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{{short description|Iranian people}}
{{about||the ancient Scandinavian musical instrument|Lur|the ''commune'' in France|Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|the original group|Persian people|and|Iranian peoples}}
{{Distinguish|Lori people}}
{{for-multi|the ancient Scandinavian musical instrument|Lur|the ''commune'' in France|Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence||||}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Lurs<br />لر Lur | group = Lurs
| image = Lur handkerchief dancer, Mamasani, Iran.jpg
| image =Lurish Language Map.png
| caption = | caption = Dasmâl-bâzi dance, Mamasani, Iran
| population = 5,000,000 | population = 5,000,000
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | region1 = ]
| pop1 = {{Plainlist| | pop1 = {{Plainlist|
* 4–5 million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People |title=Iran |publisher=] |year= |accessdate=26 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=3 February 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Iran |publisher=New America Foundation |date=June 12, 2009 |accessdate=26 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archivedate=23 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> <br> <small> Approximately 6% of Iran's population </small> * 4–5 million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |title=Iran |publisher=] |access-date=26 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Iran |publisher=New America Foundation |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> <br /> <small> Approximately 6% of Iran's population </small>
}} }}
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}} | region2 =
| pop2 =
| pop2 = 517,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=11717 |title=Luri |publisher=PeopleGroups.org |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} | region3 =
| pop3 = 150,000{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} | pop3 =
| languages = ] languages` dialects including: ], ], and ] | languages = ] and ]
| religions = ], ] | religions = Mainly ]; minority ] and ]<ref name="iranicaonline.org" />
| related = ], ], Other ] | related = Other ]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}} }}
The '''Lurs''', '''Lors''' or '''Luris''' ({{Langx|fa|لر}}) are an ] living in western and southern ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-17 |title=The Lurs of Iran {{!}} Cultural Survival |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/lurs-iran |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.culturalsurvival.org |language=en}}</ref> The four Luri branches are the ], ], Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Minorsky|first=M. V.|date=2012|title=Luristān|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/luristan-COM_0588|journal=]|volume=2|pages=|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0588}}</ref>
'''Lurs''' (also Lors, ]: '''لُرو''' and '''لورَل''' ]:لُرها) are an ] living mainly in western and south-western ]. Their population is estimated at around five million. They occupy ], ], ] and ] (especially ], ] and ]), ], ], ], ], and ] provinces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/iran/lurs-iran |title=The Lurs of Iran |publisher=Cultural Survival |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}}</ref>
The Lur people mostly speak the ] (sometimes called "Luri"), a Southwestern Iranian language related to ]. According to the '']'', the Lurish language is the closest living language to Archaic and Middle Persian.<ref>C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Volume IV, E. J. Brill, pp 10,8.</ref> According to the linguist Don Still, Lori-Bakhtiari like Persian is derived directly from Old Persian.<ref>Don Stillo, "Isfahan-Provincial Dialects" in ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. Excerpt: "While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Bak_tia-ri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi."</ref> ] states that Lur people are closely related to the ] but that they "apparently began to be distinguished from the Kurds 1,000 years ago."<ref name=ku/> There is also a significant population of ] in the eastern and central parts of ],<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197">Erik John Anonby (2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?" ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.</ref> mainly known as ]s.<ref>http://www.ncciraq.org/images/infobygov/NCCI_Wassit_Governorate_Profile.pdf</ref><ref name="H. Field 1939">H. Field, ''Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran'', Chicago, 1939.</ref><ref>G. R. Fazel, "Lur", in ''Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey'', ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447; S. Amanollahi, ''Qom-e Lor'' (Tehran, 1991), p. 8</ref><ref>E.B. Soane, ''To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in disguise, with historical Notices of the Kurdish Tribes and the Chaldeans of Kurdistan''. London: John Murray, 1926. Vol II, p. 120-124</ref>


] is named after the Lurs, but some Lurs live in other provinces including ], ], ], ],<ref name=":0" /> ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amanolahi|first=Sekander|date=2002|title=Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State on Luristan|url=|journal=]|volume=6|pages=193–218|doi=10.1163/157338402X00124}}</ref> ],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Anonby|first=Erik John|date=2003|title=Update on Luri: How many languages?|url=|journal=]|volume=13|issue=2|pages=171–172|doi=10.1017/S1356186303003067|s2cid=162293895}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Opie|first=James|title=Tribal Rugs: Nomadic and Village Weavings from the Near East and Central Asia|publisher=]|year=1992|isbn=|location=9781856690256|pages=104}}</ref> southern ],<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Gheitasi|first=Mojtaba|title=Language distribution: Ilam Province|url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.ilam|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Iran Atlas}}</ref> and ] in ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
Lurs are the demographic majority of the provinces of ], ], ], and ]. Half of Khuzestan's population is Lur and 30% of Bushehr's population is Lur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Lur-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=History and cultural relations - Lur |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}}</ref>


==Language== == Origin ==
There are several disputes over the origin of the Lurs and they are believed to be from the ]ite and ] origin<ref name="The Cambridge Ancient History">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= I.E.S.|last2= Gadd| first2= C.J.|last3= Hammond|first3= G.L.|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1971|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521077910|page=644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&q=elamite+lurs}}</ref><ref name="Potts 1999 45">{{cite book|last= Potts|first= D.S|title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology)|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521564960|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&q=proto-lurs+elamite&pg=PA45}}</ref> or a ] or Persian tribe of ] origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/iran/lurs-iran |title=The Lurs of Iran |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=2015-09-21}}</ref>
'''Lurish''' is a Western ] language continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia. Lurish language forms five language groups known as ],<ref name="Najm S. Mehdi 2001">Najm S. Mehdi, ''al-Fayli'', Stockholm 2001.</ref><ref name="faylee.org">M. Jafar, </ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|last=Black-Michaud|first= J.|year= 1974|title=An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society|series=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=10 |issue=2|pages=210–228|jstor=4282526}}</ref><ref name="Shoup, J.A 2011. p.177">Shoup, J.A (2011) ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. p.177</ref> Central Lurish, ],<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref name="R. Fazel 1984">G. R. Fazel, "Lur", in ''Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey'', ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447</ref> ]<ref name="B. Grimes 1996 p. 677">B. Grimes (ed.), "Luri", in ''Ethnologue'' (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, ''A Guide to the World's Languages''(Stanford, 1991), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Laki 1978">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Laki ''Lexicon of Laki'' (in Persian; Tehran, 1978).</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Sengupta et al. "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists." AJHG 78; 2. 2006</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Lori 1964">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Lori "Lexicon of Luri] (Tehran, 1964).</ref> and the Southern Lurish.<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref name="R. Fazel 1984"/> ]

This language is spoken mainly by the ] (including Khorram Abadi, Maleki, and Laks), ], and ] (], ], ], ], ]).<ref>John Limbert، ''Iranian Studies''.</ref>
=== Name ===
] wrote that "the Lurs and their dialects are closely related to the Persians of Fars province, and naturally belong to the southwestern branch of the Iranian peoples..."<ref>{{cite book|last=Frye|first=Richard N.|title=Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, Part 3 |volume=7|year=1983|publisher=Beck|isbn=978-3406093975|page=29}}</ref>
The first sighting of the word Lur is in the writings of some historians and geographers of the 10th century and later in the form of اللور, اللر and لور (Lur). ] in ] (1330 AD) referred to the settlement of Luri tribes in ] and then their mass migration towards the current Luri-inhabited areas. There are several hypotheses that discuss the origin of the name Lur or Lor, prominent amongst them is its attribution to a person called Lur or Lohraseb and some believe that the name refers to the area of first settlement of this ethnic group. The word Ler or Lir (literally forest or forest mountain) is a probable source for this word.<ref>H.Mostawfi. 2000. Tarikhe Gozide (in Persian). Amir Kabir Publications, Tehran</ref>
The ] is divided into two main groups:
*The dialect spoken in Luri-i buzurg (Greater Lur) which is closely related to Persian. This dialect is spoken by the inhabitants of Bakhtiari, Kuh-Gilu-Boir Ahmed, in the north and east of Khuzistan, in the Mamasani district of Fars, and in some areas of Bushehr province.
*The dialect spoken in Lur-i-Kuchek (Lesser Lor) which is closely related to ], with has some similarities to Persian. This dialect is spoken in Luristan, several districts of Hamadan (Malayer, Nahavand, Towisarkan) and by the inhabitants of south and southwest Ilam and northern part of Khuzestan province.
*There is a third group of Luri people who speak northern Lurish; they are ethnically part of Lur-e-kuchak, but dialectically part of Lur-e-bozorg.


==History== ==History==
]
{{Main|History of the Lurs}}

]
] ]
] in ]]]
], the Lurish ruler of the Zand Dynasty]]


Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal ] tribes, originating from ] and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the ] (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now ]) and ]. In accordance to geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that the ]ites to be the Proto-Lurs, whose language became ] only in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= I.E.S.|last2= Gadd| first2= C.J.|last3= Hammond|first3= G.L.|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1971|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521077910|page=644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Potts|first= D.S|title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology)|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521564960|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45}}</ref> ] states that they are closely related to the Kurds but that they "apparently began to be distinguished from the ] 1,000 years ago." He adds that the '']'' of ] "mentioned two Lur dynasties among the five Kurdish dynasties that had in the past enjoyed royalty or the highest form of sovereignty or independence."<ref name="ku">{{cite book|last=Gunter|first=Michael M.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Kurds|year=2011|edition=2nd|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810867512|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDRGO6EgapMC&pg=PA203}}</ref> In the '']'' of ] mention is made of the Lurs as a ] tribe living in the mountains between ] and ]. The term Kurd according to ] was used for all Iranian nomads (including the population of Luristan as well as tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kirman) for all nomads, whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds or not.<ref>Richard Frye,"The Golden age of Persia", Phoneix Press, 1975. Second Impression December 2003. pp 111: "Tribes always have been a feature of Persian history, but the sources are extremely scant in reference to them since they did not 'make' history. The general designation 'Kurd' is found in many Arabic sources, as well as in Pahlavi book on the deeds of Ardashir the first Sassanian ruler, for all nomads no matter whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds of today or not. The population of Luristan, for example, was considered to be Kurdish, as were tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kirman"</ref> ] the second wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal ] tribes, originating from ] and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the ] (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now ]) and ]. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that the ]ites were the Proto-Lurs, whose language became ] only in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=I. E. S. Edwards|author2-link=C. J. Gadd|last1= Edwards|first1= I.E.S.|last2= Gadd| first2= C.J.|last3= Hammond|first3= G.L.|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1971|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521077910|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient1971edwa|url-access= registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Potts|first= D.S|title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology)|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher= Camberidge University Press|isbn=9780521564960|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA45}}</ref> The distinctive characteristics of the Lur dialects imply that they were Iranized by ] rather than ].{{sfn|Minorsky|1986|p=821}}


The history of the Lurs is closely linked with the dynasties that ruled in ], ], ], ] and in the ]. The Buyid dynasty is known to have produced coins at ]. In 935, they marched their forces through Lorestan. The ] was later controlled by the ], who used Sarmadj as their capital. In {{circa|1009}}, they conquered Shapur-Khwast (]). In 1042, the ] besieged Shapur-Khwast, then ruled by the ]. Between 1152 and 1174/75, Lorestan and some of Khuzestan was controlled by a Turkic lord named Husam al-Din Shuhla. The tribal structure of the Lurs, whose development culminated with the arrival of the ], was unaffected by any outside attempts to conquer Lorestan or seize portions of its land.{{sfn|Minorsky|1986|p=824}}
==Genetics==


The new Iranian monarch ] ({{reign|1925|1941}}) brought the Bakhtiari lands into the normal system of Iranian government, which included forcibly making semi-nomadic tribesmen settle. The semi-nomadic way of life that many Bakhtiaris and Lurs were familiar with, however, returned as a result of Reza Shah's toppling in 1941 and the period of less effective rule during the early years of ]'s reign. In 1986, at the time of the publication of ]'s entry on the Lurs in the 2nd edition of the ], a sizeable portion of the Lurs and Bakhtiaris were still living that way of life.{{sfn|Minorsky|1986|p=826}}
Considering their ] variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of ] ] (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).<ref name=Grugni>{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N| year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 | pmid=22815981 | pmc=3399854|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Together with its other clades, the ] group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.<ref name=Grugni/><ref name=RSpencer>{{cite journal | last1 = Wells | first1 = R. Spencer| year = 2001 | title = The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 18| pages = 10244–9 | doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 | pmid=11526236 | pmc=56946|display-authors=etal}}</ref> ] (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the ] of agriculturalists from the Neolithic ] c. 8000-4000 BCE.<ref name=RSpencer/><ref>Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159</ref><ref>Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Semino | first1 = Ornella | last2 = Magri | first2 = Chiara | last3 = Benuzzi | first3 = Giorgia | last4 = Lin | first4 = Alice A. | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = Nadia | last6 = Battaglia | first6 = Vincenza | last7 = MacCioni | first7 = Liliana | last8 = Triantaphyllidis | first8 = Costas| year = 2004 | title = Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 1023–34 | doi=10.1086/386295 | pmid=15069642 | pmc=1181965|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of ], with subclade ] accounting for most of this.<ref name=Grugni2>{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N| year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 | pmid=22815981 | pmc=3399854|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Also significant is haplogroup ], for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.<ref name=Grugni2/> Lineages ] and ] present at 6%, and ] at 4%.<ref name=Grugni2/>

=== Elam ===
]]]
The first people who ruled areas of Luristan were Elamites. The extent of the influence of the Elamites has been to the present Mamassani area. They were indigenous peoples of Iran, but there is no proper knowledge of how communities are formed and the beginning of their history. They were able to establish a state before the arrival of Aryan ethnic groups in parts of western Iran.<ref name=loor1>{{cite web| url= http://loor.ir/News.asp?nid=2970&ln=fa| title = آیا لر آریاییست یا عیلامی و کاسی؟| trans-title=Is Ler Aryan or Elamite and Kasi?|access-date =September 13, 2014| date =September 26, 2010| publisher =نشریه اینترنتی مردم لر| language =fa| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120712064947/http://loor.ir/News.asp?nid=2970&ln=fa| archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> The Elam government included Khuzestan, modern Luristan, Poshtkuh (Ilam province and some western Iraqi areas), Bakhtiari mountains and Southern Luri settlement. Babylonians called the land of Elamites Elam or Elamto, meaning "the mountain" and perhaps "the land of sunrise". Elamite is generally accepted to be a ] and thus unrelated to the much later-arriving Persian and Iranic languages. In relation to geographical and archaeological matching, historians argue that the Elamites to be the Proto-Lurs, whose language became ] only in the Middle Ages.<ref name="The Cambridge Ancient History"/><ref name="Potts 1999 45"/><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N ''et al. '' | year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | journal = PLOS One | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 | pmid=22815981 | pmc=3399854| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...741252G | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Achaemenids to Sassanids ===
During the rule of Achaemenid, Luristan was part of the rule of the Kassites and when the Achaemenids moved from Babylon to Hamadan, they had to cross the Luristan area and pay ransom to the Kassites.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=4454 |title =جبال (۱) (جمع جَبَل) یا کورة جَبَل یا قُهِستان یا قوهستان (معرّب کوهستان) یا بلاد جبال |trans-title=Jabal (1) (Jebelab al-Jalal) or Jebel or mountain or mountain (mountainous mountain) or Balad Jabal|publisher =دانشنامه جهان اسلام |access-date =June 1, 2011|language=fa}}</ref> Pahle was the name of a vast land in west of Iran which was included many cities and areas in the current Zagros. The province of Pahla was named after the Sasanian times and the word Pahlavi refers to the people, the language, and the alphabet related to this region. At the time of the Achaemenids, the current Luristan, along with Ilam and Khuzestan, were the third state of this great empire. During the Parthian period, this land was one of the Satraps (states) of this dynasty and finally, during the Sassanid period, the area was named "Pahla".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2899 |title =پَهلَوی |trans-title=Pahlavi|publisher =] |access-date =June 1, 2011|language=fa}}</ref>

===Luristan===
{{Main|Luristan}}
The word Luristan or Lorestan, is attributed to the areas inhabited by the Lurs.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/348190/Lorestan| title = Lorestān| access-date =September 11, 2014| work =]| language = en| archive-url = https://archive.today/20140911165654/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/348190/Lorestan| archive-date= September 11, 2014}}</ref> The boundaries of Luristan stretch from the eastern Iraqi plains to the west and southwest of Iran.<ref>Minorsky, V. Articles "Lur" and "Luristan" in Encyclopedia of Islam</ref><ref name=britannica /><ref name="luristan-04">{{cite web|title=LURISTAN iv. The Origin of Nomadism|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-04-origin-nomadism|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911165851/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-04-origin-nomadism|archive-date=September 11, 2014|access-date=September 11, 2014|publisher=]|language=en}}</ref> Today, Lorestan is the name of one of the western provinces of Iran.

== Branches ==
There are several established branches of the Luri language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonby|first=Erik|date=|title=Traditional classification tree|url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Iran Atlas}}</ref>
* ]
* Southern Lori
** Boyerahmadi (Yasuji)
** Kohgiluyei
** Mamasani
* Luristani (Northern Lori)
** Khorramabadi
** Borujerdi
** Bala Gariva Lori
** Hinimini
** Shuhani
*]
*]
*]
*]


==Culture== ==Culture==
The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As among ], Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have more freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear diverse types of female clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmonds, Cecil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzcyuAL7YOkC&pg=PA188|title=East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921|page=188|isbn=9789004173446|year=2010| publisher=BRILL }}</ref> ] is a notable Luri woman.<ref>{{cite book|author=Garthwaite, Gene Ralph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqPAAAACAAJ|title=Bakhtiari in the mirror of history|page=187|isbn=9789649046518|year=1996|publisher=Ānzān}}</ref> ], ] and ] are some of the most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group.
]


Many Lurs are small-scale agriculturists and shepherds. A few Lurs are also traveling musicians. Luri textiles and weaving skills are highly esteemed for their workmanship and beauty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpAMAAAACAAJ|title=Human: The Definitive Guide|publisher=]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|editor-last=Winston|editor-first=Robert|location=New York|pages=409}}</ref>
The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As is true in ], Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have had much freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear female diverse clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmonds, Cecil|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SzcyuAL7YOkC&pg=PA188|title=East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921|page=188|isbn=9789004173446|year=2010}}</ref> ], and ] are two notable Lurish women from Iran.<ref>F.Stark, 1934,The Valleys of the Assassins: and Other Persian Travels, Modern library</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Garthwaite, Gene Ralph|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bakhtiari_in_the_mirror_of_history.html?id=2oqPAAAACAAJ|title=Bakhtiari in the mirror of history|page=187|isbn=9789649046518|year=1996|publisher=Ānzān}}</ref> ], ] and ] are from the most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group.


==Religion== == Religion and language==
===Religion===
The Lur peoples are diverse and individualistic{{Clarify|date=July 2017}} in their religious views and practices.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Religious views can differ immensely, even within a family group. While the overwhelming majority of Lurs are ] Muslims, some practice a medieval Iranian religion known as ], which has roots in pre-Islamic ], ], and ]. Traditionally, the Lur people outwardly profess ] Islam, and the religion of some is a mixture of ] involving a belief in successive incarnations combined with ancient rites called ].
Most Lurs are ] Muslim. Historically, many Lurs adhered to ] but almost the whole Yarsani Luri population has converted to Shia Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hosseini|first=S. Behnaz|title=Yārsān of Iran, Socio-Political Changes and Migration|publisher=]|year=2020|isbn=978-981-15-2635-0|pages=18}}</ref> A small ] community of Lurs also exists.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-05-religion-beliefs | title=LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs |date=3 April 2015|access-date=16 August 2023|last=Mortensen|first=Inge Demant}}</ref> According to the '']'', the Lurs revere bread and fire like the ].<ref name="GibbKramers1954">{{cite book|author1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|author2=Johannes Hendrik Kramers|author3=Bernard Lewis|author4=Charles Pellat|author5=Joseph Schacht|publisher=Brill|year=1954|author1-link=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb|author3-link=Bernard Lewis|author4-link=Charles Pellat|author5-link=Joseph Schacht|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> Recent reports also indicate a growing Zoroastrian religious movement, particularly among Bakhtiari Lurs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsroomm |first=Iran International |date=2023-03-11 |title=Cleric Says Some Iranian Muslims Converting To Other Religions |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202303116431 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Luri language}}
Luri is a Western ] language ] spoken by about four million people. The continuum constitutes the three dialects of ], Luristani and Southern Luri which linguist Anonby situates between ] and ].<ref name=":1" />

==Genetics==
Considering their ] variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of ] ] (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).<ref name=":2" /> Together with its other clades, the ] group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=RSpencer>{{cite journal | last1 = Wells | first1 = R. Spencer| year = 2001 | title = The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 18| pages = 10244–9 | doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 | pmid=11526236 | pmc=56946| bibcode = 2001PNAS...9810244W|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> ] (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the ] of agriculturalists from the Neolithic ] c. 8000-4000 BCE.<ref name=RSpencer/><ref>Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159</ref><ref>Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Semino | first1 = Ornella | last2 = Magri | first2 = Chiara | last3 = Benuzzi | first3 = Giorgia | last4 = Lin | first4 = Alice A. | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = Nadia | last6 = Battaglia | first6 = Vincenza | last7 = MacCioni | first7 = Liliana | last8 = Triantaphyllidis | first8 = Costas| year = 2004 | title = Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 1023–34 | doi=10.1086/386295 | pmid=15069642 | pmc=1181965|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of ], with subclade ] accounting for most of this.<ref name=Grugni2>{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N| year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 | pmid=22815981 | pmc=3399854| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...741252G |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref> Also significant is haplogroup ], for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.<ref name=Grugni2/> Lineages ] and ] present at 6%, and ] at 4%.<ref name=Grugni2/>

==Diaspora==
Lurs's diaspora is widespread from western Iran and Iraq to Kuwait and Bahrain. A significant population of the Lurs is found in eastern and central parts of ].<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1356186303003067 |title=Update on Luri: How many languages? |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–197 |year=2003 |last1=Anonby |first1=Erik John |s2cid=162293895 }}</ref> They also have a notable Lur population in Bahrain,<ref name="iranians_bhuae">{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Eric |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf |title=Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: Migration, Minorities, and Identities in the Persian Gulf Arab States |publisher=The University of Arizona |year=2008 |isbn=9780549935070 |pages= |language=en |oclc=659750775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805072620/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp||page=42}} and Kuwait,{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} carrying the "Bushehri" surname, among others, such as the "Safar" family, who are claimed to be ].<ref name="iranians_bhuae" />{{rp||page=42}}

==Notable Lurs==
*], was an Iranian military officer who served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).<ref>{{cite web|language=fa|title=عکس/نکته‌ای جالب در دست نوشته‌ی سرلشکر سلیمانی خطاب به جوانان لُر|work=akharinkhabar|date=27 April 2019 |issn=0307-1235|url=https://akharinkhabar.ir/local/5210644|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>
* ], He was one of the disciples of Fazlallah Na'imi, the founder of the Hurufism sect.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Minorsky|first1= Vladimir|last2= | first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Treatise of Luristan and the Lurs, Along with the Baron De Bode's Travelogue. translated in Persian by Eskandar Amanollahi Baharvand and Leyli Bakhtiar|year=2013|edition=2nd|publisher= Arvan Publications |isbn=|page=122}}</ref>
*], was a notable Luri woman of the late Qajar period.<ref>Richard, Y. (Ed.).(2009). East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq, 1913-1921. Brill.</ref>
*], was an Iranian Lur especially versed in playing sorna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-13 |title=اعجاز سرنا؛ خالق عاشقانه های لرستان را جاودان کرد |url=https://mehrnews.com/news/799258/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=خبرگزاری مهر {{!}} اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} Mehr News Agency |language=fa}}</ref>
*], was a revolutionary and activist of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.


==See also== ==See also==
* ] *]
* ] *]
* ] *]
*]
*]

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Field |first=Henry |url=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/15/items/contributionstoa291fiel/contributionstoa291fiel_bw.pdf |title=Contribution to the Anthropology of Iran |year=1938}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{cite journal |last1=Amanolahi |first1=Sekandar |title=Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State on Luristan |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=193–218 |doi=10.1163/157338402X00124}}
*
* {{EI2|last=Minorsky|first=V.|title=Lur|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lur-COM_0587?s.num=10&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Baharlu|volume=5}}
*
* {{cite web|url=http://www.jozan.net/distrikter/luri.asp?oldcarpet |title="Luri" Carpet weaving style incorporating design themes of ancient Persia. |publisher=JOZAN |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.jozan.net/distrikter/luri.asp?oldcarpet |title="Luri" Carpet weaving style incorporating design themes of ancient Persia. |publisher=JOZAN |access-date=2015-09-21}}


{{Iranian peoples}} {{Iranian peoples}}
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Latest revision as of 01:56, 21 December 2024

Iranian people Not to be confused with Lori people. For the ancient Scandinavian musical instrument, see Lur. For the commune in France, see Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.

Ethnic group
Lurs
Dasmâl-bâzi dance, Mamasani, Iran
Total population
5,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Iran
  • 4–5 million
    Approximately 6% of Iran's population
Languages
Luri and Persian
Religion
Mainly Shia Islam; minority Sunni Islam and Yarsanism
Related ethnic groups
Other Iranian peoples

The Lurs, Lors or Luris (Persian: لر) are an Iranian people living in western and southern Iran. The four Luri branches are the Bakhtiari, Mamasani, Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the Luri language.

Lorestan province is named after the Lurs, but some Lurs live in other provinces including Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Hamadan, Isfahan, Tehran southern Ilam province, and Genaveh county in Bushehr province.

Origin

There are several disputes over the origin of the Lurs and they are believed to be from the Elamite and Kassite origin or a Median or Persian tribe of Aryan origin.

Name

The first sighting of the word Lur is in the writings of some historians and geographers of the 10th century and later in the form of اللور, اللر and لور (Lur). Hamdallah Mustawfi in Tarikh-e gozida (1330 AD) referred to the settlement of Luri tribes in Levant and then their mass migration towards the current Luri-inhabited areas. There are several hypotheses that discuss the origin of the name Lur or Lor, prominent amongst them is its attribution to a person called Lur or Lohraseb and some believe that the name refers to the area of first settlement of this ethnic group. The word Ler or Lir (literally forest or forest mountain) is a probable source for this word.

History

West side of the elamite rock relief said "Kul-e Farah"
Relief of an Elamite noblewoman

Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal Iranian tribes, originating from Central Asia and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the Kassites (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now Lorestan) and Gutians. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that the Elamites were the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages. The distinctive characteristics of the Lur dialects imply that they were Iranized by Persis rather than Media.

The history of the Lurs is closely linked with the dynasties that ruled in Khuzestan, Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamadan and in the Zagros Mountains. The Buyid dynasty is known to have produced coins at Izeh. In 935, they marched their forces through Lorestan. The Karkheh River was later controlled by the Hasanwayhid dynasty, who used Sarmadj as their capital. In c. 1009, they conquered Shapur-Khwast (Khorramabad). In 1042, the Seljuk Empire besieged Shapur-Khwast, then ruled by the Kakuyid dynasty. Between 1152 and 1174/75, Lorestan and some of Khuzestan was controlled by a Turkic lord named Husam al-Din Shuhla. The tribal structure of the Lurs, whose development culminated with the arrival of the Atabegs, was unaffected by any outside attempts to conquer Lorestan or seize portions of its land.

The new Iranian monarch Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941) brought the Bakhtiari lands into the normal system of Iranian government, which included forcibly making semi-nomadic tribesmen settle. The semi-nomadic way of life that many Bakhtiaris and Lurs were familiar with, however, returned as a result of Reza Shah's toppling in 1941 and the period of less effective rule during the early years of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign. In 1986, at the time of the publication of Vladimir Minorsky's entry on the Lurs in the 2nd edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, a sizeable portion of the Lurs and Bakhtiaris were still living that way of life.

Elam

Area of the Elam

The first people who ruled areas of Luristan were Elamites. The extent of the influence of the Elamites has been to the present Mamassani area. They were indigenous peoples of Iran, but there is no proper knowledge of how communities are formed and the beginning of their history. They were able to establish a state before the arrival of Aryan ethnic groups in parts of western Iran. The Elam government included Khuzestan, modern Luristan, Poshtkuh (Ilam province and some western Iraqi areas), Bakhtiari mountains and Southern Luri settlement. Babylonians called the land of Elamites Elam or Elamto, meaning "the mountain" and perhaps "the land of sunrise". Elamite is generally accepted to be a language isolate and thus unrelated to the much later-arriving Persian and Iranic languages. In relation to geographical and archaeological matching, historians argue that the Elamites to be the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages.

Achaemenids to Sassanids

During the rule of Achaemenid, Luristan was part of the rule of the Kassites and when the Achaemenids moved from Babylon to Hamadan, they had to cross the Luristan area and pay ransom to the Kassites. Pahle was the name of a vast land in west of Iran which was included many cities and areas in the current Zagros. The province of Pahla was named after the Sasanian times and the word Pahlavi refers to the people, the language, and the alphabet related to this region. At the time of the Achaemenids, the current Luristan, along with Ilam and Khuzestan, were the third state of this great empire. During the Parthian period, this land was one of the Satraps (states) of this dynasty and finally, during the Sassanid period, the area was named "Pahla".

Luristan

Main article: Luristan

The word Luristan or Lorestan, is attributed to the areas inhabited by the Lurs. The boundaries of Luristan stretch from the eastern Iraqi plains to the west and southwest of Iran. Today, Lorestan is the name of one of the western provinces of Iran.

Branches

There are several established branches of the Luri language.

Culture

The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As among Kurds, Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have more freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear diverse types of female clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari is a notable Luri woman. Luri music, Luri clothing and Luri folk dances are some of the most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group.

Many Lurs are small-scale agriculturists and shepherds. A few Lurs are also traveling musicians. Luri textiles and weaving skills are highly esteemed for their workmanship and beauty.

Religion and language

Religion

Most Lurs are Shia Muslim. Historically, many Lurs adhered to Yarsanism but almost the whole Yarsani Luri population has converted to Shia Islam. A small Sunni Muslim community of Lurs also exists. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Lurs revere bread and fire like the Zoroastrians. Recent reports also indicate a growing Zoroastrian religious movement, particularly among Bakhtiari Lurs.

Language

Main article: Luri language

Luri is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by about four million people. The continuum constitutes the three dialects of Bakhtiari, Luristani and Southern Luri which linguist Anonby situates between Kurdish and Persian.

Genetics

Considering their NRY variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23). Together with its other clades, the R1 group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs. Haplogroup J2a (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the diffusion of agriculturalists from the Neolithic Near East c. 8000-4000 BCE. Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of G2a, with subclade G2a3b accounting for most of this. Also significant is haplogroup E1b1b1a1b, for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran. Lineages Q1b1 and Q1a3 present at 6%, and T at 4%.

Diaspora

Lurs's diaspora is widespread from western Iran and Iraq to Kuwait and Bahrain. A significant population of the Lurs is found in eastern and central parts of Iraq. They also have a notable Lur population in Bahrain, and Kuwait, carrying the "Bushehri" surname, among others, such as the "Safar" family, who are claimed to be Bakhtiari Lurs.

Notable Lurs

  • Qasem Soleimani, was an Iranian military officer who served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
  • Ahmed Lur, He was one of the disciples of Fazlallah Na'imi, the founder of the Hurufism sect.
  • Qadam Kheyr, was a notable Luri woman of the late Qajar period.
  • Shahmirza Moradi, was an Iranian Lur especially versed in playing sorna.
  • Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari, was a revolutionary and activist of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. "Iran". The World Factbook. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  2. "Iran" (PDF). New America Foundation. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  3. ^ Mortensen, Inge Demant (3 April 2015). "LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs". Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  4. "The Lurs of Iran | Cultural Survival". www.culturalsurvival.org. 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  5. ^ Minorsky, M. V. (2012). "Luristān". Encyclopedia of Islam. 2. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0588.
  6. Amanolahi, Sekander (2002). "Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State on Luristan". Iran and the Caucasus. 6: 193–218. doi:10.1163/157338402X00124.
  7. ^ Anonby, Erik John (2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 13 (2): 171–172. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067. S2CID 162293895.
  8. Opie, James (1992). Tribal Rugs: Nomadic and Village Weavings from the Near East and Central Asia. 9781856690256: Pennsylvania State University. p. 104.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. Gheitasi, Mojtaba. "Language distribution: Ilam Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  10. ^ Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, G.L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 644. ISBN 9780521077910.
  11. ^ Potts, D.S (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology) (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521564960.
  12. "The Lurs of Iran". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  13. H.Mostawfi. 2000. Tarikhe Gozide (in Persian). Amir Kabir Publications, Tehran
  14. Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, G.L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 644. ISBN 9780521077910.
  15. Potts, D.S (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology) (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521564960.
  16. Minorsky 1986, p. 821.
  17. Minorsky 1986, p. 824.
  18. Minorsky 1986, p. 826.
  19. "آیا لر آریاییست یا عیلامی و کاسی؟" [Is Ler Aryan or Elamite and Kasi?] (in Persian). نشریه اینترنتی مردم لر. September 26, 2010. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  20. ^ Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N et al. (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS One. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
  21. "جبال (۱) (جمع جَبَل) یا کورة جَبَل یا قُهِستان یا قوهستان (معرّب کوهستان) یا بلاد جبال" [Jabal (1) (Jebelab al-Jalal) or Jebel or mountain or mountain (mountainous mountain) or Balad Jabal] (in Persian). دانشنامه جهان اسلام. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  22. "پَهلَوی" [Pahlavi] (in Persian). دانشنامه جهان اسلام. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  23. ^ "Lorestān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  24. Minorsky, V. Articles "Lur" and "Luristan" in Encyclopedia of Islam
  25. "LURISTAN iv. The Origin of Nomadism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  26. Anonby, Erik. "Traditional classification tree". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  27. Edmonds, Cecil (2010). East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921. BRILL. p. 188. ISBN 9789004173446.
  28. Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (1996). Bakhtiari in the mirror of history. Ānzān. p. 187. ISBN 9789649046518.
  29. Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 409. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  30. Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). Yārsān of Iran, Socio-Political Changes and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-981-15-2635-0.
  31. Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  32. Newsroomm, Iran International (2023-03-11). "Cleric Says Some Iranian Muslims Converting To Other Religions". iranintl.com. Retrieved 2024-12-08. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  33. ^ Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
  34. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159
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External links

Iranian peoples
Ethnic groups
Related ethnic groups
Ancient peoples
Origin
Languages
Iranian religions
Ethnic groups in Iran
Locals
Immigrants and expatriates
Immigration to Iran
By country
See also
Luri-populated areas in Iran and Iraq
Source for percentages is the Ethnologue.
Categories:
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