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{{Year dab|1709}}
]: ] - ''']''' - ]
{{Year nav|1709}}
]: ]: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive ]]]
{{C18 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1709}} In the ] it was a ], one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


== Events ==
]: ] ] ] ] ] - ''']''' - ] ] ] ] ]
<onlyinclude>


=== January&ndash;March ===
Years: ] ] ] ] ] - '''1709''' - ] ] ] ] ]
* ] &ndash; ]: The ] capture ], the capital of the ] ].
* ] &ndash; Western Europe's ], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "." '']'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and ] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the ].
* ] &ndash; ] successfully produces ] using ] at his ] ] in ], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* ] or ] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain ] encounters marooned privateer ], and rescues him after four years living on one of the ], inspiring ]'s novel '']''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking ], he and Selkirk will visit the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] becomes the sixth '']'' of the ] of ], after the death of the shōgun ], who had been head of government since 1680.
* ] &ndash; In America, ] is celebrated one more time with '']'' in the capital of ], ], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the ] to ] in ].
* ] &ndash; ] reports the first production of ] in Europe, at ].


=== April&ndash;June ===
----
* ] &ndash; The ] becomes law in the French colony of ], legalizing slavery.
'''Events'''
* ] &ndash; ] takes control of ] (in Afghanistan) by murdering the ] governor, ], known also as George XI.
*] - ] is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book '']'' by ]
* ] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor ] families of ] from the ] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref> Most of them are ] ''en route'' to the ] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* ] - ] - In the ], ] defeats ] at ] thus effectively ending ]'s role as a major power in ].
* ] &ndash; ] becomes the new ] (]) upon the death of his grandfather, ], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, ]
*] ascends to the throne of ]
* ] &ndash; The ], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and ] natives on the British ] outpost at ] on ]. ], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a ] reserve in the Canadian province of ].
* ] &ndash; A ] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of ] and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King ] and Saxony's King ].


=== July&ndash;December ===
'''Births'''
* ] (] ]; June 28 in the ]) &ndash; ]: ] in the ] (]) &ndash; ] leads forces of the ] to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under ], ending the ] and effectively ending ]'s role as a major power in Europe.
*] - ], German naturalist (&dagger; ])
* ] &ndash; ] of ] is executed in ] for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern ] executed for murder based exclusively on ], and he maintains his innocence to the last.
*] - Princess ], later reigning Emperess of Russia
* ] &ndash; Production of ] is begun by perfumier ] in Germany, founding ].
* ] &ndash; ]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in ].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]'s ] ] after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the ].
* ] &ndash; ]: ] is captured by ] and ].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* ] &ndash; The ] of ] flies in Portugal.
* ] &ndash; ] is crowned King of ].
* ] (August 31 ]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: ] &ndash; Troops of the ], ], the ] and the ], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* ] &ndash; ]: The British army captures ].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] in Mexico is founded.
* ] – The Chinese region of ] is shaken by a ] killing more than 2,000 people.
* ] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the ] carrying over 4,000 people.
* ] &ndash; The first performance of the opera '']'' by ] takes place at the ] in ].<ref>Dean, Winton; and ] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>


=== Date unknown ===
'''Deaths'''
* ], an ancient town in ], ], Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of ] in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
*]
* The first modern edition of ]'s plays is published in ], ] ].
* The first ] is exhibited in ] by its inventor ], who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
* A collapsible ] is introduced in ].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] is founded as the ] of ], in New York City.
* The second ], erected off the south west coast of England by ], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by ] philosopher ].
* Priceless medieval ]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor ], are destroyed.
* ] becomes ] ].<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first=David |date=2019|chapter=West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge|page=812|editor1=Daniel King}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>


== Births ==
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]
<!-- ] born ]]] -->
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]
] born ]]]
]

]
=== January&ndash;March ===
]
* ] &ndash; ], British autobiographer (d. ])
]
* ] &ndash; ], operator of a ferry service at ] in the United States (d. ])
]
* ]
** ], Italian cardinal (d. ])
** ] (d. ])
** ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] French writer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], British politician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French physician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swedish political salonnière (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French inventor of mechanical automata (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] American missionary, ], schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ]
** ], English clergyman (d. ])
** ], German botanist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian professor of natural philosophy (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swiss mathematician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (d. ])

=== April&ndash;June ===
* ] &ndash; ], farmer, local official, and Massachusetts legislator (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], lawyer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French dramatist and songwriter (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian-born astronomer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German-Danish diplomat (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], doctor of philosophy, priest of the Society of Jesus, and teacher (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Genevan physician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Welsh Moravian worker and activist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d. ])
* ]
** ], English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (d. ])
** ], English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German portrait painter (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], farmer (d. ])

=== July&ndash;September ===
* ] &ndash; ], Italian painter active mainly in the Valselsia (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English property developer and slave owner (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French architect (d. ])
* ]
** ], Italian Cardinal who served as Bishop of Imola (d. ])
** ], German philosopher (d. ])
** ], Italian painter (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], grammarian (d. ])
* ]
** ], German monk and musician (d. ])
** ], German naturalist (d. ])
** ], seventh ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French man of letters and erudition (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], British noble (d. ])
* ]
** ], Danish theologian and bishop (d. ])
** ], English judge, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1766–1771) (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], officer of the Royal Navy (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French priest and martyr (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French poet and dramatist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German Benedictine (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swiss painter (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Edo period (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], ] of ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English poet, biographer, essayist, and lexicographer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], soldier (d. ])

=== October&ndash;December ===
* ]
** ], British-Danish industrialist (d. ])
** ], Italian painter of the Rococo or late-Baroque period (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], British landowner and Tory MP (d. ])
* ]
** ], Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. ])
** ], English clergyman (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Scottish nobleman (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Irish peer and politician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German historian (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (d. ])
* ]
** ], German musician and composer (d. ])
** ], Dutch historian (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German Jesuit writer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], leader in the American Revolution (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ]
* ] &ndash; ], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], art of the Acadian and ] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. ])
* ]
** ], rector of the Latin school of Wageningen, The Netherlands, and writer of Greek and Latin grammars (d. ])
** ], British military officer who (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], empress regnant of Russia (d. ])
* ]
** ], MP (d. ])
** ], ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Austrian-German painter (d. ])

== Deaths ==
* ] &ndash; ], French confessor of ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English politician (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English admiral (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian composer (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French general (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German artist (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swedish theologian (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Japanese shōgun (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English diplomat (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Dutch mathematician (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French painter (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German nobleman (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Tyrolean Catholic bishop (b. ])
* ]
** ], Persian Governor of Kandahar (b. ])
** ], Prince of Savoy (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ] from 1677 until his death (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Welsh scientist (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English settler in Virginia (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German princess (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French comic poet (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Swedish poet (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Hetman of Ukraine (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German Baroque composer and writer (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English mistress of ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English nobleman (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Dutch painter (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English noble (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Austrian preacher (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Dutch painter (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French dramatist (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Corneille {{!}} French dramatist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Corneille |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English politician (b. ])
* ]
** ], French philosopher and theologian (b. ])
** ], English statesman (b. ])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; ], ] (b. c. ])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; ], ] ] (b. ])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1709}}
]

Latest revision as of 22:23, 15 January 2025

Calendar year
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
July 8: Great Northern War: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive Battle of Poltava
1709 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1115–1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4406 or 4199
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4407 or 4200
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Calendar year

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January–March

April–June

July–December

Date unknown


Births

Teresia Constantia Phillips born 2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born 30 April
Théodore Tronchin born 24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born 8 August
Ludvig Harboe born 16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born 16 August
Jagat Singh II born 17 September
Samuel Johnson born 18 September

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Deaths

References

  1. Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
  9. Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  10. Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
  11. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  12. Dean, Winton; and J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
  13. "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  14. Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
  15. Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
  16. "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
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