (female)


==Other== ==Other==
Line 548: Line 620:
* ] * ]
* ] or ] * ] or ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] (and the related Superintendent) * ] (and the related Superintendent)
* ] * ]
* ] or ] * ] or ]
* ] or ] * ] or ]
* ], Lord Prior * ], Lord Prior
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 564: Line 635:
* ] * ]
* ] (from which comes ]) * ] (from which comes ])
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 572: Line 643:
* ], ], Lord Warden * ], ], Lord Warden
* Woodman * Woodman
* Bearer, such as ], ], or ] * Bearer, such as ], ], or ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 579: Line 650:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 598: Line 668:
* ] (translates as Guardian of the Church Hours) * ] (translates as Guardian of the Church Hours)
* ] (translates as Fortress Commander) * ] (translates as Fortress Commander)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 608: Line 678:
* ] * ]
* ], often as ] * ], often as ]
* ] * ]
* ] * '']''
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 623: Line 693:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] – Archaic title denoting an unmarried woman, such as the character ]. Should not be confused with the general term for a young ].
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Officium * Officium
* ] * ]
* ] (], the ], ], etc.) * ] (], the ], ] (nádor), etc.)
* ] and ] * ] and ]
* ] * ]
Line 634: Line 705:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * '']''
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (the feminine equivalent is ]) * ] (the feminine equivalent is ])
Line 646: Line 717:
* Member of ] '''MC''' * Member of ] '''MC'''
* ] '''MP''' * ] '''MP'''
** ] '''MEP''' *] '''MEP'''
** ] '''MSP''' *] '''MSP'''
** ] '''MPP''' *] '''MSYP'''
** Member of the ] '''MNA''' *] '''MYP'''
** Member of the ] '''MHK''' *] '''MPP'''
*** Speaker of the House of Keys '''SHK''' * Member of the ] '''MNA'''
** ] '''MLC''' * Member of the ] '''MHK'''
** ] '''MLA''' ** Speaker of the House of Keys '''SHK'''
** Member of the ] *] '''MLC'''
** Member of the ] *] '''MLA'''
* Member of the ] '''Rep.'''
* Member of the ] '''MHA'''


===University degrees=== ===University degrees===
Line 685: Line 758:
** ] – Bachelor of Science ** ] – Bachelor of Science
** ] – Bachelor of Science in Nursing ** ] – Bachelor of Science in Nursing
** ]-Bachelor of Social Work ** ] – Bachelor of Social Work
** ] – Bachelor of Theology ** ] – Bachelor of Theology
** ] – Bachelor of Veterinary Science ** ] – Bachelor of Veterinary Science
Line 705: Line 778:
** ] – Doctor of Laws ** ] – Doctor of Laws
** ] – Doctor of Medicine ** ] – Doctor of Medicine
** ]-Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ** ] – Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
** ] – Doctor of Pharmacy ** ] – Doctor of Pharmacy
** ] / ] – Doctor of Philosophy ** ] / ] – Doctor of Philosophy
** ] – Doctor of Psychology ** ] – Doctor of Psychology
** ] – Doctor of Juridical Science
** ] – Doctor of Theology ** ] – Doctor of Theology
** Doctorates within the field of medicine: ** Doctorates within the field of medicine:
Line 729: Line 803:
** MC – Master of Counselling ** MC – Master of Counselling
** ] – Master of Design ** ] – Master of Design
** ] – Master of Divinity ** ] – Master of Divinity
** MDrama – Master of Drama ** MDrama – Master of Drama
** ] – Master of Dental Surgery ** ] – Master of Dental Surgery
Line 749: Line 823:
** ] – Master of Pharmacy ** ] – Master of Pharmacy
** ] – Master of Public Health ** ] – Master of Public Health
** ] - Master of Science in Business Analytics
** ] – Master of Science in Engineering ** ] – Master of Science in Engineering
** ] – Master of Science in Real Estate ** ] – Master of Science in Real Estate
** MSN – Master of Science in Nursing
** MSW – Master of Social Work ** MSW – Master of Social Work
** ] – Magister ** ] – Magister
** ] – Master of Sacred Theology ** ] – Master of Sacred Theology
** ] – Master of Theology ** ] – Master of Theology
** ] – Master of Urban and Regional Planning ** ] – Master of Urban and Regional Planning


==See also== ==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 765: Line 842:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 776: Line 854:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
{{div col end}}


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{Reflist}} {{notelist-ua}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''African Kings'' by ] * ''African Kings'' by ]
* ''Keepers of the Kingdom'' by ], ], and ] * ''Keepers of the Kingdom'' by ], ], and ]
* ''Master and Commander'', film directed by ] * ''Master and Commander'', film directed by ]
*


==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Titles}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|title}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Titles of Honour|volume=26|pages=1027–1030|first=Walter Alison|last=Phillips|author-link=Walter Alison Phillips}}

{{Personal names}}
{{Social titles}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 11:40, 19 December 2024

Prefix or suffix added to someone's name in certain contexts For other uses, see Title (disambiguation). "Customary title" redirects here. For other use, see customary land.
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Find sources: "Title" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, Graf in German, Cardinal in Catholic usage – Richard Cardinal Cushing – or clerical titles such as Archbishop). Some titles are hereditary.

Types

"Honorary title" redirects here. For the term in academia specifically, see Honorary title (academic).

Titles include:

Titles in English-speaking areas

Common titles

  • Mr. – Adult man (regardless of marital status)
  • Ms. – Adult woman (regardless of marital status)
  • Mrs. – Married Adult woman (includes widows and divorcées)
  • Miss – Unmarried Adult Woman or Female child
  • Master – Male Child
  • Madam (also Madame and Ma'am) – Formal form of address for an adult woman. Also used to denote a position of power or respect, similar to the usage of "Mister" for men, e.g. "Mister/Madam Ambassador"
  • Mx. – Gender neutral or unspecified (may not be recognised in some places)

Controversy around usage of common titles

Some people object to the usage of titles to denote marital status, age or gender. In 2018, a campaign named GoTitleFree was launched to encourage businesses to stop requesting, storing and using marital status titles in their registration forms, and when speaking with customers, launched on the grounds that titles often lead to assumptions about a woman's age or availability for marriage, and exclude non-binary people (though various titles, such as Mx., are increasingly used in some countries) . This is in line with established practice advocated by the World Wide Web Consortium and the Government Digital Service which sets the standard for UK government online services. This in turn means that titles are optional on UK passports and driving licences.

Familial

Family titles in English-speaking countries include:

  • Uncle – one's parent's brother (may also include great uncles)
  • Aunt or Aunty – one's parent's sister (may also include great aunts)
  • Granny, Gran, Grandma or Nana – one's grandmother (may also include great-grandmothers)
  • Pop, Grandpa, Gramps or Grandad – one's grandfather (may also include great-grandfathers)

Legislative and executive titles

Some job titles of members of the legislature and executive are used as titles.

Aristocratic titles

See also: Royal and noble ranks
  • Prince/Princess – From the Latin princeps, meaning "first person" or "first citizen". The title was originally used by Augustus at the establishment of the Roman Empire to avoid the political risk of assuming the title Rex ("King") in what was technically still a republic. In modern times, the title is often given to the sons and daughters of ruling monarchs. Also a title of certain ruling monarchs under the Holy Roman Empire and its subsidiary territories until 1918 which is still used in Liechtenstein, (Monaco still uses the title Prince to this day, even though it was not a part of the Holy Roman Empire) and in Imperial Russia before 1917. The German title is Fürst ("first"), a translation of the Latin term; the equivalent Russian term is князь (knyaz).
  • Archduke/Archduchess – A title derived from the Greek Archon ("ruler; higher") and the Latin Dux("leader"). It was used most notably by the Habsburg Dynasty that ruled Austria and Hungary until 1918.
  • Grand Duke/Grand Duchess – "Big; large" + Latin Dux (leader). A variant of "Archduke", used particularly in English translations Romanov Dynasty Russian titles. Also used in various Germanic territories until World War I. Still survives in Luxembourg.
  • Duke/Duchess – From the Latin Dux, a military title used in the Roman Empire, especially in its early Byzantine period when it designated the military commander for a specific zone.
  • Marquis or Marquess/Marquise or Marchioness – From the French marchis, literally "ruler of a border area" (from Old French marche meaning "border"); exact English translation is "March Lord", or "Lord of the March".
  • Count/Countess - From the Latin comes meaning "companion". The word was used by the Roman Empire in its Byzantine period as an honorific with a meaning roughly equivalent to modern English "peer". It became the title of those who commanded field armies in the Empire, as opposed to "Dux" which commanded locally based forces.
  • Earl (used in the United Kingdom instead of Count, but the feminine equivalent is Countess) – From the Germanic jarl, meaning "chieftain", the title was brought to the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons and survives in use only there, having been superseded in Scandinavia and on the European continent.
  • Viscount/Viscountess - From the Latin vicarius ("Deputy; substitute". Hence "vicar" and prefix "vice-") appended to Latin comes. Literally: "Deputy Count".
  • Baron/Baroness - From the Late Latin Baro, meaning "man, servant, soldier". The title originally designated the chief feudal tenant of a place, who was in vassalage to a greater lord.

In the United Kingdom, "Lord" and "Lady" are used as titles for members of the nobility. Unlike titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs", they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances, for example as courtesy titles for younger sons, etc., of peers. In Scotland "Lord of Parliament" and "Lady of Parliament" are the equivalents of Baron and Baroness in England.

  • Lord – From Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, meaning, literally, "bread-keeper", from hlāf ("bread") + weard ("guardian, keeper") and by extension "husband, father, or chief". (From which comes modified titles such as First Sea Lord and Lord of the Manor.) The feminine equivalent is Lady from the related Old English hlǣfdīġe meaning, literally, "bread-kneader", from hlāf ("bread") + dīġe ("maid"), and by extension wife, daughter, or mistress of the house. (From which comes First Lady, the anachronistic Second Lady, etc.)
  • Emperor/Empress – From the Latin Imperator, meaning he/she who holds the authority to command (imperium).
  • King/Queen – Derived from Old Norse/Germanic words. The original meaning of the root of "king" apparently meant "leader of the family" or "descendant of the leader of the family", and the original meaning of "queen", "wife". By the time the words came into English they already meant "ruler".
  • Tsar/Tsarina (Tsaritsa) – Slavonic loan-word from Latin.
  • Caesar – The name of Julius Caesar taken by his heir Augustus and thereafter by Augustus' successors as Roman Emperor through the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Loaned into German as Kaiser.
  • Leader – From Old English lædan, meaning "to guide". The head of state of North Korea is titled Great Leader. The de facto head of state of Iran is titled Supreme Leader.
  • Chief – A variation of the English "Prince", used as the short form of the word "Chieftain" (except for in Scotland, where "Chieftain" is a title held by a titleholder subordinate to a chief). Generally used to refer to a recognised leader within a chieftaincy system. From this come the variations paramount chief, clan chief and village chief. The feminine equivalent is Chieftess.
Male version Female version Realm Adjective Latin Examples
Pope There is no formal feminine of Pope Papacy Papal Papa Monarch of the Papal States and later Sovereign of the State of Vatican City
Emperor Empress Empire Imperial
Imperial and Royal (Austria) 		Imperator (Imperatrix) Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Russia, First and Second French Empire, Austria, Mexican Empire, Empire of Brazil, German Empire (none left in Europe after 1918), Empress of India (ceased to be used after 1947 when India was granted independence from the British Empire), Japan (the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world).
King Queen Kingdom Royal Rex (Regina) Common in larger sovereign states
Viceroy Vicereine Viceroyalty Viceroyal, Viceregal Proconsul Historical: Spanish Empire (Peru, New Spain, Rio de la Plata, New Granada), Portuguese Empire, (India, Brazil), British Empire
Grand Duke Grand Duchess Grand duchy Grand Ducal Magnus Dux Today: Luxembourg; historical: Lithuania, Baden, Finland, Tuscany et al.
Archduke Archduchess Archduchy Archducal Arci Dux Historical: Unique only in Austria, Archduchy of Austria; title used for member of the Habsburg dynasty
Prince Princess Principality, Princely state Princely Princeps Today: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Asturies, Wales; Andorra (Co-Princes). Historical: Albania, Serbia
Duke Duchess Duchy Ducal Dux Duke of Buccleuch, Duke of York, Duke of Devonshire et al.
Count Countess County Comital Comes Most common in the Holy Roman Empire, translated in German as Graf; historical: Portugal, Barcelona, Brandenburg, Baden, numerous others
Baron Baroness Barony Baronial Baro There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies, a sovereign barony can be compared with a principality, however, this is an historical exception; sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony, but only the title and style
Chief Chieftainess Chiefdom, Chieftaincy Chiefly Capitaneus The clan chiefs of Scotland, the grand chiefs in the Papua New Guinean honours system, the chief of the Cherokee nation, the chiefs of the Nigerian chieftaincy system, numerous others
  • Popess
    The title of a character found in Tarot cards based upon the Pope on the Roman Catholic Church. As the Bishop of Rome is an office always forbidden to women there is no formal feminine of Pope, which comes from the Latin word papa (an affectionate form of the Latin for father). The legendary female Pope Joan, is also referred to as Popess.
    Nonetheless some European languages, along with English, have formed a feminine form of the word pope, such as the Italian papessa, the French papesse, the Portuguese papisa, and the German Päpstin.

Titles used by knights, dames, baronets and baronetesses

These do not confer nobility.

"Sir" and "Dame" differ from titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs" in that they can only be used before a person's first name, and not immediately before their surname.

  • Chevalier (French)
  • Cavaliere (Italian)

Judicial titles

Historical

Ecclesiastical titles (Christian)

Titles are used to show somebody's ordination as a priest or their membership in a religious order. Use of titles differs between denominations.

Religious

Priests

Christian priests often have their names prefixed with a title similar to The Reverend.

Used for deceased persons only

Other

Academic titles

Main article: Titles in academia
  • Dr. – Short for doctor, a title used by those with doctoral degrees, such as PhD, DPhil, MD, DO, DDS, EdD, DCN, DBA, DNP, PharmD, DVM, and LLD. Those with JD degrees, although technically allowed, do not use this as a title by convention.
  • Prof. – Professor
  • Doc. – Docent
  • EUR ING – Short for European Engineer, an international professional qualification and title for highly qualified engineers used in over 32 European countries.

Military titles

Military ranks are used before names.

Maritime titles

Main article: Seafarer's professions and ranks

The names of shipboard officers, certain shipping line employees and Maritime Academy faculty/staff are preceded by their title when acting in performance of their duties.

  • Captain – a ship's highest responsible officer acting on behalf of the ship's owner (Master) or a person who is responsible for the maintenance of the vessels of a shipping line, for their docking, the handling of cargo and for the hiring of personnel for deck departments (Port Captain).
  • Chief – a licensed mariner in charge of the engineering (Chief Engineer) or deck (Chief Mate or Officer) department
  • Mate – licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship (see Second Mate & Third Mate)
  • Cadet – unlicensed trainee mate/officer or engineer under training

Law enforcement

The names of police officers may be preceded by a title such as "Officer" or by their rank.

Protected professional titles

In North America, several jurisdictions restrict the use of some professional titles to those individuals holding a valid and recognised license to practice. Individuals not authorised to use these reserved titles may be fined or jailed. Protected titles are often reserved to those professions that require a bachelor's degree or higher and a state, provincial, or national license.

Other organizations

Some titles are used to show one's role or position in a society or organization.

Some titles are used in English to refer to the position of people in foreign political systems

Non-English speaking areas

Default titles in other languages

French German Dutch Spanish Italian Swedish Portuguese Greek Hindi
Male Monsieur Herr Meneer Señor Signor Herr Senhor Κύριος-ε (Kyrios) Śrīmān/Śrī
Female Madame Frau Mevrouw Señora Signora Fru Senhora Κυρία Śrīmatī
Unmarried female Mademoiselle Fräulein Juffrouw/
Mejuffrouw		 Señorita Signorina Fröken Senhorita Δεσποινίς Suśrī

Rajput social titles

Titles used in Rajasthan and other neighbourhood states of India in honour of Rajputs (only):

  • Hukum – used in general to address any Rajput. Also used as suffix after following titles.
  • Daata – used for highest male member of a Rajput family.
  • Banna – used for Rajput boys.
  • Baisa – used for Rajput girls.
  • Babosa – used for eldest man of family.
  • Bhabha – used for eldest woman of family.

Martial Arts

  • Sensei - used for martial arts instructors
  • Sempai - used for junior karate instructors and karate instructors in training
  • Karate-ka - used for karate students
  • Judge - used for the judges and referees at martial arts tournaments
  • Master - used for kung-fu instructors or people who have studied the art their entire life

Academic

Religious

Honorary titles

Rulers

See also: Royal and noble ranks

Historical titles for heads of state

The following are no longer officially in use, though some may be claimed by former regnal dynasties.

Appointed
  • Caesar (an honorific family name passed through Roman emperors by adoption)
  • Legate
  • Satrap
  • Tetrarch
Elected or popularly declared
Hereditary

When a difference exists below, male titles are placed to the left and female titles are placed to the right of the slash.

Aristocratic

See also: Royal and noble ranks

Historical

Russian:

German:

Spanish:

Others:

Other

Historical

Post-nominal letters

Members of legislatures often have post-nominal letters expressing this:

University degrees

  • Associate
    • AA – Associate of Arts
    • AAS – Associate of Applied Science
    • AS – Associate of Science
  • Bachelor
    • BA – Bachelor of Arts
    • BArch – Bachelor of Architecture
    • BBA – Bachelor of Business Administration
    • BSBA – Bachelor of Science of Business Administration
    • BBiotech – Bachelor of Biotechnology
    • BDS / BChD – Bachelor of Dental Surgery
    • BDentTech – Bachelor of Dental Technology
    • BDes – Bachelor of Design
    • BD / BDiv – Bachelor of Divinity
    • BEd – Bachelor of Education
    • BEng – Bachelor of Engineering
    • BEnvd – Bachelor of Environmental Design
    • BFA – Bachelor of Fine Arts
    • LLB – Bachelor of Laws
    • BMath – Bachelor of Mathematics
    • MB, ChB / MB, BS / BM, BCh / MB, BChir – Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
    • BMus – Bachelor of Music
    • BN – Bachelor of Nursing
    • BPhil – Bachelor of Philosophy
    • STB – Bachelor of Sacred Theology
    • BSc – Bachelor of Science
    • BSN – Bachelor of Science in Nursing
    • BSW – Bachelor of Social Work
    • BTh / ThB – Bachelor of Theology
    • BVSc – Bachelor of Veterinary Science
  • Designer
  • Doctor
    • DA – Doctor of Arts
    • DBA – Doctor of Business Administration
    • D.D. – Doctor of Divinity
    • Ed.D. – Doctor of Education
    • EngD or DEng – Doctor of Engineering
    • DFA – Doctor of Fine Arts
    • DMA – Doctor of Musical Arts
    • D.Min. – Doctor of Ministry
    • D.Mus. – Doctor of Music
    • D.Prof – Doctor of Professional Studies
    • DPA – Doctor of Public Administration
    • D.Sc. – Doctor of Science
    • JD – Doctor of Jurisprudence
    • LL.D. – Doctor of Laws
    • MD – Doctor of Medicine
    • DO – Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
    • Pharm.D. – Doctor of Pharmacy
    • Ph.D. / D.Phil. – Doctor of Philosophy
    • PsyD – Doctor of Psychology
    • SJD – Doctor of Juridical Science
    • Th.D. – Doctor of Theology
    • Doctorates within the field of medicine:
  • Master
    • MArch – Master of Architecture
    • MA – Master of Arts
    • MAL – Master of Liberal Arts
    • MBA – Master of Business Administration
    • MPA – Master of Public Administration
    • MPS – Master of Public Service
    • MPl – Master of Planning
    • MChem – Master in Chemistry
    • MC – Master of Counselling
    • M. Des – Master of Design
    • M.Div. – Master of Divinity
    • MDrama – Master of Drama
    • MDS – Master of Dental Surgery
    • MEd – Master of Education
    • MET – Master of Educational Technology
    • MEng – Master of Engineering
    • MFA – Master of Fine Arts
    • MHA – Master of Healthcare Administration
    • MHist – Master of History
    • MLitt - Master of Letters
    • LL.M. – Master of Law
    • MLA – Master of Landscape Architecture
    • MMath – Master of Mathematics
    • MPhil – Master of Philosophy
    • MRes – Master of Research
    • MSc – Master of Science
    • MScBMC – Master of Biomedical Communications
    • MPhys – Master of Physics
    • MPharm – Master of Pharmacy
    • MPH – Master of Public Health
    • MSBA - Master of Science in Business Analytics
    • MSE – Master of Science in Engineering
    • MSRE – Master of Science in Real Estate
    • MSN – Master of Science in Nursing
    • MSW – Master of Social Work
    • Magister – Magister
    • S.T.M. – Master of Sacred Theology
    • MTh/Th.M. – Master of Theology
    • MURP – Master of Urban and Regional Planning

See also

Notes

  1. from Old High German furisto, "the first", a translation of the Latin princeps

References

  1. "GoTitleFree: Freedom from marital status titles". Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  2. "Personal names around the world". Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  3. "Ask users for Names". Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  4. Prince of Wales is a title granted, following an investiture, to the eldest son of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom – he is not a monarch in his own right.
  5. Kirsch, Johann Peter (October 1, 1910). "Popess Joan". Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  6. "The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health Report Recommendations". Institute of Medicine. November 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09.
  7. "The Use of the Title "Engineer"" (PDF). IEEE-USA. 15 Feb 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-09.
  8. "Titres professionnels". Guide de pratique professionnelle (in French). Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec. 2011. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  9. "Title "Nurse" Protection: Summary of Language by State". American Nurses Association. July 2021. Archived from the original on Feb 26, 2018.

Sources

External links

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