Misplaced Pages

Moroccans in Belgium: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from[REDACTED] with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 14:41, 28 November 2022 editMooonswimmer (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users22,644 editsm →CommunityTag: 2017 wikitext editor← Previous edit Latest revision as of 08:16, 2 January 2025 edit undoCommonsDelinker (talk | contribs)Bots, Template editors1,019,689 edits Removing Mohamed_Daif.jpg; it has been deleted from Commons by DMacks because: Copyright violation: this is a screenshot of an election poster, absolutely not "own work". 
(43 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
| pop = 429,580 (2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans! |url=https://www.sudinfo.be/art/1056057/article/2014-07-14/429580-belges-sont-d-origine-marocaine-deux-fois-plus-qu-il-y-a-20-ans |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=Sud-Info |date=14 July 2014 |language=fr}}</ref> | pop = 429,580 (2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans! |url=https://www.sudinfo.be/art/1056057/article/2014-07-14/429580-belges-sont-d-origine-marocaine-deux-fois-plus-qu-il-y-a-20-ans |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=Sud-Info |date=14 July 2014 |language=fr}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|Belgium}}<br/>{{flag|Morocco}} | popplace = {{flag|Belgium}}<br/>{{flag|Morocco}}
| langs = ], ], ], ], ]<ref>{{cite news |title=Spaanse Marokkanen: ''In dit apenland kan alles, redeneren ze'' |url=https://m.gva.be/cnt/aid870214 |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Gazette van Antwerpen |date=13 October 2009 |language=nl}}</ref> | langs = ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{cite news |title=Spaanse Marokkanen: ''In dit apenland kan alles, redeneren ze'' |url=https://m.gva.be/cnt/aid870214 |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Gazette van Antwerpen |date=13 October 2009 |language=nl}}</ref> ]
| rels = ]<br/> Minority: ], ], ]<ref>{{citation|last=Lederer|first=Gyorgy|year=2009|chapter=Hungary|title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 1|editor-last1=Nielsen|editor-first1=Jorgen|editor-last2=Akgönül|editor-first2=Samim|editor-last3=Alibašic|editor-first3=Ahmet|editor-last4=Maréchal|editor-first4=Brigitte|editor-last5=Moe|editor-first5=Christian|page=69-72|publisher=]|isbn=978-9047428503}}</ref>
| rels = ]<br/> Minority: ], ], ]
| related = ] and ] | related = Arabs and ]
| native_name = | native_name =
| native_name_lang = | native_name_lang =
Line 23: Line 23:
There has been a Moroccan presence in ] since 1912 when ] began recruiting workers from its ] as immigrant workers, allowing some to cross into Belgium. At the time, ] possessed a largely agrarian economy and ] was attractive to many young men. There were thought to be 6,000 Moroccans living in Belgium by 1930, predominantly in industrial towns in ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laporte |first1=Christian |title=1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine |url=https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/12-siecle-d-immigration-belgo-marocaine-5300f9173570c16bb1ce4c49 |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=] |date=16 February 2014 |language=fr}}</ref> There has been a Moroccan presence in ] since 1912 when ] began recruiting workers from its ] as immigrant workers, allowing some to cross into Belgium. At the time, ] possessed a largely agrarian economy and ] was attractive to many young men. There were thought to be 6,000 Moroccans living in Belgium by 1930, predominantly in industrial towns in ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laporte |first1=Christian |title=1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine |url=https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/12-siecle-d-immigration-belgo-marocaine-5300f9173570c16bb1ce4c49 |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=] |date=16 February 2014 |language=fr}}</ref>


Belgium's economic recovery in the aftermath of ] was based on the rapid revival of ] and heavy industry which experienced an acute shortage of labour. The Belgian government created various ]s aimed at encouraging workers to travel to Belgium on work contracts. The first such agreement was made with ] in 1946 but collapsed after the ] in 1956. Alternative agreements were made with ] (1956) and ] (1957) and later ] (1964) and the Belgian government began negotiations about recruiting workers from North Africa in 1957 around the time of ]'s independence while the ] was still ongoing.<ref name=CARHOP>{{cite web |last1=Loriaux |first1=Florence |title=L'immigration marocaine en Belgique (1964-2004) |url=https://www.carhop.be/images/Immigration_marocaine_F.LORIAUX-2005.pdf |publisher=Centre d'animation et de recherche en histoire ouvrière et populaire (CARHOP) |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> The rapid recovery of the Belgian economy after ] was based on the rapid revival of ] and heavy industry which experienced an acute labour shortage. As a response, the Belgian government entered into various ]mes aimed at encouraging workers to travel to Belgium on work contracts. The first such agreement was made with ] in 1946 but the arrangement collapsed after large-scale loss of life among Italian workers in the ] in 1956. Alternative agreements were concluded with ] (1956) and ] (1957) and later ] (1964). Belgium also began to look to recruiting migrant workers from North Africa from 1957 but the process was complicated by the ongoing ].<ref name=CARHOP>{{cite web |last1=Loriaux |first1=Florence |title=L'immigration marocaine en Belgique (1964-2004) |url=https://www.carhop.be/images/Immigration_marocaine_F.LORIAUX-2005.pdf |publisher=Centre d'animation et de recherche en histoire ouvrière et populaire (CARHOP) |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>


A guest worker agreement was signed with Morocco on 17 August 1964. This made Morocco the first North African state to make such an agreement with Belgium.<ref name=CARHOP/> In following years significant numbers of Moroccan workers, mainly single men, were recruited for work in Belgium. The program was cancelled in August 1974 amid the fall in demand created by the ]. However, the spread of ] and high ]s led to the rapid expansion of the community after the scheme's abolition. In following years, there was also immigration into Belgium from students and political dissidents opposed to the regime of ].<ref name=CARHOP/> A guest worker agreement was signed with Morocco on 17 August 1964. This made Morocco the first North African state to make such an agreement with Belgium.<ref name=CARHOP/> In following years significant numbers of Moroccan workers, mainly single men, were recruited for work in Belgium. The program was cancelled in August 1974 amid the fall in demand created by the ] and the country's escalating ]. However, the spread of ] and high ]s led to the rapid expansion of the community after the scheme's abolition. In following years, there was also immigration into Belgium from students and political dissidents opposed to the regime of ].<ref name=CARHOP/>

As of 2023, there are a total of 699,296 North Africans in Belgium, of which a majority are Moroccans. A total of 258,603 North Africans reside in the ], and 120,356 reside in Antwerp. A total of 275,421 North Africans reside in ] and a total of 165,272 North Africans reside in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin {{!}} Statbel |url=https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin#figures |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=statbel.fgov.be}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''Number of Moroccans in larger cities '''{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! style="background:#ececec;"| #|| style="background:#ececec;"| City|| style="background:#ececec;"| People
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 1. || ] || 34,984
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 2. || ] || 11,780
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 3. || ] || 7,634
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 4. || ] || 5,403
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 5. || ] || 2,836
|}


==Community== ==Community==
In Belgium, the number of people of Moroccan origin (at least one parent born with Moroccan nationality) was 430,000 as of 1 January 2012, or about 4% of the country's population. This proportion is 6.7% for those under 15 years of age. This figure has more than doubled in 20 years. With a percentage of 4%, the Moroccan population (counting the Belgians of Moroccan origin) has the highest percentage in Europe among Moroccans residing abroad. The Brussels-Capital Region (45% of MREs in Belgium) has the most Moroccans in Belgium and Europe, followed by Antwerp (22.7%), Liège (8.8%) and ] (5.2%). A large majority of Moroccans in Belgium originate from northern Morocco (], ], ], ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/12-siecle-d-immigration-belgo-marocaine-5300f9173570c16bb1ce4c49|title=1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine|last=Libre.be|first=La|access-date=2017-07-25|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudinfo.be/1056057/article/2014-07-14/429580-belges-sont-d-origine-marocaine-deux-fois-plus-qu-il-y-a-20-ans|title=429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans!|last=sudinfo.be|work=sudinfo|access-date=2017-07-25|language=fr}}</ref> Moroccans form a major immigrant ethnic group in Belgium. The number of people with at least one parent born with Moroccan nationality was 430,000 on 1 January 2012, or about 4 percent of the national population.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} This proportion was 6.7% among those under 15 years of age. Belgium also represents one of the most important centres of the ]. The Brussels-Capital Region has the most Moroccans in Belgium (45%), followed by Antwerp (22.7%), Liège (8.8%) and ] (5.2%).
A large majority of Moroccans in Belgium originate from northern Morocco (], ], ], ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/12-siecle-d-immigration-belgo-marocaine-5300f9173570c16bb1ce4c49|title=1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine|last=Libre.be|first=La|access-date=2017-07-25|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudinfo.be/1056057/article/2014-07-14/429580-belges-sont-d-origine-marocaine-deux-fois-plus-qu-il-y-a-20-ans|title=429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans!|last=sudinfo.be|work=sudinfo|access-date=2017-07-25|language=fr}}</ref>


It was reported in 2019 that six Moroccan-Belgians had been elected to the ] and 21 in regional parliaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Six Belgians of Moroccan Descent Enter Belgian Parliament {{!}} The North Africa Post |url=https://northafricapost.com/31334-six-belgians-of-moroccan-descent-enter-belgian-parliament.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=The North African Post |date=31 May 2019}}</ref> It was reported in 2019 that six Moroccan-Belgians had been elected to the ] and 21 in regional parliaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Six Belgians of Moroccan Descent Enter Belgian Parliament {{!}} The North Africa Post |url=https://northafricapost.com/31334-six-belgians-of-moroccan-descent-enter-belgian-parliament.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=The North African Post |date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 34: Line 55:
It was reported in 2020 that more than 1,500 Moroccan-Belgian dual nationals in Morocco had request repatriation to Belgium during the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Loos |first1=Baudouin |title=Coronavirus: 1.500 binationaux bloqués au Maroc se sont inscrits pour être rapatriés, annonce Goffin |url=https://www.lesoir.be/294189/article/2020-04-13/coronavirus-1500-binationaux-bloques-au-maroc-se-sont-inscrits-pour-etre |access-date=30 July 2020 |publisher=Le Soir |date=13 April 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> It was reported in 2020 that more than 1,500 Moroccan-Belgian dual nationals in Morocco had request repatriation to Belgium during the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Loos |first1=Baudouin |title=Coronavirus: 1.500 binationaux bloqués au Maroc se sont inscrits pour être rapatriés, annonce Goffin |url=https://www.lesoir.be/294189/article/2020-04-13/coronavirus-1500-binationaux-bloques-au-maroc-se-sont-inscrits-pour-etre |access-date=30 July 2020 |publisher=Le Soir |date=13 April 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>


There is a small ] community which runs the Judeo-Moroccan Cultural Centre (''Centre de la Culture judéo-marocaine'', CCJM) in Brussels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Les juifs marocains de Belgique fêtent La Mimouna |url=https://www.ccme.org.ma/fr/medias-et-migration/49116 |access-date=30 July 2020 |publisher=Conseil de la communauté marocaine à l'étranger (CCME) |date=11 May 2016 |language=fr-fr}}</ref> There is a small ] community which runs the Judeo-Moroccan Cultural Centre (''Centre de la Culture judéo-marocaine'', CCJM) in Brussels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Les juifs marocains de Belgique fêtent La Mimouna |url=https://www.ccme.org.ma/fr/medias-et-migration/49116 |access-date=30 July 2020 |publisher=Conseil de la communauté marocaine à l'étranger (CCME) |date=11 May 2016 |language=fr-fr}}</ref> The chief Rabbi of Belgium is ], born in ] in 1944.


== Radicalization == == Radicalization ==
In the 2012-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to ], the great majority were of Moroccan descent according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when-it-comes-to-radicalization-in-belgium-turks-and-moroccans-are-different|title=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-10|quote=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}</ref> In a report by the ], of the 135 individuals surveyed in connection with terrorism, there were 12 different nationalities. Of those 65% had Belgian citizenship and 33% were either ] citizens or had ancestral roots there.<ref name="ctc_beyond_caliph_belgium">{{cite book|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/02/CTC-Beyond-the-Caliphate-Belgium.pdf|title=Beyond the Caliphate|last1=Van Vlierden|first1=Guy|last2=Lewis|first2=Jon|last3=Rassler|first3=Don|date=February 2018|publisher=]|page=1|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224171236/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/02/CTC-Beyond-the-Caliphate-Belgium.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> In the 2012–2016 timespan, of the approximately 500 individuals who left the country to ], the great majority were of Moroccan descent according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when-it-comes-to-radicalization-in-belgium-turks-and-moroccans-are-different|title=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-10|quote=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}</ref> In a report by the ], of the 135 individuals surveyed in connection with terrorism, there were 12 different nationalities. Of those 65% had Belgian citizenship and 33% were either ] citizens or had ancestral roots there.<ref name="ctc_beyond_caliph_belgium">{{cite book|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/02/CTC-Beyond-the-Caliphate-Belgium.pdf|title=Beyond the Caliphate|last1=Van Vlierden|first1=Guy|last2=Lewis|first2=Jon|last3=Rassler|first3=Don|date=February 2018|publisher=]|page=1|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224171236/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/02/CTC-Beyond-the-Caliphate-Belgium.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref>


== Notable people == == Notable people ==
{{main|Category:Belgian people of Moroccan descent}} {{main|Category:Belgian people of Moroccan descent}}
=== Members of parliament or of government ===
⚫ *]
<gallery>
*]
Imade Annouri - 2019.jpg|]
*]
Fourat Ben Chikha.jpg|]
⚫ *]
Sihame El Kaouakibi Vlaams Parlement.png|]
⚫ *]
EP, Štrasburk, Saïd El Khadraoui.jpg|]
⚫ *]
Ahmed EL KTIBI.jpg|]
⚫ *]
Latifa Gahouchi.jpg|]
Yamila Idrissi.jpg|]
⚫ Zakia khattabi.jpg|]
Minister Meryame Kitir.jpg|]
591443165 ID3479333 19 laanan 202544 0268P0 0.jpg|]
LaaouejWiki.jpg|]
Nahima-lanjri-1337435663.jpg|]
Rajae Maouane (2021) (cropped).jpg|]
Nadia sminate-1517993155.JPG|]
Olga Zrihen (2016).jpeg|]
</gallery>

=== Others ===
<gallery>
⚫ Lubna Azabal.jpg|]
⚫ Zakaria Bakkali.jpg|]
⚫ Jamal-Ben-Saddik-2016-12.jpg|]
Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui.JPG|]
Soufiane eddyani-1476984294.png|]
⚫ Marouane Fellaini vs USA.jpg|]
Mourade Zeguendi.jpg|]
</gallery>
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*]


== See also == == See also ==
{{Portal|Belgium}} {{Portal|Belgium|Morocco}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
Line 65: Line 115:
*{{cite journal |last1=Bousetta |first1=Hassan |last2=Martiniello |first2=Marco |title=Marocains de Belgique : du travailleur immigré au citoyen transnational |journal=Hommes & Migrations |date=2003 |volume=1242 |issue=1242 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.3406/homig.2003.3977 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2003_num_1242_1_3977}} *{{cite journal |last1=Bousetta |first1=Hassan |last2=Martiniello |first2=Marco |title=Marocains de Belgique : du travailleur immigré au citoyen transnational |journal=Hommes & Migrations |date=2003 |volume=1242 |issue=1242 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.3406/homig.2003.3977 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2003_num_1242_1_3977}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bastenier |first1=Albert |s2cid=144548558 |title=L'incidence du facteur religieux dans la "conscience ethnique" des immigrés marocains en Belgique |journal=Social Compass |date=18 August 2016 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=195–218 |doi=10.1177/003776898045002001}} *{{cite journal |last1=Bastenier |first1=Albert |s2cid=144548558 |title=L'incidence du facteur religieux dans la "conscience ethnique" des immigrés marocains en Belgique |journal=Social Compass |date=18 August 2016 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=195–218 |doi=10.1177/003776898045002001}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Roofthoofd |first1=Nils |title=Met vallen en opstaan. Het ontstaan van de Marokkaanse gemeenschap in Mechelen en het integratiebeleid (1962-1982) |journal=Brood & Rozen |date=2019 |volume=24 |issue=1 |doi=10.21825/broodenrozen.83596|doi-access=free }}


== External links == == External links ==
Line 70: Line 121:


{{Moroccan diaspora}} {{Moroccan diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Belgium}} {{Ethnic groups in Belgium}}
{{Portal bar|Morocco|Belgium}}

] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 08:16, 2 January 2025

Ethnic group
Moroccan-Belgians
Total population
429,580 (2012)
Regions with significant populations
 Belgium
 Morocco
Languages
French, Dutch, Moroccan Arabic, Rifian, Shilha, Spanish, Italian
Religion
Islam
Minority: Judaism, Irreligion, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Arabs and Berbers in Belgium

Moroccans and people of Moroccan descent, who come from various ethnic groups, form a distinct community in Belgium and part of the wider Moroccan diaspora. They represent the largest non-European immigrant population in Belgium and are widely referred to as Belgo-Marocains in French and Belgische Marokkanen in Dutch.

History

Moroccan-born population in Belgium
YearPop.±%
1961 461—    
1970 39,294+8423.6%
1981 105,133+167.6%
1991 142,098+35.2%
2002 90,642−36.2%
Source:

There has been a Moroccan presence in Belgium since 1912 when France began recruiting workers from its North African colonies as immigrant workers, allowing some to cross into Belgium. At the time, Morocco possessed a largely agrarian economy and labour migration was attractive to many young men. There were thought to be 6,000 Moroccans living in Belgium by 1930, predominantly in industrial towns in Wallonia.

The rapid recovery of the Belgian economy after World War II was based on the rapid revival of coal mining and heavy industry which experienced an acute labour shortage. As a response, the Belgian government entered into various guest worker programmes aimed at encouraging workers to travel to Belgium on work contracts. The first such agreement was made with Italy in 1946 but the arrangement collapsed after large-scale loss of life among Italian workers in the Marcinelle mining disaster in 1956. Alternative agreements were concluded with Spain (1956) and Greece (1957) and later Turkey (1964). Belgium also began to look to recruiting migrant workers from North Africa from 1957 but the process was complicated by the ongoing Algerian War.

A guest worker agreement was signed with Morocco on 17 August 1964. This made Morocco the first North African state to make such an agreement with Belgium. In following years significant numbers of Moroccan workers, mainly single men, were recruited for work in Belgium. The program was cancelled in August 1974 amid the fall in demand created by the 1973–1975 recession and the country's escalating deindustrialisation. However, the spread of family reunification and high birth rates led to the rapid expansion of the community after the scheme's abolition. In following years, there was also immigration into Belgium from students and political dissidents opposed to the regime of King Hassan II.

As of 2023, there are a total of 699,296 North Africans in Belgium, of which a majority are Moroccans. A total of 258,603 North Africans reside in the Brussels-Capital Region, and 120,356 reside in Antwerp. A total of 275,421 North Africans reside in Flanders and a total of 165,272 North Africans reside in Wallonia.

Number of Moroccans in larger cities
# City People
1. Brussels 34,984
2. Antwerp 11,780
3. Liège 7,634
4. Charleroi 5,403
5. Namur 2,836

Community

Moroccans form a major immigrant ethnic group in Belgium. The number of people with at least one parent born with Moroccan nationality was 430,000 on 1 January 2012, or about 4 percent of the national population. This proportion was 6.7% among those under 15 years of age. Belgium also represents one of the most important centres of the Moroccan diaspora. The Brussels-Capital Region has the most Moroccans in Belgium (45%), followed by Antwerp (22.7%), Liège (8.8%) and Charleroi (5.2%).

A large majority of Moroccans in Belgium originate from northern Morocco (Al Hoceima, Nador, Tangier, Tetouan and Oujda).

It was reported in 2019 that six Moroccan-Belgians had been elected to the Chamber of Representatives and 21 in regional parliaments.

It was reported in 2020 that more than 1,500 Moroccan-Belgian dual nationals in Morocco had request repatriation to Belgium during the COVID-19 pandemic.

There is a small Moroccan Jewish community which runs the Judeo-Moroccan Cultural Centre (Centre de la Culture judéo-marocaine, CCJM) in Brussels. The chief Rabbi of Belgium is Albert Guigui, born in Meknès in 1944.

Radicalization

In the 2012–2016 timespan, of the approximately 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of Moroccan descent according to U.S. and Belgian authorities. In a report by the Combating Terrorism Center, of the 135 individuals surveyed in connection with terrorism, there were 12 different nationalities. Of those 65% had Belgian citizenship and 33% were either Moroccan citizens or had ancestral roots there.

Notable people

Main page: Category:Belgian people of Moroccan descent

Members of parliament or of government

Others

See also

References

  1. "429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans!" (in French). Sud-Info. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  2. "Spaanse Marokkanen: In dit apenland kan alles, redeneren ze" (in Dutch). Gazette van Antwerpen. 13 October 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  3. Lederer, Gyorgy (2009), "Hungary", in Nielsen, Jorgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašic, Ahmet; Maréchal, Brigitte; Moe, Christian (eds.), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 1, BRILL Publishers, p. 69-72, ISBN 978-9047428503
  4. ^ Loriaux, Florence. "L'immigration marocaine en Belgique (1964-2004)" (PDF). Centre d'animation et de recherche en histoire ouvrière et populaire (CARHOP). Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  5. Laporte, Christian (16 February 2014). "1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine" (in French). La Libre Belgique. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  6. "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  7. Libre.be, La. "1/2 siècle d'immigration belgo-marocaine" (in French). Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  8. sudinfo.be. "429.580 Belges sont d'origine marocaine: deux fois plus qu'il y a 20 ans!". sudinfo (in French). Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  9. "Six Belgians of Moroccan Descent Enter Belgian Parliament | The North Africa Post". The North African Post. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. Loos, Baudouin (13 April 2020). "Coronavirus: 1.500 binationaux bloqués au Maroc se sont inscrits pour être rapatriés, annonce Goffin" (in French). Le Soir. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  11. "Les juifs marocains de Belgique fêtent La Mimouna" (in French). Conseil de la communauté marocaine à l'étranger (CCME). 11 May 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  12. "When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-03-10. More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.
  13. Van Vlierden, Guy; Lewis, Jon; Rassler, Don (February 2018). Beyond the Caliphate (PDF). Combating Terrorism Center. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

Further reading

External links

Morocco Moroccan diaspora
Belgians
Ethnic
ancestry
Indigenous
Africa
Asia
Americas
Europe
Religious groups
Gender & sexuality
Other
Portals: Categories:
Moroccans in Belgium: Difference between revisions Add topic