Misplaced Pages

Ottawa: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from[REDACTED] with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 23:50, 11 December 2019 edit2601:248:5000:630:c860:a9d4:9d7f:85b3 (talk)No edit summaryTag: Visual edit← Previous edit Revision as of 16:15, 15 January 2025 edit undo167.32.2.2 (talk) locks and canal do not appear in the photoNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Federal capital of Canada}} {{Short description|Capital city of Canada}}
{{about|the capital city of Canada|the First Nations people|Odawa|other uses|Ottawa (disambiguation)}} {{About|the capital of Canada}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2019}} {{Use Canadian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
| name = Ottawa | name = Ottawa
| official_name = City of Ottawa<br />''Ville d'Ottawa'' | official_name = City of Ottawa<br />{{native name|fr|Ville d'Ottawa}}
| settlement_type = ]
| native_name =
| government_type = ] with a ]
| other_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|settlement_type = ] (])
| border = infobox
| image_skyline = OttawaCollage.png
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| imagesize =
| total_width = 280
| image_caption = ], the ] in ], the ], and the ] with ]
| caption_align = center
| image_flag = Flag of Ottawa, Ontario.svg
| image1 = Parliament-Ottawa.jpg
| image_shield = Ottawa coat of arms.png
| caption1 = ]
| image_blank_emblem = File:Ottawa_Canada_Logo.svg
| image2 = Rideau Canal at downtown Ottawa.JPG
| blank_emblem_type = ]
| caption2 = ]
| nickname = {{flatlist|
| image3 = 10 Rideau Hall P1350151.jpg
*"]"<ref name="Inc2014">{{cite book|author=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc|title=Britannica Student Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155|year=2014|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|isbn=978-1-62513-172-0|page=8|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611032603/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| caption3 = ]
| image4 = View of west elevation of Château Laurier Hotel, Ottawa;.jpg
| caption4 = ]
| image5 = Major's Hill Park(3).jpg
| caption5 = ]
| image6 = Downtown Ottawa 2022.jpg
| caption6 = ]
}} }}
| imagesize =
| motto = "Advance-Ottawa-En Avant"<br />Written in the ].<ref name="Montague">{{cite web|url=http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf|title=Ottawa Book of Everything|author=Art Montague|publisher=MacIntyre Purcell Publishing|year=2008|accessdate=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426063702/http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Ontario#Canada#North America
| image_flag = Flag of Ottawa, Ontario.svg
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ontario##Location within Canada##Location within North America
| flag_size = 120x80px
| coordinates = {{coord|45|25|29|N|75|41|42|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Ottawa, Ontario.png
| subdivision_type = Country
| shield_size = 120x90px
| subdivision_name = ]
| image_blank_emblem = Ottawa, City of.svg
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| blank_emblem_size = 140px
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| nickname = {{hlist|]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metronews.ca/toronto/sports/article/156843 |title=A few blue and white things to be thankful for |author=Kennedy, Ryan |date=8 December 2008 |publisher=] |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522151801/http://www.metronews.ca/toronto/sports/article/156843 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Inc2014">{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Ottawa |title=Britannica Student Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155 |year=2014 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc |isbn=978-1-62513-172-0 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611032603/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>|"O-town"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/music/jazzblog/o-town-originals |title=O-Town Originals |author=Peter Hum |newspaper=] |publisher=] |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114439/http://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/music/jazzblog/o-town-originals |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| subdivision_name2 = ]
| motto = "Advance-Ottawa-En Avant"<br />Written in the ].<ref name="Montague">{{cite book |url=http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf |title=Ottawa Book of Everything |author=Art Montague |publisher=MacIntyre Purcell Publishing |year=2008 |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426063702/http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title = Established
| image_map = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=6|type=point|title=Ottawa|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}{{hidden end}}
| established_date = 1826 as ]<ref name="EdwardsIvison2005">{{cite book|author1=Justin D. Edwards|authorlink1=Justin D. Edwards|author2=Douglas Ivison|title=Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35|year=2005|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8668-6|page=35|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520011646/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = Canada#Ontario#Canada Southern Ontario
| coordinates = {{coord|45|25|29|N|75|41|42|W|region:CA-ON_type:city(1,000,000)|name=Ottawa|notes=<ref name=cgndbott>{{Cite cgndb|FEVNT|Ottawa}}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Canada
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1826 as ]<ref name="EdwardsIvison2005">{{cite book |author1=Justin D. Edwards |author-link1=Justin D. Edwards |author2=Douglas Ivison |title=Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8668-6 |page=35 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520011646/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35 |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_title2 = ] | established_title2 = ]
| established_date2 = 1855 as City of Ottawa<ref name="EdwardsIvison2005"/> | established_date2 = 1855 as City of Ottawa<ref name="EdwardsIvison2005"/>
| established_title3 = ] | established_title3 = ]
| established_date3 = 1 January 2001 | established_date3 = 1 January 2001
| leader_title = Mayor | leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ] | leader_name = ]
| leader_title1 = ] | leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = ] | leader_name1 = ]
| area_footnotes =<ref name=CityPop>{{cite web |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HdM14Gov?url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=UAPop>{{cite web | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and urban areas, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data | url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=802&PR=35&SR=1&S=3&O=D |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=5 November 2008 |accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=CMAPop>{{cite web | title=Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150 | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=5 November 2008 | accessdate=23 September 2011 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HdM1tSkn?url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng | archive-date=25 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> | area_footnotes = <ref name=CityPop>{{cite web |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525001350/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=UAPop>{{cite web |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and urban areas, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=802&PR=35&SR=1&S=3&O=D |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034206/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-550/Index.cfm?TPL=P3C&Page=INDX&LANG=Eng |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CMAPop>{{cite web |title=Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525001405/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_magnitude = | area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 2790.30 | area_total_km2 = 2790.31
| area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 2778.10
| area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 = | area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent = | area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 520.82 | area_urban_km2 = 520.82
| area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 = 6767.41 | area_metro_km2 = 6767.41
| area_metro_sq_mi = | area_metro_sq_mi =
| elevation_m = 70 | elevation_m = 70
| elevation_ft = 230 | elevation_ft = 230
| population_total = 1,017,449 (])
| population_total = 934,243<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&Code1=3506008&SearchText=ottawa |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Ottawa, &#91;City Census subdivision&#93;, Ontario |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103094213/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2016 | population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = | population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 334 | population_density_km2 = 365
| population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_sq_mi =
| population_urban = 1,068,821
| population_urban = 989,567<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0616&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa%20-%20Gatineau&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0616&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Ottawa - Gatineau &#91;Population centre&#93;, Ontario/Quebec |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910232731/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0616&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa%20-%20Gatineau&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0616&TABID=1 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,900 | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,954
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_metro = 1323783 (]) | population_metro = 1,488,307 (])
| population_density_metro_km2 = 195 | population_density_metro_km2 = 185
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_blank1_title= ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – Design C |publisher=Ottawa.ca |date=20 May 2010 |accessdate=26 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118093823/http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html |archivedate=18 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm |title=Rapport au / Report to: |publisher=Ottawa.ca |year=2011 |accessdate=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170026/http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – Design C |publisher=Ottawa.ca |date=20 May 2010 |access-date=26 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118093823/http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm |title=Rapport au / Report to |publisher=Ottawa.ca |year=2011 |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170026/http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_blank1 = Ottawan | population_blank1 = Ottawan
| population_note = | population_note =
| postal_code_type = Postal code span | postal_code_type = Postal code span
| postal_code = K0A-K4C<ref name="Montague"/> | postal_code = K0A-K4C<ref name="Montague"/>
| area_codes = ] | area_codes = ]
| unemployment_rate = | unemployment_rate =
| blank_name_sec2 = GDP | blank_name_sec2 = GDP (Ottawa–Gatineau {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = ]89.9 billion (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101 |title=Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |date=6 December 2023 |publisher=] |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank_info_sec2 = ] 58.2&nbsp;billion<ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|archivedate=5 June 2013}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita | blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Ottawa–Gatineau {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = US$44,149<ref name="brookingsgdp" /> | blank1_info_sec2 = ]60,414 (2020)
| website = | website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = | footnotes =
| leader_title2 = <!--Listing MPs under government in the infobox implies that they are part of the City of Ottawa administration. MPs are federal representatives.--> ] | leader_title2 = <!--Listing MPs under government in the infobox implies that they are part of the City of Ottawa administration. MPs are federal representatives.--> ]
| leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list | leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list
| title = List of MPs | title = List of MPs
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| title_style = | title_style =
| list_style = text-align:left; display:none; | list_style = text-align:left; display:none;
| 1 = ] (]) | 1 = ] (])
| 2 = ] (]) | 2 = ] (])
| 3 = ] (]) | 3 = ] (])
| 4 = ] (]) | 4 = ] (])
| 5 = ] (]) | 5 = ] (])
| 6 = ] (]) | 6 = ] (])
| 7 = ] (]) | 7 = ] (])
| 8 = ] (]) | 8 = ] (])
}} }}
| leader_title3 = <!--Listing MPPs under government in the infobox implies that they are part of the City of Ottawa administration. MPPs are provincial representatives-->{{Nowrap|]}} | leader_title3 = <!--Listing MPPs under government in the infobox implies that they are part of the City of Ottawa administration. MPPs are provincial representatives-->{{Nowrap|]}}
| leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list
| title = List of MPPs | title = List of MPPs
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| title_style = | title_style =
| list_style = text-align:left; display:none; | list_style = text-align:left; display:none;
| 1 = ] (]) | 1 = ] (])
| 2 = ] (]) | 2 = ] (])
| 3 = ] (]) | 3 = ] (])
| 4 = ] (]) | 4 = ] (])
| 5 = ] (]) | 5 = ] (])
| 6 = ] (]) | 6 = ] (])
| 7 = ] (]) | 7 = ] (])
| 8 = ] (]) | 8 = ] (])
}} }}
| timezone = ] | timezone = ]
| utc_offset = −05:00 | utc_offset = &minus;05:00
| timezone_DST = EDT | timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = −04:00 | utc_offset_DST = &minus;04:00
| image_map1 = Map of Ontario OTTAWA.svg
}} }}


'''Ottawa''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ottawa.ogg|ˈ|ɒ|t|ə|w|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|t|ə|w|ɑː}}; {{IPA-fr|ɔtawa}}) is the ] of ]. It stands on the south bank of the ] in the ] of ]. Ottawa borders ], ]; the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau ] (CMA) and the ] (NCR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/N-4.pdf|title=National Capital Act (R. S. C., 1985, c. N-4)|publisher=Department of Justice|page=13 SCHEDULE (Section 2) 'DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION'|date=22 June 2011|accessdate=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020955/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/N-4.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the ] and the ] in Canada. In June 2019, the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of 1 million.<ref name='cbc'>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-hits-one-million-population-1.5170559 |title=Ottawa's population blooms to 1M |accessdate=11 June 2019 |work=CBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611181043/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-hits-one-million-population-1.5170559 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Ottawa'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Ottawa.ogg|ˈ|ɒ|t|ə|w|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|t|ə|w|ɑː}}; {{IPA|fr|ɔtawɑ|label=Canadian French:}}}} is the capital city of ]. It is located in the ] portion of the province of ], at the ] of the ] and the ]. Ottawa borders ], and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau ] (CMA) and the ] (NCR).<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2011 |title=National Capital Act (R. S. C., 1985, c. N-4) |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/N-4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020955/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/N-4.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011 |publisher=Department of Justice |page=13 Schedule (Section 2) 'Description of National Capital Region'}}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the ] city and ] metropolitan area in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008&SearchText=ottawa |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census Ottawa, &#91;City Census subdivision&#93;, Ontario |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209152508/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008&SearchText=ottawa |archive-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2021census1>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810001101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres |publisher=] |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125190326/http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810001101 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous ], key buildings, organizations, and institutions of ]; these include the ], the ], the ], and ].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Bosc |editor-first1=Marc |editor-last2=Gagnon |editor-first2=André |chapter=Ottawa as the Seat of Government |chapter-url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_06_1-e.html |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice |year=2017 |edition=3rd |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502121452/https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_06_1-e.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
Founded in 1826 as ], and ] as Ottawa in 1855, the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada. Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area. The city name "Ottawa" was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River, the name of which is derived from the ] ''Odawa'', meaning "to trade".<ref name="Rayburn2001">{{cite book|author=Alan Rayburn|title=Naming Canada: Stories About Canadian Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0|page=231|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520061253/https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


Founded in 1826 as ], and ] as Ottawa in 1855,<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Bytown |url=https://www.runottawa.ca/a-brief-history-of-bytown |website=Run Ottawa |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502205416/https://www.runottawa.ca/a-brief-history-of-bytown |url-status=live}}</ref> its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The ] is established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of the ]. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide.
Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities<ref name='natpost'>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/is-ottawa-canadas-smartest-city-capital-edges-toronto-calgary-in-university-educated-population |title=Is Ottawa Canada's smartest city? Capital edges Toronto, Calgary in university-educated population |accessdate=26 June 2013 |work=National Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920000811/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/is-ottawa-canadas-smartest-city-capital-edges-toronto-calgary-in-university-educated-population |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the ], the ], and numerous national museums. Ottawa has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment.<ref name='the star'>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2019/06/07/heres-a-quick-glance-at-unemployment-rates-for-may-by-canadian-city.html |title=Here’s a quick glance at unemployment rates for May, by Canadian city |accessdate=16 August 2019 |work=Toronto Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817033614/https://www.thestar.com/business/2019/06/07/heres-a-quick-glance-at-unemployment-rates-for-may-by-canadian-city.html |archive-date=17 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities<ref name='natpost'>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/is-ottawa-canadas-smartest-city-capital-edges-toronto-calgary-in-university-educated-population |title=Is Ottawa Canada's smartest city? Capital edges Toronto, Calgary in university-educated population |access-date=26 June 2013 |work=National Post |agency=] |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223456/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the ], ], ], ], the ], the ]; and ], monuments, and historic sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa's Seven National Museums |url=https://ottawatourism.ca/en/ottawa-insider/ottawa-s-seven-national-museums |website=Ottawa Tourism |publisher=Ottawa Tourism and Convention Authority, Inc |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502212124/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/ottawa-insider/ottawa-s-seven-national-museums |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11&nbsp;million visitors annually.<ref name='citynews'>{{cite news |url=https://ottawa.citynews.ca/local-news/canadas-third-consecutive-record-breaking-year-in-tourism-in-2019-a-win-for-ottawa-2112684 |title=Canada's third consecutive record-breaking year in tourism in 2019 a win for Ottawa |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=City News |agency=Rogers Sports & Media |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031043455/https://ottawa.citynews.ca/local-news/canadas-third-consecutive-record-breaking-year-in-tourism-in-2019-a-win-for-ottawa-2112684 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='citizennews'>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/the-future-of-ottawa-tourism-will-rely-on-the-citys-residents |title=Ottawa attracts more than 11 million visitors each year |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=Ottawa Citizen |agency=Post Media |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106073742/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/the-future-of-ottawa-tourism-will-rely-on-the-citys-residents |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The city name ''Ottawa'' was chosen in 1855 in reference to the ], whose name is itself derived from the ] {{lang|alq|adawe}}, meaning "to trade."<ref name="Rayburn2001">{{cite book |author=Alan Rayburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231 |title=Naming Canada: Stories About Canadian Place Names |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0 |page=231 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520061253/https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231 |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ottawa (ON) |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213081108/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/ottawa-ont/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In modern Algonquin, the city is known as {{lang|alq|Odàwàg}}.<ref>The Algonquin Way, Dictionary, "Odàwàg" {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034213/https://thealgonquinway.ca/English/word-e.php?word=219|date=14 July 2022}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
{{Main|History of Ottawa}} {{Main|History of Ottawa}}
{{See also|Timeline of Ottawa history}}With the draining of the ] around ten thousand years ago, the ] became habitable.<ref name="Miller2015">{{cite book|author=William J. Miller|title=Geology: The Science of the Earth's Crust (Illustrations)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|year=2015|publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company|page=37|id=GGKEY:Y3TD08H3RAT|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510005752/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|archive-date=10 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Local populations used the area for wild edible harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel, and camps for over 6500 years. The Ottawa river valley has ] sites with ], ], and ]. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years.<ref name="Pilon">{{cite web|last1=Pilon|first1=Jean‐Luc|title=Ancient History of the Lower Ottawa River Valley|url=http://www.ottawariver.org/pdf/04-ch2-2.pdf|website=Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee|publisher=Ontario Archaeology – Canadian Museum of Civilization|format=PDF|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112029/http://www.ottawariver.org/pdf/04-ch2-2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] called the ] '']'' or '']'' meaning "Great River" or "Grand River".{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=11}}{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=5}}{{sfn|Brault|1946|pp=38, 39}}{{sfn|Legget|1986|p=36}}


{{For timeline|Timeline of Ottawa history}}
], widely regarded as the first ] to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the ].{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=5}} Three years later, ] wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, who had been using the Ottawa River for centuries.{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=7}} Many missionaries would follow the early explorers and traders. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa, derived from the Algonquin word ''adawe'' ("to trade", used in reference to the area's importance to First Nations traders), to name the river. ], a ]er, created the first European settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa in ].{{sfn|Wetering|1997|p=123}}{{sfn|Lee|2006|p=16}} He, with five other families and twenty-five ],{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=11}} set about to create an agricultural community{{sfn|Lee|2006|p=20}} called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the ] (soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to ].{{sfn|Wetering|1997|p=11}} ], Ottawa's original name, was founded as a community in 1826 when hundreds of land speculators were attracted to the south side of the river when news spread that British authorities were immediately constructing the northerly end of the ] military project at that location.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=14}}{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=60}} The following year, the town was named after British military engineer Colonel ] who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project.
], on the south side of the ] in 1826. The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area.]]
The canal's military purpose was to provide a secure route between Montreal and ] on ], bypassing a particularly vulnerable stretch of the ] bordering the state of ] that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the ].{{sfn|Legget|1986|pp=22–24}} Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's ]. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and "]" east of the canal. Similar to its ] and ] namesakes, historically "Upper Town" was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas "Lower Town" was predominantly French, Irish and Catholic.<ref>Ottawa An illustrated History John H. Taylor Page 30 James Lorimer & Co</ref> Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832.<ref name=BytownMuseum>{{cite web|url=http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/timeline.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118191714/http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/timeline.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2013|publisher=Bytown Museum|title=Timeline – Know your Ottawa!|year=2010|accessdate=2 July 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Mika|1982|p=114}} Bytown encountered some impassioned and violent times in her early pioneer period that included Irish labour unrest that attributed to the ] from 1835 to 1845<ref name='whc-cpo'>{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/shiners-wars|title = Shiners' Wars|accessdate = 14 December 2018|encyclopedia = The Canadian Encyclopedia|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065855/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/shiners-wars|archivedate = 15 December 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> and political dissension evident from the 1849 ].{{sfn|Martin|1997|p=22}} In 1855 Bytown was renamed ''Ottawa'' and incorporated as a city.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/ottawa-ont/|title= Ottawa (ON)|accessdate= 24 February 2009|encyclopedia= The Canadian Encyclopedia|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131213081108/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/ottawa-ont/|archivedate= 13 December 2013|url-status= live}}</ref> ] was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development.
<ref name="Cook2015">{{cite book|author=Bryan D. Cook|title=Introducing William Pittman Lett: Ottawa's first city clerk and bard (1819–1892)|year=2015|publisher=B.D.C. Ottawa Consulting|isbn=978-1-771363-42-6|page=412}}</ref>
]. Two years prior, ] selected the city as the permanent capital of the ].]]
On New Year's Eve 1857, ], as a symbolic and political gesture, was presented with the responsibility of selecting a location for the permanent capital of the ].<ref name="DeRoccoChabot2008">{{cite book|author1=David DeRocco|author2=John F. Chabot|title=From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqg8e7LLEOYC&pg=PA145|year=2008|publisher=Full Blast Productions|isbn=978-0-9784738-4-6|page=145|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095604/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqg8e7LLEOYC&pg=PA145|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In reality, Prime Minister ] had assigned this selection process to the ] of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=56}} The "Queen's choice" turned out to be the small frontier town of Ottawa for two main reasons:<ref name=reasons>{{cite web |title=A Capital in the Making |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24515-24516-25146&lang=1 |publisher=] |accessdate=24 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108134234/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24515-24516-25146&lang=1 |archive-date=8 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Firstly, Ottawa's isolated location in a backcountry surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face would make it more defensible from attack.<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP">{{cite book|last1=Northey|last2=Knight|title=Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPY3hRG0a-EC&pg=PA236|edition=Revised|series=Issue 168 of Carleton Library Series, ISSN 0576-7784|year=1991|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-148-8|page=236|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502153916/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPY3hRG0a-EC&pg=PA236|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2003">{{cite book|author=Saul Bernard Cohen|title=Geopolitics of the world system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-9907-0|page=122|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424133740/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Secondly, Ottawa was approximately midway between ] and Kingston (in ]) and ] and Quebec City (in ]). Additionally, despite Ottawa's regional isolation, it had seasonal water transportation access to Montreal over the Ottawa River and to Kingston via the ]. By 1854 it also had a modern all-season ] that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82-kilometres to ] on the ] and beyond.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=11}}<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP"/> Ottawa's small size, it was thought, would make it less prone to rampaging politically motivated mobs, as had happened in the ].<ref name="Bourrie1996">{{cite book|author=Mark Bourrie|title=Canada's Parliament Buildings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19|year=1996|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-0-88882-190-4|page=19|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522101226/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19|archive-date=22 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The government already owned the land that would eventually become Parliament Hill which they thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament Buildings. Ottawa was the only settlement of any substantial size that was already directly on the border of French populated former Lower Canada and English populated former Upper Canada thus additionally making the selection an important political compromise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202235657/http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2011|title=Why Was Ottawa Chosen as the Federal Capital City?|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> Queen Victoria made her "Queen's choice" very quickly just before welcoming in the New Year.


=== Early history ===
Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=107}} Rail lines built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and ], Quebec in 1886.<ref>
]]]
{{cite web
|url = http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html
|title = Ottawa History – 1886–1890
|publisher = Bytown Museum
|accessdate = 10 August 2011
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130102042325/http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html
|archivedate = 2 January 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> The original Parliament buildings which included the Centre, East and West Blocks were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Publications/ParliamentBuildings/ParlBlgs-e.asp|title=The Parliament Buildings|work=parl.gc.ca|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114107/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Publications/ParliamentBuildings/parlblgs-e.asp|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and ] and its architects were not initially well prepared. The ] and Parliament Hill landscaping would not be completed until 1876.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html|title=Construction, 1859–1916|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212113/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html|archivedate=28 December 2014}}</ref> By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street lights were powered entirely by electricity.<ref>Ottawa, An Illustrated History John H. Taylor Page 102 Jame Lorimer and Company Publishing</ref> In 1889 the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still currently in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/|title=Chaudière Falls|access-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212928/http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Public transportation began in 1870 with a ] system,{{sfn|Wetering|1997|p=28}} overtaken in the 1890s by a vast ] that lasted until 1959.
] after the ]. The fire destroyed one-fifth of Ottawa, and two-thirds of neighbouring ], ].]]
The ] destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900, Ottawa |publisher=The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada) |url=http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf |pages=5–12 |date=31 December 1900 |accessdate=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164645/http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf |archivedate=6 July 2011 }}</ref> It also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the ] south to ] and down to ].{{sfn|Wetering|1997|p=57}} On 1 June 1912 the ] opened both the ] hotel and its neighbouring downtown ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html|title=Ottawa's old train station: a 100-year timeline|work=ottawacitizen.com|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806194422/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html|archive-date=6 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Wetering|1997|p=41}} On 3 February 1916 the ] of the Parliament buildings was ].{{sfn|Hale|2011|p=108}} The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the then recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the ]<ref name="Mullington2005">{{cite book|author=Dave Mullington|title=Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120|year=2005|publisher=General Store Publishing House|isbn=978-1-897113-17-2|page=120|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428124057/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922, the centrepiece of which is a dominant ] revival styled structure known as the ].<ref name="(Canada)2004">{{cite book|author=Reader's Digest Association (Canada)|title=The Canadian atlas: our nation, environment and people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP40|year=2004|publisher=Reader's Digest Association (Canada)|isbn=978-1-55365-082-9|page=40|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629143040/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP40|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The current location of what is now ] was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings which includes the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the ] and became the site of the ] in 1939 and designated a ] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12073 |title=HistoricPlaces.ca |publisher=HistoricPlaces.ca |accessdate=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316080543/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12073 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> A new ] (now the ]) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished.
] surrounding the urban core|thumb]]
Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 ]. Prime Minister ] hired French architect-planner ] to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more esthetically pleasing and more befitting a location for Canada's political centre.<ref name="The Gréber Report">{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/arts-culture-and-community/museums-and-heritage/witness-change-visions-andrews-newton-7|title=The Gréber Report|work=ottawa.ca|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075840/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/arts-culture-and-community/museums-and-heritage/witness-change-visions-andrews-newton-7|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Planners>{{cite web |title=Planners Over Time |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20443-29365-23553&lang=1&bhcp=1 |archive-url=http://webarchive.bac-lac.gc.ca:8080/wayback/20071115061937/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20443-29365-23553&lang=1&bhcp=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2007 |publisher=] |accessdate=1 November 2009 }}</ref> Greber's plan included the creation of the ], the ], the ] highway system, the relocation of downtown Union Station (now the ]) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown and the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways to name just a few of its recommendations.<ref name="The Gréber Report"/><ref name="Erickson2006">{{cite book|author=Donna L. Erickson|title=MetroGreen: connecting open space in North American cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5iIX__3OoC&pg=PA113|year=2006|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-843-2|page=113|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512190337/https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5iIX__3OoC&pg=PA113|archive-date=12 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Keshen|2001|p=360}} In 1958 the ] was established as a ] from the passing of the National Capital Act to implement the Greber Plan recommendations-which it accomplished during the 1960s and 1970s.


The ] became habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of the ].<ref name="Miller2015">{{cite book |author=William J. Miller |title=Geology: The Science of the Earth's Crust (Illustrations) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 |year=2015 |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |page=37 |id=GGKEY:Y3TD08H3RAT |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510005752/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2013 |title=The Champlain Sea: here yesterday, gone tomorrow |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/wat-on-earth/news/champlain-sea-here-yesterday-gone-tomorrow |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Wat on Earth |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034215/https://uwaterloo.ca/wat-on-earth/news/champlain-sea-here-yesterday-gone-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago.<ref name="Pilon">{{cite web |last1=Pilon |first1=Jean-Luc |title=Ancient History of the Lower Ottawa River Valley |url=http://www.ottawariver.org/pdf/04-ch2-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112029/http://www.ottawariver.org/pdf/04-ch2-2.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee |publisher=Ontario Archaeology – Canadian Museum of Civilization}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rideau Canal Attracts Settlers |url=https://elocalpost.com/ottawa/contents/rideau-canal-attracts-settlers-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034214/https://elocalpost.com/ottawa/contents/rideau-canal-attracts-settlers-history |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=eLocal Post Ottawa |date=13 October 2016 |author1=Carlo}}</ref> These findings suggest that these ] were engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years.<ref name="Pilon" /> The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to the ] and ] peoples.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ottawa |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont |date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034213/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont |archive-date=14 July 2022 |author=John Taylor |access-date=26 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Algonquin |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/algonquin |date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817064719/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/algonquin |archive-date=17 August 2021 |author=Meredith Jean Black |access-date=26 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This period ended with the arrival of settlers and ] of North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=Warfare In Pre-Columbian North America |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/warfare-pre-columbian-north-america.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=National Defence - Government of Canada |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324062210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/warfare-pre-columbian-north-america.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
In the previous 50 years, other commissions, plans and projects had failed to implement plans to improve the capital such as the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), The Todd Plan in 1903, The Holt Report in 1915 and The Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc|title=About the NCC|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128030922/http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1958 a new ] opened on Green Island near Rideau falls where urban renewal had recently transformed this former industrial location into green space.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|pp=186–194}} Until then, City Hall had temporarily been for 27 years (1931–1958) at the ] adjacent to Union Station and now part of the ]. In 2001, ] returned downtown to a relatively new building (1990) on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the prior home of the now defunct ]. This new location was close to Ottawa's ] and ] City Halls. This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th century restored heritage building formerly known as the ].{{sfn|Taylor|1986|pp=186–194}}
] was Ottawa's fourth city hall. Opened in 1958, it was the seat of local government until the City Council moved to its ] in 2001.]]
From the 1960s until the 1980s, the National Capital Region experienced a building boom, {{sfn|Hale|2011|p=217}} which was followed by large growth in the ] industry during the 1990s and 2000s.<ref name="Shavinina2004">{{cite book|author=Larisa V. Shavinina|title=Silicon Valley North: A High-tech Cluster of Innovation And Entrepreneurship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSjv-acTkoUC&pg=PR15|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-044457-4|page=15|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504120907/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSjv-acTkoUC&pg=PR15|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa became one of Canada's largest ] cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later ]) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the ] contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early adopters led to offshoot companies such as ], ] and ].


===European exploration and early development===
Ottawa's city limits had been increasing over the years, but it acquired the most territory on 1 January 2001, when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the ] into one single city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14e_e.htm#BK3
|title=City of Ottawa Act, 1999, Chapter 14, Schedule E
|publisher=Service Ontario/Legislative Assembly of Ontario
|year=2010
|accessdate=29 September 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808101635/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14e_e.htm#BK3
|archive-date=8 August 2011
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Regional Chair ] was elected as the new city's first mayor in the ], defeating ] mayor Claudette Cain. The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and on road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-powered ] (LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as the ], it was dubbed the ] and connected ] to the southern suburbs via ]. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system was a major issue in the ] where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman ]. After O'Brien's election transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core. ], the last mayor of Ottawa prior to amalgamation, was re-elected in the ].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2010/10/25/watson-wins-105.html | work=CBC News | title=Watson wins Ottawa mayor's race | date=25 October 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095621/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2010/10/25/watson-wins-105.html | archivedate=27 October 2010 }}</ref>


In 1610, ] became the first documented European to navigate the ], passing what would become Ottawa on his way to the ].{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=5}} Three years later, ] wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people.{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=7}}
In October 2012, City Council approved the final Lansdowne Park plan, an agreement with the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group that saw a new stadium, increased green space, and housing and retail added to the site.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/10/10/ottawa-lansdowne-waterfall-agreement.html | work=CBC News | title=Final Lansdowne deal passed by council | date=10 October 2012 | access-date=19 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111093629/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/10/10/ottawa-lansdowne-waterfall-agreement.html | archive-date=11 January 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Council+gives+final+ahead+Lansdowne+project/7369051/story.html | work=Ottawa Citizen | title=Council gives final go ahead to Lansdowne project | date=11 October 2012 | access-date=27 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705053632/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Council+gives+final+ahead+Lansdowne+project/7369051/story.html | archive-date=5 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the ], a {{convert|12.5|km|abbr=on}} light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-lrt-confederation-line-1.5258684|title=4 key dates as Ottawa's LRT becomes a reality|work=CBC|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created by ], a ]er. Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa in ].{{sfn|Van de Wetering|1997|p=123}}{{sfn|Lee|2006|p=16}} He, with five other families and twenty-five ], also created an agricultural community, which was named ].{{sfn|Taylor|1986|p=11}}{{sfn|Lee|2006|p=20}} Wright pioneered the ] (soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to ].{{sfn|Van de Wetering|1997|p=11}}

In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River.{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=60}} The following year, the town was named after British military engineer Colonel ] who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bytown |url=https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/about-hso/our-history/tag/Bytown |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=The Historical Society of Ottawa |language=en-gb |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034225/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/about-hso/our-history/tag/Bytown |url-status=live}}</ref> The Rideau canal provided a secure route between ] and ] on Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the ].{{sfn|Legget|1986|pp=22–24}}

], on the south side of the ] in 1826. The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area.]]

Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's ]. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and "]" east of the canal. Similar to its ] and ] namesakes, historically, "Upper Town" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas "Lower Town" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|page 31}}

Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832.<ref name="BytownMuseum">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Timeline – Know your Ottawa! |url=http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/timeline.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118191714/http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/timeline.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |access-date=2 July 2011 |publisher=Bytown Museum}}</ref>{{sfn|Mika|Mika|1982|p=114}} Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during the ] from 1835 to 1845<ref name="whc-cpo">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shiners' Wars |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/shiners-wars |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065855/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/shiners-wars |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and political dissension that was evident in the 1849 ].{{sfn|Martin|1997|p=22}} In 1855, Bytown was renamed ''Ottawa'' and incorporated as a city.<ref name=":5" /> ] was installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city.<ref name="Cook2015">{{cite book |author=Bryan D. Cook |title=Introducing William Pittman Lett: Ottawa's first city clerk and bard (1819–1892) |publisher=B.D.C. Ottawa Consulting |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-771363-42-6 |page=412}}</ref><ref>Ottawa City Council, 31 May 1875, ''Motion Concerning Compensation to Mrs Sowdon'', moved by Aldermen Rocque ans Pratte.</ref><ref>Lett, W. P. ''Proposal to the City Constitution Committee 10 August 1877'', City of Ottawa Archives /MG 037-8-1 p. 77.</ref>

=== Selection as capital ===
The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of the ] holding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital.<ref name=":6" />

The governor-general of the province had designated ] as the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres of ] and ], as well as the former capital of Lower Canada, ], all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=David B |title=Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system |publisher=Carleton university Press |year=1991 |pages=47–50}}</ref> In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital,<ref>Gordon, D.L.A., & Osborne, B. (2004). Constructing national identity in Canada's capital, 1900–2000: Confederation Square and the National War Memorial. ''Journal of Historical Geography 30, (4)'':618-642</ref> and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal.<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp.&nbsp;71.</ref> In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote.<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 74–86</ref> In 1844, the ]'s acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal.<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp.&nbsp;88.</ref>

In 1849, after ], a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2017 |title=Toronto's Bid to Be the Capital of Canada |url=https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-significant-events/the-earliest-known-photographs-of-toronto/torontos-bid-to-be-the-capital-of-canada/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=City of Toronto |language=en-CA |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190343/https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-significant-events/the-earliest-known-photographs-of-toronto/torontos-bid-to-be-the-capital-of-canada/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 208</ref> Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement,<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 129</ref> and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding.<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 156–164</ref>

The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor general ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head, Sir Edmund National Historic Person |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1254 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=www.pc.gc.ca |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034214/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1254 |url-status=live}}</ref> who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857. ], briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=James |title=Queen Victoria Chooses Ottawa |url=https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/momentous-events-in-the-city-s-life/queen-victoria-chooses-ottawa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122175907/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/momentous-events-in-the-city-s-life/queen-victoria-chooses-ottawa |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=The Historical Society of Ottawa |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 1</ref> The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators.<ref>Knight, David B (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton university Press. pp. 1, 334–335</ref>

]. Two years prior, ] selected the city as the permanent capital of the ].]]

Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons.<ref name=reasons>{{cite web |title=A Capital in the Making |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24515-24516-25146&lang=1 |publisher=] |access-date=24 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108134234/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24515-24516-25146&lang=1 |archive-date=8 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack.<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP">{{cite book |last1=Northey |last2=Knight |title=Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPY3hRG0a-EC&pg=PA236 |edition=Revised |series=Issue 168 of Carleton Library Series, ISSN 0576-7784 |year=1991 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-88629-148-8 |page=236 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502153916/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPY3hRG0a-EC&pg=PA236 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2003">{{cite book |author=Saul Bernard Cohen |title=Geopolitics of the world system |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122 |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9907-0 |page=122 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424133740/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Second, Ottawa was approximately midway between ] and Kingston (in ]) and ] and Quebec City (in ]), making the selection an important political compromise.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Why Was Ottawa Chosen as the Federal Capital City? |url=http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202235657/http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city |archive-date=2 February 2011 |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref>Knight, David B. (1991). ''Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system''. Carleton University Press. pp. 1, 243</ref>

Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rideau Canal |url=https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/important-public-and-private-buildings-in-the-city/tag/Rideau%20Canal |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=The Historical Society of Ottawa |language=en-gb |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034214/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/important-public-and-private-buildings-in-the-city/tag/Rideau%20Canal |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (the ]) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) to ] on the ] and beyond.{{Sfn|Taylor|1986|p=11}}<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP" /> Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in the ].<ref name="Bourrie1996">{{cite book |author=Mark Bourrie |title=Canada's Parliament Buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19 |year=1996 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-0-88882-190-4 |page=19 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522101226/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=22 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually became ], which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings.<ref name=":12" />

The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Parliament Buildings |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Publications/ParliamentBuildings/ParlBlgs-e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114107/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Publications/ParliamentBuildings/parlblgs-e.asp |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=3 December 2018 |work=parl.gc.ca}}</ref> At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and ] and its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. The ] and Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876.<ref>{{cite web |title=Construction, 1859–1916 |url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212113/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>

===Post-Confederation===

] after the ]. The fire destroyed one-fifth of Ottawa and two-thirds of neighbouring ], ].]]

Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=107}} ] built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and ], Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa History – 1886–1890 |url=http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102042325/http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Bytown Museum}}</ref> By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity.<ref>''Ottawa, An Illustrated History'', John H. Taylor .Page 102. Jame Lorimer and Company Publishing.</ref> In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaudière Falls |url=http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212928/http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> Public transportation began in 1870 with a ] system,{{sfn|Van de Wetering|1997|p=28}} overtaken in the 1890s by a vast ] that operated until 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CBC News Ottawa |title=Ottawa's original LRT: 68 years of streetcars in the capital |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-streetcar-archives-photos-lrt-1.5372302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-streetcar-archives-photos-lrt-1.5372302 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

The ] destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900, Ottawa |publisher=The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada) |url=http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf |pages=5–12 |date=31 December 1900 |access-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164645/http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to ].{{sfn|Van de Wetering|1997|p=57}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund |url=http://archive.org/details/cihm_11661 |title=Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900 |date=1900 |publisher= |others=Canadiana.org |isbn=978-0-665-11661-2}}</ref> The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remember This? Hull and Ottawa in flames |url=https://ottawa.citynews.ca/remember-this/remember-this-hull-and-ottawa-in-flames-2267155 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=CityNews Ottawa |date=20 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518022810/https://ottawa.citynews.ca/remember-this/remember-this-hull-and-ottawa-in-flames-2267155 |url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Globerman |first=Danny |date=14 May 2017 |title=Ottawa's past in pictures: Disasters that shook the city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-s-past-in-pictures-disasters-that-shook-the-city-1.4099327 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118223928/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-s-past-in-pictures-disasters-that-shook-the-city-1.4099327 |url-status=live}}</ref>
]
On 1 June 1912, the ] opened both the ] hotel and its neighbouring downtown ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html |title=Ottawa's old train station: a 100-year timeline |work=Ottawa Citizen |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806194422/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Van de Wetering|1997|p=41}} On 3 February 1916, the ] of the Parliament buildings was ].{{sfn|Hale|2011|p=108}} The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the ]<ref name="Mullington2005">{{cite book |author=Dave Mullington |title=Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120 |year=2005 |publisher=General Store Publishing House |isbn=978-1-897113-17-2 |page=120 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428124057/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the new ] is a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as the ].<ref name="(Canada)2004">{{cite book |author=Reader's Digest Association (Canada) |title=The Canadian atlas: our nation, environment and people |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP40 |year=2004 |publisher=Reader's Digest Association (Canada) |isbn=978-1-55365-082-9 |page=40 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629143040/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP40 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The location of what is now ] was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the ]. It became the site of the ] in 1939 and was designated a ] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12073 |title=Confederation Square National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=HistoricPlaces.ca |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316080543/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12073 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new ] (now the ]) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished.<ref>{{Cite web |work=The Montreal Gazette |title=Old Ottawa Post Office Building Razed After Service of 62 Years |date=24 June 1938 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19380624&id=0b00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZKgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5524,3172428 |access-date=10 July 2022 |via=Google News Archive Search |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161519/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19380624&id=0b00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZKgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5524,3172428 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post–Second World War===
]|thumb]]
] surrounding the urban core|thumb]]
] was Ottawa's fourth city hall, from 1958 ]]]

Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=James |title=Ottawa the Beautiful: The Gréber Report |url=https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/changes-in-the-city-s-landscape/ottawa-the-beautiful-the-greber-report |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=The Historical Society of Ottawa |language=en-gb |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202082900/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/changes-in-the-city-s-landscape/ottawa-the-beautiful-the-greber-report |url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister ] hired French architect-planner ] to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre.<ref name="The Gréber Report">{{cite web |title=The Gréber Report |url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/arts-culture-and-community/museums-and-heritage/witness-change-visions-andrews-newton-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075840/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/arts-culture-and-community/museums-and-heritage/witness-change-visions-andrews-newton-7 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |work=ottawa.ca}}</ref><ref name="Planners">{{cite web |title=Planners Over Time |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20443-29365-23553&lang=1&bhcp=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114124357/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20443-29365-23553&lang=1&bhcp=1 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |access-date=1 November 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref> Greber's plan included the creation of the ], the ] and the ] highway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now the ]) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways.<ref name="The Gréber Report" /><ref name="Erickson2006">{{cite book |author=Donna L. Erickson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5iIX__3OoC&pg=PA113 |title=MetroGreen: connecting open space in North American cities |publisher=Island Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55963-843-2 |page=113 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512190337/https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5iIX__3OoC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Keshen|St-Onge|2001|p=360}}

In 1958, the ] was established as a ] through the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-us |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=NCC-CCN |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303190927/https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-us |url-status=live}}</ref> This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing the ]. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc |title=About the NCC |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128030922/http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc |archive-date=28 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1054 THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1927 Federal District Commission.—The Federal District Commission, replacing the Ottawa Improvement |url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1927-28/192710961054_p.%25201054.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221214912/https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1927-28/192710961054_p.%201054.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=www66.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at the ] adjacent to Union Station (now part of the ]). In 1958, a new ] opened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space.{{sfn|Taylor|1986|pp=186–194}} In 2001, ] returned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunct ]. This new location was close to Ottawa's ] and ] City Halls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islands of Ottawa: Green Island a historical microcosm of the city |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/islands-of-ottawa-green-island-a-historical-microcosm-of-the-city |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026060247/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/islands-of-ottawa-green-island-a-historical-microcosm-of-the-city |url-status=live}}</ref> This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as the ].{{sfn|Taylor|1986|pp=186–194}}

From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region,{{sfn|Hale|2011|p=217}} which was followed by large growth in the ] industry during the 1990s and 2000s.<ref name="Shavinina2004">{{cite book |author=Larisa V. Shavinina |title=Silicon Valley North: A High-tech Cluster of Innovation And Entrepreneurship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSjv-acTkoUC&pg=PR15 |year=2004 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044457-4 |page=15 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504120907/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSjv-acTkoUC&pg=PR15 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later ]) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the ] contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=National Research Council |date=19 March 2019 |title=NRC's innovative people profiles |url=https://nrc.canada.ca/en/corporate/history/nrcs-innovative-people-profiles |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=nrc.canada.ca |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201030121/https://nrc.canada.ca/en/corporate/history/nrcs-innovative-people-profiles |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CBC News Ottawa |date=29 June 2009 |title=Is Ottawa still Silicon Valley North? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/is-ottawa-still-silicon-valley-north-1.801035 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813201230/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/is-ottawa-still-silicon-valley-north-1.801035 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to a ] submitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Algonquin land claim |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-land-claim |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=ontario.ca |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326095148/https://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-land-claim |url-status=live}}</ref> Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquin ], affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Algonquins of Ontario |last2=Government of Ontario |last3=Government of Canada |title=Agreement in Principle |url=https://docs.ontario.ca/documents/4668/maa-proposed-aip-en.pdf |page=2.3.5 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034324/https://docs.ontario.ca/documents/4668/maa-proposed-aip-en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province of ] amalgamated all the constituent municipalities of the ] into a single city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14e_e.htm#BK3 |title=City of Ottawa Act, 1999, Chapter 14, Schedule E |publisher=Service Ontario/Legislative Assembly of Ontario |year=2010 |access-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808101635/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14e_e.htm#BK3 |archive-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Regional Chair ] was elected as the new city's first mayor in the ], defeating ] mayor Claudette Cain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Municipal Elections |url=https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Canada/mun00.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620035602/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Canada/mun00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-powered ] (LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as the ], it was dubbed the ] and connected ] to the southern suburbs via ]. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the ], where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CBC News Ottawa |date=13 November 2006 |title=O'Brien runs away with Ottawa mayoral race |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/o-brien-runs-away-with-ottawa-mayoral-race-1.573629 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310075902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/o-brien-runs-away-with-ottawa-mayoral-race-1.573629}}</ref> After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CBC news Ottawa |date=29 May 2007 |title=Transit task force to propose extensive LRT plan: source |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/transit-task-force-to-propose-extensive-lrt-plan-source-1.664972 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161525/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/transit-task-force-to-propose-extensive-lrt-plan-source-1.664972}}</ref> ], the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/watson-wins-ottawa-mayor-s-race-1.905765 |work=CBC News |title=Watson wins Ottawa mayor's race |date=25 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095621/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/watson-wins-ottawa-mayor-s-race-1.905765 |archive-date=27 October 2010}}</ref>

In October 2012, the City Council approved the final ] plan, an agreement with the ] that saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/final-lansdowne-deal-passed-by-council-1.1245290 |work=CBC News |title=Final Lansdowne deal passed by council |date=10 October 2012 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111093629/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/10/10/ottawa-lansdowne-waterfall-agreement.html |archive-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Council+gives+final+ahead+Lansdowne+project/7369051/story.html |work=Ottawa Citizen |title=Council gives final go ahead to Lansdowne project |date=11 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705053632/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Council+gives+final+ahead+Lansdowne+project/7369051/story.html |archive-date=5 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the ], a {{cvt|12.5|km}} light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-lrt-confederation-line-1.5258684 |title=4 key dates as Ottawa's LRT becomes a reality |work=CBC News |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903005542/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-lrt-confederation-line-1.5258684 |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Geography== ==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Ottawa}} {{main|Geography of Ottawa}}
] is situated on the south bank of the ]. ] may be seen in the background, across the river.]]
Ottawa is on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the ] and Rideau Canal.<ref name="RipleyDana1875">{{cite book|author1=George Ripley|author2=Charles Anderson Dana|title=The American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KshPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA733|year=1875|publisher=Appleton|page=733|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212025/https://books.google.com/books?id=KshPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA733|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as ''Lower Town'', and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lies '']'' and ''Downtown Ottawa'', which is the city's financial and commercial hub and home to the ] and numerous federal government department headquarters, notably the ]. On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal, which stretches {{convert|202|km|0|abbr=on}} to Kingston, Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area, was recognized as a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221 |title=Rideau Canal |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accessdate=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906172404/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Neighbourhoods ===
Located within the major, yet mostly dormant ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/urbgeo/natcap/bed_topo_e.php |title=Urban Geology of the National Capital Area – Bedrock topography |publisher=Gsc.nrcan.gc.ca |date=14 April 2009 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518182649/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/urbgeo/natcap/bed_topo_e.php |archivedate=18 May 2011 }}</ref> Ottawa is occasionally struck by earthquakes. Examples include the ],<ref name=Earthquake2000>{{cite web|title=Earthquakes (Ottawa)|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/products-services/mapping-product/geoscape/ottawa/6174|accessdate=4 April 2013|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102203/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/products-services/mapping-product/geoscape/ottawa/6174|archivedate=8 April 2013}}</ref> a magnitude-4.5 earthquake on 24 February 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=24de3df5-eb4b-41de-8a31-9eb3ea0ed480&k=77474 |title=Earthquake shakes Ottawa |newspaper=] |date=24 February 2006 |accessdate=17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213171831/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=24de3df5-eb4b-41de-8a31-9eb3ea0ed480&k=77474 |archivedate=13 February 2012 }}</ref> the ],<ref name=Earthquake2010>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php |title=Magnitude 5.5 – Ontario-Quebec Border Region, Canada |accessdate=23 June 2010 |date=23 June 2010 |publisher=USGS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626024653/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php |archivedate=26 June 2010 }}</ref> and a magnitude-5.2 earthquake on 17 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/earthquake-rattles-residents-in-ontario-quebec-1.1285923 | title=Earthquake shakes Ottawa | publisher=] | date=17 May 2013 | accessdate=17 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518200929/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/earthquake-rattles-residents-in-ontario-quebec-1.1285923 | archive-date=18 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{further|List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa}}
The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic main ], as well as other urban, suburban and ] areas within the city's post-amalgamation limits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |title=Urban Sub-Areas of Ottawa |url=https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/documents/urban-subareas-en.pdf |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701200248/https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/documents/urban-subareas-en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>


==== Old Ottawa ====
Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers: the Ottawa River, the ] and the Rideau River.<ref name="Penn2001p">{{cite book|author=James R. Penn|title=Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA194|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-042-0|pages=194–195|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507020141/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA194|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military, commercial and, subsequently, recreational purposes.<ref name="Penn2001p"/> The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is {{convert|202|km|abbr=on}} long. It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the ] and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport ]The Rideau River got its name from early French explorers who thought the waterfalls at the point where the Rideau River empties into the Ottawa River resembled a "curtain". Hence they began naming the falls and river "rideau" which is the French equivalent of the English word for curtain.<ref name="Dawson2007f">{{cite book|author=Samuel Edward Dawson|title=The Saint Lawrence: Its Basin and Border-lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-LZjcqnPtEC&pg=PA267|year=2007|publisher=Heritage Books|isbn=978-0-7884-2252-2|pages=267–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509000157/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-LZjcqnPtEC&pg=PA267|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Woods|1980|p=7}} During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a {{convert|7.8|km|abbr=on}} transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and ]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-10080&lang=1 |title=Rideau Canal Skateway – National Capital Commission:: |publisher=Canadian Heritage |date=7 March 2011 |accessdate=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610133650/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-10080&lang=1 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city of ], a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the former ] of ], a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence.<ref name="hoods">{{cite web |title=Ottawa Neighbourhoods |url=http://www.ottawarealestate.ca/neighbourhoods.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084643/http://www.ottawarealestate.ca/neighbourhoods.php |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |publisher=Ottawa Real Estate.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heart of Orléans |url=https://ottawatourism.ca/en/about-ottawa/neighbourhoods/heart-orleans |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Ottawa Tourism |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215621/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/about-ottawa/neighbourhoods/heart-orleans |url-status=live}}</ref> The old city includes the ] and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South,
], ], and ], the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods of ], ], and ], and the historically ] communities of ], ], ], and ], with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes the ]s of ] and ].


==== Suburbs and outlying communities ====
Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and ], lies the city of ], itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of ] and ] together with Gatineau.<ref name="RazinSmith2006">{{cite book|author1=Eran Razin|author2=Patrick J. Smith|title=Metropolitan governing: Canadian cases, comparative lessons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVNsy1meia0C&pg=PA79|year=2006|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=978-965-493-285-1|page=79|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514053114/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVNsy1meia0C&pg=PA79|archive-date=14 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Although formally and administratively separate cities in two separate provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with a number of nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the ], which is considered a single metropolitan area. One federal crown corporation, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, is an important contributor to both cities. Around the main urban area is an extensive ], administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland.<ref name="BrownMitchell2005">{{cite book |editor1=Jessica Brown |editor2=Nora J. Mitchell |editor3=Michael Beresford |publisher=IUCN—The World Conservation Union |title=The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6|page=195}}</ref>
]
Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the former ] and one from the former ].<ref>{{cite web |year=2002 |title=Ottawa Rural Communities |url=http://www.ruralcouncil.ca/ORC/background.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220822/http://www.ruralcouncil.ca/ORC/background.htm |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=2 June 2011 |publisher=The Rural Council of Ottawa-Carleton}}</ref> Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by the ]; by ] and ] in the west; on the south by the ] and the ]; and on the north by the ] and the City of Gatineau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official road map of Ontario |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/official-road-map-ontario |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=ontario.ca |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816192401/https://www.ontario.ca/page/official-road-map-ontario |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministère des Transports |title=Québec Official Road Map |url=https://www.quebec511.info/en/carte_routiere/index.asp |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212504/https://www.quebec511.info/en/carte_routiere/index.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>


The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city.<ref name="gmap">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Neighborhoods of Ottawa |url=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115838170672838983402.00043dad54fc8b7e8a93c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127075543/http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115838170672838983402.00043dad54fc8b7e8a93c |archive-date=27 November 2011 |access-date=2 June 2011 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |title=Zoning Schedule A |url=https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/schedule5_zbl_en.pdf |publication-date=2008 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001215829/https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/schedule5_zbl_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester, ] and Nepean.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 January 2018 |title=Orléans {{!}} Ottawa Lives Here |url=https://www.ottawaliveshere.com/orleans/ |access-date=22 October 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022194548/https://www.ottawaliveshere.com/orleans/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The towns of ] and ] within the former ] are to the southwest.<ref name="hoods" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanata Central |url=https://ottawatourism.ca/en/about-ottawa/neighbourhoods/kanata-central |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Ottawa Tourism |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520172223/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/about-ottawa/neighbourhoods/kanata-central |url-status=live}}</ref> Nepean as a suburb also includes ].<ref name="hoods" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepean {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nepean |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215620/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nepean |url-status=live}}</ref> The communities of ] and ] are on the other side of the Rideau River, and ], southeast of Riverside South.<ref name="hoods" />
===Climate===
Ottawa has a ] (] ''Dfb'')<ref name="koppen">{{cite web |url = http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/3rdedition/environment/climate/030 |title = Climatic Regions |work = Atlas of Canada |publisher = Natural Resources Canada |date = June 2005 |accessdate = 25 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011507/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/3rdedition/environment/climate/030 |archive-date = 3 April 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=24&speciesid=1000000&phz=phz1981-2010&bc=1 |title=phz1981-2010 |website=Canada's Plant Hardiness Site |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |accessdate=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130053/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=24&speciesid=1000000&phz=phz1981-2010&bc=1 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average July maximum temperature is {{convert|26.6|C|0}}. The average January minimum temperature is {{convert|−14.4|C|1}}
]
Summers are warm and humid in Ottawa. On average 11 days of the three summer months have temperatures exceeding {{convert|30|C|0}}, or 37 days if the ] is considered. Average relative humidity averages 54% in the afternoon and 84% by morning.


A number of rural communities (villages and ]) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.<ref name="gmap" /> Some of these communities are ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ] and ].<ref name="hoods" /> Several ]s are within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the ] municipal boundaries;<ref name="gmap" /> these include communities of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="hoods" />
Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average Ottawa receives {{convert|224|cm|abbr=on|0}} of snowfall annually but maintains an average {{convert|22|cm|abbr=on|0}} of snowpack throughout the three winter months. An average 16 days of the three winter months experience temperatures below {{convert|-20|C|0}}, or 41 days if the ] is considered.<ref name=CCN/>
{{wide image|OttawaPanorama2017.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|Ottawa above the ] in 2017, left to right{{mdash}} ]{{·}} ]{{·}}]{{·}} ] with ] and ]{{·}}]{{·}} ] towers{{·}}]}}


=== Architecture ===
Spring and fall are variable, prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions. Hot days above {{convert|30|C|0}} have occurred as early as April<ref>{{cite web|title = Historical Climate Data – Environment Canada|url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=4337&timeframe=2&cmdB1=Go&Year=2002&Month=4&cmdB1=Go#|website = climate.weather.gc.ca|accessdate = 7 February 2016|first = Environment|last = Canada|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160208015249/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=4337&timeframe=2&cmdB1=Go&Year=2002&Month=4&cmdB1=Go|archivedate = 8 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> or as late as October.<ref>{{cite web|title = Historical Climate Data – Environment Canada|url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2017-11-30&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=specDate&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2017&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=9&Day=30&txtStationName=Ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017|website = climate.weather.gc.ca|accessdate = 5 December 2017|first = Environment|last = Canada|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005915/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2017-11-30&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=specDate&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2017&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=9&Day=30&txtStationName=Ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017|archive-date = 6 December 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=CCN/> Annual precipitation averages around {{convert|940|mm|abbr=on|0}}.
{{Main|Architecture of Ottawa}}
] was constructed in a Gothic Revival style.]]
Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal and ]; the city is also marked by ] and ] styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture.<ref name="RickettsMaitland2004">{{cite book |author1=Shannon Ricketts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-f2MYzP6IWAC&pg=PA73 |title=A guide to Canadian architectural styles |author2=Leslie Maitland |author3=Jacqueline Hucker |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55111-546-7 |page=73 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502124236/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f2MYzP6IWAC&pg=PA73 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of ] houses, ]s, and ]s.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chris |date=21 June 2016 |title=Ottawa's Apartments, 1955 |url=https://www.historynerd.ca/2016/06/21/ottawas-apartments-1955/ |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=historynerd.ca |language=en-CA |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022940/https://www.historynerd.ca/2016/06/21/ottawas-apartments-1955/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |date=2019 |title=Heritage Study for 58 Florence Street |url=http://webcast.ottawa.ca/plan/All_Image%20Referencing_Zoning%20Bylaw%20Amendment%20Application_Image%20Reference_2019-08-21%20-%20Cultural%20Heritage%20Impact%20Statement%20-%20D02-02-19-0089.PDF |page=14 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926165644/http://webcast.ottawa.ca/plan/All_Image%20Referencing_Zoning%20Bylaw%20Amendment%20Application_Image%20Reference_2019-08-21%20-%20Cultural%20Heritage%20Impact%20Statement%20-%20D02-02-19-0089.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>


The ] has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at {{cvt|92.2|m}} visible from most parts of the city.{{sfn|Keshen|St-Onge|2001|p=455}} Today, ] than the Peace Tower, with the tallest being the ] at {{convert|143|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching for the stars: Claridge eyes plan to build 60-storey residential tower in Little Italy |url=https://www.obj.ca/article/real-estate/residential/reaching-stars-claridge-eyes-plan-build-60-storey-residential-tower |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Ottawa Business Journal |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022939/https://www.obj.ca/article/real-estate/residential/reaching-stars-claridge-eyes-plan-build-60-storey-residential-tower |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by ], which leads to ] in its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Works and Government Services Canada |date=8 August 2014 |title=NPMS Procedure—Managing Projects for Heritage Properties - Specialized Areas - NPMS - Real Property - PSPC |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/biens-property/sngp-npms/bi-rp/domaines-areas/pgpbp-pmphp-eng.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171731/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/biens-property/sngp-npms/bi-rp/domaines-areas/pgpbp-pmphp-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Services and Procurement Canada |date=31 July 2015 |title=Restoring and modernizing the Senate of Canada Building - Canada.ca |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conference-eng.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512043412/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conference-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2008 |title=Mandate and Mission |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16302-22554-22561&lang=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509190424/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16302-22554-22561&lang=1 |archive-date=9 May 2011 |access-date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The National Capital Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam: The NCC and LeBreton Flats — all talk, no action? |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/adam-the-ncc-and-lebreton-flats-all-talk-no-action |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128001012/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/adam-the-ncc-and-lebreton-flats-all-talk-no-action |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Services and Procurement Canada |date=17 July 2020 |title=National Capital Commission: Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs—February 27, 2020 - PSPC |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/trans/documentinfo-briefingmaterial/proc/2020_02_27/p17-eng.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022940/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/trans/documentinfo-briefingmaterial/proc/2020_02_27/p17-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
Ottawa experiences about 2,130 hours of average sunshine annually (46% of possible). Winds in Ottawa are generally ] averaging {{convert|13|km/h|abbr=on}} but tend to be slightly more dominant during the winter.<ref name=CCN/>


=== Climate ===
The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was {{convert|37.8|C|0}} on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944.<ref name=CCN/><ref name="Ottawa CDA"/> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-38.9|C|0}} on 29 December 1933.<ref name=CCN/>
Ottawa has a ] (]: ''Dfb'', ] ''Dcbo/Dcbc'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Secretariat |first=Treasury Board of Canada |title=Climatic Regions - Open Government Portal |url=https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/09ffaeb5-ec8f-5bb5-bdcb-3436ccf26f58 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=open.canada.ca |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031181102/https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/09ffaeb5-ec8f-5bb5-bdcb-3436ccf26f58 |url-status=live}}</ref> with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=24&speciesid=1000000&phz=phz1981-2010&bc=1 |title=phz1981-2010 |website=Canada's Plant Hardiness Site |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130053/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=24&speciesid=1000000&phz=phz1981-2010&bc=1 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The average July maximum temperature is {{cvt|26.7|C|0}}. The average January minimum temperature is {{cvt|−14.0|C|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=25 September 2013 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=climate.weather.gc.ca |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095644/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was {{cvt|37.8|C|0}} on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944.<ref name="CCN" /><ref name="Ottawa CDA" />

Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding {{cvt|30|C|0}}. Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=25 September 2013 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=climate.weather.gc.ca |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095644/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5&nbsp;cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5&nbsp;cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":7" />

An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below {{cvt|-20|C|0}}.<ref name=":7" /> Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets a day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30&nbsp;°C <ref name=":7" />

Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mm<ref name=":7" /> spread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1&nbsp;cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8&nbsp;cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9&nbsp;cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8&nbsp;cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5&nbsp;cm of precipitation.<ref name=":7" />

Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible).<ref name=":7" /> Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from the ], Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effect ] on summer afternoons.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last1=Klock |first1=Ross |last2=Simard |first2=Gilles |last3=Mullock |first3=John |title=The Weather of Ontario and Quebec: Graphic Area Forecast 33 |url=https://www.navcanada.ca/en/lawm-ontario-quebec-en.pdf |publisher=Nav Canada |pages=92–94, 74–75 |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717204139/https://www.navcanada.ca/en/lawm-ontario-quebec-en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves.<ref name="CCN" /><ref name=":8" />{{Weather box
|collapsed = yes
|location = Ottawa (]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present{{efn|Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at ] from November 1889 to present.}}
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

|Jan maximum humidex = 12.9
|Feb maximum humidex = 12.0
|Mar maximum humidex = 28.4
|Apr maximum humidex = 35.3
|May maximum humidex = 39.7
|Jun maximum humidex = 44.1
|Jul maximum humidex = 45.7
|Aug maximum humidex = 49.9
|Sep maximum humidex = 41.6
|Oct maximum humidex = 36.1
|Nov maximum humidex = 24.3
|Dec maximum humidex = 18.3
|year maximum humidex =

|Jan record high C = 11.7
|Feb record high C = 16.0
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 31.2
|May record high C = 35.2
|Jun record high C = 36.7
|Jul record high C = 37.8
|Aug record high C = 37.8
|Sep record high C = 36.7
|Oct record high C = 31.0
|Nov record high C = 24.0
|Dec record high C = 17.2
|year record high C = 37.8

|Jan high C = -5.2
|Feb high C = -3.3
|Mar high C = 2.5
|Apr high C = 11.2
|May high C = 19.4
|Jun high C = 24.2
|Jul high C = 26.7
|Aug high C = 25.6
|Sep high C = 21.1
|Oct high C = 13.3
|Nov high C = 5.8
|Dec high C = -1.5
|year high C = 11.6

|Jan mean C = −9.6
|Feb mean C = −8.1
|Mar mean C = −2.2
|Apr mean C = 6.1
|May mean C = 13.8
|Jun mean C = 18.8
|Jul mean C = 21.3
|Aug mean C = 20.1
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 8.8
|Nov mean C = 2.0
|Dec mean C = -5.1
|year mean C = 6.8

|Jan low C = -14.0
|Feb low C = -12.9
|Mar low C = -6.9
|Apr low C = 1.1
|May low C = 8.0
|Jun low C = 13.3
|Jul low C = 15.8
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.1
|Oct low C = 4.1
|Nov low C = -1.8
|Dec low C = -8.7
|year low C = 1.9

|Jan record low C = -37.8
|Feb record low C = -38.3
|Mar record low C = -36.7
|Apr record low C = -20.6
|May record low C = -7.2
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 3.3
|Aug record low C = 1.1
|Sep record low C = -4.4
|Oct record low C = -12.8
|Nov record low C = -30.6
|Dec record low C = -38.9
|year record low C = -38.9

|Jan chill = -40.6
|Feb chill = -42.8
|Mar chill = -40.1
|Apr chill = -20.8
|May chill = -8.1
|Jun chill = 0.0
|Jul chill = 0.0
|Aug chill = 0.0
|Sep chill = -1.0
|Oct chill = -9.6
|Nov chill = -25.6
|Dec chill = -41.3
|year chill =

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 52.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 81.3
|May precipitation mm = 80.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 95.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 92.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 87.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 87.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 90.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 72.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 73.6
|year precipitation mm =

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.2
|Feb precipitation days = 12.0
|Mar precipitation days = 11.3
|Apr precipitation days = 12.5
|May precipitation days = 13.5
|Jun precipitation days = 12.9
|Jul precipitation days = 12.2
|Aug precipitation days = 11.5
|Sep precipitation days = 11.9
|Oct precipitation days = 14.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.9
|Dec precipitation days = 15.6
|year precipitation days = 157.0

|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 27.0
|Feb rain mm = 17.0
|Mar rain mm = 32.5
|Apr rain mm = 72.2
|May rain mm = 80.0
|Jun rain mm = 95.1
|Jul rain mm = 92.3
|Aug rain mm = 87.4
|Sep rain mm = 87.0
|Oct rain mm = 88.6
|Nov rain mm = 57.1
|Dec rain mm = 35.3
|year rain mm =

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 4.5
|Feb rain days = 3.1
|Mar rain days = 5.6
|Apr rain days = 11.1
|May rain days = 13.5
|Jun rain days = 12.9
|Jul rain days = 12.2
|Aug rain days = 11.5
|Sep rain days = 11.9
|Oct rain days = 14.3
|Nov rain days = 10.5
|Dec rain days = 6.3
|year rain days =

|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 44.5
|Feb snow cm = 41.0
|Mar snow cm = 30.9
|Apr snow cm = 7.5
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 1.7
|Nov snow cm = 16.1
|Dec snow cm = 42.7
|year snow cm =

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 13.0
|Feb snow days = 10.1
|Mar snow days = 7.1
|Apr snow days = 2.3
|May snow days = 0.07
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.38
|Nov snow days = 4.6
|Dec snow days = 11.4
|year snow days = 49.0

|time day = 15:00 LST
|Jan humidity = 70.6
|Feb humidity = 63.5
|Mar humidity = 57.6
|Apr humidity = 51.2
|May humidity = 51.0
|Jun humidity = 55.1
|Jul humidity = 54.3
|Aug humidity = 55.7
|Sep humidity = 58.1
|Oct humidity = 63.9
|Nov humidity = 68.1
|Dec humidity = 75.5
|year humidity =

|Jan snow depth cm = 17.2
|Feb snow depth cm = 21.6
|Mar snow depth cm = 17.1
|Apr snow depth cm = 0.9
|May snow depth cm = 0.0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0.1
|Nov snow depth cm = 1.1
|Dec snow depth cm = 8.5
|year snow depth cm =

| Jan dew point C =-14
| Feb dew point C =-13
| Mar dew point C =-8
| Apr dew point C =5
| May dew point C =6
| Jun dew point C =11
| Jul dew point C =13
| Aug dew point C =13
| Sep dew point C =9
| Oct dew point C =2
| Nov dew point C =-2
| Dec dew point C =-10


{{Weather box
| collapsed = yes
| location = Ottawa (]), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1872–present{{efn|Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at ] from November 1889 to present.}}
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 15.6
| Feb record high C = 12.7
| Mar record high C = 26.7
| Apr record high C = 31.2
| May record high C = 35.2
| Jun record high C = 36.7
| Jul record high C = 37.8
| Aug record high C = 37.8
| Sep record high C = 36.7
| Oct record high C = 29.4
| Nov record high C = 23.3
| Dec record high C = 17.2
| year record high C = 37.8
| Jan high C = -5.8
| Feb high C = -3.1
| Mar high C = 2.4
| Apr high C = 11.4
| May high C = 19.0
| Jun high C = 24.1
| Jul high C = 26.6
| Aug high C = 25.4
| Sep high C = 20.5
| Oct high C = 12.8
| Nov high C = 5.5
| Dec high C = -2.0
| year high C = 11.4
| Jan mean C = −10.2
| Feb mean C = −7.9
| Mar mean C = −2.2
| Apr mean C = 6.5
| May mean C = 13.5
| Jun mean C = 18.7
| Jul mean C = 21.2
| Aug mean C = 19.9
| Sep mean C = 15.3
| Oct mean C = 8.4
| Nov mean C = 2.0
| Dec mean C = -5.6
| year mean C = 6.6
| Jan low C = -14.4
| Feb low C = -12.5
| Mar low C = -6.8
| Apr low C = 1.5
| May low C = 8.0
| Jun low C = 13.3
| Jul low C = 15.7
| Aug low C = 14.5
| Sep low C = 10.1
| Oct low C = 4.0
| Nov low C = -1.5
| Dec low C = -9.2
| year low C = 1.9
| Jan record low C = -37.8
| Feb record low C = -38.3
| Mar record low C = -36.7
| Apr record low C = -20.6
| May record low C = -7.2
| Jun record low C = 0.0
| Jul record low C = 3.3
| Aug record low C = 1.1
| Sep record low C = -4.4
| Oct record low C = -12.8
| Nov record low C = -30.6
| Dec record low C = -38.9
| year record low C = -38.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 62.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 49.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 57.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 71.1
| May precipitation mm = 86.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 92.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 84.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 83.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 92.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 85.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 82.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 69.5
| year precipitation mm = 919.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 23.0
| Feb rain mm = 17.9
| Mar rain mm = 28.8
| Apr rain mm = 63.2
| May rain mm = 86.6
| Jun rain mm = 92.7
| Jul rain mm = 84.4
| Aug rain mm = 83.8
| Sep rain mm = 92.7
| Oct rain mm = 83.1
| Nov rain mm = 67.5
| Dec rain mm = 31.9
| year rain mm = 755.5
| Jan snow cm = 44.3
| Feb snow cm = 34.7
| Mar snow cm = 29.1
| Apr snow cm = 7.2
| May snow cm = 0.0
| Jun snow cm = 0.0
| Jul snow cm = 0.0
| Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 2.9
| Nov snow cm = 16.0
| Dec snow cm = 41.3
| year snow cm = 175.4
| precip days colour = green
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| unit snow days = 0.2&nbsp;cm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.0
| Feb precipitation days = 11.7
| Mar precipitation days = 11.5
| Apr precipitation days = 13.2
| May precipitation days = 14.5
| Jun precipitation days = 12.4
| Jul precipitation days = 11.6
| Aug precipitation days = 11.2
| Sep precipitation days = 12.9
| Oct precipitation days = 14.9
| Nov precipitation days = 15.2
| Dec precipitation days = 15.6
| year precipitation days = 160.7
| Jan rain days = 3.7
| Feb rain days = 3.5
| Mar rain days = 5.5
| Apr rain days = 11.5
| May rain days = 14.4
| Jun rain days = 12.4
| Jul rain days = 11.6
| Aug rain days = 11.2
| Sep rain days = 12.9
| Oct rain days = 14.6
| Nov rain days = 11.6
| Dec rain days = 5.5
| year rain days = 118.3
| Jan snow days = 14.1
| Feb snow days = 9.7
| Mar snow days = 7.4
| Apr snow days = 2.7
| May snow days = 0.08
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.81
| Nov snow days = 5.1
| Dec snow days = 12.2
| year snow days = 52.0
| Jan sun = 99.3 | Jan sun = 99.3
| Feb sun = 131.3 | Feb sun = 131.3
Line 356: Line 500:
| Dec sun = 82.6 | Dec sun = 82.6
| year sun = 2083.7 | year sun = 2083.7

| Jan percentsun = 35.0 | Jan percentsun = 35.0
| Feb percentsun = 44.9 | Feb percentsun = 44.9
Line 369: Line 514:
| Dec percentsun = 30.3 | Dec percentsun = 30.3
| year percentsun = 45.0 | year percentsun = 45.0

| Jan uv =1
| source 1 = ]<ref name="Ottawa CDA">{{cite web |publisher=Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4333&autofwd=1 |title=Ottawa CDA |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806074747/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4333&autofwd=1 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="May 2010">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010 |title=Daily Data Report for May 2010 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806120823/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="January 1874">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874 |title=Daily Data Report for January 1874 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085839/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="November 1875">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875 |title=Daily Data Report for November 1875 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085341/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="August 1884">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884 |title=Daily Data Report for August 1884 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806092159/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="February 2011">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011 |title=Daily Data Report for February 2011 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806105127/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="March 2012">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012 |title=Daily Data Report for March 2012 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806125336/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="December 2012">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012 |title=Daily Data Report for December 2012 |publisher=Environment Canada |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080537/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="February 2017">{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017 |title=Daily Data Report for February 2017 |date=31 October 2011 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050224/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="November 2022">{{cite web |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2024-03-07&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=specDate&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2024&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&txtRadius=25&optProxType=navLink&txtLatDecDeg=45.383333333333&txtLongDecDeg=-75.716666666667&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=2022&Month=11# |title=Daily Data Report for November 2022 |date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="October 2023">{{cite web |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2024-03-07&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2024&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa+cda&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=2023&Month=10 |title=Daily Data Report for October 2023 |date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="February 2024">{{cite web |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2024-03-07&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=specDate&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2024&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&txtRadius=25&optProxType=navLink&txtLatDecDeg=45.383333333333&txtLongDecDeg=-75.716666666667&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=2024&Month=2# |title=Daily Data Report for February 2024 |date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-4-WMO-Normals-9120/Canada/CSV/OttawaCdaRcs_71063.csv |website=NOAA |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
| Feb uv =2
| source 2 =Weatherbase(Snow depth, dew point)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa, Ontario Travel Weather Averages |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82617&cityname=Ottawa%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&units= |website=Weatherbase |publisher=CantyMedia |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref>
| Mar uv =3
| Apr uv =5
| May uv =6
| Jun uv =8
| Jul uv =7
| Aug uv =7
| Sep uv =5
| Oct uv =3
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =1
| source 1 = ]<ref name="Ottawa CDA">{{cite web
| publisher = Environment Canada
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4333&autofwd=1
| title = Ottawa CDA
| accessdate = 10 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160806074747/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4333&autofwd=1
| archive-date = 6 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="May 2010">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010
| title=Daily Data Report for May 2010
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806120823/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="January 1874">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874
| title=Daily Data Report for January 1874
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085839/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="November 1875">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875
| title=Daily Data Report for November 1875
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085341/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="August 1884">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884
| title=Daily Data Report for August 1884
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806092159/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="February 2011">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011
| title=Daily Data Report for February 2011
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806105127/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="March 2012">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| title=Daily Data Report for March 2012
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806125336/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="December 2012">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| title=Daily Data Report for December 2012
| publisher=Environment Canada
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080537/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="February 2017">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017
| title=Daily Data Report for February 2017
| publisher=Environment Canada
| accessdate=25 February 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050224/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017
| archive-date=26 February 2017
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/canada/ottawa-climate|title=Ottawa, Canada - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|last=d.o.o|first=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706125123/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/canada/ottawa-climate|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date = 22 September 2015 | date = 22 September 2015
}} }}
{{Weather box {{Weather box
| collapsed = yes | collapsed = yes
| location = ], 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1938–present | location = ], 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present
| metric first = Y | metric first = Y
| single line = Y | single line = Y
Line 482: Line 538:
| year maximum humidex = 47.2 | year maximum humidex = 47.2
| Jan record high C = 12.9 | Jan record high C = 12.9
| Feb record high C = 12.4 | Feb record high C = 15.6
| Mar record high C = 27.4 | Mar record high C = 27.4
| Apr record high C = 31.1 | Apr record high C = 31.1
| May record high C = 35.8 | May record high C = 35.8
| Jun record high C = 36.1 | Jun record high C = 36.1
| Jul record high C = 36.7 | Jul record high C = 36.9
| Aug record high C = 37.8 | Aug record high C = 37.8
| Sep record high C = 35.1 | Sep record high C = 35.1
| Oct record high C = 27.8 | Oct record high C = 30.9
| Nov record high C = 23.9 | Nov record high C = 23.9
| Dec record high C = 17.9 | Dec record high C = 17.9
| year record high C = 37.8 | year record high C = 37.8
| Jan high C = -5.8 | Jan high C = -5.5
| Feb high C = -3.4 | Feb high C = -3.6
| Mar high C = 2.5 | Mar high C = 2.4
| Apr high C = 11.6 | Apr high C = 11.3
| May high C = 19.0 | May high C = 19.6
| Jun high C = 24.1 | Jun high C = 24.4
| Jul high C = 26.5 | Jul high C = 27.0
| Aug high C = 25.3 | Aug high C = 25.8
| Sep high C = 20.4 | Sep high C = 21.0
| Oct high C = 12.7 | Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 5.8
| Dec high C = -2.3 | Dec high C = -1.9
| year high C = 11.3 | year high C = 11.6
| Jan mean C = −10.3 | Jan mean C = -10.0
| Feb mean C = −8.1 | Feb mean C = −8.5
| Mar mean C = −2.3 | Mar mean C = −2.4
| Apr mean C = 6.3 | Apr mean C = 5.9
| May mean C = 13.3 | May mean C = 13.6
| Jun mean C = 18.5 | Jun mean C = 18.7
| Jul mean C = 21.0 | Jul mean C = 21.2
| Aug mean C = 19.8 | Aug mean C = 20.1
| Sep mean C = 15.0 | Sep mean C = 15.3
| Oct mean C = 8.0 | Oct mean C = 8.2
| Nov mean C = 1.5 | Nov mean C = 1.7
| Dec mean C = -6.2 | Dec mean C = -5.8
| year mean C = 6.4 | year mean C = 6.5
| Jan low C = -14.8 | Jan low C = -14.3
| Feb low C = -12.7 | Feb low C = -13.2
| Mar low C = -7.0 | Mar low C = -7.1
| Apr low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = 0.5
| May low C = 7.5 | May low C = 7.5
| Jun low C = 12.9 | Jun low C = 12.9
| Jul low C = 15.5 | Jul low C = 15.4
| Aug low C = 14.3 | Aug low C = 14.3
| Sep low C = 9.6 | Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 3.3 | Oct low C = 3.4
| Nov low C = -2.4 | Nov low C = -2.4
| Dec low C = -10.1 | Dec low C = -9.6
| year low C = 1.4 | year low C = 1.4
| Jan record low C = -35.6 | Jan record low C = -35.6
Line 560: Line 616:
| year chill = -47.8 | year chill = -47.8
| precipitation colour = green | precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 65.4 | Jan precipitation mm = 70.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 54.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 49.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 64.4 | Mar precipitation mm = 66.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 74.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 81.3
| May precipitation mm = 80.3 | May precipitation mm = 74.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 92.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 96.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 91.9 | Jul precipitation mm = 88.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 85.5 | Aug precipitation mm = 79.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 90.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 89.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 86.1 | Oct precipitation mm = 87.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 81.9 | Nov precipitation mm = 73.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 76.4 | Dec precipitation mm = 72.4
| year precipitation mm = 943.4 | year precipitation mm = 929.8
| rain colour = green | rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 25.0 | Jan rain mm = 29.3
| Feb rain mm = 18.7 | Feb rain mm = 14.5
| Mar rain mm = 31.1 | Mar rain mm = 34.6
| Apr rain mm = 63.0 | Apr rain mm = 69.6
| May rain mm = 80.1 | May rain mm = 74.5
| Jun rain mm = 92.8 | Jun rain mm = 96.8
| Jul rain mm = 91.9 | Jul rain mm = 88.5
| Aug rain mm = 85.5 | Aug rain mm = 79.0
| Sep rain mm = 90.1 | Sep rain mm = 90.6
| Oct rain mm = 82.2 | Oct rain mm = 84.7
| Nov rain mm = 64.5 | Nov rain mm = 60.5
| Dec rain mm = 33.5 | Dec rain mm = 34.7
| year rain mm = 758.2 | year rain mm = 757.2
| Jan snow cm = 53.9 | snow colour = green
| Feb snow cm = 43.3 | Jan snow cm = 59.2
| Mar snow cm = 38.3 | Feb snow cm = 48.5
| Apr snow cm = 11.3 | Mar snow cm = 38.8
| Apr snow cm = 12.2
| May snow cm = 0.2 | May snow cm = 0.2
| Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0
Line 596: Line 653:
| Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 3.7 | Oct snow cm = 2.7
| Nov snow cm = 20.2 | Nov snow cm = 20.7
| Dec snow cm = 52.5 | Dec snow cm = 49.6
| year snow cm = 223.5 | year snow cm = 231.9
| precip days colour = green
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm | unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm | unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| unit snow days = 0.2&nbsp;cm | unit snow days = 0.2&nbsp;cm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.6 | Jan precipitation days = 16.7
| Feb precipitation days = 13.1 | Feb precipitation days = 13.0
| Mar precipitation days = 12.7 | Mar precipitation days = 12.6
| Apr precipitation days = 12.4 | Apr precipitation days = 12.1
| May precipitation days = 13.4 | May precipitation days = 13.4
| Jun precipitation days = 13.2 | Jun precipitation days = 13.9
| Jul precipitation days = 11.9 | Jul precipitation days = 12.1
| Aug precipitation days = 11.0 | Aug precipitation days = 11.2
| Sep precipitation days = 12.3 | Sep precipitation days = 12.4
| Oct precipitation days = 14.3 | Oct precipitation days = 14.1
| Nov precipitation days = 15.2 | Nov precipitation days = 14.4
| Dec precipitation days = 17.4 | Dec precipitation days = 16.7
| year precipitation days = 163.6 | year precipitation days = 162.7
| Jan rain days = 4.4 | Jan rain days = 4.9
| Feb rain days = 3.9 | Feb rain days = 3.7
| Mar rain days = 6.7 | Mar rain days = 6.8
| Apr rain days = 10.9 | Apr rain days = 11.0
| May rain days = 13.4 | May rain days = 13.4
| Jun rain days = 13.2 | Jun rain days = 13.9
| Jul rain days = 11.9 | Jul rain days = 12.1
| Aug rain days = 11.0 | Aug rain days = 11.2
| Sep rain days = 12.3 | Sep rain days = 12.3
| Oct rain days = 13.7 | Oct rain days = 13.6
| Nov rain days = 11.0 | Nov rain days = 10.5
| Dec rain days = 6.0 | Dec rain days = 6.6
| year rain days = 118.4 | year rain days = 120.0
| Jan snow days = 16.1 | Jan snow days = 16.4
| Feb snow days = 12.1 | Feb snow days = 12.9
| Mar snow days = 8.8 | Mar snow days = 8.6
| Apr snow days = 3.5 | Apr snow days = 3.2
| May snow days = 0.17 | May snow days = 0.13
| Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 1.1 | Oct snow days = 0.87
| Nov snow days = 6.8 | Nov snow days = 6.5
| Dec snow days = 14.7 | Dec snow days = 13.9
| year snow days = 63.3 | year snow days = 62.3
| humidity colour = green | humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity = 67.5 | time day = 15:00
| Feb humidity = 61.3 | Jan humidity = 68.4
| Mar humidity = 56.6 | Feb humidity = 62.0
| Apr humidity = 50.2 | Mar humidity = 57.0
| May humidity = 49.9 | Apr humidity = 49.5
| Jun humidity = 53.1 | May humidity = 49.5
| Jul humidity = 53.7 | Jun humidity = 53.5
| Aug humidity = 55.0 | Jul humidity = 54.2
| Sep humidity = 59.1 | Aug humidity = 55.3
| Sep humidity = 58.4
| Oct humidity = 61.6 | Oct humidity = 61.6
| Nov humidity = 68.1 | Nov humidity = 66.9
| Dec humidity = 72.2 | Dec humidity = 72.3
| year humidity = 59.0 | year humidity = 59.1
| Jan sun = 122.4 | Jan sun = 122.4
| Feb sun = 114.1 | Feb sun = 114.1
Line 683: Line 740:
| Dec percentsun = 25.2 | Dec percentsun = 25.2
| year percentsun = 46.0 | year percentsun = 46.0
| source 1 = ] (sunshine 1981–2010)<ref name=CCN>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927043627/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=191000000&dispBack=0 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=191000000&dispBack=0 |title=Ottawa (Airport), Ontario |work=Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=CCNairport1981>{{cite web |publisher=Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4337 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data: Ottawa, Ontario |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225253/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4337 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=climate>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_GORE-OTTA_ENG.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718042915/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_GORE-OTTA_ENG.csv |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2020 |title=1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals |publisher=Environment Canada |id=Climate ID: 6106000 |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="July18Hmdx">{{cite web |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/electrictiy-use-to-hit-highest-in-years-this-week-southern-eastern-ontario-energy-heat-wave-temperatures-humidex-ieso-ac-air-conditioning/105857 |title=Electricity use to hit highest in years this week in Ontario |publisher=The Weather Network |date=2 July 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133542/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/electrictiy-use-to-hit-highest-in-years-this-week-southern-eastern-ontario-energy-heat-wave-temperatures-humidex-ieso-ac-air-conditioning/105857 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 1 = ]<ref name=CCN>{{cite web
| date = July 2013
| publisher = Environment Canada
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4337
| title = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data: Ottawa, Ontario
| accessdate = 17 May 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225253/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4337
| archive-date = 10 June 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=climate>
{{cite web
| url=ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_GORE-OTTA_ENG.csv
| title=1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals
| publisher=Environment Canada
| id = Climate ID: 6106000
| date= 2 July 2013
| accessdate= 19 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=octLow>{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2015&Month=10
| title=Daily Data Report for October 2015
| publisher=Environment Canada
| id=Climate ID: 6106000
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=9 February 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806082220/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2015&Month=10
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="MarHigh">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012&Month=3
| title=Daily Data Report for March 2012
| publisher=Environment Canada
| id=Climate ID: 6106000
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806122600/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012&Month=3
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="DecHigh">{{cite web
| url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012&Month=12
| title=Daily Data Report for December 2012
| publisher=Environment Canada
| id=Climate ID: 6106000
| date=22 September 2015
| accessdate=10 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806113618/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2011-12-14%7C2016-06-09&dlyRange=2011-12-15%7C2016-06-09&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=49568&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=14&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012&Month=12
| archive-date=6 August 2016
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="July18Hmdx">{{cite web
| url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/electrictiy-use-to-hit-highest-in-years-this-week-southern-eastern-ontario-energy-heat-wave-temperatures-humidex-ieso-ac-air-conditioning/105857
| title=Electricity use to hit highest in years this week in Ontario
| publisher=The Weather Network
| date=2 July 2018
| accessdate=3 July 2018
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133542/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/electrictiy-use-to-hit-highest-in-years-this-week-southern-eastern-ontario-energy-heat-wave-temperatures-humidex-ieso-ac-air-conditioning/105857
| archive-date=3 July 2018
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
| date=July 2013
}} }}


=== Physical geography ===
===Neighbourhoods and outlying communities===
] is situated on the south bank of the ] with neighbouring ] in the background across the river.]]
{{further|List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa}}
Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the ] and ].<ref name="RipleyDana1875">{{cite book |author1=George Ripley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KshPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA733 |title=The American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge |author2=Charles Anderson Dana |publisher=Appleton |year=1875 |page=733 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212025/https://books.google.com/books?id=KshPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA733 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is {{cvt|202|km}} long.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks Canada Agency |first=Government of Canada |date=17 April 2019 |title=History and culture - Rideau Canal National Historic Site |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/rideau/histoire-history |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=www.pc.gc.ca |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419032921/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/rideau/histoire-history |url-status=live}}</ref> It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the ] and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport ]
]
Ottawa is bounded on the east by the ]; by ] and ] in the west; on the south by the ] and the ]; and on the north by the ] and the City of Gatineau.<ref>{{cite web |title=ManyEyes Map Viewer Ottawa |url=http://neighbourhoodstudy.ca/neighbourhood-maps-2011/ |publisher=Ottawa Neighbourhood Study – University of Ottawa |year=2010 |accessdate=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083624/http://neighbourhoodstudy.ca/neighbourhood-maps-2011/ |archivedate=19 August 2014 }}</ref> Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from ] and one from ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruralcouncil.ca/ORC/background.htm|title=Ottawa Rural Communities|year=2002|publisher=The Rural Council of Ottawa-Carleton|accessdate=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220822/http://www.ruralcouncil.ca/ORC/background.htm|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top of ] carbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggy ] igneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvial ] of ] and sands, leading to the widespread formation of ]s. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by the ]. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Natural Resources Canada |date=7 December 2015 |title=GEOSCAN Search Results: Fastlink |url=https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/starweb/geoscan/servlet.starweb?path=geoscan/fulle.web&search1=R=122374#:~:text=The%20Ottawa%20region%20is%20a,Precambrian%20igneous%20and%20metamorphic%20rocks. |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923212910/https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/starweb/geoscan/servlet.starweb?path=geoscan/fulle.web&search1=R=122374#:~:text=The%20Ottawa%20region%20is%20a,Precambrian%20igneous%20and%20metamorphic%20rocks. |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa is located within the ], and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Natural Resources Canada |title=Earthquake zones in Eastern Canada |url=https://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/zones/eastcan-en.php#WQSZ |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901035350/http://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/zones/eastcan-en.php#WQSZ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Earthquake2000">{{cite web |title=Earthquakes (Ottawa) |url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/products-services/mapping-product/geoscape/ottawa/6174 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102203/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/products-services/mapping-product/geoscape/ottawa/6174 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=4 April 2013 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2006 |title=Earthquake shakes Ottawa |newspaper=] |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=24de3df5-eb4b-41de-8a31-9eb3ea0ed480&k=77474 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213171831/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=24de3df5-eb4b-41de-8a31-9eb3ea0ed480&k=77474 |archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Earthquake2010">{{cite web |date=23 June 2010 |title=Magnitude 5.5 – Ontario-Quebec Border Region, Canada |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626024653/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php |archive-date=26 June 2010 |access-date=23 June 2010 |publisher=USGS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2013 |title=Earthquake shakes Ottawa |publisher=] |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/earthquake-rattles-residents-in-ontario-quebec-1.1285923 |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518200929/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/earthquake-rattles-residents-in-ontario-quebec-1.1285923 |archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>
The city has a main ] but many other urban, ]an and ] areas exist within the modern city's limits.<ref name=gmap>{{cite web|publisher=Google maps|title=Neighborhoods of Ottawa|url=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115838170672838983402.00043dad54fc8b7e8a93c|year=2011|accessdate=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127075543/http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115838170672838983402.00043dad54fc8b7e8a93c|archive-date=27 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the centre,<ref name=gmap/> and it includes the former cities of Gloucester, ] and ], the former ] of ] (a high-income neighbourhood which is adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence), and the communities of ] and ].<ref name=hoods>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawarealestate.ca/neighbourhoods.php |title=Ottawa Neighbourhoods |publisher=Ottawa Real Estate.ca |accessdate=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084643/http://www.ottawarealestate.ca/neighbourhoods.php |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] suburban area includes the former village of ] to the southwest.<ref name=hoods/> Nepean is another major suburb which also includes ].<ref name=hoods/> The communities of ] and ] are on the other side of the Rideau River, and ], southeast of Riverside South.<ref name=hoods/>
A number of rural communities (villages and ]) lie beyond the greenbelt but are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.<ref name=gmap/> Some of these communities are ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ] and ] and ].<ref name=hoods/> Several ]s are within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the ] municipal boundaries;<ref name=gmap/> including the urban communities of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=hoods/>
{{wide image|Canada_Ottawa_Panorama.jpg|1100px|align-cap=center|Ottawa above the ] in May, left to right{{mdash}} ]{{·}} ]{{·}} ]{{·}} ]{{·}} ] Locks{{·}} ] with ] and ]{{·}} ] towers{{·}}]}}


=== Built environment ===
==Demographics==
During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a {{cvt|7.8|km}} transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and ]).<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Rideau Canal Skateway – National Capital Commission:: |url=https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places/rideau-canal-skateway |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Canadian Heritage |archive-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118140436/https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places/rideau-canal-skateway |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rideau Canal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906172404/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |access-date=27 May 2011 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as ],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodgers |first1=Richard |title=Ottawa's Lower Town |url=http://www.gta.igs.net/~rrodgers/lowertown/Lower_Town.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624122817/http://www.gta.igs.net/~rrodgers/lowertown/Lower_Town.htm |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=2 May 2021 |publisher=IGS}}</ref> and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie both ] and ], which share a border along Gloucester Street.<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |title=Centretown Community Design Plan, Part 1 |url=https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/documents/2centretowncdp_en.pdf |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114194609/https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/documents/2centretowncdp_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> These core neighbourhoods contain streets such as ] and ], which fill the role of commercial ] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |date=20 July 2017 |title=Centretown Community Design Plan |url=https://ottawa.ca/en/centretown-community-design-plan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114194615/https://ottawa.ca/en/centretown-community-design-plan |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>

Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. The ]'s work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings on ] and others downtown, such as the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Services and Procurement Canada |date=31 July 2015 |title=Discover the Parliamentary Precinct – Canada's Parliamentary Precinct - PSPC |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/index-eng.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125422/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/index-eng.html |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca}}</ref> Important buildings in the executive branch include the ] as well as many civil service buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=2992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507065321/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=2992 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=www.pc.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Panico |first=Giacomo |date=1 November 2019 |title=Sparks Street's great divide bad for business, merchants say |work=CBC News Ottawa |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/sparks-street-s-great-divide-bad-for-business-merchants-say-1.5339340 |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003444/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/sparks-street-s-great-divide-bad-for-business-merchants-say-1.5339340 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> The ] building can also be found in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Supreme Court of |date=1 January 2001 |title=Supreme Court of Canada - The Court - SCC Building |url=https://www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603161227/https://scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=www.scc-csc.ca}}</ref>

Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and ], lies the city of ], itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of ] and ].<ref name="RazinSmith2006">{{cite book |author1=Eran Razin |url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove00smit |title=Metropolitan governing: Canadian cases, comparative lessons |author2=Patrick J. Smith |publisher=University of Alberta |year=2006 |isbn=978-965-493-285-1 |page= |access-date=15 November 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the ], which is considered a single metropolitan area.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, National Capital Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-4/page-3.html#h-374470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502032420/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-4/page-3.html#h-374470 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> One federal ], the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance.<ref name=":4" /> The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Donna L |date=2004 |title=The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation: a comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=68 |issue=2–3 |pages=206 |citeseerx=10.1.1.508.4274 |doi=10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00160-9 |bibcode=2004LUrbP..68..199E |s2cid=86215921 |issn=0169-2046}}</ref> Around the main urban area is an extensive ], administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland.<ref name="BrownMitchell2005">{{cite book |title=The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community |publisher=IUCN—The World Conservation Union |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor1=Jessica Brown |page=195 |editor2=Nora J. Mitchell |editor3=Michael Beresford}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Ottawa}} {{main|Demographics of Ottawa}}
]
{{Historical populations {{Historical populations
|title = Historic Population |title = Historic Population
|align = right |align = right

|footnote = Note: Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries <br />Sources:<ref name="Census1901-1966">{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/get-know-your-city/statistics-and-economic-profile/data-handbook/population/4-population |title=Population Change, City of Ottawa, 1901–2006 |accessdate=18 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043711/http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/get-know-your-city/statistics-and-economic-profile/data-handbook/population/4-population |archivedate=22 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Census1971>{{cite web |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5218/OFR5218.pdf |title=Resources of construction aggregate in the regional municipality of Ottawa-Carleton |last1=Sado |first1=E. V. |last2=Vos |first2=M. A. |year=1976 |publisher=Ontario Division of Mines |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113838/http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5218/OFR5218.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Census1976>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/1976928311978engfra/1976928311978engfra_djvu.txt|title=Population, land area and population density : census division and subdivisions = Population, superficie et densité de la population : divisions et subdivisions de recensement|website=archive.org|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317225430/http://archive.org/stream/1976928311978engfra/1976928311978engfra_djvu.txt|archive-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StatCan1981-1991">{{cite web|title=Search Censuses |url=http://estat.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=E&ESTATFile=ESTAT/English/SC_RR-eng.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115211843/http://estat.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=E&ESTATFile=ESTAT/English/SC_RR-eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=18 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name=StatCan2001>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All | title=2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City) | publisher=] | date=1 February 2007 | accessdate=22 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062620/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All | archive-date=7 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=StatCan2006 /><ref name=CityPop /><br />
|footnote = Note: Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries <br />Sources:<ref name="Census1901-1966">{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/get-know-your-city/statistics-and-economic-profile/data-handbook/population/4-population |title=Population Change, City of Ottawa, 1901–2006 |access-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043711/http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/get-know-your-city/statistics-and-economic-profile/data-handbook/population/4-population |archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=Census1971>{{cite web |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5218/OFR5218.pdf |title=Resources of construction aggregate in the regional municipality of Ottawa-Carleton |last1=Sado |first1=E. V. |last2=Vos |first2=M. A. |year=1976 |publisher=Ontario Division of Mines |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113838/http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5218/OFR5218.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Census1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/1976928311978engfra/1976928311978engfra_djvu.txt |title=Population, land area and population density : census division and subdivisions = Population, superficie et densité de la population: divisions et subdivisions de recensement |website=Internet Archive |year=1978 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317225430/http://archive.org/stream/1976928311978engfra/1976928311978engfra_djvu.txt |archive-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StatCan1981-1991">{{cite web |title=Search Censuses |url=http://estat.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=E&ESTATFile=ESTAT/English/SC_RR-eng.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115211843/http://estat.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=E&ESTATFile=ESTAT/English/SC_RR-eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=StatCan2001>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All |title=2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City) |publisher=] |date=1 February 2007 |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062620/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136,<ref name=StatCan2001/> while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031.<ref name=StatCan2001dissolved>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City/Dissolved) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=1 February 2007 |access-date=17 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015164432/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>|name=amalgamation|group="N"}}<ref name=StatCan2006 /><ref name=CityPop /><br />
|1901|101102 |1901|101102
|1911|123417 |1911|123417
Line 771: Line 782:
|1991|678147 |1991|678147
|]|721136 |]|721136
|]|774072
|]{{efn|In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136,<ref name=StatCan2001/> while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031.<ref name=StatCan2001dissolved>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= | title=2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City / Dissolved) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=1 February 2007 | accessdate=17 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015164432/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= | archive-date=15 October 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>|name=amalgamation|group="N"}}|774072
|]|812129 |]|812129
|]|883391 |]|883391
|]|934243 |]|934243
|]|1017449
}} }}
In 2016, the populations of the City of Ottawa and the Ottawa–Gatineau ] (CMA) were 934,243 and 1,323,783 respectively. The city had a population density of {{convert|334.8|PD/sqkm|abbr=on}} in 2016, while the CMA had a population density of {{convert|195.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=on}}. It is the second-largest city in Ontario, fourth-largest city in the country, and the fourth-largest CMA in the country.


In the ] conducted by ], Ottawa had a population of {{val|1017449|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|407252|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|427113|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1017449-934243}}|934243|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|934243|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{cvt|2788.2|km2|sqmi}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1017449|2788.2|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="2021census">{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario |publisher=] |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141434/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is both below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 years constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%.


As of 2021 the Ottawa-Gatineau ] (CMA) had a population of {{val|1488307|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|604721|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|638013|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1488307-1371576}}|1371576|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|1371576|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{cvt|8046.99|km2|sqmi}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1488307|8046.99|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="2021censusCMA">{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations |publisher=] |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085922/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Over 20 percent of the city's population is foreign-born, with the most common non-Canadian countries of origin being the United Kingdom (8.8% of those foreign-born), China (8.0%), and Lebanon (4.8%). About 6.1% of residents are not Canadian citizens.<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca"/><!--need more about racial/country demographics here, ref<ref name="Andrew2008">{{cite book|author=Caroline Andrew|title=Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA118|year=2008|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5858-8|page=118}}</ref>-->
] showcasing the percentage of individuals whose mother tongue is ]]]


Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |publisher=Government of Canada |date=8 February 2017 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ottawa, City , Ontario and Canada |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519023003/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Around 65% of Ottawa residents describe themselves as Christian {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, with ] accounting for 38.5% of the population and members of ] churches 25%. Non-Christian religions are also very well established in Ottawa, the largest being ] (6.7%), ] (1.4%), ] (1.3%), and ] (1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represent 22.8%.<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca"/>


The ] reported that ] (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were ] (20,320 persons or 7.8%), ] (16,200 persons or 6.2%), ] (14,760 persons or 5.7%), ] (11,900 persons or 4.6%), ] (10,505 persons or 4.1%), ] (8,795 persons or 3.4%), ] (6,710 persons or 2.6%), ] (6,370 persons or 2.5%), ] (6,155 persons or 2.4%), and ] (6,000 persons or 2.3%).<ref name="2021censusB" />
] became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/policies/bilingualism_policy/index_en.html|title=Bilingualism Policy|publisher=City of Ottawa|year=2011|accessdate=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814023328/http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/policies/bilingualism_policy/index_en.html|archive-date=14 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.<ref name="Cheshire1991">{{cite book|author=Jenny Cheshire|title=English around the world: sociolinguistic perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifl9ajM20fMC&pg=PA134|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39565-6|page=134|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426014433/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifl9ajM20fMC&pg=PA134|archive-date=26 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who identify their mother tongue as ] constitute 62.4 percent, while those with ] as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. In terms of respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population have knowledge of English only and French only, respectively; while 37.2 percent have a knowledge of both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa itself, since Gatineau is overwhelmingly French speaking. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These include ] (3.2%), ] (3.0%), ] (1.2%), ] (1.1%), and many others.<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1|accessdate=19 September 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=National Household Survey Profile, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104756/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Race and ethnicity ===
As of 2016, approximately 69.1% of Ottawa's population was white, while 4.6% were aboriginal and 26.3% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 22.3%). Below is a breakdown of the demographics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&SearchText=Ontario&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa, City , Ontario and Ontario |last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2019-07-16}}</ref>{{columns-list|* 69.1% ]
As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population were white or European, while 2.6% were ], and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Ottawa&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
* 4.6% ]; ''3.2% ], 1.4% ], 0.2% ]''

* 4.2% ]
===Religion===
* 5.1% ];'' 4.5% ], 0.3% ], 0.3% ]''
According to the ], religious groups in Ottawa included:<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008&SearchText=ottawa |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111073843/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008&SearchText=ottawa |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 6.6% ]
* ] (528,700 persons or 52.8%)
* 2.6% ]; ''1.3% ] ''
* ] (316,740 persons or 31.6%)
* 1.2% ]
* ] (98,920 persons or 9.9%)
* 4.5% ]
* ] (20,300 persons or 2.0%)
* 0.3% ]
* ] (10,800 persons or 1.1%)
* 0.9% ]; '' 2.3% including Métis''
* ] (10,600 persons or 1.1%)
* 0.3% Other|colwidth=40em}}
* ] (6,375 persons or 0.6%)
* ] (445 persons or <0.1%)
* Other (8,055 persons or 0.8%)

{{As of|2011|alt=In 2011}}, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, with ] accounting for 38.5% of the population and members of ] churches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent being ] (6.7%), ] (1.4%), ] (1.3%), and ] (1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represented 22.8%.<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca" /><!-- Note: Religion is only asked on the census every ten years -->

===Language===
] became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/policies/bilingualism_policy/index_en.html |title=Bilingualism Policy |publisher=City of Ottawa |year=2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814023328/http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/policies/bilingualism_policy/index_en.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.<ref name="Cheshire1991">{{cite book |author=Jenny Cheshire |title=English around the world: sociolinguistic perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifl9ajM20fMC&pg=PA134 |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39565-6 |page=134 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426014433/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifl9ajM20fMC&pg=PA134 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Those who identify their mother tongue as ] constitute 62.4 percent, while those with ] as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These include ] (3.2%), ] (3.0%), ] (1.2%), ] (1.1%), and many others.<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1 |access-date=19 September 2014 |publisher=Statistics Canada |title=National Household Survey Profile, 2011 |date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104756/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3506008&TABID=1 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Economy== ==Economy==
{{see also|Economy of Ontario}} {{see also|Economy of Ontario}}
]]]
] is an area that holds a number of federal government buildings. The federal government is the city's largest employer.]]
As of 2015 the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82052).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/inc-rev/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=102&PR=0&D1=1&RPP=25&SR=1&S=104&O=D|title=Income Highlight Tables, 2016 Census|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> The median household income after taxes is $73745 which is higher than the national median of $61348.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Income&TABID=1&type=0|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ottawa, City , Ontario and Canada |last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> The unemployment rate in Ottawa in 2016 was 7.2%, lower than the national rate of 7.7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Income&TABID=1&type=0|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ottawa, City , Ontario and Canada |last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> In 2019 ] ranks Ottawa with the third highest ] of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings|title=Quality of Living City Ranking {{!}} Mercer|website=mobilityexchange.mercer.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr |title=Eco-City Ranking |publisher=Mercer.com |date=16 August 2010 |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HdM3K3W7?url=http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($86,451).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/inc-rev/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=102&PR=0&D1=1&RPP=25&SR=1&S=104&O=D |title=Income Highlight Tables, 2016 Census |publisher=Government of Canada |date=8 February 2017 |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930184727/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/inc-rev/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=102&PR=0&D1=1&RPP=25&SR=1&S=104&O=D |url-status=live}}</ref> The median household income after taxes in the City of Ottawa is $73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $61,348.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Income&TABID=1&type=0 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa, City , Ontario and Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |date=8 February 2017 |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033705/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Income&TABID=1&type=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Force & Employment |url=https://www.ottawainsights.ca/themes/employment-and-opportunity/employment/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Ottawa Insights |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529023344/https://www.ottawainsights.ca/themes/employment-and-opportunity/employment/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Big job gains in April produce record employment levels for the region |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ottawas-jobless-rate-falls-to-4-6-per-cent-in-april |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517012942/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ottawas-jobless-rate-falls-to-4-6-per-cent-in-april |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 ] ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |title=Quality of Living City Ranking {{!}} Mercer |website=mobilityexchange.mercer.com |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418074611/https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr |title=Eco-City Ranking |publisher=Mercer.com |date=16 August 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622141236/http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Ottawa's primary employers are the ] and the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The Federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 110,000 individuals from the National Capital region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/buho/seca/ot/ot_003.cfm |title=Employment – Ottawa &#124; CMHC |publisher=Cmhc-schl.gc.ca |accessdate=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611122606/http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/buho/seca/ot/ot_003.cfm |archive-date=11 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in the ] and ] complexes in Hull. The ] in Ottawa is the main command centre for the ] and hosts the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/general/six-year-long-consolidation-of-national-defence-headquarters-given-green-light/|work=Maclean's|title=Six-year consolidation of National Defence Headquarters given green light|agency=Canadian Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114337/http://www.macleans.ca/general/six-year-long-consolidation-of-national-defence-headquarters-given-green-light/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ottawa area includes ] and the former ]. During the summer, the city hosts the ], which performs functions such as the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/ceremonial-guard/about.page|accessdate=19 September 2014|title=About the Ceremonial Guard|publisher=Government of Canada|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916233349/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/ceremonial-guard/about.page|archivedate=16 September 2014}}</ref> As the national capital of Canada, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the ] which was centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions. The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 7.3&nbsp;million tourists, who spend about 1.18&nbsp;billion dollars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.com/about/main_e.shtml |title=About Ottawa, Canada's Capital |publisher=City of Ottawa |accessdate=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018182148/http://www.ottawa.com/about/main_e.shtml |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ottawa's primary employers are the ] and the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |date=2016 |title=Employment Survey |url=https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/employment_survey_2106_en.pdf |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031194518/https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/employment_survey_2106_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in the ] and ] complexes in Hull. The ] in Ottawa is the main command centre for the ]. It hosts the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macleans.ca/general/six-year-long-consolidation-of-national-defence-headquarters-given-green-light/ |work=Maclean's |title=Six-year consolidation of National Defence Headquarters given green light |agency=Canadian Press |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114337/http://www.macleans.ca/general/six-year-long-consolidation-of-national-defence-headquarters-given-green-light/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the summer, the city hosts the ], which performs functions such as the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/ceremonial-guard/about.page |access-date=19 September 2014 |title=About the Ceremonial Guard |publisher=Government of Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916233349/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/ceremonial-guard/about.page |archive-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>
] is home to many companies, mostly high-tech industries.]]
In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people.<ref>{{cite web|title = Tech jobs near all-time high as Region's jobless rate hits 6.8%|url = https://ottawacitizen.com/business/Tech+jobs+near+time+high+Region+jobless+rate+hits/9819243/story.html|website = www.ottawacitizen.com|accessdate = 13 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024433/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Tech+jobs+near+time+high+Region+jobless+rate+hits/9819243/story.html|archive-date = 17 November 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North".<ref name="Shavinina2004"/> Most of these companies specialize in ], ] and ]. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel, Mitel, ], ], ] and ] were founded in the city.<ref name="TreviñoDoutriaux2006j">{{cite book |author1=Leonel Corona Treviño |author2=Jérôme Doutriaux |author3=Sarfraz A. Mian |title=Building knowledge regions in North America: emerging technology innovation poles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101 |year=2006 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84542-430-5 |page=101 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430040144/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ottawa also has regional locations for ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="NovakowskiTremblay2007x">{{cite book|author1=Nick Novakowski|author2=Rémy Tremblay|title=Perspectives on Ottawa's High-tech Sector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3EC4nqKcmIC&pg=PA43|year=2007|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-370-1|pages=43–71|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3EC4nqKcmIC&pg=PA43|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The "tech sector" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Allison |date=8 February 2017 |title=Canada Census 2016: Ontario growth still slowing, but those who went West might soon be back |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada-census-2016-ontario-growth-still-slowing-but-those-who-went-west-might-soon-be-back |newspaper=National Post |location=Toronto |accessdate=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208223159/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada-census-2016-ontario-growth-still-slowing-but-those-who-went-west-might-soon-be-back |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Demographics2002>{{cite web|title=2006 City of Ottawa Health Status Report|publisher=Ottawa Public Health|url=http://ottawa.ca/doc_repository/reports/hsr_2006_en.pdf|year=2006|accessdate=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118093314/http://ottawa.ca/doc_repository/reports/hsr_2006_en.pdf|archivedate=18 January 2012}}</ref>
] is a major ] and ]. The health sector is another major employer in Ottawa.]]
Another major employer is the health sector, which employs over 18,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006 |publisher=Ottawa.ca |year=2008 |accessdate=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071342/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Four active general hospitals are in the Ottawa area: ], ], ], and ]. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthcare/finding-healthcare#P46_1193|accessdate=20 September 2014|publisher=City of Ottawa|title=Finding healthcare|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101055713/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthcare/finding-healthcare#P46_1193|archivedate=1 November 2014}}</ref> ], ] and the National Research Council of Canada and ] are part of the growing life science sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006 |publisher=Ottawa.ca |accessdate=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071342/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ocri.ca/lifesciences |title=OCRI &#124; Life Sciences |publisher=Ocri.ca |accessdate=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095155/http://ocri.ca/lifesciences |archivedate=7 August 2011 }}</ref> Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations.<ref name="StatCan2006">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=Community Profiles from the 2006 Census – Ottawa, Ontario (City)|date=6 December 2010|publisher=]|accessdate=22 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918013647/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|archive-date=18 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.<ref name="CommunityFoundations2010">{{cite web
|url = http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/documents/VitalSigns2010.pdf
|title = Ottawa's Vital Signs 2010
|publisher = Community Foundation of Ottawa
|year = 2010
|accessdate = 5 August 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033748/http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/documents/VitalSigns2010.pdf
|archive-date = 17 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.myjobsite.ca/images/CanaData_Labour_Market_Report.pdf
|title=CanaData – The Industrial Structure of Canada's Major City Labour Markets
|publisher=Reed Construction Data
|date=November 2009
|accessdate=5 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050135/http://www.myjobsite.ca/images/CanaData_Labour_Market_Report.pdf
|archive-date=19 January 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="OttawaCompensation">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/financial/lrfp3/financial_profile/part_a/compensation_en.html
|title=City of Ottawa – Compensation
|publisher=ottawa.ca
|accessdate=5 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230190053/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/financial/lrfp3/financial_profile/part_a/compensation_en.html
|archive-date=30 December 2010
|url-status=live
}}</ref> with over 15,000 employees.<ref name="OttawaCompensation"/><ref name="CommunityFoundations2008">{{cite web
|url = http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/site/site_en/programs/documents/Ottawa%20Vital%20Signs%20-%202008.pdf
|title = Ottawa's Vital Signs 2008
|publisher = Community Foundation of Ottawa
|year = 2008
|accessdate = 5 August 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118105035/http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/site/site_en/programs/documents/Ottawa%20Vital%20Signs%20-%202008.pdf
|archive-date = 18 January 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>


As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the ], centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sali |first=David |date=25 May 2018 |title=Ottawa Business Journal |url=https://www.obj.ca/article/armed-fresh-funding-ottawa-tourism-sector-avoiding-canada-150-hangover |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005221/https://www.obj.ca/article/armed-fresh-funding-ottawa-tourism-sector-avoiding-canada-150-hangover |url-status=dead}}</ref> The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic impact study |url=https://ottawatourism.ca/en/destination-development/research/economic-impact-study |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Ottawa Tourism |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005221/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/destination-development/research/economic-impact-study |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=interVISTAS |publisher=City of Ottawa |title=Economic Impact of Tourism in Ottawa |url=https://ottawatourism.ca/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-06/Economic-Impact-of-Tourism-in-Ottawa-Executive-Summary.pdf |publication-date=2020 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031181102/https://ottawatourism.ca/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-06/Economic-Impact-of-Tourism-in-Ottawa-Executive-Summary.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2006, Ottawa experienced an increase of 40,000 jobs over 2001 with a five-year average growth that was relatively slower than in the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=City of Ottawa|title=2007 Annual development Report|url=https://app06.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/pec/2009/06-23/ADR%202008.pdf|via=}}</ref> While the number of employees in the federal government stagnated, the high-technology industry grew by 2.4%. The overall growth of jobs in Ottawa-Gatineau was 1.3% compared to the previous year, down to sixth place among Canada's largest cities. In 2016, the unemployment rate in Ottawa was 7.2%, which was below the national unemployment rate of 7.7%.<ref name="ottawa2007">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&type=0&Code1=3506008&SearchText=ottawa|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date=2017|website=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&type=0&Code1=3506008&SearchText=ottawa|archivedate=2017|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> The economic downturn resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate between April 2008 and April 2009 from 4.7 to 6.3%. In the province, however, this rate increased over the same period from 6.4 to 9.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/on/offices/2009lmb/ottawa.shtml |title=Ottawa Labour Market Monitor, December 2010 |publisher=Service Canada |date=21 January 2011 |accessdate=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529085224/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/on/offices/2009lmb/ottawa.shtml |archivedate=29 May 2009 }}</ref>
] is Canada's largest technology park.]]
In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tech jobs near all-time high as Region's jobless rate hits 6.8% |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/business/Tech+jobs+near+time+high+Region+jobless+rate+hits/9819243/story.html |website=www.ottawacitizen.com |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024433/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Tech+jobs+near+time+high+Region+jobless+rate+hits/9819243/story.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North."<ref name="Shavinina2004" /> Most of these companies specialize in ], ] and ]. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel, ], ], ], ] and ] were founded in the city.<ref name="TreviñoDoutriaux2006j">{{cite book |author1=Leonel Corona Treviño |author2=Jérôme Doutriaux |author3=Sarfraz A. Mian |title=Building knowledge regions in North America: emerging technology innovation poles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101 |year=2006 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84542-430-5 |page=101 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430040144/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa also has regional locations for ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="NovakowskiTremblay2007x">{{cite book |author1=Nick Novakowski |author2=Rémy Tremblay |title=Perspectives on Ottawa's High-tech Sector |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3EC4nqKcmIC&pg=PA43 |year=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-370-1 |pages=43–71 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3EC4nqKcmIC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The "tech sector" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Allison |date=8 February 2017 |title=Canada Census 2016: Ontario growth still slowing, but those who went West might soon be back |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada-census-2016-ontario-growth-still-slowing-but-those-who-went-west-might-soon-be-back |newspaper=National Post |location=Toronto |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105224008/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Demographics2002">{{cite web |title=2006 City of Ottawa Health Status Report |publisher=Ottawa Public Health |url=http://ottawa.ca/doc_repository/reports/hsr_2006_en.pdf |year=2006 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118093314/http://ottawa.ca/doc_repository/reports/hsr_2006_en.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
], ] and the National Research Council of Canada and ] are part of the growing life science sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006 |publisher=Ottawa.ca |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071342/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ocri.ca/lifesciences |title=OCRI &#124; Life Sciences |publisher=Ocri.ca |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095155/http://ocri.ca/lifesciences |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>


The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006 |publisher=Ottawa.ca |year=2008 |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071342/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/statistics/data_handbook/economics/table_40_en.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations.<ref name="StatCan2006">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Community Profiles from the 2006 Census – Ottawa, Ontario (City) |date=6 December 2010 |publisher=] |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918013647/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3506008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |archive-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.<ref name="CommunityFoundations2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/documents/VitalSigns2010.pdf |title=Ottawa's Vital Signs 2010 |publisher=Community Foundation of Ottawa |year=2010 |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033748/http://www.communityfoundationottawa.ca/documents/VitalSigns2010.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myjobsite.ca/images/CanaData_Labour_Market_Report.pdf |title=CanaData – The Industrial Structure of Canada's Major City Labour Markets |publisher=Reed Construction Data |date=November 2009 |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050135/http://www.myjobsite.ca/images/CanaData_Labour_Market_Report.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OttawaCompensation">{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/financial/lrfp3/financial_profile/part_a/compensation_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – Compensation |publisher=ottawa.ca |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230190053/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/financial/lrfp3/financial_profile/part_a/compensation_en.html |archive-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> with approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full-time Equivalent (FTE) Count - 2019 |url=https://open.ottawa.ca/documents/ottawa::full-time-equivalent-fte-count-2019/about |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=open.ottawa.ca |language=en-us |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005221/https://open.ottawa.ca/documents/ottawa::full-time-equivalent-fte-count-2019/about |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=About Us |url=https://www.ottawapolice.ca/en/About-Us.aspx |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.ottawapolice.ca |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811165905/https://www.ottawapolice.ca/en/About-Us.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{See also|List of festivals in Ottawa}}
] has been a focal point for culture in Ottawa.]]
Traditionally the ] (in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and the ] (both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.{{sfn|Hale|2011|pp=59–60}} Modern thoroughfares such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Richmond Road in ], and ] are home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.{{sfn|Hale|2011|pp=61–68}}
], an annual ] held in Ottawa]]
Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such as ], the largest festival in Canada,<ref>{{cite web |last=Buckland |first=Jason |url=http://money.ca.msn.com/savings-debt/gallery/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=24740236&page=7 |title=2. Winterlude – Biggest festivals in Canada |publisher=Money.ca.msn.com |date=4 July 2010 |accessdate=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009153634/http://money.ca.msn.com/savings-debt/gallery/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=24740236&page=7 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ] celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as ], ], ], ], ] and ], that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawa-information-guide.com/ottawa-bluesfest.html|title=Ottawa Bluesfest|publisher=Ottawa-Information-Guide|year=2011|accessdate=29 June 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704093409/http://www.ottawa-information-guide.com/ottawa-bluesfest.html|archivedate=4 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16298-10118&lang=1|title=Tulips in the Capital|publisher=National Capital Commission|year=2011|accessdate=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708171553/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16298-10118&lang=1|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the ] "World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 IFEA World Festival & Event City Award |url=http://www.ifea.com/joomla1_5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244&Itemid=476 |publisher=International Festivals and Events Association |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003630/http://www.ifea.com/joomla1_5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244&Itemid=476 |archivedate=13 July 2011 }}</ref>


In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |title=Annual Development Report 2008 |url=https://app06.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/pec/2009/06-23/ADR%202008.pdf |date=May 2009 |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033112/https://app06.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/pec/2009/06-23/ADR%202008.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=City of Ottawa |date=2021 |title=2020 Annual Development Report |url=https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/2020_devreport_en.pdf |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005216/https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/2020_devreport_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal administration, finance and accommodation.<ref name=":9" /> Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to a number of significant cultural events in ], including the first visit of the reigning ]—], with ], ]—].<ref name="BousfieldToffoli1989">{{cite book|author1=Arthur Bousfield|author2=Garry Toffoli|title=Royal spring: the royal tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34|year=1989|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-065-6|page=34|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425102153/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ] was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,<ref name="Granatstein2005n">{{cite book|author=J. L. Granatstein|title=The last good war: an illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXhOurYDaqUC&pg=PA223|date=21 March 2005|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55054-913-3|pages=223–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513065412/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXhOurYDaqUC&pg=PA223|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the first raising of ] took place on 15 February 1965,<ref name="Solski2006">{{cite book|author=Ruth Solski|title=Big Book of Canadian Celebrations: Grades 4–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83|year=2006|publisher=S&S Learning Materials|isbn=978-1-55035-851-3|page=83|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425091723/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and the ] was celebrated on 1 July 1967.<ref name="Ord2003">{{cite book|author=Douglas Ord|title=The National Gallery of Canada: ideas, art, architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2509-2|page=369|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502120811/https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ] was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue a ] of the enactment of the ].<ref name="Hayes2008">{{cite book|author=Derek Hayes|title=Canada: an illustrated history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271|year=2008|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-259-5|page=271|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505020500/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983, ] and ] came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/|title=Princess Di across Canada|work=Globe and Mail|date=22 June 2011|accessdate=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625121249/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/|archive-date=25 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive ], and ] during their ].


Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=City of Ottawa ups spending on its rural economy |url=https://obj.ca/article/city-ottawa-ups-spending-its-rural-economy |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Ottawa Business Journal |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113191956/https://obj.ca/article/city-ottawa-ups-spending-its-rural-economy |url-status=live}}</ref> In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $400 million, $136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khamsehzadeh |first=Armin |title=Ottawa Economy |url=https://ottawa-agent.ca/blog/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109211359/https://ottawa-agent.ca/blog/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales, construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001.<ref name=":2" />
===Architecture===
], was constructed in a Gothic Revival style. In the following decades, buildings built for the government would abandon the style, in favour of ] and ] styles.]]
{{Main|Architecture of Ottawa}}
Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be ] and ]; however, the city is also marked by ] and ] styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture.<ref name="RickettsMaitland2004">{{cite book|author1=Shannon Ricketts|author2=Leslie Maitland|author3=Jacqueline Hucker|title=A guide to Canadian architectural styles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-f2MYzP6IWAC&pg=PA73|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-546-7|page=73|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502124236/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f2MYzP6IWAC&pg=PA73|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa's domestic architecture is dominated by single family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of ] houses, ]s, and ]s. Many domestic buildings are clad in brick, with small numbers covered in wood, stone, or siding of different materials; variations are common, depending on neighbourhoods and the age of dwellings within them.


=== Media ===
The ] has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at {{convert|92.2|m|abbr=on}} visible from most parts of the city.{{sfn|Keshen|2001|p=455}} Today, ] than the Peace Tower, with the tallest on ] being the 29-storey ] (Tower C) at {{convert|112|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Place de Ville III|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1544|publisher=Skyscraper Source Media|year=2011|accessdate=1 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103227/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1544|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by ], while most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16302-22554-22561&lang=1 |title=Mandate and Mission |publisher=The National Capital Commission |date=10 October 2008 |accessdate=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509190424/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16302-22554-22561&lang=1 |archive-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{further|Media in Ottawa–Gatineau}}
Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the '']'' established as ''the Bytown Packet'' in 1845 and the '']'', and one French newspaper, '']''.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Find a Newspaper |url=https://nmc-mic.ca/about-us/find-a-newspaper/?town=Ottawa&staff=&city=&province=&language=&publication_type=&owner=&owner=&ser=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109033552/https://nmc-mic.ca/about-us/find-a-newspaper/?town=Ottawa&staff=&city=&province=&language=&publication_type=&owner=&owner=&ser=1 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=14 December 2018 |publisher=News Media Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottawa Newspapers |url=https://www.all-about-ottawa.com/ottawa-newspapers/ |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.all-about-ottawa.com |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031035121/https://www.all-about-ottawa.com/ottawa-newspapers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systems ] and ], as well as English and French radio stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cjroradio {{!}} Ottawa {{!}} Community Radio station |url=https://www.cjroradio.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034331/https://www.cjroradio.com/about |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=cjroradio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nouvelles d'Ottawa-Gatineau, météo et plus {{!}} ICI Radio-Canada.ca |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ottawa-gatineau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712043745/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ottawa-gatineau |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch CTV News {{!}} Local Video {{!}} CTV News Ottawa |url=https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/video?binId=1.1164587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705205547/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/video?binId=1.1164587 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=ottawa.ctvnews.ca |language=en}}</ref>


In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, including ] (Canada's national ])<ref>{{cite web |title=About CPAC |url=http://www.cpac.ca/en/about-cpac/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165531/http://www.cpac.ca/en/about-cpac/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2018 |website=]}}</ref> and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Broadcasting Centre {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-broadcasting-centre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130190404/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-broadcasting-centre |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>
===Museums and performing arts===
] is a ] and ] museum. The institution is one of several national museums in Ottawa.]]
{{Further|List of attractions in Ottawa}}
Amongst the city's national museums and galleries is the ]; designed by famous architect ], it is a permanent home to the ] sculpture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawatourism.ca/old/de/visitors/attractions/fast-facts-ottawa/366-fast-facts-national-gallery |title=National Gallery of Canada – Ottawa Tourism Official Site |publisher=Ottawatourism.ca |accessdate=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006194316/http://www.ottawatourism.ca/old/de/visitors/attractions/fast-facts-ottawa/366-fast-facts-national-gallery |archivedate=6 October 2011 }}</ref> The ] houses over 3.75&nbsp;million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/ |title=WarMuseum.ca – About the Museum – Mission |publisher=Civilization.ca |accessdate=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027150013/http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/ |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Canada |url=http://nature.ca/en/about-us/history-buildings/museum-history |title=Museum History &#124; Canadian Museum of Nature |publisher=Nature.ca |date=19 January 2011 |accessdate=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109032533/http://nature.ca/en/about-us/history-buildings/museum-history |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Across the Ottawa river in Gatineau is the most visited ], the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/media/press-releases/year-2006/canadas-most-visited-museum-celebrates-150th-anniversary |title=Canada's most visited museum celebrates 150th anniversary |language=fr |publisher=Civilization.ca |accessdate=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105183147/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/media/press-releases/year-2006/canadas-most-visited-museum-celebrates-150th-anniversary |archive-date=5 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Designed by Canadian Aboriginal architect ], the curving-shaped complex, built at a cost of US$340 million, also houses the ], the ] and a 3D ] theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/version_print.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=12062&IDDossier=0&IDCat=284&IDCatPa=254 |title=CBC Digitial Archives – Douglas Cardinal's brand of native architecture |publisher=cbc.ca |date=25 August 2009 |accessdate=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225202747/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=12062&IDDossier=0&IDCat=284&IDCatPa=254 |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Education ==
The city is also home to the ], the ], the ], ], ], ], the ], and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – Museums and History |publisher=City of Ottawa |accessdate=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530162324/http://www.ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html |archivedate=30 May 2011 }}</ref>
{{Further|List of schools in Ottawa}}
] is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city.]]
] in 2022]]
]]]


=== Primary and secondary education ===
The ], originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa.{{sfn|Hale|2011|p=60}} Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the ], the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |title=NAC History |publisher=National Arts Centre |date=17 March 1970 |accessdate=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621090354/http://nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |archive-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1975, the ] specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |title=Great Canadian Theatre Company |publisher=Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia |date=13 January 2011 |accessdate=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69fpU9Jdu?url=http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language ] (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocdsb-About Ocdsb |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/ab-ocdsb/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412075944/http://www.ocdsb.ca/AB-OCDSB/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 April 2011 |access-date=13 March 2011 |publisher=Ocdsb.ca}}</ref> followed by the English-Catholic ] with 85 schools.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2010 |title=Ottawa Catholic School Board |url=http://www.ottawacatholicschools.ca/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311053908/http://www.ottawacatholicschools.ca/ |archive-date=11 March 2011 |access-date=13 March 2011 |publisher=Ottawacatholicschools.ca}}</ref> The two French-language boards are the French-Catholic '']'' with 49 schools,<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2004 |title=CECCE: Liste des écoles |url=http://www.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/53 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326171422/http://www.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/53 |archive-date=26 March 2011 |access-date=13 March 2011 |publisher=Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est}}</ref> and the French '']'' with 37 schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accueil |url=http://www.cepeo.on.ca/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411055314/http://www.cepeo.on.ca/ |archive-date=11 April 2011 |access-date=13 March 2011 |publisher=Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario}}</ref> Ottawa also has numerous ]s which are not part of a board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottawa Private Schools {{!}} Our Kids |url=https://www.ourkids.net/ottawa-private-schools.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803202954/https://www.ourkids.net/ottawa-private-schools.php |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=www.ourkids.net |language=en}}</ref>


The ] was created in 1906 as part of the ] system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes from the Ottawa Room... The Carnegie Library – Ottawa's First Public Library – 100 Years Old on April 30, 2006 |url=http://24369.vws.magma.ca/connect/research/local/carnegie_library_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706184950/http://24369.vws.magma.ca/connect/research/local/carnegie_library_e.html |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=12 March 2011 |publisher=Ottawa Public Library}}</ref> {{As of|2008|lc=y}} the library system had 2.3&nbsp;million items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Strategic Directions and Priorities 2008–2011 |url=http://biblioottawalibrary.ca/archive/board/strat_plans/strategic_e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607181537/http://biblioottawalibrary.ca/archive/board/strat_plans/strategic_e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=12 March 2011 |publisher=Ottawa Public Library}}</ref> Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report - 2021 {{!}} Ottawa Public Library |url=https://biblioottawalibrary.ca/en/annual-reports/2021/annual-report-2021 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=biblioottawalibrary.ca |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725044208/https://biblioottawalibrary.ca/en/annual-reports/2021/annual-report-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Historic and heritage sites===

] and ] are both designated as ].]]
=== Higher education and research ===
Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Facts About Ottawa |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/glance/business_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305032251/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/glance/business_en.html |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=City of Ottawa}}</ref> Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of ]s, ]s, and residents with ]s in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaluzny |first=Roman |title=Where must Ottawa's tech sector go from here? |work=Ottawa Business Journal |url=http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/290233008271272.php |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061307/http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/290233008271272.php |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges.

* ] was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton transitioned into the highly ranked comprehensive university it is today.<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 University Rankings: Comprehensive results |url=http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/2014-university-rankings-comprehensive-category-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929192923/http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/2014-university-rankings-comprehensive-category-results/ |archive-date=29 September 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Maclean's|date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> The university's main campus sits between ] and Dow's Lake. Carleton's catholic ] university college, is the Dominican University College.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trick |first=David |date=2015 |title=Affiliated and Federated Universities as Sources of University Differentation |url=https://heqco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Formatted_Appendix_Trick_paper.pdf |website=Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630050430/https://heqco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Formatted_Appendix_Trick_paper.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The ] (originally named the "College of Bytown") was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848. The university later grew to become the largest English-French bilingual university in the world.<ref name="Quick">{{cite web |title=University of Ottawa – Quick Facts 2014 |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/services/irp/docs/QF2014-EN-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029033641/http://www.uottawa.ca/services/irp/docs/QF2014-EN-2.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014 |publisher=University of Ottawa}}</ref> It is also a member of the ], a group of highly respected research-intensive universities in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2011 |title=U15 Submission to the Expert Review Panel on Research and Development |url=http://rd-review.ca/eic/site/033.nsf/vwapj/sub198.pdf/$file/sub198.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313024055/http://rd-review.ca/eic/site/033.nsf/vwapj/sub198.pdf/$file/sub198.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=Review of Federal Support to R&D}}</ref> The university's main campus is in the ] neighbourhood, just adjacent to the city's downtown core. The University of Ottawa's catholic ] university college is ].
* ] is a college of applied arts and technology founded in 1967. Its main campus is located in the ] neighbourhood of ]. The college serves the ] and the outlying areas of ], Western ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges in Ontario |url=https://www.ontariocolleges.ca/en/colleges |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ontariocolleges.ca |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235037/https://www.ontariocolleges.ca/en/colleges |url-status=live}}</ref> The college has satellite campuses in ] and ], as well as four international campuses through their international offshore partnerships.
* ] is the largest French-language college in Ontario. Founded in 1989, its campus is located off the ] in the ] neighbourhood. La Cité has a satellite campus in ] and a business office in ].

Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including the ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=6 September 2018 |title=Map of colleges and universities |url=https://www.educanada.ca/programs-programmes/map-carte.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.educanada.ca |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619221911/https://www.educanada.ca/programs-programmes/map-carte.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref>

Public health
{{See also|List of hospitals in Ottawa}}
] is one of three main campuses of ].]]

There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: The ], ] (], ], ]), ], and ]. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the world-renowned ], the ], and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finding healthcare |url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthcare/finding-healthcare#P46_1193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101055713/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthcare/finding-healthcare#P46_1193 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=City of Ottawa}}</ref> There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. The ] operates ]s in conjunction with partners throughout the city.<ref name="uOttawa Med">{{cite web |title=Affiliated Teaching Hospitals |url=http://www.med.uottawa.ca/patho/eng/affiliated.html |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=uOttawa.ca |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811040203/http://www.med.uottawa.ca/patho/eng/affiliated.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].

==Culture and contemporary life==
] is a retail and entertainment district in Downtown Ottawa.]]
Traditionally, the ] (in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and the ] (both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.{{sfn|Hale|2011|pp=59–60}} Modern thoroughfares such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Richmond Road in ], and ] are home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.{{sfn|Hale|2011|pp=61–68}}

As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events in ], including the first visit of the reigning ]—], with ], ]—].<ref name="BousfieldToffoli1989">{{cite book |author1=Arthur Bousfield |author2=Garry Toffoli |title=Royal spring: the royal tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34 |year=1989 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-1-55002-065-6 |page=34 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425102153/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,<ref name="Granatstein2005n">{{cite book |author=J. L. Granatstein |title=The last good war: an illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/lastgoodwarillus0000gran |url-access=registration |date=21 March 2005 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn=978-1-55054-913-3 |pages=– |access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> the first raising of ] took place on 15 February 1965,<ref name="Solski2006">{{cite book |author=Ruth Solski |title=Big Book of Canadian Celebrations: Grades 4–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83 |year=2006 |publisher=S&S Learning Materials |isbn=978-1-55035-851-3 |page=83 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425091723/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ] was celebrated on 1 July 1967.<ref name="Ord2003">{{cite book |author=Douglas Ord |title=The National Gallery of Canada: ideas, art, architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369 |year=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-2509-2 |page=369 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502120811/https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Queen ] was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue a ] of the enactment of the ].<ref name="Hayes2008">{{cite book |author=Derek Hayes |title=Canada: an illustrated history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271 |year=2008 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn=978-1-55365-259-5 |page=271 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505020500/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983, ] and ] came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/ |title=Princess Di across Canada |work=Globe and Mail |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625121249/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/ |archive-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive ], and ] during their ].<ref name="2011-06-30-HCH">{{cite news |title=Royal tour begins with unhurried walkabout |url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9021323.html |access-date=30 June 2011 |newspaper=The Chronicle-Herald |date=30 June 2011 |agency=The Canadian Press |location=Halifax NS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702195512/http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9021323.html |archive-date=2 July 2011}}</ref>

Ottawa was featured in the short story collection '']'', by ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew King: For Our Eyes Only, tracking Bond in Ottawa |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-for-our-eyes-only-tracking-bond-in-ottawa |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316053149/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-for-our-eyes-only-tracking-bond-in-ottawa |url-status=live}}</ref>]]]

===Landmarks===
{{main|List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa|List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa}} {{main|List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa|List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa}}
The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in 2007, it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614182554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm |date=14 June 2017 }}, BBC News, 28 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref> In addition, 24 other National Historic Sites of Canada are in Ottawa, including: the ], the ], the Château Laurier, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College, ], ] and the Parliament Buildings. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having "heritage elements" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html|title=Heritage Designation Program|publisher=City of Ottawa|year=2011|accessdate=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617044338/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html|archive-date=17 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


There is one ] in Ottawa, the ], along with 25 ] in Ottawa, including the Château Laurier, the ], Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College and ]. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having "heritage elements" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the '']''.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Heritage Designation Program |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617044338/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=8 June 2011 |publisher=City of Ottawa}}</ref>
===Sports===

===Arts===
{{See also|List of attractions in Ottawa|List of museums in Ottawa}}
] is Canada's national museum of ] and ].]]

==== Performing and visual arts ====
The ], founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company.{{sfn|Hale|2011|p=60}} Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the ], the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 1970 |title=NAC History |url=http://www.nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621090354/http://nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |archive-date=21 June 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=National Arts Centre}}</ref>

Established in 1975, the ] specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2011 |title=Great Canadian Theatre Company |url=http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044118/http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=1 September 2011 |publisher=Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia}}</ref> The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, the ], the ], the ], Canadian Museum of Nature, ] and National Gallery of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Ottawa – Museums and History |url=http://ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530162324/http://www.ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html |archive-date=30 May 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=City of Ottawa}}</ref> The ]; designed by famous architect ], it is a permanent home to the ] sculpture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawatourism.ca/old/de/visitors/attractions/fast-facts-ottawa/366-fast-facts-national-gallery |title=National Gallery of Canada – Ottawa Tourism Official Site |publisher=Ottawatourism.ca |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006194316/http://www.ottawatourism.ca/old/de/visitors/attractions/fast-facts-ottawa/366-fast-facts-national-gallery |archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> The ] houses over 3.75&nbsp;million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/ |title=WarMuseum.ca – About the Museum – Mission |publisher=Civilization.ca |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027150013/http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/ |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience, ''Nature Nocturne''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Canada |url=http://nature.ca/en/about-us/history-buildings/museum-history |title=Museum History &#124; Canadian Museum of Nature |publisher=Nature.ca |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109032533/http://nature.ca/en/about-us/history-buildings/museum-history |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CBC News Ottawa |date=2012 |title=Museum of Nature to transform into nightclub |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/museum-of-nature-to-transform-into-nightclub-1.1242324 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022939/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/museum-of-nature-to-transform-into-nightclub-1.1242324 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2010 |title=Rare blue whale skeleton on display at Ottawa's Canadian Museum of Nature |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2010/06/04/rare_blue_whale_skeleton_on_display_at_ottawas_canadian_museum_of_nature.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=thestar.com |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022939/https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2010/06/04/rare_blue_whale_skeleton_on_display_at_ottawas_canadian_museum_of_nature.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such as ] are served throughout the city. However, many consider ] Ottawa's official dish;<ref name="Official dish">{{cite news |title=Ottawa's official food: What dish defines us? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-official-food-donair-shawarma-1.3356996 |access-date=20 August 2022 |agency=CBC |publisher=CBC News |date=9 December 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820051943/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-official-food-donair-shawarma-1.3356996 |url-status=live}}</ref> the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere else in Canada.<ref name="Shawarma Capital">{{cite web |last1=Deachman |first1=Bruce |title=Shawarma: the staple of Ottawa cuisine |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/shawarma-the-staple-of-ottawa-cuisine |publisher=Ottawa Citizen |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119004455/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/shawarma-the-staple-of-ottawa-cuisine |url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also home to "Ottawa-style" ], consisting usually of a thicker doughy crust and slightly spicy pizza sauce, with the toppings baked under a heavy layer of cheese, keeping the toppings soft.<ref name="Ottawa style pizza.">{{cite web |last1=Gankina |first1=Sonya |title=Ottawa Pizza Podcast celebrates the uniqueness of Ottawa-style pizza |url=https://apt613.ca/ottawa-pizza-podcast-celebrates-the-uniqueness-of-ottawa-style-pizza/ |website=Apt 613 |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810070716/https://apt613.ca/ottawa-pizza-podcast-celebrates-the-uniqueness-of-ottawa-style-pizza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ], a fried dough pastry, were first created in Ottawa in the 1970s. ] has a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America.<ref name="Le Cordon Bleu">{{cite web |title=Le Cordon Bleu |url=https://www.cordonbleu.edu/ottawa/en |website=Le Cordon Bleu |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816035134/https://www.cordonbleu.edu/ottawa/en |url-status=live}}</ref>] is an annual ] held in Ottawa.]]

===Festivals===
{{See also|List of festivals in Ottawa}}

Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such as ], the largest festival in Canada,<ref>{{cite web |last=Buckland |first=Jason |date=4 July 2010 |title=2. Winterlude – Biggest festivals in Canada |url=http://money.ca.msn.com/savings-debt/gallery/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=24740236&page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009153634/http://money.ca.msn.com/savings-debt/gallery/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=24740236&page=7 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 |publisher=Money.ca.msn.com}}</ref> and ] celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Ottawa Bluesfest |url=http://www.ottawa-information-guide.com/ottawa-bluesfest.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704093409/http://www.ottawa-information-guide.com/ottawa-bluesfest.html |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Ottawa-Information-Guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Clapperton |first1=Nina |title=Ottawa Tulip Festival |url=https://ninaoutandabout.ca/canadian-ottawa-tulip-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410012548/https://ninaoutandabout.ca/canadian-ottawa-tulip-festival/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Nina Out and About}}</ref> In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the ] "World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2010 |title=2010 IFEA World Festival & Event City Award |url=http://www.ifea.com/joomla1_5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244&Itemid=476 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003630/http://www.ifea.com/joomla1_5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244&Itemid=476 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=International Festivals and Events Association}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{further|Sport in Ottawa|List of Ottawa parks}} {{further|Sport in Ottawa|List of Ottawa parks}}
] is home to the ]'s ] and the ]'s ].]]
] has a history dating back to the 19th century. Ottawa is home to four professional sports teams. The ] are a professional ice hockey team playing in the ]. The Senators play their home games at the ].<ref name="WeekesBanks2002">{{cite book|author1=Don Weekes|author2=Kerry Banks|title=The Unofficial Guide to Hockey's Most Unusual Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbihEP6nuKcC&pg=PA122|year=2002|publisher=Greystone Books|isbn=978-1-55054-942-3|pages=122–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513073714/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbihEP6nuKcC&pg=PA122|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the ].<ref name="Ottawa CFL">{{cite news |title=Political hurdles all but cleared for team to hit field in 2013 |url=http://www.torontosun.com/sports/football/2010/06/29/14551341.html |date=29 June 2011 |newspaper=Toronto Sun – Sports |accessdate=29 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607101050/http://www.torontosun.com/sports/football/2010/06/29/14551341.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Professional soccer club ] play in the ], the second division in North American pro soccer after ]. Both Ottawa Fury FC and the Ottawa Redblacks play their home games at ]. The ] play professional baseball in the ] at ], following the departure of the Lynx International League franchise. Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the ] ] team.<ref name="KearneyRay2009">{{cite book |author1=Mark Kearney |author2=Randy Ray |title=The Big Book of Canadian Trivia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PA241 |year=2009 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-417-9 |pages=241– |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529093645/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PA241 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was previously home to a professional basketball team, the ], of the ].
] is an outdoor stadium and is home to the ]'s ] and the ]'s ].]]
Collegiate teams in various sports compete in ]. The ] are nationally ranked in ],<ref>{{cite web|title=- NATIONALLY RANKED MEN'S TEAMS PREVAIL|url=http://www.basketball.ca/en/hm/inside.php?sid=1&id=2833|publisher=Canada Basketball|year=2009|accessdate=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105410/http://www.basketball.ca/en/hm/inside.php?sid=1&id=2833|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> and the ] are nationally ranked in ] and basketball. Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships. The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as ], basketball, ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=Sports>{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/sports_outdoor_en.html|title=Sports and Outdoor|publisher=City of Ottawa|accessdate=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906052719/http://www.ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/sports_outdoor_en.html|archivedate=6 September 2011}}</ref> Casual recreational activities, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]/] are also popular.<ref name=Sports/>


=== Professional sports ===
====Current professional teams====
] has a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. The ] are a professional ice hockey team playing in the ]. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win the ] eleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at the ].<ref name="WeekesBanks2002">{{cite book |author1=Don Weekes |author2=Kerry Banks |title=The Unofficial Guide to Hockey's Most Unusual Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbihEP6nuKcC&pg=PA122 |year=2002 |publisher=Greystone Books |isbn=978-1-55054-942-3 |pages=122– |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513073714/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbihEP6nuKcC&pg=PA122 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the ] became one of the six charter franchises of the ] (PWHL).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donkin |first=Karissa |date=12 November 2023 |title=A new era |url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/Ottawa-PWHL-womens-hockey-the-next-chapter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113103154/https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/Ottawa-PWHL-womens-hockey-the-next-chapter |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=]}}</ref> The Charge play home games at ].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+<!-- sort by establishment -->
|-
! scope="col"|Professional Team
! scope="col"|League
! scope="col"|Sport
! scope="col"|Venue
! scope="col"|Established
! scope="col"|Championships
|-
| ]
| ] (NHL)
| ]
| ]
| 1990
| 0<ref group="nb">''NHL Media Guide 2010''. The ] Senators (also known as the Ottawa Hockey Club) organization won eleven Stanley Cups, not the current organization founded in 1990. Neither the NHL or the Senators claim the current Senators to be a continuation of the original organization or franchise. The awards, statistics and championships of both eras are kept separate and the NHL franchise founding date of the current Senators is in 1991.</ref><!-- *** DO NOT EDIT THIS. *** THE 1883–1955 SENATORS WAS A DIFFERENT CLUB, AND THE CURRENT SENATORS LAY NO CLAIM TO THEIR CUP CHAMPIONSHIPS -->
|-
| ]
| ] (CFL)
| ]
| ]
| 2010
| 1
|-
| ]
| ] (USLC)
| ]
| ]
| 2011
| 0
|-
| ]
| ] (Can-Am)
| ]
| ]
| 2014
| 1
|}


The ] are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the ].<ref name="Ottawa CFL">{{cite news |title=Political hurdles all but cleared for team to hit field in 2013 |url=http://www.torontosun.com/sports/football/2010/06/29/14551341.html |date=29 June 2011 |newspaper=Toronto Sun – Sports |access-date=29 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607101050/http://www.torontosun.com/sports/football/2010/06/29/14551341.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Formerly the ] represented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America. The professional soccer club, ], plays in the ]. The team was founded in by Spanish club ], and along with the Redblacks, play their home games at ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadium Profile |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/stadium-profile/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Atlético Ottawa |language=en-CA |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213085312/https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/stadium-profile/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] are a professional basketball team, playing in the ], out of the TD Place Arena.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5366182 |title=Ottawa Blackjacks to leap into action next spring |publisher=CBC News |date=20 November 2019 |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128200505/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5366182 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ottawa SkyHawks kicked out of National Basketball League of Canada |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-skyhawks-kicked-out-of-national-basketball-league-of-canada-1.2724097 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307040523/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-skyhawks-kicked-out-of-national-basketball-league-of-canada-1.2724097 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] play professional baseball in the ] at ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottawa Stadium {{!}} Ottawa Titans Baseball Club |url=https://ottawatitans.com/rcgt-park/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=ottawatitans.com |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307132127/https://ottawatitans.com/rcgt-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa was previously home to the ], a ] club, as well as the ], an independent baseball team in the ].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ottawa Champions left off new league's 2020 roster |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-champions-left-off-2020-roster-1.5323308 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307022727/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-champions-left-off-2020-roster-1.5323308 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Government==
{{further|List of Ottawa municipal elections|Canadian federal election results in Ottawa|List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa}}
] houses the ].]]
The City of Ottawa is a ], meaning it is in itself a ] and has no county or regional municipality government above it.<ref name="SlackChattopadhyay2009">{{cite book|author1=Enid Slack|author2=Rupak Chattopadhyay|title=Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RBv66RWYHQC&pg=PA61|year=2009|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-3565-7|page=61|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113526/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RBv66RWYHQC&pg=PA61|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As a single-tier municipality, Ottawa has responsibility for all municipal services, including ], ], ], ], ], sidewalks, ], drinking water, storm water, sanitary sewage and solid waste. Ottawa is governed by the 24-member ] consisting of 23 councillors each representing one ] and the mayor, currently Jim Watson,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/mayor_council/mayor/index_en.html |title=City of Ottawa – Mayor |publisher=Ottawa.ca |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723193219/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/mayor_council/mayor/index_en.html |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> elected in a citywide vote.


=== Collegiate sports ===
Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the ].<ref name="Hill2002">{{cite book|author=Tony L. Hill|title=Canadian politics, riding by riding: an in-depth analysis of Canada's 301 federal electoral districts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opvmE2AExc8C&pg=PA184|year=2002|publisher=Prospect Park Press|isbn=978-0-9723436-0-2|page=184|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609194025/https://books.google.com/books?id=opvmE2AExc8C&pg=PA184|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Perhaps the safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by ], especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.<ref name="Hill2002"/> Central Ottawa is usually more ]-leaning, and the ] have won ridings there. Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, notably central Nepean and, despite its francophone population, Orléans.<ref name="Hill2002"/> The southern and western parts of the old city of Ottawa are generally moderate and swing to the ].<ref name="Hill2002"/> The farther one goes outside the city centre like to Kanata and Barrhaven and rural areas, the voters tend to be increasingly conservative, both fiscally and socially.<ref name="Hill2002"/> This is especially true in the former Townships of ], ], ] and ], which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding ].<ref name="Hill2002"/> However, not all rural areas support the Conservative Party. Rural parts of the former township of ], with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened.<ref name="Hill2002"/>
The University of Ottawa and Carleton University ]s compete in ] in various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in the ].


The ] are nationally ranked in ] and soccer.<ref>{{cite web |title=- NATIONALLY RANKED MEN'S TEAMS PREVAIL |url=http://www.basketball.ca/en/hm/inside.php?sid=1&id=2833 |publisher=Canada Basketball |year=2009 |access-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105410/http://www.basketball.ca/en/hm/inside.php?sid=1&id=2833 |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> ] program is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20 ].<ref name="Carleton Ravens dynasty">{{cite web |last1=Baines |first1=Tim |title=DYNASTY? There's nothing quite like what Carleton Ravens men's basketball team has done |url=https://ottawasun.com/sports/basketball/dynasty-theres-nothing-quite-like-what-carleton-ravens-mens-basketball-team-has-done |website=Ottawa Sun |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919144616/https://ottawasun.com/sports/basketball/dynasty-theres-nothing-quite-like-what-carleton-ravens-mens-basketball-team-has-done |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] are nationally ranked in basketball and soccer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=National Top Ten Update: Five teams remain ranked |url=https://www.teams.geegees.ca/general/2019-20/releases/20200114mx1ij7 |language=en |journal= |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124011041/https://teams.geegees.ca/general/2019-20/releases/20200114mx1ij7 |url-status=live}}</ref>
At present, Ottawa is host to ].<ref name="international1">{{cite web |url=http://w01.international.gc.ca/Protocol-Protocole/Heads-Chefs.aspx?lang=eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318010712/http://w01.international.gc.ca/Protocol-Protocole/Heads-Chefs.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2009 |title=Heads of Missions |publisher=W01.international.gc.ca |date=27 October 2009 |accessdate=3 November 2010 }}</ref> A further 49 countries accredit their ] to Canada.<ref name="international1"/>


=== Non-professional and amateur sports ===
==Transportation==
Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the ] ] team.<ref name="KearneyRay2009">{{cite book |author1=Mark Kearney |author2=Randy Ray |title=The Big Book of Canadian Trivia |url=https://archive.org/details/bigbookofcanadia0000kear |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-417-9 |pages=– |access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref>
{{See also|OC Transpo|List of airports in the Ottawa area|List of Ottawa roads|List of numbered roads in Ottawa|List of bridges in Ottawa}}
The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Sports>{{cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/sports_outdoor_en.html |title=Sports and Outdoor |publisher=City of Ottawa |access-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906052719/http://www.ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/sports_outdoor_en.html |archive-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> Casual recreational activities, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]/] are also popular.<ref name=Sports/>
] crossing the ]. The O-Train is a ] ] service provided by ].]]
Ottawa is served by a number of ]s that fly into the ], as well as two main regional airports ], and ].<ref name="PurdomCarroll2003f">{{cite book|author1=Laura Purdom|author2=Donald Carroll|author3=Robert Holmes|title=Traveler's Companion Eastern Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-2332-4|page=70|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031340/https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at the ] by ], near the Alta Vista neighbourhood, and the ] in ]. Inter-city bus service operates out of the ].<ref name="PurdomCarroll2003f"/>


Starting in 2025 a new ] will be starting in Ottawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 IRONMAN Canada - Ottawa - Sunday, August 3, 2025 |url=https://regca.ironman.com/event/2025-ironman-canada-ottawa |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Triathlons, marathons, half-marathons, mountain bike & running races}}</ref>
OC Transpo, a department of the city, operates the public transit system.<ref name=oct>{{cite web |url=http://www.octranspo1.com/about-octranspo |title=About OC Transpo |year=2009 |publisher=OC Transpo |accessdate=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113035431/http://www.octranspo1.com/about-octranspo/ |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> OC transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal Rapid Transit system which includes: a light metro system called the Confederation Line, which operates medium-capacity trains along a 12.5 kilometre, partially underground line which travels under the city's downtown core, the Trillium Line, which is a north-south light rail transit corridor connecting south Ottawa to downtown, and a vast system of Bus Rapid Transit, which operates articulated and double-decker busses along grade separated, transit-only corridors with long distances between stops and full station amenities (including platforms, walkways, ticket booths, elevators and convenience stores), which connects Ottawa's suburbs to the inner city. Regular transit provided by OC transpo includes many local bus routes, and a door-to-door bus service for the differently abled known as ParaTranspo.<ref name=oct/> Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based ''] (STO)'' operate bus services between Ottawa and Gatineau.


==Government and politics==
Construction recently completed on the Confederation Line, a {{convert|12.5|km|adj=mid}} light-rail transit line (LRT), which includes a {{convert|2.5|km|adj=mid}} tunnel through the downtown area featuring three underground stations. The project broke ground in 2013, and opened in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ligneconfederationline.ca/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421123729/http://www.ligneconfederationline.ca/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Willing|first=Jon|title=Three LRT proposals now in city's hands|url=http://www.ottawasun.com/2012/09/10/ottawa-lrt-bidders-face-monday-deadline|newspaper=Ottawa Sun|accessdate=13 September 2012|date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209144201/http://www.ottawasun.com/2012/09/10/ottawa-lrt-bidders-face-monday-deadline|archive-date=9 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A further {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} and 19 stations will be built by 2023, referred to as the Stage 2 plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stage2lrt.ca/ |title=Stage 2 Ottawa |publisher=Stage2lrt.ca |date=22 July 2015 |accessdate=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322133748/http://www.stage2lrt.ca/ |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{further|List of Ottawa municipal elections|Canadian federal election results in Ottawa|List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa}}
] is a multi-use ] interlinking many parks, waterways, and sites throughout the ]]]
] houses the ].]]
The ] is a ], meaning it is in itself a ] and has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services.<ref name="SlackChattopadhyay2009">{{cite book |author1=Enid Slack |author2=Rupak Chattopadhyay |title=Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RBv66RWYHQC&pg=PA61 |year=2009 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-3565-7 |page=61 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113526/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RBv66RWYHQC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Municipalities {{!}} AMO |url=https://www.amo.on.ca/about-us/municipal-101/ontario-municipalities#Single |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412221617/https://www.amo.on.ca/about-us/municipal-101/ontario-municipalities#Single |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=www.amo.on.ca}}</ref> Ottawa is governed by the 25-member ] consisting of 24 councillors each representing one ] and the mayor, ] as of the ], is elected in a citywide vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor and City Councillors {{!}} City of Ottawa |url=https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/mayor-and-city-councillors |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ottawa.ca |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802214459/https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/mayor-and-city-councillors |url-status=live}}</ref>


Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the ] in federal elections.<ref name="Hill2002">{{cite book |author=Tony L. Hill |title=Canadian politics, riding by riding: an in-depth analysis of Canada's 301 federal electoral districts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opvmE2AExc8C&pg=PA184 |year=2002 |publisher=Prospect Park Press |isbn=978-0-9723436-0-2 |page=184 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609194025/https://books.google.com/books?id=opvmE2AExc8C&pg=PA184 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Jillian |date=21 September 2021 |title=In stand-pat federal vote, Ottawa remains Liberal stronghold |url=https://capitalcurrent.ca/in-stand-pat-federal-vote-that-changes-little-nationwide-ottawa-remains-the-liberal-stronghold-it-was-in-2019/ |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Capital Current |language=en-CA |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529044810/https://capitalcurrent.ca/in-stand-pat-federal-vote-that-changes-little-nationwide-ottawa-remains-the-liberal-stronghold-it-was-in-2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by ], especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.<ref name="Hill2002" /> Central Ottawa is usually more ]-leaning, and the ] have won ridings there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ottawa Centre MP Paul Dewar: 1963-2019 |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/former-ottawa-centre-mp-paul-dewar-has-died |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205222224/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/former-ottawa-centre-mp-paul-dewar-has-died |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population.<ref name="Hill2002" /> Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas, tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially.<ref name="Hill2002"/> This is especially true in the former Townships of ], ], ] and ], which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding ].<ref name="Hill2002"/> Rural parts of the former township of ], with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened.<ref name="Hill2002"/>
There is a ] that would link Ottawa with Gatineau.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843 |accessdate=20 December 2018 |work=CBC |date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114184041/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>


At present, Ottawa is host to ].<ref name="international1">{{cite web |url=http://w01.international.gc.ca/Protocol-Protocole/Heads-Chefs.aspx?lang=eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318010712/http://w01.international.gc.ca/Protocol-Protocole/Heads-Chefs.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2009 |title=Heads of Missions |publisher=W01.international.gc.ca |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> A further 49 countries accredit their ] to Canada.<ref name="international1"/>
The city is served by two freeway corridors. The primary corridor is east-west and consists of provincial ] (designated as The Queensway) and Ottawa-Carleton ] (formerly Provincial Highway 17); a north-south corridor, ] (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), connects Ottawa to the rest of the ] network in Ontario at the 401. Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the ]. The city also has several scenic parkways (promenades), such as ], ], the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway, ] and the ] and has a freeway connection to ] and ], in Gatineau. In 2006, the National Capital Commission completed esthetic enhancements to ], a ceremonial route of existing roads linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20444-20505&lang=1 | title=Confederation Boulevard, National Capital Commission Web site | accessdate=11 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209090858/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20444-20505&lang=1 | archive-date=9 February 2006 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


==Transportation==
Numerous paved ]s wind their way through much of the city, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. ] are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a popular mode of transportation throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_services/statistics/counts/counts_apr_04/index_en.shtml |title=Statistics – Ottawa Counts |publisher=Ottawa.ca |accessdate=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519010548/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_services/statistics/counts/counts_apr_04/index_en.shtml |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 31 December 2015, {{convert|900|km|abbr=on}} of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including {{convert|435|km|abbr=on}} of multi use pathways, {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} of cycle tracks, {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} of on-road bicycle lanes, and {{convert|257|km|abbr=on}} of paved shoulders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information|title=Cycling Network Information|website=Ottawa.ca|publisher=City of Ottawa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918065653/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|204|km|abbr=on}} of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014.<ref name=":0" /> A downtown street that is restricted to pedestrians only, Sparks Street was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm |title=Sparks Street |publisher=NCC Watch |accessdate=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617100655/http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Sundays (since 1960) and selected holidays and events additional avenues and streets are reserved for pedestrian and/or bicycle uses only.<ref name="NCC Bike Paths">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1|title=The Capital Pathway|date=10 June 2010|publisher=]|accessdate=23 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173631/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2011, The NCC introduced the ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capital.bixi.com/about-bixi/news |title=News &#124; BIXI de la Capitale |publisher=Capitalbixi |year=2010 |accessdate=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055358/https://capital.bixi.com/about-bixi/news |archivedate=27 January 2012 }}</ref>
{{See also|OC Transpo|O-Train|List of airports in the Ottawa area|List of Ottawa roads|List of numbered roads in Ottawa|List of bridges in Ottawa}}


===Public transportation===
==Education==
{{Main|OC Transpo}}
] is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city.]]
] crossing the ]. The O-Train is a ] ] service provided by ].]]
] is the largest French-language college in ].]]
{{Further|List of schools in Ottawa}}
Ottawa is known as one of the most educated cities in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/glance/business_en.html|title=Quick Facts About Ottawa|publisher=City of Ottawa|accessdate=30 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305032251/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/glance/business_en.html|archive-date=5 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of ]s, ]s, and residents with ]s in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |first=Roman |last=Zakaluzny |title=Where must Ottawa's tech sector go from here? |url=http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/290233008271272.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061307/http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/290233008271272.php |archivedate=28 September 2007 |work=Ottawa Business Journal |accessdate=16 April 2007 }}</ref>


]
The city has two main public universities:


Ottawa's public transit system is managed by ].<ref name="oct">{{cite web |url=http://www.octranspo1.com/about-octranspo |title=About OC Transpo |year=2009 |publisher=OC Transpo |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113035431/http://www.octranspo1.com/about-octranspo/ |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal rapid transit system which includes:
*] was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton would make the transition to the public university that it is today. In recent years, Carleton has become ranked highly among comprehensive universities in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 University Rankings: Comprehensive results|url=http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/2014-university-rankings-comprehensive-category-results/|website=Maclean's|accessdate=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929192923/http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/2014-university-rankings-comprehensive-category-results/|archive-date=29 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The university's campus sits between ] and Dow's Lake.
* The ] light rail system. The four-line public rail system includes three existing lines and one currently under construction.
*The ] (originally named the "College of Bytown") was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848. The university would eventually expand to become the largest English-French bilingual university in the world.<ref name=Quick>{{cite web|url=https://www.uottawa.ca/services/irp/docs/QF2014-EN-2.pdf|title=University of Ottawa – Quick Facts 2014|publisher=University of Ottawa|accessdate=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029033641/http://www.uottawa.ca/services/irp/docs/QF2014-EN-2.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also a member of the ], a group of highly respected research-intensive universities in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rd-review.ca/eic/site/033.nsf/vwapj/sub198.pdf/$file/sub198.pdf|title=U15 Submission to the Expert Review Panel on Research and Development|publisher=Review of Federal Support to R&D|date=18 February 2011|accessdate=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313024055/http://rd-review.ca/eic/site/033.nsf/vwapj/sub198.pdf/$file/sub198.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The university's campus is in the ] neighbourhood, just adjacent to the city's downtown core.
** Line 1, (]) is an east–west line which operates medium-capacity light rail vehicles and travels under the city's downtown core.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our services |url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=OC Transpo |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217130833/http://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Line 2, (]), is a north–south rail transit corridor which utilizes a mix of Stadler FLIRTs and Alstom Coradia LINTs connecting the south end of Ottawa to Line 1 at ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/ready-for-rail/transforming-the-service/expanding-o-train-service |title=Expanding O-Train service |website=OC Transpo |access-date=16 February 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216190331/http://www.octranspo.com/en/ready-for-rail/transforming-the-service/expanding-o-train-service |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/vehicles/ |title=Vehicles |publisher=OC Transpo |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906201722/https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/vehicles/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Line 3, is an under construction branch of Line 1, splitting at ] and continuing west.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stage2lrt.ca/ |title=Stage 2 Ottawa |website=Stage2lrt.ca |date=22 July 2015 |access-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322133748/http://www.stage2lrt.ca/}}</ref>
** Line 4, is a {{cvt|4|km|mi}} airport link connecting the Trillium Line to the ]
* A vast ] (BRT) system that uses a series of dedicated bus-only roadways named the ] and reserved lanes on city streets and highways. The Transitway has long distances between stops and full station amenities (including platforms, walkways, fare gates, ticket booths, elevators and convenience stores). It connects Ottawa's suburbs to the inner city. The Rapid bus service network operates all day, seven days a week, reaching the suburban communities of Kanata to the West, Barrhaven to the South-West, Orléans to the East, and South Keys to the South.<ref name=":1" />
* Over 190 local bus routes are served by a fleet of ordinary, articulated and double-decker buses.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/service-types/ |title=Service types |website=OC Transpo |access-date=16 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217184613/http://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/service-types |url-status=live}}</ref> Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based ] (STO) operate bus transit services between Ottawa and Gatineau. OC Transpo also operates a door-to-door bus service for disabled individuals known as ParaTranspo.<ref name="oct" /> There is a ] that could link Ottawa with Gatineau.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843 |access-date=20 December 2018 |title=Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch |work=CBC |date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114184041/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>


===Airports===
Ottawa also has two main public colleges – ] and ]. It also has two Catholic universities – ] and ]. Other colleges and universities in nearby areas (namely, the neighbouring city of Gatineau) include the ], ], and ].
The ] is the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airports ], ], and ].<ref name="PurdomCarroll2003f">{{cite book |author1=Laura Purdom |author2=Donald Carroll |author3=Robert Holmes |title=Traveler's Companion Eastern Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70 |year=2003 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-2332-4 |page=70 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031340/https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>


===Inter-city transportation===
Four main public school boards exist in Ottawa: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language ] (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/ab-ocdsb/Pages/default.aspx |title=Ocdsb-About Ocdsb |publisher=Ocdsb.ca |accessdate=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412075944/http://www.ocdsb.ca/AB-OCDSB/Pages/default.aspx |archivedate=12 April 2011 }}</ref> followed by the English-Catholic ] with 85 schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawacatholicschools.ca/ |title=Ottawa Catholic School Board |publisher=Ottawacatholicschools.ca |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311053908/http://www.ottawacatholicschools.ca/ |archivedate=11 March 2011 }}</ref> The two French-language boards are the French-Catholic '']'' with 49 schools,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/53 |title=CECCE: Liste des écoles |publisher=Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est |date=21 May 2004 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326171422/http://www.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/53 |archive-date=26 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the French '']'' with 37 schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cepeo.on.ca/ |title=Accueil |publisher=Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411055314/http://www.cepeo.on.ca/ |archive-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ottawa also has numerous ]s which are not part of a board.
] is the ] ] train station operated by ]. It is located {{convert|4|km}} to the east of ] in ] (adjacent to ] ]) and serves Via Rail's ] Route.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tremblay |url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/stations1/tremblay1 |website=OC Transpo |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007014942/https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/stations1/tremblay1/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa train station |url=https://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/ontario/ottawa/station |website=Via Rail Canada |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603051627/https://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/ontario/ottawa/station |url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at ] in the southwestern suburban community of ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallowfield train station |url=https://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/ontario/fallowfield |website=Via Rail Canada |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604142937/https://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/ontario/fallowfield |url-status=live}}</ref>


]s are currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the closure of the former ] ] on 1 June 2021. Major carriers include: ], ], Autobus Gatineau,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bus Stops {{!}} megabus |url=https://ca.megabus.com/stops |website=ca.megabus.com |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523161240/https://ca.megabus.com/stops |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa Agency - Change in Pick-Up and Drop-off {{!}} Ontario Northland |url=https://ontarionorthland.ca/en/ottawa-agency-change-pick-and-drop |website=ontarionorthland.ca |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604140713/https://ontarionorthland.ca/en/ottawa-agency-change-pick-and-drop |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Autobus Gatineau Schedule - Grand Remous / Ottawa - Ottawa / Grand Remous |website=autobusgatineau.com |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/5319e6b801e78b710fbe67c96a31724a?AccessKeyId=A8F7318CB6209AF92A92&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154044/https://nebula.wsimg.com/5319e6b801e78b710fbe67c96a31724a?AccessKeyId=A8F7318CB6209AF92A92&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Travelling from Montreal to Ottawa |website=Orleans Express |date=9 July 2021 |url=https://www.orleansexpress.com/en/travelling-montreal-ottawa/ |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223222927/https://www.orleansexpress.com/en/travelling-montreal-ottawa/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The ] was created in 1906 as part of the famed ] system.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://24369.vws.magma.ca/connect/research/local/carnegie_library_e.html | title= Notes from the Ottawa Room... The Carnegie Library – Ottawa's First Public Library – 100 Years Old on April 30, 2006 | publisher= Ottawa Public Library | accessdate= 12 March 2011 | url-status= dead | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706184950/http://24369.vws.magma.ca/connect/research/local/carnegie_library_e.html | archivedate= 6 July 2011 | df= dmy-all }}</ref> The library system had 2.3&nbsp;million items {{As of|2008|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://biblioottawalibrary.ca/archive/board/strat_plans/strategic_e.pdf | title=Strategic Directions and Priorities 2008–2011 | publisher=Ottawa Public Library | year=2008 | accessdate=12 March 2011 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607181537/http://biblioottawalibrary.ca/archive/board/strat_plans/strategic_e.pdf | archivedate=7 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


===Streets and highways===
==Media==
The City of Ottawa has over {{cvt|12200|km|mi}} lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincial ] (designated as the Queensway and part of the ]), Ottawa-Carleton ] (formerly Provincial Highway 17), ], and the north–south provincial ] (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), which connects to other ] via the 401.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Highway |first=Trans-Canada |title=Ontario Trans-Canada Highway itineraries and towns |url=https://transcanadahighway.com/ontario/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Trans-Canada Highway |language=en-CA |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119121351/https://www.transcanadahighway.com/ontario/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Highway 416 History - The King's Highways of Ontario |url=http://www.thekingshighway.ca/Highway416.htm |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.thekingshighway.ca |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725035305/http://www.thekingshighway.ca/Highway416.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> From downtown there are also freeway connections to ] and ], in neighbouring Gatineau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story Map Series |url=https://ncc-ccn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4ace0d0442c4d35b9a3e90f0c632450 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=ncc-ccn.maps.arcgis.com |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523111942/https://ncc-ccn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4ace0d0442c4d35b9a3e90f0c632450 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{further|Media in Ottawa–Gatineau}}
Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the '']'' established as ''the Bytown Packet'' in 1845 and the '']'', and one French newspaper, '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Find a Newspaper|url= https://nmc-mic.ca/about-us/find-a-newspaper/?town=Ottawa&staff=&city=&province=&language=&publication_type=&owner=&owner=&ser=1 |publisher= News Media Canada |accessdate= 14 December 2018 }}</ref> Multiple Canadian television broadcast networks and systems, and an extensive number of radio stations, broadcast in both English and French.


The city also has several scenic parkways and promenades, such as the ] (formerly the Macdonald Parkway), ], ], the ] (formerly the Rockcliffe Parkway), and the ]. The National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, including ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20444-20505&lang=1 |title=Confederation Boulevard, National Capital Commission Web site |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209090858/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20444-20505&lang=1 |archive-date=9 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, including ] (Canada's national ])<ref>{{cite web |title=About CPAC |url=http://www.cpac.ca/en/about-cpac/ |website=] |accessdate=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165531/http://www.cpac.ca/en/about-cpac/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of the ], although it is not the primary production location of most CBC radio or television programming.


===Cycling and pedestrian network===
==Twin towns – sister cities==
] is a multi-use ] interlinking sites throughout the ].]]
Ottawa is ] with:

*], China;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/fr/news/ottawa-and-beijing-sign-sister-cities-agreement |title=Ottawa and Beijing Sign Sister Cities Agreement &#124; Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |publisher=Asiapacific.ca |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712125100/http://www.asiapacific.ca/fr/news/ottawa-and-beijing-sign-sister-cities-agreement |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Numerous paved ]s, mostly operated by the ] and the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. ] are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottawainsights.ca/themes/environment-and-sustainability/transportation/ |title=Transportation Environment & Sustainability |publisher=Ottawa Insights |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805182033/https://www.ottawainsights.ca/themes/environment-and-sustainability/transportation/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.ca/city_services/statistics/counts/counts_apr_04/index_en.shtml |title=Statistics – Ottawa Counts |publisher=Ottawa.ca |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519010548/http://www.ottawa.ca/city_services/statistics/counts/counts_apr_04/index_en.shtml |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital Pathway Strategic Plan |url=https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/our-plans/capital-pathway-strategic-plan |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=NCC-CCN |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725035305/https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/our-plans/capital-pathway-strategic-plan |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 31 December 2015, over {{cvt|900|km}} of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including {{cvt|435|km}} of multi-use pathways, {{cvt|8|km}} of cycle tracks, {{cvt|200|km}} of on-road bicycle lanes, and {{cvt|257|km}} of paved shoulders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information |title=Cycling Network Information |website=Ottawa.ca |publisher=City of Ottawa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918065653/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information |archive-date=18 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{cvt|204|km}} of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014.<ref name=":0" />
*], Egypt;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2 |title=Sister city agreements |accessdate=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313191658/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2 |archivedate=13 March 2012 }}</ref>

*], Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rett.unict.it/stampa/Ra2002/Giu/Ra020617/stampa/sic3.htm |title=Catania-Ottawa, gemellaggio hi tech. Missione in Canada per stringere accordi di collaborazione |author=lasicilia.it |language=Italian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090335/http://www.rett.unict.it/stampa/Ra2002/Giu/Ra020617/stampa/sic3.htm |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
Numerous downtown streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length of ] was turned into a ] in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm |title=Sparks Street |publisher=NCC Watch |access-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617100655/http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events.<ref name="NCC Bike Paths">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1 |title=The Capital Pathway |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=] |access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173631/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021 city council unanimously approved the ] Public Realm Plan to make the market area more ] and pedestrian friendly.<ref name="Public Realm Plan">{{cite web |url=https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/byward-market-public-realm-plan |title=ByWard Market Public Realm Plan |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=City of Ottawa |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191635/https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/byward-market-public-realm-plan |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2009 to 2015 the NCC introduced the ] ]. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HistoricPlaces.ca - Capital BIXI Takes Ottawa: Pedal into the Past! |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/20_bixi.aspx |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.historicplaces.ca |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725075708/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/20_bixi.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2021 |title=Ottawa parks the return of a bike-sharing program on city streets |url=https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-parks-the-return-of-a-bike-sharing-program-on-city-streets-1.5362549 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Ottawa |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725035305/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-parks-the-return-of-a-bike-sharing-program-on-city-streets-1.5362549 |url-status=live}}</ref> ]s have since been introduced in the downtown and inner-city areas.{{When|date=December 2023}}


==Notable people== ==Notable people==
Line 983: Line 971:


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Ontario}} {{Portal|Canada|Ontario}}
* ]
{{Colbegin}}
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ], Current ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{Colend}}


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group="nb" }}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brault |first=Lucien |title=Ottawa Old and New |url=https://archive.org/details/ottawaoldnew0000unse |url-access=registration |year=1946 |publisher=Ottawa Historical Information Institute |oclc=2947504}}

* {{cite book |first=David L.A. |last=Gordon |title=Town and Crown an illustrated history of Canada's capital |url=https://www.townandcrown.ca |year=2015 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-470-68158-9 |access-date=1 November 2022}}
*{{cite journal
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Hale |title=Frommer's Ottawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-68158-9 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518051438/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1 |url-status=live}}
|last=Brault
* {{cite book |first1=Jeff |last1=Keshen |first2=Nicole |last2=St-Onge |title=Ottawa—making a capital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-0521-0 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090752/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}
|first=Lucien
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Lee |title=Lumber kings & shantymen: logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1 |year=2006 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-1-55028-922-0 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512120704/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1 |url-status=live}}
|title=Ottawa Old and New
* {{cite book |last=Legget |first=Robert |title=Rideau Waterway |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0-8020-6591-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaA4OpW4Ao0C&pg=PA252 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514110242/https://books.google.com/books?id=CaA4OpW4Ao0C&pg=PA252 |url-status=live}}
|year=1946
* {{cite book |first=Carol |last=Martin |title=Ottawa: a colourguide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1 |year=1997 |publisher=Formac Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-88780-396-3 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506090703/https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1 |url-status=live}}
|publisher=Ottawa Historical Information Institute
* {{cite book |last1=Mika |first1=Nick |last2=Mika |first2=Helma |title=Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa |year=1982 |publisher=Mika Publishing Company |isbn=0-919303-60-9}}
|oclc=2947504
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=John H. |title=Ottawa: An Illustrated History |year=1986 |publisher=J. Lorimer |isbn=978-0-88862-981-4}}
|ref=harv
* {{cite book |first=Marion |last=Van de Wetering |title=An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1 |year=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-0-88882-195-9 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512123505/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1 |url-status=live}}
}}
* {{cite book |last=Woods |first=Shirley E. Jr. |title=Ottawa: The Capital of Canada |year=1980 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=0-385-14722-8}}
*{{cite book
|first=James
|last=Hale
|title=Frommer's Ottawa
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1
|year=2011
|publisher=John Wiley and Sons
|isbn=978-0-470-68158-9
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|first1=Jeff
|last1=Keshen
|first2=Nicole
|last2=St-Onge
|title=Ottawa—making a capital
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1
|year=2001
|publisher=University of Ottawa Press
|isbn=978-0-7766-0521-0
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|first=David
|last=Lee
|title=Lumber kings & shantymen: logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1
|year=2006
|publisher=James Lorimer & Company
|isbn=978-1-55028-922-0
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Legget
|first=Robert
|title=Rideau Waterway
|year=1986
|publisher=University of Toronto Press
|isbn=0-8020-6591-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaA4OpW4Ao0C&pg=PA252
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Carol
|last=Martin
|title=Ottawa: a colourguide
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1
|year=1997
|publisher=Formac Publishing Company
|isbn=978-0-88780-396-3
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Mika
|first1=Nick
|last2=Mika
|first2=Helma
|title=Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa
|year=1982
|publisher=Mika Publishing Company
|isbn=0-919303-60-9
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Taylor
|first=John H.
|title=Ottawa: An Illustrated History
|year=1986
|publisher=J. Lorimer
|isbn=978-0-88862-981-4
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Marion
|last=Van de Wetering
|title=An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1
|year=1997
|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.
|isbn=978-0-88882-195-9
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Woods
|first=Shirley E. Jr.
|title=Ottawa: The Capital of Canada
|year=1980
|publisher=Doubleday Canada
|isbn=0-385-14722-8
|ref=harv
}}

{{refend}} {{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Sister project links | Ottawa | wikt=no | commons=Ottawa | b=no | n=Ottawa | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Ottawa | species=no | d=no | display=Ottawa}} {{Sister project links | Ottawa | wikt=no | commons=Ottawa | b=no | n=Ottawa | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Ottawa | species=no | d=no | display=Ottawa}}
* {{official website|http://www.ottawa.ca}} * {{official website}}


{{Geographic location {{Geographic location
| Centre = Ottawa | Centre = Ottawa
| North = {{flagicon|QC}} ], ]<br />'']'' | North = {{flagicon|QC}} ], ]<br />'']''
| Northeast = {{flagicon|QC}} ]<br />'']'' | Northeast = {{flagicon|QC}} ]<br />'']''
| East = ] | East = ]
| Southeast = ], ] | Southeast = ], ]
| South = ], ] | South = ], ]
| Southwest = ] | Southwest = ]
| West = ]<br />]<br />] | West = ]<br />]<br />]
| Northwest = ] | Northwest = ]
}} }}
{{Ottawa}} {{Ottawa}}
{{Navboxes|list = {{Navboxes|list =
{{Ottawa landmarks}} {{Ottawa landmarks}}
{{Subdivisions of Ontario}} {{Subdivisions of Ontario}}
{{Canada capitals}} {{Canada capitals}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}} {{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{List of North American capitals}}}} {{List of North American capitals}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
<!-- -{{Cities with million plus in Canada}} - -->
}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


] ]
]
] ]
]
] ]
]
]
]
] ]
]
]

Revision as of 16:15, 15 January 2025

Capital city of Canada This article is about the capital of Canada. For other uses, see Ottawa (disambiguation).

Federal capital city in Ontario, Canada
Ottawa
Federal capital city
City of Ottawa
Ville d'Ottawa (French)
Centre Block on Parliament HillRideau CanalRideau HallChâteau LaurierNational Gallery of CanadaDowntown Ottawa
Flag of OttawaFlagCoat of arms of OttawaCoat of arms[REDACTED] Logo
Nicknames: 
Motto(s): "Advance-Ottawa-En Avant"
Written in the two official languages.
OpenStreetMap
Location of Ottawa
Ottawa is located in CanadaOttawaOttawaShow map of CanadaOttawa is located in OntarioOttawaOttawaShow map of OntarioOttawa is located in Southern OntarioOttawaOttawaShow map of Southern Ontario
Coordinates: 45°25′29″N 75°41′42″W / 45.42472°N 75.69500°W / 45.42472; -75.69500 (Ottawa)
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
Established1826 as Bytown
Incorporated1855 as City of Ottawa
Amalgamated1 January 2001
Government
 • TypeSingle-tier municipality with a Mayor–council system
 • MayorMark Sutcliffe
 • City councilOttawa City Council
 • Federal
representation		 List of MPs
 • Provincial
representation		 List of MPPs
Area
 • Federal capital city2,790.31 km (1,077.34 sq mi)
 • Land2,778.10 km (1,072.63 sq mi)
 • Urban520.82 km (201.09 sq mi)
 • Metro6,767.41 km (2,612.91 sq mi)
Elevation70 m (230 ft)
Population
 • Federal capital city1,017,449 (4th)
 • Density365/km (950/sq mi)
 • Urban1,068,821
 • Urban density1,954/km (5,060/sq mi)
 • Metro1,488,307 (4th)
 • Metro density185/km (480/sq mi)
 • DemonymOttawan
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Postal code spanK0A-K4C
Area codes613, 343, 753
GDP (Ottawa–Gatineau CMA)CA$89.9 billion (2020)
GDP per capita (Ottawa–Gatineau CMA)CA$60,414 (2020)
Websiteottawa.ca Edit this at Wikidata

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2021, Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the fourth-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.

Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous foreign embassies, key buildings, organizations, and institutions of Canada's government; these include the Parliament of Canada, the Supreme Court, the residence of Canada's viceroy, and Office of the Prime Minister.

Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The municipal government of Ottawa is established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of the Government of Ontario. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide.

Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the University of Ottawa, Carleton University, Algonquin College, Collège La Cité, the National Arts Centre, the National Gallery of Canada; and numerous national museums, monuments, and historic sites. It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually.

Etymology

The city name Ottawa was chosen in 1855 in reference to the Ottawa River, whose name is itself derived from the Algonquin adawe, meaning "to trade." In modern Algonquin, the city is known as Odàwàg.

History

Main article: History of Ottawa For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Ottawa history.

Early history

The Champlain Sea

The Ottawa Valley became habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of the Champlain Sea. Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago. These findings suggest that these Algonquin people were engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to the Odawa and Ojibwe peoples. This period ended with the arrival of settlers and colonization of North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century.

European exploration and early development

In 1610, Étienne Brûlé became the first documented European to navigate the Ottawa River, passing what would become Ottawa on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people.

The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created by Philemon Wright, a New Englander. Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, also created an agricultural community, which was named Wright's Town. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade (soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City.

In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River. The following year, the town was named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. The Rideau canal provided a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the War of 1812.

Camp used by soldiers and labourers of the Rideau Canal, on the south side of the Ottawa River in 1826. The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area.

Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's Parliament Hill. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and "Lower Town" east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically, "Upper Town" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas "Lower Town" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic.

Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832. Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during the Shiners' War from 1835 to 1845 and political dissension that was evident in the 1849 Stony Monday Riot. In 1855, Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city. William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city.

Selection as capital

The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of the United Province of Canada holding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital.

The governor-general of the province had designated Kingston as the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres of Toronto and Montreal, as well as the former capital of Lower Canada, Quebec City, all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement. In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital, and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal. In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote. In 1844, the Queen's acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal.

In 1849, after violence in Montreal, a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation. Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement, and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding.

The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor general Edmund Head, who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857. George Brown, briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865. The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators.

Ottawa in 1859, before construction on Parliament Hill. Two years prior, Queen Victoria selected the city as the permanent capital of the Province of Canada.

Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons. First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack. Second, Ottawa was approximately midway between Toronto and Kingston (in Canada West) and Montreal and Quebec City (in Canada East), making the selection an important political compromise.

Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via the Rideau Waterway. Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (the Bytown and Prescott Railway) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) to Prescott on the Saint Lawrence River and beyond. Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in the previous Canadian capitals. Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually became Parliament Hill, which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings.

The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the Gothic Revival style. At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and Public Works Canada and its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. The Library of Parliament and Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876.

Post-Confederation

LeBreton Flats after the 1900 Hull–Ottawa fire. The fire destroyed one-fifth of Ottawa and two-thirds of neighbouring Hull, Quebec.

Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world. Rail lines built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and Lachute, Quebec. By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity. In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at Chaudière Falls. Public transportation began in 1870 with a horsecar system, overtaken in the 1890s by a vast electric streetcar system that operated until 1959.

The Hull–Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront. It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake. The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars). An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless.

A sepia photograph from the fourth floor of a building, overlooking a triangular public plaza, many old cars with canvas tops are parked in the square. Neo-gothic buildings make up two borders of the square, and a set of tram tracks comprise the third
Ottawa Post Office, located in Confederation Square, pictured in the early 20th century

On 1 June 1912, the Grand Trunk Railway opened both the Château Laurier hotel and its neighbouring downtown Union Station. On 3 February 1916, the Centre Block of the Parliament buildings was destroyed by a fire. The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the Canadian Museum of Nature until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the new Parliament Buildings is a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as the Peace Tower.

The location of what is now Confederation Square was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the City Beautiful Movement. It became the site of the National War Memorial in 1939 and was designated a National Historic Site in 1984. A new Central Post Office (now the Privy Council of Canada) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished.

Post–Second World War

V-Day, downtown Ottawa in 1945, to mark the end of World War II
Greber plan's National Capital Greenbelt surrounding the urban core
The John G. Diefenbaker Building was Ottawa's fourth city hall, from 1958 until 2001.

Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 Greber Plan. Prime Minister Mackenzie King hired French architect-planner Jacques Greber to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre. Greber's plan included the creation of the National Capital Greenbelt, the Kichi Zibi Mikan and the Queensway highway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now the Senate of Canada Building) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways.

In 1958, the National Capital Commission was established as a Crown Corporation through the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s. This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing the capital region. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate.

From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at the Transportation Building adjacent to Union Station (now part of the Rideau Centre). In 1958, a new City Hall opened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space. In 2001, Ottawa City Hall returned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunct Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. This new location was close to Ottawa's first (1849–1877) and second (1877–1931) City Halls. This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as the Ottawa Normal School.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region, which was followed by large growth in the high-tech industry during the 1990s and 2000s. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later Nortel) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such as Newbridge Networks, Mitel and Corel.

In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to a land claim submitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated. Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquin title, affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer.

Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province of Ontario amalgamated all the constituent municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton into a single city. Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election, defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain. The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-powered light rail transit (LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as the Trillium Line, it was dubbed the O-Train and connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections, where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman Larry O'Brien. After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core. Jim Watson, the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the 2010 election.

In October 2012, the City Council approved the final Lansdowne Park plan, an agreement with the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group that saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site. In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the Confederation Line, a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Ottawa

Neighbourhoods

Further information: List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa

The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic main urban area, as well as other urban, suburban and rural areas within the city's post-amalgamation limits.

Old Ottawa

Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city of Vanier, a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the former village of Rockcliffe Park, a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence. The old city includes the downtown core and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South, Centretown, Lower Town, and Sandy Hill, the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods of The Glebe, Westboro, and New Edinburgh, and the historically blue-collar communities of Hintonburg, Mechanicsville, Carlington, and LeBreton Flats, with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes the ethnic enclaves of Chinatown and Little Italy.

Suburbs and outlying communities

Map of Ottawa showing urban areas and names of historical communities

Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the former Carleton County and one from the former Russell County. Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by the United Counties of Prescott and Russell; by Renfrew County and Lanark County in the west; on the south by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry; and on the north by the Regional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais and the City of Gatineau.

The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city. These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester, Kanata and Nepean. The towns of Stittsville and Richmond within the former Goulbourn Township are to the southwest. Nepean as a suburb also includes Barrhaven. The communities of Manotick and Riverside South are on the other side of the Rideau River, and Greely, southeast of Riverside South.

A number of rural communities (villages and hamlets) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality. Some of these communities are Burritts Rapids; Ashton; Fallowfield; Kars; Fitzroy Harbour; Munster; Carp; North Gower; Metcalfe; Constance Bay and Osgoode. Several towns are within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the city of Ottawa municipal boundaries; these include communities of Almonte, Carleton Place, Embrun, Kemptville, Rockland, and Russell.

Ottawa above the Ottawa River in 2017, left to right— Byward Market · Fairmont Château Laurier · National Gallery of Canada · Parliament Hill with Library of Parliament and Peace Tower · Alexandra Bridge · Downtown Ottawa towers · Supreme Court of Canada

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Ottawa
Completed in 1913, the Connaught Building was constructed in a Gothic Revival style.

Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal and functional; the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture. Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of semi-detached houses, rowhouses, and apartment buildings. Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built.

The skyline has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city. Today, several buildings are slightly taller than the Peace Tower, with the tallest being the Claridge Icon at 143 metres (469 ft). Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by Public Works Canada, which leads to heritage conservation in its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of the Senate Building. Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development.

Climate

Ottawa has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha Dcbo/Dcbc) with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale. The average July maximum temperature is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944.

Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels

Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10 cm.

An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F). Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets a day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30 °C

Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mm spread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation.

Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible). Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from the West, Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effect cells on summer afternoons. Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves.

Climate data for Ottawa (Central Experimental Farm), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 12.9 12.0 28.4 35.3 39.7 44.1 45.7 49.9 41.6 36.1 24.3 18.3 49.9
Record high °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.7
(98.1) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.8
(100.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		11.6
(52.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		6.8
(44.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.0
(6.8) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		1.9
(35.4)
Record low °C (°F) −37.8
(−36.0) 		−38.3
(−36.9) 		−36.7
(−34.1) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−30.6
(−23.1) 		−38.9
(−38.0) 		−38.9
(−38.0)
Record low wind chill −40.6 −42.8 −40.1 −20.8 −8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0 −9.6 −25.6 −41.3 −42.8
Average precipitation mm (inches) 65.2
(2.57) 		52.4
(2.06) 		61.6
(2.43) 		81.3
(3.20) 		80.1
(3.15) 		95.1
(3.74) 		92.3
(3.63) 		87.4
(3.44) 		87.0
(3.43) 		90.2
(3.55) 		72.0
(2.83) 		73.6
(2.90) 		938.2
(36.93)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 27.0
(1.06) 		17.0
(0.67) 		32.5
(1.28) 		72.2
(2.84) 		80.0
(3.15) 		95.1
(3.74) 		92.3
(3.63) 		87.4
(3.44) 		87.0
(3.43) 		88.6
(3.49) 		57.1
(2.25) 		35.3
(1.39) 		771.5
(30.37)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 44.5
(17.5) 		41.0
(16.1) 		30.9
(12.2) 		7.5
(3.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.7
(0.7) 		16.1
(6.3) 		42.7
(16.8) 		184.4
(72.6)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 17.2
(6.8) 		21.6
(8.5) 		17.1
(6.7) 		0.9
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		8.5
(3.3) 		21.6
(8.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 15.2 12.0 11.3 12.5 13.5 12.9 12.2 11.5 11.9 14.5 13.9 15.6 157.0
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.5 3.1 5.6 11.1 13.5 12.9 12.2 11.5 11.9 14.3 10.5 6.3 117.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 13.0 10.1 7.1 2.3 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.38 4.6 11.4 49.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) 70.6 63.5 57.6 51.2 51.0 55.1 54.3 55.7 58.1 63.9 68.1 75.5 60.4
Average dew point °C (°F) −14
(7) 		−13
(9) 		−8
(18) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		13
(55) 		9
(48) 		2
(36) 		−2
(28) 		−10
(14) 		1
(34)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 99.3 131.3 167.1 189.8 229.8 254.2 279.0 249.3 177.6 139.4 84.3 82.6 2,083.7
Percent possible sunshine 35.0 44.9 45.3 46.9 49.9 54.3 58.9 57.1 47.1 41.0 29.4 30.3 45.0
Source 1: Environment Canada
Source 2: Weatherbase(Snow depth, dew point)
Climate data for Ottawa International Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 13.9 15.1 30.0 35.1 41.8 44.0 47.2 47.0 42.5 33.9 26.1 18.4 47.2
Record high °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		37.8
(100.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		30.9
(87.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		11.6
(52.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.0
(14.0) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		6.5
(43.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.3
(6.3) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		0.5
(32.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		1.4
(34.5)
Record low °C (°F) −35.6
(−32.1) 		−36.1
(−33.0) 		−30.6
(−23.1) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−36.1
(−33.0)
Record low wind chill −47.8 −47.6 −42.7 −26.3 −10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 −6.4 −13.3 −29.5 −44.6 −47.8
Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.4
(2.77) 		49.5
(1.95) 		66.3
(2.61) 		81.3
(3.20) 		74.8
(2.94) 		96.8
(3.81) 		88.5
(3.48) 		79.0
(3.11) 		89.6
(3.53) 		87.4
(3.44) 		73.9
(2.91) 		72.4
(2.85) 		929.8
(36.61)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 29.3
(1.15) 		14.5
(0.57) 		34.6
(1.36) 		69.6
(2.74) 		74.5
(2.93) 		96.8
(3.81) 		88.5
(3.48) 		79.0
(3.11) 		90.6
(3.57) 		84.7
(3.33) 		60.5
(2.38) 		34.7
(1.37) 		757.2
(29.81)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 59.2
(23.3) 		48.5
(19.1) 		38.8
(15.3) 		12.2
(4.8) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.7
(1.1) 		20.7
(8.1) 		49.6
(19.5) 		231.9
(91.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.7 13.0 12.6 12.1 13.4 13.9 12.1 11.2 12.4 14.1 14.4 16.7 162.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.9 3.7 6.8 11.0 13.4 13.9 12.1 11.2 12.3 13.6 10.5 6.6 120.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 16.4 12.9 8.6 3.2 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.87 6.5 13.9 62.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00) 68.4 62.0 57.0 49.5 49.5 53.5 54.2 55.3 58.4 61.6 66.9 72.3 59.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 122.4 114.1 168.5 187.5 210.5 274.0 301.4 231.9 211.5 148.8 92.4 68.8 2,131.7
Percent possible sunshine 43.1 39.0 45.7 46.3 45.7 58.6 63.7 53.1 56.1 43.7 32.2 25.2 46.0
Source: Environment Canada (sunshine 1981–2010)

Physical geography

Downtown Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River with neighbouring Gatineau in the background across the river.

Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal. The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long. It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks.

Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top of Paleozoic carbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggy Precambrian igneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvial deposition of till and sands, leading to the widespread formation of eskers. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by the Late Wisconsian advance. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests. Ottawa is located within the Western Quebec Seismic Zone, and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes.

Built environment

During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre). On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as Lower Town, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie both Centretown and Downtown Ottawa, which share a border along Gloucester Street. These core neighbourhoods contain streets such as Elgin and Bank, which fill the role of commercial main streets in the region.

Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. The legislature's work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings on Parliament Hill and others downtown, such as the Senate of Canada Building. Important buildings in the executive branch include the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council as well as many civil service buildings. The Supreme Court of Canada building can also be found in this area.

Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec, lies the city of Gatineau, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer. Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the National Capital Region, which is considered a single metropolitan area. One federal Crown corporation, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city. Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt, administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Ottawa
Ottawa population pyramid in 2021
Historic Population
YearPop.±%
1901101,102—    
1911123,417+22.1%
1921152,868+23.9%
1931174,056+13.9%
1941206,367+18.6%
1951246,298+19.3%
1956287,244+16.6%
1961358,410+24.8%
1966413,695+15.4%
1971471,931+14.1%
1976520,533+10.3%
1981546,849+5.1%
1986606,639+10.9%
1991678,147+11.8%
1996721,136+6.3%
2001774,072+7.3%
2006812,129+4.9%
2011883,391+8.8%
2016934,243+5.8%
20211,017,449+8.9%
Note: Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries
Sources:
Chart format

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ottawa had a population of 1,017,449 living in 407,252 of its 427,113 total private dwellings, a change of 8.9% from its 2016 population of 934,243. With a land area of 2,788.2 km (1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of 364.9/km (945.1/sq mi) in 2021.

As of 2021 the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 1,488,307 living in 604,721 of its 638,013 total private dwellings, a change of 8.5% from its 2016 population of 1,371,576. With a land area of 8,046.99 km (3,106.96 sq mi), it had a population density of 185.0/km (479.0/sq mi) in 2021.

Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%.

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were China (20,320 persons or 7.8%), India (16,200 persons or 6.2%), United Kingdom (14,760 persons or 5.7%), Lebanon (11,900 persons or 4.6%), Philippines (10,505 persons or 4.1%), United States of America (8,795 persons or 3.4%), Haiti (6,710 persons or 2.6%), Syria (6,370 persons or 2.5%), Vietnam (6,155 persons or 2.4%), and Iran (6,000 persons or 2.3%).

Race and ethnicity

As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population were white or European, while 2.6% were Indigenous, and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%).

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Ottawa included:

In 2011, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, with Catholics accounting for 38.5% of the population and members of Protestant churches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent being Islam (6.7%), Hinduism (1.4%), Buddhism (1.3%), and Judaism (1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represented 22.8%.

Language

Bilingualism became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002, and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages. Those who identify their mother tongue as English constitute 62.4 percent, while those with French as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These include Arabic (3.2%), Chinese (3.0%), Spanish (1.2%), Italian (1.1%), and many others.

Economy

See also: Economy of Ontario
Federal government buildings in Tunney's Pasture

As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($86,451). The median household income after taxes in the City of Ottawa is $73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $61,348. Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding. In 2019 Mercer ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world. It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.

Ottawa's primary employers are the Public Service of Canada and the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region. The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in the Terrasses de la Chaudière and Place du Portage complexes in Hull. The National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa is the main command centre for the Canadian Armed Forces. It hosts the Department of National Defence. During the summer, the city hosts the Ceremonial Guard, which performs functions such as the Changing the Guard.

As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the 150th anniversary of Canada, centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions. The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly.

Kanata Research Park is Canada's largest technology park.

In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people. The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North." Most of these companies specialize in telecommunications, software development and environmental technology. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel, Mitel, Cognos, Halogen Software, Shopify and JDS Uniphase were founded in the city. Ottawa also has regional locations for Nokia, 3M, Adobe Systems, Bell Canada, IBM and Hewlett-Packard. Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The "tech sector" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016. Nordion, i-Stat and the National Research Council of Canada and OHRI are part of the growing life science sector.

The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city. Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations. Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average. The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer with approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees.

In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s. All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019. Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal administration, finance and accommodation. Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008.

Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities. In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $400 million, $136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales. Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales, construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001.

Media

Further information: Media in Ottawa–Gatineau

Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the Ottawa Citizen established as the Bytown Packet in 1845 and the Ottawa Sun, and one French newspaper, Le Droit. The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systems CBC and CTV, as well as English and French radio stations.

In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, including CPAC (Canada's national legislature broadcaster) and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Education

Further information: List of schools in Ottawa
Established in 1848, the University of Ottawa is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city.
Carleton University in 2022
Saint Paul University

Primary and secondary education

Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools, followed by the English-Catholic Ottawa Catholic School Board with 85 schools. The two French-language boards are the French-Catholic Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est with 49 schools, and the French Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario with 37 schools. Ottawa also has numerous private schools which are not part of a board.

The Ottawa Public Library was created in 1906 as part of the Carnegie library system. as of 2008 the library system had 2.3 million items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries. Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items.

Higher education and research

Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university. Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of engineers, scientists, and residents with PhDs in Canada. The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges.

  • Carleton University was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton transitioned into the highly ranked comprehensive university it is today. The university's main campus sits between Old Ottawa South and Dow's Lake. Carleton's catholic affiliated university college, is the Dominican University College.
  • The University of Ottawa (originally named the "College of Bytown") was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848. The university later grew to become the largest English-French bilingual university in the world. It is also a member of the U15, a group of highly respected research-intensive universities in Canada. The university's main campus is in the Sandy Hill neighbourhood, just adjacent to the city's downtown core. The University of Ottawa's catholic affiliated university college is St. Paul University.
  • Algonquin College is a college of applied arts and technology founded in 1967. Its main campus is located in the City View neighbourhood of College Ward. The college serves the National Capital Region and the outlying areas of Eastern Ontario, Western Quebec, and Upstate New York. The college has satellite campuses in Pembroke and Perth, as well as four international campuses through their international offshore partnerships.
  • Collège La Cité is the largest French-language college in Ontario. Founded in 1989, its campus is located off the Aviation Parkway in the Carson Meadows neighbourhood. La Cité has a satellite campus in Hawkesbury and a business office in Toronto.

Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including the University of Quebec in Outaouais, Cégep de l'Outaouais, and Heritage College.

Public health

See also: List of hospitals in Ottawa
The Civic Hospital is one of three main campuses of The Ottawa Hospital.

There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: The Queensway Carleton Hospital, The Ottawa Hospital (Civic Hospital, General Hospital, Riverside Hospital), Montfort Hospital, and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the world-renowned University of Ottawa Heart Institute, the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital. There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. The University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine operates teaching hospitals in conjunction with partners throughout the city.

Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such as Canadian Red Cross, Canadian Blood Services, Health Canada, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Canadian Nurses Association, and the Medical Council of Canada.

Culture and contemporary life

ByWard Market is a retail and entertainment district in Downtown Ottawa.

Traditionally, the ByWard Market (in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and the Golden Triangle (both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa. Modern thoroughfares such as Wellington Street, Rideau Street, Sussex Drive, Elgin Street, Bank Street, Somerset Street, Preston Street, Richmond Road in Westboro, and Sparks Street are home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.

As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events in Canadian history, including the first visit of the reigning Canadian sovereign—King George VI, with his consort, Queen Elizabeth—to his parliament, on 19 May 1939. VE Day was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945, the first raising of the country's new national flag took place on 15 February 1965, and the centennial of Confederation was celebrated on 1 July 1967. Queen Elizabeth II was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act. In 1983, Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge during their tour of Canada.

Ottawa was featured in the short story collection For Your Eyes Only, by Ian Fleming.

The National War Memorial
The National War Memorial

Landmarks

Main articles: List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa and List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa

There is one World Heritage Site in Ottawa, the Rideau Canal, along with 25 National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa, including the Château Laurier, the Parliament of Canada, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College and Laurier House. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having "heritage elements" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Arts

See also: List of attractions in Ottawa and List of museums in Ottawa
The Canadian Museum of Nature is Canada's national museum of natural history and natural science.

Performing and visual arts

The Ottawa Little Theatre, founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company. Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa.

Established in 1975, the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level. The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, the Canada Agriculture and Food Museum, the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, the Canada Science and Technology Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian War Museum and National Gallery of Canada. The National Gallery of Canada; designed by famous architect Moshe Safdie, it is a permanent home to the Maman sculpture. The Canadian War Museum houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005. The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience, Nature Nocturne.

Cuisine

Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such as poutine are served throughout the city. However, many consider shawarma Ottawa's official dish; the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere else in Canada. The city is also home to "Ottawa-style" pizza, consisting usually of a thicker doughy crust and slightly spicy pizza sauce, with the toppings baked under a heavy layer of cheese, keeping the toppings soft. Beaver tails, a fried dough pastry, were first created in Ottawa in the 1970s. Le Cordon Bleu has a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America.

Winterlude is an annual winter festival held in Ottawa.

Festivals

See also: List of festivals in Ottawa

Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such as Winterlude, the largest festival in Canada, and Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as Bluesfest, Canadian Tulip Festival, Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival, Ottawa International Jazz Festival, Fringe Festival, Capital Pride, and CityFolk Festival, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world. In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the IFEA "World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000.

Sports

Further information: Sport in Ottawa and List of Ottawa parks
TD Place Stadium is home to the CFL's Ottawa Redblacks and the CPL's Atlético Ottawa.

Professional sports

Sport in Ottawa has a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team playing in the National Hockey League. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win the Stanley Cup eleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at the Canadian Tire Centre. In 2023, the Ottawa Charge became one of the six charter franchises of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). The Charge play home games at TD Place Arena.

The Ottawa Redblacks are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the Canadian Football League. Formerly the Ottawa Rough Riders represented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America. The professional soccer club, Atlético Ottawa, plays in the Canadian Premier League. The team was founded in by Spanish club Atlético Madrid, and along with the Redblacks, play their home games at TD Place Stadium. The Ottawa Blackjacks are a professional basketball team, playing in the Canadian Elite Basketball League, out of the TD Place Arena. The Ottawa Titans play professional baseball in the Frontier League at Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park. Ottawa was previously home to the Ottawa Lynx, a Triple-A club, as well as the Ottawa Champions, an independent baseball team in the Can-Am League.

Collegiate sports

The University of Ottawa and Carleton University varsity teams compete in U Sports in various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in the OCAA.

The Carleton Ravens are nationally ranked in basketball and soccer. Carleton's men's basketball program is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20 national championships. The Ottawa Gee-Gees are nationally ranked in basketball and soccer.

Non-professional and amateur sports

Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the Ottawa 67's junior ice hockey team. The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as soccer, basketball, baseball, curling, rowing, ultimate, and horse racing. Casual recreational activities, such as skating, cycling, tennis, hiking, sailing, golfing, skiing, and fishing/ice fishing are also popular.

Starting in 2025 a new Ironman Triathlon will be starting in Ottawa.

Government and politics

Further information: List of Ottawa municipal elections, Canadian federal election results in Ottawa, and List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa
Ottawa City Hall houses the seat of the local government.

The City of Ottawa is a single-tier municipality, meaning it is in itself a census division and has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services. Ottawa is governed by the 25-member Ottawa City Council consisting of 24 councillors each representing one ward and the mayor, Mark Sutcliffe as of the 2022 Ottawa municipal election, is elected in a citywide vote.

Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the Liberal Party in federal elections. The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by Francophones, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester. Central Ottawa is usually more left-leaning, and the New Democratic Party have won ridings there. Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population. Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas, tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially. This is especially true in the former Townships of West Carleton, Goulbourn, Rideau and Osgoode, which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding counties. Rural parts of the former township of Cumberland, with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened.

At present, Ottawa is host to 130 embassies. A further 49 countries accredit their embassies and missions in the United States to Canada.

Transportation

See also: OC Transpo, O-Train, List of airports in the Ottawa area, List of Ottawa roads, List of numbered roads in Ottawa, and List of bridges in Ottawa

Public transportation

Main article: OC Transpo
An O-Train crossing the Rideau River. The O-Train is a light rail public transportation service provided by OC Transpo.
Map of Ottawa's rapid transit network.

Ottawa's public transit system is managed by OC Transpo. OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal rapid transit system which includes:

  • The O-Train light rail system. The four-line public rail system includes three existing lines and one currently under construction.
  • A vast bus rapid transit (BRT) system that uses a series of dedicated bus-only roadways named the Transitway and reserved lanes on city streets and highways. The Transitway has long distances between stops and full station amenities (including platforms, walkways, fare gates, ticket booths, elevators and convenience stores). It connects Ottawa's suburbs to the inner city. The Rapid bus service network operates all day, seven days a week, reaching the suburban communities of Kanata to the West, Barrhaven to the South-West, Orléans to the East, and South Keys to the South.
  • Over 190 local bus routes are served by a fleet of ordinary, articulated and double-decker buses. Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO) operate bus transit services between Ottawa and Gatineau. OC Transpo also operates a door-to-door bus service for disabled individuals known as ParaTranspo. There is a proposed LRT system that could link Ottawa with Gatineau.

Airports

The Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport is the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airports Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport, Ottawa/Carp Airport, and Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport.

Inter-city transportation

Ottawa station is the main inter-city train station operated by Via Rail. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east of downtown in Eastway Gardens (adjacent to O-Train Tremblay station) and serves Via Rail's Corridor Route. The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at Fallowfield station in the southwestern suburban community of Barrhaven.

Intercity bus services are currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the closure of the former Ottawa Central Station bus terminal on 1 June 2021. Major carriers include: Megabus, Ontario Northland, Autobus Gatineau, and Orléans Express.

Streets and highways

The City of Ottawa has over 12,200 km (7,600 mi) lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincial Highway 417 (designated as the Queensway and part of the Trans-Canada Highway), Ottawa-Carleton Highway 174 (formerly Provincial Highway 17), Highway 7, and the north–south provincial Highway 416 (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), which connects to other 400-Series highways via the 401. From downtown there are also freeway connections to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50, in neighbouring Gatineau.

The city also has several scenic parkways and promenades, such as the Kichi Zibi Mikan (formerly the Macdonald Parkway), Colonel By Drive, Queen Elizabeth Driveway, the Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway (formerly the Rockcliffe Parkway), and the Aviation Parkway. The National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, including Confederation Boulevard.

Cycling and pedestrian network

The Capital Pathway is a multi-use trail interlinking sites throughout the National Capital Region.

Numerous paved multi-use trails, mostly operated by the National Capital Commission and the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. These pathways are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city. As of 31 December 2015, over 900 km (560 mi) of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including 435 km (270 mi) of multi-use pathways, 8 km (5.0 mi) of cycle tracks, 200 km (120 mi) of on-road bicycle lanes, and 257 km (160 mi) of paved shoulders. 204 km (127 mi) of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014.

Numerous downtown streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length of Sparks Street was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966. Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events. In 2021 city council unanimously approved the Byward Market Public Realm Plan to make the market area more car-free and pedestrian friendly. From 2009 to 2015 the NCC introduced the Capital Bixi bicycle-sharing system. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased. Scooter-sharing systems have since been introduced in the downtown and inner-city areas.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Ottawa

See also

Footnotes

  1. /ˈɒtəwə/ , /ˈɒtəwɑː/; Canadian French: [ɔtawɑ]
  2. Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at Ottawa CDA from November 1889 to present.
  3. In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136, while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031.

References

  1. Kennedy, Ryan (8 December 2008). "A few blue and white things to be thankful for". Metro International. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  2. "Ottawa". Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2014. ISBN 978-1-62513-172-0. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  3. Peter Hum (9 November 2009). "O-Town Originals". Ottawa Citizen. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  4. ^ Art Montague (2008). Ottawa Book of Everything (PDF). MacIntyre Purcell Publishing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  5. "Ottawa". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  6. ^ Justin D. Edwards; Douglas Ivison (2005). Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities. University of Toronto Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8020-8668-6. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  8. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and urban areas, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  9. "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  10. "City of Ottawa – Design C". Ottawa.ca. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  11. "Rapport au / Report to". Ottawa.ca. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  12. "Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)". Statistics Canada. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  13. "National Capital Act (R. S. C., 1985, c. N-4)" (PDF). Department of Justice. 22 June 2011. p. 13 Schedule (Section 2) 'Description of National Capital Region'. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  14. "Census Profile, 2021 Census Ottawa, [City Census subdivision], Ontario". Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  15. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  16. Bosc, Marc; Gagnon, André, eds. (2017). "Ottawa as the Seat of Government". House of Commons Procedure and Practice (3rd ed.). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  17. "A Brief History of Bytown". Run Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  18. "Is Ottawa Canada's smartest city? Capital edges Toronto, Calgary in university-educated population". National Post. Postmedia News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  19. "Ottawa's Seven National Museums". Ottawa Tourism. Ottawa Tourism and Convention Authority, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  20. "Canada's third consecutive record-breaking year in tourism in 2019 a win for Ottawa". City News. Rogers Sports & Media. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  21. "Ottawa attracts more than 11 million visitors each year". Ottawa Citizen. Post Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  22. Alan Rayburn (2001). Naming Canada: Stories About Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Ottawa (ON)". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  24. The Algonquin Way, Dictionary, "Odàwàg" Link Archived 14 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  25. William J. Miller (2015). Geology: The Science of the Earth's Crust (Illustrations). P. F. Collier & Son Company. p. 37. GGKEY:Y3TD08H3RAT. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  26. "The Champlain Sea: here yesterday, gone tomorrow". Wat on Earth. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  27. ^ Pilon, Jean-Luc. "Ancient History of the Lower Ottawa River Valley" (PDF). Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee. Ontario Archaeology – Canadian Museum of Civilization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  28. Carlo (13 October 2016). "Rideau Canal Attracts Settlers". eLocal Post Ottawa. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  29. John Taylor (11 March 2019). "Ottawa". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  30. Meredith Jean Black (9 October 2018). "Algonquin". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  31. "Warfare In Pre-Columbian North America". National Defence - Government of Canada. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  32. Woods 1980, p. 5.
  33. Woods 1980, p. 7.
  34. Van de Wetering 1997, p. 123.
  35. Lee 2006, p. 16.
  36. ^ Taylor 1986, p. 11.
  37. Lee 2006, p. 20.
  38. Van de Wetering 1997, p. 11.
  39. Woods 1980, p. 60.
  40. "Bytown". The Historical Society of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  41. Legget 1986, pp. 22–24.
  42. Taylor, 1986 & page 31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTaylor1986page_31 (help)
  43. "Timeline – Know your Ottawa!". Bytown Museum. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  44. Mika & Mika 1982, p. 114.
  45. "Shiners' Wars". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  46. Martin 1997, p. 22.
  47. Bryan D. Cook (2015). Introducing William Pittman Lett: Ottawa's first city clerk and bard (1819–1892). B.D.C. Ottawa Consulting. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-771363-42-6.
  48. Ottawa City Council, 31 May 1875, Motion Concerning Compensation to Mrs Sowdon, moved by Aldermen Rocque ans Pratte.
  49. Lett, W. P. Proposal to the City Constitution Committee 10 August 1877, City of Ottawa Archives /MG 037-8-1 p. 77.
  50. ^ Powell, James. "Queen Victoria Chooses Ottawa". The Historical Society of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  51. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 47–50.
  52. Gordon, D.L.A., & Osborne, B. (2004). Constructing national identity in Canada's capital, 1900–2000: Confederation Square and the National War Memorial. Journal of Historical Geography 30, (4):618-642
  53. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 71.
  54. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 74–86
  55. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 88.
  56. "Toronto's Bid to Be the Capital of Canada". City of Toronto. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  57. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 208
  58. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 129
  59. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 156–164
  60. "Head, Sir Edmund National Historic Person". www.pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  61. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 1
  62. Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 1, 334–335
  63. "A Capital in the Making". National Capital Commission. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
  64. ^ Northey; Knight (1991). Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System. Issue 168 of Carleton Library Series, ISSN 0576-7784 (Revised ed.). McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-88629-148-8. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  65. Saul Bernard Cohen (2003). Geopolitics of the world system. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-8476-9907-0. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  66. ^ "Why Was Ottawa Chosen as the Federal Capital City?". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  67. Knight, David B. (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton University Press. pp. 1, 243
  68. "Rideau Canal". The Historical Society of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  69. Mark Bourrie (1996). Canada's Parliament Buildings. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-88882-190-4. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  70. "The Parliament Buildings". parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  71. "Construction, 1859–1916". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.
  72. Woods 1980, p. 107.
  73. "Ottawa History – 1886–1890". Bytown Museum. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  74. Ottawa, An Illustrated History, John H. Taylor .Page 102. Jame Lorimer and Company Publishing.
  75. "Chaudière Falls". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  76. Van de Wetering 1997, p. 28.
  77. CBC News Ottawa. "Ottawa's original LRT: 68 years of streetcars in the capital". Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  78. "Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900, Ottawa" (PDF). The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada). 31 December 1900. pp. 5–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  79. Van de Wetering 1997, p. 57.
  80. Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund (1900). Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900 [microform]. Canadiana.org. ISBN 978-0-665-11661-2.
  81. "Remember This? Hull and Ottawa in flames". CityNews Ottawa. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  82. Globerman, Danny (14 May 2017). "Ottawa's past in pictures: Disasters that shook the city". Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  83. "Ottawa's old train station: a 100-year timeline". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  84. Van de Wetering 1997, p. 41.
  85. Hale 2011, p. 108.
  86. Dave Mullington (2005). Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948). General Store Publishing House. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-897113-17-2. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  87. Reader's Digest Association (Canada) (2004). The Canadian atlas: our nation, environment and people. Reader's Digest Association (Canada). p. 40. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  88. "Confederation Square National Historic Site of Canada". HistoricPlaces.ca. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  89. "Old Ottawa Post Office Building Razed After Service of 62 Years". The Montreal Gazette. 24 June 1938. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022 – via Google News Archive Search.
  90. Powell, James. "Ottawa the Beautiful: The Gréber Report". The Historical Society of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  91. ^ "The Gréber Report". ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  92. "Planners Over Time". National Capital Commission. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  93. Donna L. Erickson (2006). MetroGreen: connecting open space in North American cities. Island Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-55963-843-2. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  94. Keshen & St-Onge 2001, p. 360.
  95. "About Us". NCC-CCN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  96. "About the NCC". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  97. "1054 THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1927 Federal District Commission.—The Federal District Commission, replacing the Ottawa Improvement" (PDF). www66.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  98. ^ Taylor 1986, pp. 186–194.
  99. "Islands of Ottawa: Green Island a historical microcosm of the city". ottawacitizen. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  100. Hale 2011, p. 217.
  101. ^ Larisa V. Shavinina (2004). Silicon Valley North: A High-tech Cluster of Innovation And Entrepreneurship. Elsevier. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-08-044457-4. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  102. Canada, National Research Council (19 March 2019). "NRC's innovative people profiles". nrc.canada.ca. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  103. CBC News Ottawa (29 June 2009). "Is Ottawa still Silicon Valley North?". Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  104. "The Algonquin land claim". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  105. Algonquins of Ontario; Government of Ontario; Government of Canada. "Agreement in Principle" (PDF). p. 2.3.5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  106. "City of Ottawa Act, 1999, Chapter 14, Schedule E". Service Ontario/Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  107. "Canadian Municipal Elections". pdba.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  108. CBC News Ottawa (13 November 2006). "O'Brien runs away with Ottawa mayoral race". Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  109. CBC news Ottawa (29 May 2007). "Transit task force to propose extensive LRT plan: source". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  110. "Watson wins Ottawa mayor's race". CBC News. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010.
  111. "Final Lansdowne deal passed by council". CBC News. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  112. "Council gives final go ahead to Lansdowne project". Ottawa Citizen. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  113. "4 key dates as Ottawa's LRT becomes a reality". CBC News. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  114. City of Ottawa. "Urban Sub-Areas of Ottawa" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  115. ^ "Ottawa Neighbourhoods". Ottawa Real Estate.ca. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  116. "Heart of Orléans". Ottawa Tourism. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  117. "Ottawa Rural Communities". The Rural Council of Ottawa-Carleton. 2002. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  118. "Official road map of Ontario". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  119. Ministère des Transports. "Québec Official Road Map". Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  120. ^ "Neighborhoods of Ottawa". Google Maps. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  121. City of Ottawa (2008). "Zoning Schedule A" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  122. "Orléans | Ottawa Lives Here". 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  123. "Kanata Central". Ottawa Tourism. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  124. "Nepean | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  125. Shannon Ricketts; Leslie Maitland; Jacqueline Hucker (2004). A guide to Canadian architectural styles. University of Toronto Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-55111-546-7. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  126. Chris (21 June 2016). "Ottawa's Apartments, 1955". historynerd.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  127. City of Ottawa (2019). "Heritage Study for 58 Florence Street" (PDF). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  128. Keshen & St-Onge 2001, p. 455.
  129. "Reaching for the stars: Claridge eyes plan to build 60-storey residential tower in Little Italy". Ottawa Business Journal. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  130. Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 August 2014). "NPMS Procedure—Managing Projects for Heritage Properties - Specialized Areas - NPMS - Real Property - PSPC". www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  131. Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015). "Restoring and modernizing the Senate of Canada Building - Canada.ca". www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  132. "Mandate and Mission". The National Capital Commission. 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  133. "Adam: The NCC and LeBreton Flats — all talk, no action?". ottawacitizen. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  134. Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (17 July 2020). "National Capital Commission: Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs—February 27, 2020 - PSPC". www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  135. Secretariat, Treasury Board of Canada. "Climatic Regions - Open Government Portal". open.canada.ca. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  136. "phz1981-2010". Canada's Plant Hardiness Site. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  137. Canada, Environment and Climate Change (25 September 2013). "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  138. ^ "Ottawa (Airport), Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  139. ^ "Ottawa CDA". Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  140. ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (25 September 2013). "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  141. ^ Klock, Ross; Simard, Gilles; Mullock, John. "The Weather of Ontario and Quebec: Graphic Area Forecast 33" (PDF). Nav Canada. pp. 92–94, 74–75. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  142. "Daily Data Report for May 2010". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  143. "Daily Data Report for January 1874". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  144. "Daily Data Report for November 1875". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  145. "Daily Data Report for August 1884". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  146. "Daily Data Report for February 2011". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  147. "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  148. "Daily Data Report for December 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  149. "Daily Data Report for February 2017". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  150. "Daily Data Report for November 2022". Environment Canada. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  151. "Daily Data Report for October 2023". Environment Canada. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  152. "Daily Data Report for February 2024". Environment Canada. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  153. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". NOAA. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  154. "Ottawa, Ontario Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. CantyMedia. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  155. "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data: Ottawa, Ontario". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  156. "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. 2 July 2013. Climate ID: 6106000. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  157. "Electricity use to hit highest in years this week in Ontario". The Weather Network. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  158. George Ripley; Charles Anderson Dana (1875). The American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Appleton. p. 733. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  159. Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (17 April 2019). "History and culture - Rideau Canal National Historic Site". www.pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  160. Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada (7 December 2015). "GEOSCAN Search Results: Fastlink". geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  161. Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. "Earthquake zones in Eastern Canada". earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  162. "Earthquakes (Ottawa)". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  163. "Earthquake shakes Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. 24 February 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  164. "Magnitude 5.5 – Ontario-Quebec Border Region, Canada". USGS. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  165. "Earthquake shakes Ottawa". CTV. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  166. "Rideau Canal Skateway – National Capital Commission::". Canadian Heritage. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  167. "Rideau Canal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  168. Rodgers, Richard. "Ottawa's Lower Town". IGS. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  169. City of Ottawa. "Centretown Community Design Plan, Part 1" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  170. City of Ottawa (20 July 2017). "Centretown Community Design Plan". Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  171. Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015). "Discover the Parliamentary Precinct – Canada's Parliamentary Precinct - PSPC". www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  172. "Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council". www.pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  173. Panico, Giacomo (1 November 2019). "Sparks Street's great divide bad for business, merchants say". CBC News Ottawa. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  174. Canada, Supreme Court of (1 January 2001). "Supreme Court of Canada - The Court - SCC Building". www.scc-csc.ca. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  175. Eran Razin; Patrick J. Smith (2006). Metropolitan governing: Canadian cases, comparative lessons. University of Alberta. p. 79. ISBN 978-965-493-285-1. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  176. ^ "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, National Capital Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  177. Erickson, Donna L (2004). "The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation: a comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2–3): 206. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..199E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.508.4274. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00160-9. ISSN 0169-2046. S2CID 86215921.
  178. Jessica Brown; Nora J. Mitchell; Michael Beresford, eds. (2005). The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community. IUCN—The World Conservation Union. p. 195. ISBN 978-2-8317-0797-6.
  179. "Population Change, City of Ottawa, 1901–2006". Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  180. Sado, E. V.; Vos, M. A. (1976). "Resources of construction aggregate in the regional municipality of Ottawa-Carleton" (PDF). Ontario Division of Mines. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  181. "Population, land area and population density : census division and subdivisions = Population, superficie et densité de la population: divisions et subdivisions de recensement". Internet Archive. 1978. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  182. "Search Censuses". Statistics Canada. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  183. ^ "2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City)". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  184. "2001 Community Profiles – Ottawa, Ontario (City/Dissolved)". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  185. ^ "Community Profiles from the 2006 Census – Ottawa, Ontario (City)". Statistics Canada. 6 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  186. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  187. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  188. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ottawa, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country]". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  189. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  190. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  191. ^ "National Household Survey Profile, 2011". Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  192. "Bilingualism Policy". City of Ottawa. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  193. Jenny Cheshire (1991). English around the world: sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-39565-6. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  194. "Income Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  195. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country]". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  196. "Labour Force & Employment". Ottawa Insights. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  197. "Big job gains in April produce record employment levels for the region". ottawacitizen. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  198. "Quality of Living City Ranking | Mercer". mobilityexchange.mercer.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  199. "Eco-City Ranking". Mercer.com. 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  200. ^ City of Ottawa (2016). "Employment Survey" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  201. "Six-year consolidation of National Defence Headquarters given green light". Maclean's. Canadian Press. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  202. "About the Ceremonial Guard". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  203. Sali, David (25 May 2018). "Ottawa Business Journal". Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  204. "Economic impact study". Ottawa Tourism. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  205. interVISTAS (2020). "Economic Impact of Tourism in Ottawa" (PDF). City of Ottawa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  206. "Tech jobs near all-time high as Region's jobless rate hits 6.8%". www.ottawacitizen.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  207. Leonel Corona Treviño; Jérôme Doutriaux; Sarfraz A. Mian (2006). Building knowledge regions in North America: emerging technology innovation poles. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84542-430-5. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  208. Nick Novakowski; Rémy Tremblay (2007). Perspectives on Ottawa's High-tech Sector. Peter Lang. pp. 43–71. ISBN 978-90-5201-370-1. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  209. Jones, Allison (8 February 2017). "Canada Census 2016: Ontario growth still slowing, but those who went West might soon be back". National Post. Toronto. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  210. "2006 City of Ottawa Health Status Report" (PDF). Ottawa Public Health. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  211. "City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006". Ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  212. "OCRI | Life Sciences". Ocri.ca. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  213. "City of Ottawa – 40. Major Employers in City of Ottawa, 2006". Ottawa.ca. 2008. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  214. "Ottawa's Vital Signs 2010" (PDF). Community Foundation of Ottawa. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  215. "CanaData – The Industrial Structure of Canada's Major City Labour Markets" (PDF). Reed Construction Data. November 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  216. "City of Ottawa – Compensation". ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  217. "Full-time Equivalent (FTE) Count - 2019". open.ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  218. "About Us". www.ottawapolice.ca. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  219. ^ City of Ottawa (May 2009). "Annual Development Report 2008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  220. ^ City of Ottawa (2021). "2020 Annual Development Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  221. ^ "City of Ottawa ups spending on its rural economy". Ottawa Business Journal. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  222. Khamsehzadeh, Armin. "Ottawa Economy". Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  223. "Find a Newspaper". News Media Canada. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  224. "Ottawa Newspapers". www.all-about-ottawa.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  225. "Cjroradio | Ottawa | Community Radio station". cjroradio. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  226. "Nouvelles d'Ottawa-Gatineau, météo et plus | ICI Radio-Canada.ca". Radio-Canada (in French). Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  227. "Watch CTV News | Local Video | CTV News Ottawa". ottawa.ctvnews.ca. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  228. "About CPAC". CPAC. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  229. "Canadian Broadcasting Centre | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  230. "Ocdsb-About Ocdsb". Ocdsb.ca. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  231. "Ottawa Catholic School Board". Ottawacatholicschools.ca. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  232. "CECCE: Liste des écoles". Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est. 21 May 2004. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  233. "Accueil". Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  234. "Ottawa Private Schools | Our Kids". www.ourkids.net. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  235. "Notes from the Ottawa Room... The Carnegie Library – Ottawa's First Public Library – 100 Years Old on April 30, 2006". Ottawa Public Library. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  236. "Strategic Directions and Priorities 2008–2011" (PDF). Ottawa Public Library. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  237. "Annual Report - 2021 | Ottawa Public Library". biblioottawalibrary.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  238. "Quick Facts About Ottawa". City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  239. Zakaluzny, Roman. "Where must Ottawa's tech sector go from here?". Ottawa Business Journal. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
  240. "2014 University Rankings: Comprehensive results". Maclean's. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  241. Trick, David (2015). "Affiliated and Federated Universities as Sources of University Differentation" (PDF). Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  242. "University of Ottawa – Quick Facts 2014" (PDF). University of Ottawa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  243. "U15 Submission to the Expert Review Panel on Research and Development" (PDF). Review of Federal Support to R&D. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  244. "Colleges in Ontario". ontariocolleges.ca. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  245. Canada, Global Affairs (6 September 2018). "Map of colleges and universities". www.educanada.ca. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  246. "Finding healthcare". City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  247. "Affiliated Teaching Hospitals". uOttawa.ca. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  248. Hale 2011, pp. 59–60.
  249. Hale 2011, pp. 61–68.
  250. Arthur Bousfield; Garry Toffoli (1989). Royal spring: the royal tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-55002-065-6. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  251. J. L. Granatstein (21 March 2005). The last good war: an illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945. Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-55054-913-3. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  252. Ruth Solski (2006). Big Book of Canadian Celebrations: Grades 4–6. S&S Learning Materials. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-55035-851-3. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  253. Douglas Ord (2003). The National Gallery of Canada: ideas, art, architecture. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-7735-2509-2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  254. Derek Hayes (2008). Canada: an illustrated history. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  255. "Princess Di across Canada". Globe and Mail. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  256. "Royal tour begins with unhurried walkabout". The Chronicle-Herald. Halifax NS. The Canadian Press. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  257. "Andrew King: For Our Eyes Only, tracking Bond in Ottawa". ottawacitizen. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  258. "Heritage Designation Program". City of Ottawa. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  259. Hale 2011, p. 60.
  260. "NAC History". National Arts Centre. 17 March 1970. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  261. "Great Canadian Theatre Company". Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  262. "City of Ottawa – Museums and History". City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  263. "National Gallery of Canada – Ottawa Tourism Official Site". Ottawatourism.ca. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  264. "WarMuseum.ca – About the Museum – Mission". Civilization.ca. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  265. Canada (19 January 2011). "Museum History | Canadian Museum of Nature". Nature.ca. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  266. CBC News Ottawa (2012). "Museum of Nature to transform into nightclub". Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  267. "Rare blue whale skeleton on display at Ottawa's Canadian Museum of Nature". thestar.com. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  268. "Ottawa's official food: What dish defines us?". CBC News. CBC. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  269. Deachman, Bruce. "Shawarma: the staple of Ottawa cuisine". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  270. Gankina, Sonya. "Ottawa Pizza Podcast celebrates the uniqueness of Ottawa-style pizza". Apt 613. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  271. "Le Cordon Bleu". Le Cordon Bleu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  272. Buckland, Jason (4 July 2010). "2. Winterlude – Biggest festivals in Canada". Money.ca.msn.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  273. "Ottawa Bluesfest". Ottawa-Information-Guide. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  274. Clapperton, Nina. "Ottawa Tulip Festival". Nina Out and About. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  275. "2010 IFEA World Festival & Event City Award". International Festivals and Events Association. 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  276. Don Weekes; Kerry Banks (2002). The Unofficial Guide to Hockey's Most Unusual Records. Greystone Books. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-1-55054-942-3. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  277. Donkin, Karissa (12 November 2023). "A new era". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  278. "Political hurdles all but cleared for team to hit field in 2013". Toronto Sun – Sports. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  279. "Stadium Profile". Atlético Ottawa. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  280. "Ottawa Blackjacks to leap into action next spring". CBC News. 20 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  281. "Ottawa SkyHawks kicked out of National Basketball League of Canada". CBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  282. "Ottawa Stadium | Ottawa Titans Baseball Club". ottawatitans.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  283. "Ottawa Champions left off new league's 2020 roster". CBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  284. "- NATIONALLY RANKED MEN'S TEAMS PREVAIL". Canada Basketball. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  285. Baines, Tim. "DYNASTY? There's nothing quite like what Carleton Ravens men's basketball team has done". Ottawa Sun. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  286. "National Top Ten Update: Five teams remain ranked". 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  287. Mark Kearney; Randy Ray (2009). The Big Book of Canadian Trivia. Dundurn Press. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-1-55488-417-9. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  288. ^ "Sports and Outdoor". City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  289. "2025 IRONMAN Canada - Ottawa - Sunday, August 3, 2025". Triathlons, marathons, half-marathons, mountain bike & running races. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  290. Enid Slack; Rupak Chattopadhyay (2009). Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-3565-7. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  291. "Ontario Municipalities | AMO". www.amo.on.ca. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  292. "Mayor and City Councillors | City of Ottawa". ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  293. ^ Tony L. Hill (2002). Canadian politics, riding by riding: an in-depth analysis of Canada's 301 federal electoral districts. Prospect Park Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-9723436-0-2. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  294. Piper, Jillian (21 September 2021). "In stand-pat federal vote, Ottawa remains Liberal stronghold". Capital Current. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  295. "Former Ottawa Centre MP Paul Dewar: 1963-2019". ottawacitizen. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  296. ^ "Heads of Missions". W01.international.gc.ca. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  297. ^ "About OC Transpo". OC Transpo. 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  298. "Our services". OC Transpo. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  299. "Expanding O-Train service". OC Transpo. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  300. "Vehicles". OC Transpo. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  301. "Stage 2 Ottawa". Stage2lrt.ca. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  302. ^ "Service types". OC Transpo. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  303. "Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch". CBC. 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  304. Laura Purdom; Donald Carroll; Robert Holmes (2003). Traveler's Companion Eastern Canada. Globe Pequot. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7627-2332-4. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  305. "Tremblay". OC Transpo. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  306. "Ottawa train station". Via Rail Canada. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  307. "Fallowfield train station". Via Rail Canada. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  308. "Bus Stops | megabus". ca.megabus.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  309. "Ottawa Agency - Change in Pick-Up and Drop-off | Ontario Northland". ontarionorthland.ca. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  310. "Autobus Gatineau Schedule - Grand Remous / Ottawa - Ottawa / Grand Remous". autobusgatineau.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  311. "Travelling from Montreal to Ottawa". Orleans Express. 9 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  312. Highway, Trans-Canada. "Ontario Trans-Canada Highway itineraries and towns". Trans-Canada Highway. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  313. "Ontario Highway 416 History - The King's Highways of Ontario". www.thekingshighway.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  314. "Story Map Series". ncc-ccn.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  315. "Confederation Boulevard, National Capital Commission Web site". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  316. "Transportation Environment & Sustainability". Ottawa Insights. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  317. "Statistics – Ottawa Counts". Ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  318. "Capital Pathway Strategic Plan". NCC-CCN. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  319. ^ "Cycling Network Information". Ottawa.ca. City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016.
  320. "Sparks Street". NCC Watch. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  321. "The Capital Pathway". National Capital Commission. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  322. "ByWard Market Public Realm Plan". City of Ottawa. 1 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  323. "HistoricPlaces.ca - Capital BIXI Takes Ottawa: Pedal into the Past!". www.historicplaces.ca. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  324. "Ottawa parks the return of a bike-sharing program on city streets". Ottawa. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.

Bibliography

External links

Places adjacent to Ottawa
Arnprior Quebec Pontiac, Gatineau
Ottawa River		 Quebec Lochaber-Partie-Ouest
Ottawa River
Mississippi Mills
Beckwith
Montague		 Ottawa Clarence-Rockland
Merrickville-Wolford North Grenville, North Dundas Russell, The Nation
City of Ottawa
History
Geography
Culture
Public services
Education
Government
Transportation and
infrastructure
Features
Links to related articles
Landmarks in Ottawa
National
and historical
Museums
Entertainment
and festivals
Sports
Parks and
natural landmarks
Shopping
Architecture
and infrastructure
Neighbourhoods
Subdivisions of Ontario
Counties
Districts
Regional municipalities
Single-tier municipalities
Separated municipalities
Regions
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
ABEdmonton
BCVictoria
MBWinnipeg
NBFredericton
NLSt. John's
NSHalifax
ONToronto
PECharlottetown
QCQuebec City
SKRegina
Territories:
NT Yellowknife
NU Iqaluit
YT Whitehorse
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size
Capitals of North America
Dependent territories are in italics
Great Lakes megalopolis as defined by the RPA
Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.
Great Lakes region cities
Surrounding cities
Cities of states south of region
Other metro-regions
Other megaregions
Categories:
Ottawa: Difference between revisions Add topic