| Revision as of 20:40, 23 December 2021 editPeters01 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users23,232 edits Added details of John I (Byzantine ruler← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 12:17, 4 January 2025 edit undoOnel5969 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers939,238 editsm Disambiguating links to Siege of Valencia (link changed to Conquest of Valencia (1238)) using DisamAssist. | ||
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| {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} | ||
| {{ |
{{About year|1238}} | ||
| {{Year nav|1238}} | {{Year nav|1238}} | ||
| {{C13 year in topic}} | {{C13 year in topic}} | ||
| ] (right) dies at the ] (1896)]] | ] (right) dies at the ] (1896)]] | ||
| Year '''1238''' (''']''') was a ] |
Year '''1238''' (''']''') was a ] of the ]. | ||
| == Events == | == Events == | ||
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| ==== Mongol Empire ==== | ==== Mongol Empire ==== | ||
| * ]–] – ]: The Mongols under ] and ] campaign across the northern heartland of the ], committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an |
* ]–] – ]: The Mongols under ] and ] campaign across the northern heartland of the ], committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as ]. According to the ], Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege. | ||
| * ] – ]: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince ] in an engagement at the ] (located in the ]). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan |
* ] – ]: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince ] in an engagement at the ] (located in the ]). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day ] and ]). | ||
| * March – ]: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of ] (grandson of ]), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of ] for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison |
* March – ]: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of ] (grandson of ]), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of ] for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughters thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants. | ||
| * ], Kievan knight ('']''), returns to his hometown of ], which |
* ], Kievan knight ('']''), returns to his hometown of ], which was burnt to the ground by the Mongols in ]. He gathers some 1,700 survivors and pursues Batu Khan, attacking his rearguard, and annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home. | ||
| * Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year |
* Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the ], while his cousin ] (son of ]) conquer the ] and the northern ] tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as ].<ref>] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 211. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> | ||
| ==== Europe ==== | ==== Europe ==== | ||
| * ] – ]: The Teutonic Knights sign |
* ] – ]: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King ] ("the Conqueror"). ], Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master ] and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with ].<ref>David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: ''Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice'', p. 48. {{ISBN|1-85532-553-5}}.</ref> The ] are merged into the ] as an autonomous branch and become known as the ]. | ||
| * ] – ]: Emperor ] begins the siege of ]. He rejects the negotiations of the ] and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern ]. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. ] and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. | * ] – ]: Emperor ] begins the siege of ]. He rejects the negotiations of the ] and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern ]. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. ] and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. | ||
| * ] – ]: Chieftain ] and his son, ], are defeated by ] and ], for control of ] (known as the ]). | * ] – ]: Chieftain ] and his son, ], are defeated by ] and ], for control of ] (known as the ]). | ||
| * ] – King ] |
* ] – King ] ] from the ], who retreat to ]. During the campaign, James' cousin, ], dies from wounds received in action. | ||
| * Autumn – ], Almohad ruler of the ], begins the construction of the ] Complex on the site of a pre-] fortress. | * Autumn – ], Almohad ruler of the ], begins the construction of the ] Complex on the site of a pre-] fortress. | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| ==== Middle East ==== | ==== Middle East ==== | ||
| * ] – ], Ayyubid ruler of ], dies at ] and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son ]. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son ], sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden '']'' dethrones him in favour of his uncle, ].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 176–177. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> | * ] – ], Ayyubid ruler of ], dies at ] and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son ]. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son ], sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden '']'' dethrones him in favour of his uncle, ].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 176–177. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> | ||
| * The ] Imam ] and the ] caliph ] send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings ] |
* The ] Imam ] and the ] caliph ] send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings ] and ] to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.<ref name="Daftary1992p418">{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42974-0 |pages=418–420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA418 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daftari2000">{{cite web |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |author-link1=Farhad Daftary |title=The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands {{!}} The Institute of Ismaili Studies |url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/mediaeval-ismailis-iranian-lands |website=www.iis.ac.uk |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803145807/http://www.iis.ac.uk/mediaeval-ismailis-iranian-lands |url-status=dead }}</ref></onlyinclude> | ||
| ] | |||
| </onlyinclude> | |||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| * ] – ], Italian noblewoman and saint (d. ]) | |||
| * ] – ] (or '''Sithu IV'''), Burmese ruler (d. ]) | |||
| * ] – ] ('''the Law-mender'''), king of ] (d. ]) | * ] – ] ('''the Law-mender'''), king of ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ] – ], Italian nun and prioress (d. ]) | * ] – ], Italian nun and prioress (d. ]) | ||
| * ] – ], prince of ] (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Arab ] scholar and philosopher (d. 1280) | |||
| * ], Italian sculptor and architect (d. ]) | |||
| * ], English ] and knight (d. ]) | * ], English ] and knight (d. ]) | ||
| * ], Japanese nobleman and ] (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Indian ] religious leader (d. ]) | * ], Indian ] religious leader (d. ]) | ||
| * ], Irish nobleman and justiciar (d. ]) | |||
| * ], duke of ] (]) (d. ]) | * ], duke of ] (]) (d. ]) | ||
| * ], English nobleman and knight (d. 1295) | |||
| * ] (or '''Awliya'''), Indian ] scholar (d. ]) | * ] (or '''Awliya'''), Indian ] scholar (d. ]) | ||
| * ], Savoyard nobleman and knight (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Spanish nobleman and priest (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Tibetan ] (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Chinese mathematician and writer (d. ]) | |||
| * ], Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1313) | |||
| * ], Seljuk poet, ] and writer (d. 1328) | |||
| * ], Chinese general and admiral (d. 1280) | |||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ** ], queen consort of ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|editor=Elizabeth Ewan|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ewan|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh |
** ], queen consort of ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|editor=Elizabeth Ewan|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ewan|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0-7486-1713-2|page=|edition=Reprinted }}</ref> | ||
| ** ], Kievan prince (b. ]) | |||
| ** ], Kievan Grand Prince (b. ]) | ** ], Kievan Grand Prince (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ], Ayyubid ruler of ] (b. ]) | * ] – ], Ayyubid ruler of ] (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ], Japanese ] monk (b. ]) | * ] – ], Japanese ] monk (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ] ('''the Bearded'''), duke of ] | * ] – ] ('''the Bearded'''), duke of ] | ||
| * ] – ], Persian Sufi poet | |||
| * ] – ], bishop of ] | * ] – ], bishop of ] | ||
| * ] – ], bishop of ] | |||
| * ] – ], German noblewoman | |||
| * ] – ], French baroness | |||
| * ] – ], English bishop | * ] – ], English bishop | ||
| * ] (or '''Ibn Hud'''), Almohad ruler | * ] (or '''Ibn Hud'''), Almohad ruler | ||
| * ], Catalan ] and scholar (b. ]) | * ], Catalan ] and scholar (b. ]) | ||
| * ], German rabbi and astronomer | |||
| * ], Kievan warrior and knight (b. ]) | * ], Kievan warrior and knight (b. ]) | ||
| * ], German archbishop (b. ]) | * ], German archbishop (b. ]) | ||
| * ], English |
* ], English nobleman and high sheriff | ||
| * ] ('''the Strong'''), Cypriot knight (b. ]) | * ] ('''the Strong'''), Cypriot knight (b. ]) | ||
| * ] ('''Axouchos'''), Byzantine |
* ] ('''Axouchos Komnenos'''), Byzantine emperor | ||
| * ], French military leader and knight | |||
| * ], Japanese nobleman (b. ]) | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 12:17, 4 January 2025
Calendar year
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1238 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1238 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1238 MCCXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 1991 |
| Armenian calendar | 687 ԹՎ ՈՁԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5988 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1159–1160 |
| Bengali calendar | 644–645 |
| Berber calendar | 2188 |
| English Regnal year | 22 Hen. 3 – 23 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1782 |
| Burmese calendar | 600 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6746–6747 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 3935 or 3728 — to — 戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 3936 or 3729 |
| Coptic calendar | 954–955 |
| Discordian calendar | 2404 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1230–1231 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4998–4999 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1294–1295 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1159–1160 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4338–4339 |
| Holocene calendar | 11238 |
| Igbo calendar | 238–239 |
| Iranian calendar | 616–617 |
| Islamic calendar | 635–636 |
| Japanese calendar | Katei 4 / Ryakunin 1 (暦仁元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1147–1148 |
| Julian calendar | 1238 MCCXXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3571 |
| Minguo calendar | 674 before ROC 民前674年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −230 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1780–1781 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1364 or 983 or 211 — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1365 or 984 or 212 |
Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
- January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.
- March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).
- March – Siege of Kozelsk: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of Chernigov (grandson of Mstislav II Svyatoslavich), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of Kozelsk for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughters thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants.
- Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan knight (bogatyr), returns to his hometown of Ryazan, which was burnt to the ground by the Mongols in 1237. He gathers some 1,700 survivors and pursues Batu Khan, attacking his rearguard, and annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home.
- Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev.
Europe
- June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.
- July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.
- August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs).
- September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.
- Autumn – Muhammad I, Almohad ruler of the Emirate of Granada, begins the construction of the Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress.
England
- January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.
Middle East
- March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail.
- The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.
Births
- March 12 – Serafina, Italian noblewoman and saint (d. 1253)
- April 23 – Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (d. 1287)
- May 1 – Magnus VI (the Law-mender), king of Norway (d. 1280)
- May 3 – Emilia Bicchieri, Italian nun and prioress (d. 1314)
- July 11 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales (d. 1283)
- Al-Bahrani, Arab Shia scholar and philosopher (d. 1280)
- Guglielmo Agnelli, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1313)
- Henry de Montfort, English nobleman and knight (d. 1265)
- Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1323)
- Madhva Acharya, Indian Hindu religious leader (d. 1317)
- Maurice FitzGerald, Irish nobleman and justiciar (d. 1277)
- Meinhard II, duke of Carinthia (House of Gorizia) (d. 1295)
- Nicholas Segrave, English nobleman and knight (d. 1295)
- Nizamuddin Auliya (or Awliya), Indian Sufi scholar (d. 1325)
- Otto de Grandson, Savoyard nobleman and knight (d. 1328)
- Pedro Armengol, Spanish nobleman and priest (d. 1304)
- Rinchen Gyaltsen, Tibetan imperial preceptor (d. 1279)
- Yang Hui, Chinese mathematician and writer (d. 1298)
- Yao Sui, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1313)
- Yunus Emre, Seljuk poet, mystic and writer (d. 1328)
- Zhang Hongfan, Chinese general and admiral (d. 1280)
Deaths
- March 4
- Joan of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1210)
- Vasilko Konstantinovich, Kievan prince (b. 1209)
- Yuri II of Vladimir, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1188)
- March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (b. 1177)
- March 16 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 1162)
- March 19 – Henry I (the Bearded), duke of Poland
- March 21 – Awhad al-Din Kermani, Persian Sufi poet
- June 9 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester
- July 9 – William de Malveisin, bishop of St. Andrews
- July 10 – Sophia of Wittelsbach, German noblewoman
- September 28 – Jeanne des Roches, French baroness
- December 26 – Alexander de Stavenby, English bishop
- Abu abd Allah Muhammad (or Ibn Hud), Almohad ruler
- Azriel of Gerona, Catalan rabbi and scholar (b. 1160)
- Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan warrior and knight (b. 1200)
- Heinrich I von Müllenark, German archbishop (b. 1190)
- Hugh le Despenser, English nobleman and high sheriff
- Hugh of Ibelin (the Strong), Cypriot knight (b. 1213)
- John I (Axouchos Komnenos), Byzantine emperor
- John of Béthune, French military leader and knight
- Matsudono Moroie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1172)
References
- Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 211. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 48. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
- Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 400. ISBN 0-7486-1713-2.