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== Origins == == Origins ==
Turks were an important political identity of ]. They first appeared at ] ]s and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, ], ], and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that ] have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of ]n ] ] ].<ref>{{Citation |title=Historical Backgrounds |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/turkic/historical-backgrounds/B5A0223FE8F5078EF190F3F788E18BD7 |work=Turkic |pages=114–142 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781139016704.006 |isbn=978-0-521-86535-7 |s2cid=265386317 |access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref> Turks are an important political identity of ]. They first appeared at ] ]s and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, ], ], and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that ] have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of ]n ] ] ].<ref>{{Citation |title=Historical Backgrounds |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/turkic/historical-backgrounds/B5A0223FE8F5078EF190F3F788E18BD7 |work=Turkic |pages=114–142 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781139016704.006 |isbn=978-0-521-86535-7 |s2cid=265386317 |access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref>


''Türk'' was first used as a political identity in history during the ] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |page=829 |quote=The first people to use the ethnonym ''Turk'' to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century}}</ref> The ] was invented by ] as well.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478''</ref> The ruling ] origins are disputed.{{sfn|Christian|1998|p=249}} ''Türk'' was first used as a political identity in history during the ] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |page=829 |quote=The first people to use the ethnonym ''Turk'' to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century}}</ref> The ] was invented by ] as well.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478''</ref> The ruling ] origins are disputed.{{sfn|Christian|1998|p=249}}
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== The beginning of Turkic history == == The beginning of Turkic history ==
=== 3rd century BC === === 3rd century BC ===
* '''240 BC''': Great Wall of China built to protect the nation against ]. * '''240 BC''': Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation against ].
* '''c. 202 BC''': ] ] Modu conquered the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), ] (丁零), Gekun (鬲昆), and Xinli (薪犁);<ref>] '']'' "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. It was when the ] had just stabilized the Central Region, . "</ref> The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speaking ], respectively, as ]<ref>Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99</ref> and ].<ref>Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.</ref><ref>Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.</ref> The ] were also proposed to be early Proto-]<ref> * '''c. 202 BC''': ] ] Modu conquered the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), ] (丁零), Gekun (鬲昆), and Xinli (薪犁);<ref>] '']'' "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. It was when the ] had just stabilized the Central Region, . "</ref> The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speaking ], respectively, as ]<ref>Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99</ref> and ].<ref>Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.</ref><ref>Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.</ref> The ] were also proposed to be early Proto-]<ref>
Hyun Jin Kim: . Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.</ref><ref> Hyun Jin Kim: . Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.</ref><ref>
Peter B. Golden: in ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140</ref> or ancestors of ] among the ].{{efn|Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. ] 100, ] 84, ] 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking ]; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the ]<ref>Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184</ref>}}<ref>] " txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."</ref> or related to ] and ] speakers,<ref>Werner, Heinrich ''Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft''. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 . </ref> Peter B. Golden: in ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140</ref> or ancestors of ] among the ].{{efn|Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. ] 100, ] 84, ] 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking ]; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the ]<ref>Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184</ref>}}<ref>] " txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."</ref> or related to ] and ] speakers,<ref>Werner, Heinrich ''Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft''. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 . </ref>


] ]
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=== 5th century === === 5th century ===
* '''461''': ] around ] * '''461''': ] around ]
* '''480''': ] between the ] and the ] * '''480''': ] between the ] and the ]


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=== 6th century === === 6th century ===
] ]


* '''540''': The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2020|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi|url=https://www.storyandhistory.org/turk-tarihi/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=Story and History|language=tr}}</ref> * '''540''': The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2020|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi|url=https://www.storyandhistory.org/turk-tarihi/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=Story and History|language=tr}}</ref>
* '''540''': ] King of Iran, ], born to a ] Princess mother who married ]
*'''551''': Establishment of the ]. *'''551''': Establishment of the ].
* '''552''': ] revolt against ] domination. * '''552''': ] revolt against ] domination.
* '''565''': Defeat of the ] on their war with ]. * '''565''': Defeat of the ] on their war with ].
* '''567 ''': ] ambassador Maniakh sent by ] to ].
* '''567 ''': Establishment of the ].
* '''568''': ], a Byzantine diplomat, sent to the ] Empire.
* '''582''': Separation of the ]. * '''582''': Separation of the ].


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=== Central Asia === === Central Asia ===
* '''625 ''': Establishment of ].
* '''630''': ] came under Chinese domination, ] came under Chinese influence. * '''630''': ] came under Chinese domination, ] came under Chinese influence.
* '''639''': ] prince ]'s attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace. * '''639''': ] prince ]'s attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace.
* '''659''': ] came under Chinese rule. * '''659''': ] came under Chinese rule.
* '''665''': Establishment of ].
* '''674''': The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (]s) in ] armies. * '''674''': The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (]s) in ] armies.
* '''681''': ] established. * '''681''': ] established.
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=== Eastern Europe === === Eastern Europe ===
* '''626–627''': ] ]' request for help from the ], the ]' invasion of the ] by defeating the ] * '''626–627''': ] ]' request for help from the ], the ]' invasion of the ] by defeating the ] after ]
* '''630''': ]' settlement in the ]-] basin, which was affiliated to the ], and the establishment of the ] in the north of the ]. * '''630''': ]' settlement in the ]-] basin, which was affiliated to the ], and the establishment of the ] in the north of the ].
* '''651–652''': War of the ] and the ], who overthrew the ] and captured all of ] * '''651–652''': War of the ] and the ], who overthrew the ] and captured all of ]
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* '''720–735''': ] in ] * '''720–735''': ] in ]
* '''721–737''': ] attack against Arabs * '''721–737''': ] attack against Arabs
* '''744''': The destruction of the ] by the rebellious ], ] and ]s * '''744''': The destruction of the ] by the rebellious ], ] and ]s; Establishment of the ]
* '''745''': Establishment of the ], independent khanate of ] in what is today ] * '''745''': Independent khanate of ] in what is today ]
* '''750''': The strengthening of ]-] relations after the ] came to the head of the Arab Empire * '''750''': The strengthening of ]-] relations after the ] came to the head of the Arab Empire
* '''751''': The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the ] in the ], the conversion of the ] to ] * '''751''': The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the ] in the ], the conversion of the ] to ]
* '''762''': ] aided ] in China in suppressing the ] * '''762''': ] aided ] in China in suppressing the ]
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=== Eastern Europe === === Eastern Europe ===
* '''705''': ], a Khazar princess and Byzantine empress as the second wife of ]
* '''713–737''': ], ] loss of ] * '''713–737''': ], ] loss of ]
* '''716''': The first written agreement of the ] with the ] and the start of taxation * '''716''': The first written agreement of the ] with the ] and the start of taxation
* '''717–718''': Aid of the ] to ] against the ] * '''717–718''': Aid of the ] to ] against the ]
* '''740''': Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the ] * '''740''': Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the ]
* '''741''': ], a ] princess, Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Eastern Roman Emperor ]. Mother of Byzantine emperor, ]
* '''745–775''': Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense * '''745–775''': Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense
* '''764''': Invasion of the ] and ] by the ], defeating the ] * '''764''': Invasion of the ] and ] by the ], defeating the ]
* '''780''': Founding of ] * '''780''': Founding of ]
* '''792''': After the ], ] began to pay taxes to the ] again. * '''792''': After the ], ] began to pay taxes to the ] again.
* '''795''': ], a Byzantine general of Khazar-Armenian descent who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I


== 9th century == == 9th century ==
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* '''821''': ] repulse ] * '''821''': ] repulse ]
* '''832''': The ] plunged into turmoil * '''832''': The ] plunged into turmoil
* '''840''': The collapse of the ] as a result of the attack of the ], the establishment of the ], the escape of the ] to the southwest, the ], who did not recognize the ] sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the ]. * '''840''': The collapse of the ] as a result of the attack of the ], the establishment of the ], the escape of the ] to the southwest, the ], who did not recognize the ] sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the ].
* '''848''': The establishment of the ] of the ] who migrated to the South West * '''848''': The establishment of the ] of the ] who migrated to the South West
* '''856''': The establishment of the ] by another ] branch that migrated to the southwest. * '''856''': The establishment of the ] by another ] branch that migrated to the southwest.
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=== Asia and Africa === === Asia and Africa ===
* '''833–842''': The increasing influence of ] in the ] palace during ]'s reign * '''833–842''': The increasing influence of ] in the ] palace during ]'s reign
* '''836''': The relocation of the ] capital from ] to ], where the ] was located * '''836''': The relocation of the ] capital from ] to ], where the ] was located
* '''868''': ] sovereignty over ], ], ] and the north of ] but still remain within the ] * '''868''': ] sovereignty over ], ], ] and the north of ] but still remain within the ]


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* '''1048''': The ], who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the ], entered ]. * '''1048''': The ], who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the ], entered ].
* '''1055''': ] conquer ] and seize the ]. * '''1055''': ] conquer ] and seize the ].
* '''1056''': Sejuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
* '''1063''': Abbasid princess, Sayida Khatun, daughter of Abbasid Caliph ] married to the Seljuk Sultan, ].
* '''1064''': ] conquer ] Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance * '''1064''': ] conquer ] Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance
* '''1071''': The ] ] who have defeated the ] at the ], started settlements at ].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} * '''1071''': The ] ] who have defeated the ] at the ], started settlements at ].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
* '''1071''': ], Seljuk princess, daughter of sultan ] married to the Abbasid caliph, ].
* '''1072''': Establishment of ] in ] as subordinate to ] * '''1072''': Establishment of ] in ] as subordinate to ]
* '''1077''': Establishment of the ] whose capital is ] as subordinate to the ]. * '''1077''': Establishment of the ] whose capital is ] as subordinate to the ].
* '''1081''': The construction of the navy on the ] coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the ] * '''1081''': The construction of the navy on the ] coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the ]
* '''1085''': Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State. * '''1085''': Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State.
* '''1087''': ], Seljuk princess, daughter of ] married to the Abbasid caliph, ]. Abbasid and Seljuk Prince, Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was born from this marriage.
* '''1092''': As a result of the murder of ] by the ], the ] was dragged into internal turmoil * '''1092''': As a result of the murder of ] by the ], the ] was dragged into internal turmoil
* '''1096''': The destruction of the pioneers of the ] by the ] in ] * '''1096''': The destruction of the pioneers of the ] by the ] in ]
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* '''1104''': Establishment of ] in ] * '''1104''': Establishment of ] in ]
* '''1105–1128''': Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in ], the resistance of ] and ] to the Crusader sieges * '''1105–1128''': Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in ], the resistance of ] and ] to the Crusader sieges
* '''1108''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
* '''1124''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
* '''1127''': Establishment of ] in ] * '''1127''': Establishment of ] in ]
* '''1127–1174''': The struggle of the ]'s with the Crusaders * '''1127–1174''': The struggle of the ]'s with the Crusaders
*'''1137''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
*'''1140''': Abbasid princess, Zubaydah, daughter of ] married to the Seljuk Sultan, ].
* '''1144''': The conquest of ] by the ]'s * '''1144''': The conquest of ] by the ]'s
* '''1144''': Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in ] * '''1144''': Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in ]
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* '''1150''': The elimination of the ], one of the four Crusader states, by the ] * '''1150''': The elimination of the ], one of the four Crusader states, by the ]
* '''1154''': Elimination of the ] by the ] * '''1154''': Elimination of the ] by the ]
* '''1158''': Abbasid princess, ], daughter of ], married to the Seljuk Sultan, ] and then another Seljuk Sultan, ].
* '''1173–1178''': The ] became the only power in ] by capturing all the lands of the ]. * '''1173–1178''': The ] became the only power in ] by capturing all the lands of the ].
* '''1174–1183''': ]'s Ending ] sovereignty in ] * '''1174–1183''': ]'s Ending ] sovereignty in ]
* '''1176''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ], the finalization of the ] sovereignty in ] * '''1176''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ], the finalization of the ] sovereignty in ]
* '''1186''': Seljuk princess, ] married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
* '''1190''': The invasion of ] by the German arm of the Crusaders in the ], the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor ] in ] * '''1190''': The invasion of ] by the German arm of the Crusaders in the ], the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor ] in ]
* '''1192''': Seljuk Sultan, ] married to Dawlat Raziya Khatun, daughter of ], a Byzantine nobleman.


=== Iran and Central Asia === === Iran and Central Asia ===
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* '''1346''': The ] entered Europe. * '''1346''': The ] entered Europe.
* '''1361''': ] by the ] occurred. * '''1361''': ] by the ] occurred.
* '''1370''': The ] are desended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying ] ] women during the early Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hal.science/hal-03427697/document |first1=Erika |last1=Sandman|first2= Camille|last2= Simon|title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun|journal= Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|date=2016|volume= 3|issue=1|page=88|doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 |s2cid=146919944 |id=hal-03427697}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/31665301 | title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun | journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics | date=23 October 2023 | volume=3 | issue=1 | page=85 | last1=Sandman | first1=Erika | last2=Simon | first2=Camille | doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 | s2cid=146919944 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78563017.pdf|publisher= University of Helsinki|title= A Grammar of Wutun|degree =PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures|first =Erika |last=Sandman|page= 15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Han|first=Deyan|others=Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators|volume=43|edition=2|editor1-last=Mostaert |editor1-first=Antoine |journal=Central Asiatic Journal, Volumes 43–44 |date=1999 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HZxAAAAMAAJ&q=,+with+the+exception+of+Hui+,+there+is+no+case+of+a+Salar%27s+daughter+marrying+a+non+-+Salar+.+On+the+contrary+,+many+non+-+Salar+females+married+into+Salar+households+.+As+folk+acounts+and+historical+records+recount+,+shortly+after+Salar+ancestors+reached+Xunhua+,+they+had+relation-+ships+with+neighbouring+Tibetans+through+marriage+.+Tibetan+women+primarily+married+into+Salar+males+%27+households+and+,+af-+terwards+,+brides+were+expected+to+convert+to |title=The Salar Khazui System}}</ref> * '''1370''': The ] are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying ] ] women during the early Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hal.science/hal-03427697/document |first1=Erika |last1=Sandman|first2= Camille|last2= Simon|title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun|journal= Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|date=2016|volume= 3|issue=1|page=88|doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 |s2cid=146919944 |id=hal-03427697}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/31665301 | title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun | journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics | date=23 October 2023 | volume=3 | issue=1 | page=85 | last1=Sandman | first1=Erika | last2=Simon | first2=Camille | doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 | s2cid=146919944 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78563017.pdf|publisher= University of Helsinki|title= A Grammar of Wutun|degree =PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures|first =Erika |last=Sandman|page= 15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Han|first=Deyan|others=Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators|edition=2|editor1-last=Mostaert |editor1-first=Antoine |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=43–44 |date=1999 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HZxAAAAMAAJ&q=,+with+the+exception+of+Hui+,+there+is+no+case+of+a+Salar%27s+daughter+marrying+a+non+-+Salar+.+On+the+contrary+,+many+non+-+Salar+females+married+into+Salar+households+.+As+folk+acounts+and+historical+records+recount+,+shortly+after+Salar+ancestors+reached+Xunhua+,+they+had+relation-+ships+with+neighbouring+Tibetans+through+marriage+.+Tibetan+women+primarily+married+into+Salar+males+%27+households+and+,+af-+terwards+,+brides+were+expected+to+convert+to |title=The Salar Khazui System}}</ref>
* '''1370''': ]'s seizure of power, establishment of ]. * '''1370''': ]'s seizure of power, establishment of ].
* '''1382''': ] leads the ]'s Army and sets ]. * '''1382''': ] leads the ]'s Army and sets ].
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* '''1405–1447''': Arrival of ] in ] * '''1405–1447''': Arrival of ] in ]
* '''1447–1449''': ] * '''1447–1449''': ]
* '''1456''': Establishment of the ] * '''1465''': Establishment of the ]


==== Eastern Europe ==== ==== Eastern Europe ====
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* '''1473''': ]: ] * '''1473''': ]: ]


== Modern era (1500 CE – present) == == Modern era (1500 AD – present) ==
=== 16th century === === 16th century ===
==== Eastern Europe ==== ==== Eastern Europe ====
* '''1502''': The ]'s destruction of the ] State * '''1502''': The ]'s destruction of the ] state
* '''1552''': Russia's annexation of the ] * '''1552''': Russia's annexation of the ]
* '''1556''': The annexation of the ] by Russia * '''1556''': The annexation of the ] by Russia
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* '''1917''': ]'s declaration of autonomy * '''1917''': ]'s declaration of autonomy
* '''1918''': The ] was signed between ] and the ]. * '''1918''': The ] was signed between ] and the ].
* '''1918''': Establishment of ].
* '''1919–1922''': The ] took place. * '''1919–1922''': The ] took place.
* '''1919–1928''': ] against the ] * '''1919–1928''': ] against the ]
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* '''1938''': ]'s death * '''1938''': ]'s death
* '''1944''': Short-lived ] established with the help of the Russian army * '''1944''': Short-lived ] established with the help of the Russian army
* '''1945''': formation of the autonomous government of ] by ] "Tabriz , Ardebil , Urmia , Zanjan , Qəzvin"
* '''1955''': ]: Declaring ] (]) an autonomous region
* '''1946''': The killing of the Turkic nation of ] by the ]
* '''1971''': European withdrawal from Central Asia * '''1971''': European withdrawal from Central Asia
* '''1974''': ] * '''1974''': ]
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* '''1988''': The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict * '''1988''': The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict
* '''1990''': Soviet invasion of ] * '''1990''': Soviet invasion of ]
* '''1991''': The collapse of the ] and the emergence of the ] * '''1991''': The collapse of the ] and themergence of the ]
* '''1992''': Admission of the ] Turkic republics to the UN: * '''1992''': Admission of the ] Turkic republics to the UN:
** ] ** ]
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== See also == == See also ==
* '']''
* ] * ]


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== Sources == == Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Adas |first=Michael |year=2001 |title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History |publisher=American Historical Association/Temple University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Adas |first=Michael |year=2001 |title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History |publisher=American Historical Association/Temple University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Harold W. |author-link=Harold Walter Bailey |year=1985 |title=Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts'', VII |url=https://archive.org/details/EtymologyOfXiongnuNamesByTheLateH.w.Bailey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=312539 |access-date=30 May 2015 }} * {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Harold W. |author-link=Harold Walter Bailey |year=1985 |title=Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, VII |url=https://archive.org/details/EtymologyOfXiongnuNamesByTheLateH.w.Bailey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=312539 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |access-date=30 May 2015 }} * {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}
* {{cite book |last=Christian |first=David |title=A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |volume=1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire |publisher=Blackwell |year=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Christian |first=David |title=A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |volume=1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire |publisher=Blackwell |year=1998}}
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Latest revision as of 14:12, 11 January 2025

History of the Turkic peoples
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History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Turkic peoples
Onogurs
Oghuz Turks
Saragurs
Utigurs
Bulgars
Sabir
Kutrigurs
Karluks
Kimek
Kipchaks
Cherniye Klobuki
Uyghurs
Tatars
Kumyks
Yakuts
Dolgans
Krymchaks
Crimean Karaites
Turkic Languages
Turkish
Azerbaijani
Uzbek
Kazakh
Uyghur
Turkmen
Tatar
Kyrgyz
Bashkir
Chuvash
Qasgqai
Karakalpak
Sakha
Kumyk
Karachay-Balkar
Tuvan
Gagauz
Karaim
Krymchak
Turkic Mythology
Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism
Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen
Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena
Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf
Pre-14th century
Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE
Dingling 71 BC–?? AD
Göktürks

(Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis)

Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar Union 659–750
Turk Shahi 665-850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Golden Horde 1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517
Ottoman State 1299–1922

Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.

Origins

Turks are an important political identity of Eurasia. They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, West Asia, Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of Eurasian equestrian pastoral nomadic culture.

Türk was first used as a political identity in history during the Göktürk Khaganate period. The old Turkic script was invented by Göktürks as well. The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed.

Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, Göktürk, 7th century CE, Mongolia.

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of world history. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (Manichaeism, Judaism, Buddhism, Orthodox, Nestorian Christianity and Islam).

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC

Map of Asia, 200 BC

4th century

5th century

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century

Map of Asia, 565 AD
Map of the Asia, 600 AD

7th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

8th century

Inner Asia

Replica of Bilge Khagan's memorial complex in Turkey.

Eastern Europe

9th century

Map of the Khazar Khanate at its greatest extent.
Colour photograph of a reconstruction of the Lamellenhelm from Niederstotzingen
Reconstruction of a lamellar helmet that is being considered as an Avar lamellar helmet from Niederstotzingen, Dated 560–600 AD.

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

10th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

11th century

Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under Mahmud.
Mahmud of Ghazni and his court.
Turkic history is located in Continental Asia1100KARAKHANID
KHANATEKIEVAN
RUS'CumansPechenegsKyrgyzsFATIMID
CALIPHATEGEORGIAXI XIAJurchenKimeksKHITAN EMPIREQOCHOGHAZNAVID
EMPIRECHOLA
EMPIREWESTERN
CHALUKYASPAGANDALIKHMERMALAYUPALA
EMPIRESELJUK
EMPIRESONG
DYNASTYSULTANATE
OF RUMGO-
RYEOclass=notpageimage| The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia

South Asia

12th century

Asia

Iran and Central Asia

South Asia

Eastern Europe

Cuman battle mask, c. 13th century

13th century

Cuman–Kipchak confederation, c. 1200 CE
Statue of Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237) in Alanya, Turkey
Spread of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century

Asia and the Middle East

Central Asia

South Asia

14th century

15th century

Asia

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Modern era (1500 AD – present)

16th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

Asia

South Asia

Africa

17th century

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

South Asia

18th century

A contemporary court portrait of Nader Shah, a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe, who established Afsharid Iran.

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

Africa

19th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

South Asia

Africa

20th century

21st century

A miniature showing the march of Suleiman the Magnificent to Nakhchivan.

Notes

  1. Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. Weishu 100, Suishu 84, Jiu Tangshu 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking Khitans; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the Mongols
  2. Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."

Turkish books

  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
  • Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
  • Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
  • Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
  • O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
  • Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
  • A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
  • Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
  • M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
  • Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
  • A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
  • B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

  • R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
  • DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
  • Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
  • M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
  • E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
  • M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
  • W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
  • L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
  • Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
  • H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

See also

References

  1. Johanson, Lars, ed. (2021), "Historical Backgrounds", Turkic, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–142, doi:10.1017/9781139016704.006, ISBN 978-0-521-86535-7, S2CID 265386317, retrieved 2022-07-16
  2. West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
  3. Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
  4. Christian 1998, p. 249.
  5. Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region, . "
  6. Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
  7. Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
  8. Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.
  9. Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.
  10. Peter B. Golden: Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples in Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140
  11. Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184
  12. Xin Tangshu vol. 219 "Shiwei" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
  13. Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
  14. Werner, Heinrich Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 abstract. p. 25
  15. "Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi". Story and History (in Turkish). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. Kubik, Adam (2008). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Histïria I Swiat. 7: 151.
  17. Song Lian et al., History of Yuan, "Vol. 118" "阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the Wild Goose Pass's Shatuo
  18. Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
  19. Аристов Н. А. (2003). Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен (PDF). Бишкек: Илим. p. 103. ISBN 5-8355-1297-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  20. Очир А. (2016). Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов (PDF). Элиста: КИГИ РАН. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  21. Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, ISBN 975-6782-56-0
  22. Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
  23. Curta 2019, p. 176.
  24. Guimon 2021, p. 362.
  25. Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 88. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944. hal-03427697.
  26. Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 85. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944.
  27. Sandman, Erika. A Grammar of Wutun (PDF) (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
  28. Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.). "The Salar Khazui System". Central Asiatic Journal. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.
  29. Kinney, Drew H. (2016). "Civilian Actors in the Turkish Military Drama of July 2016" (PDF). Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note. 10: 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11.

Sources

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