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| {{Short description|Volcanic crater in the Kuril Islands, Russia}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} | |||
| {{Use British English|date=January 2025}} | |||
| {{Infobox mountain | {{Infobox mountain | ||
| | name = Zavaritski Caldera | | name = Zavaritski Caldera | ||
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| | prominence_m = | | prominence_m = | ||
| | location = ], ], ] | | location = ], ], ] | ||
| | coordinates = {{coord|46 |
| coordinates = {{coord|46|55|N|151|57|E|type:mountain}} | ||
| | map = Russia Far Eastern Federal District | | map = Russia Far Eastern Federal District | ||
| | map_caption = Zavaritski Caldera in Russian Far East | | map_caption = Zavaritski Caldera in Russian Far East | ||
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| | first_ascent = | | first_ascent = | ||
| | easiest_route = | | easiest_route = | ||
| | mapframe = yes | |||
| | mapframe-wikidata = yes | |||
| | mapframe-zoom = 12 | |||
| | mapframe-frame-height = 260 | |||
| | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Zavaritski Caldera''' ({{ |
'''{{langr|ru-la|Zavaritski}} Caldera''' ({{langx|ru|Вулкан Заварицкого}}, {{transl|ru|Vulkan Zavaritskogo}}), also spelled "{{langr|ru-la|Zavaritskii}}" and "{{langr|ru-la|Zavaritsky}}", is a ] system located in the centre of ], in the central ], Russia. The volcano is named after {{langr|ru-la|Alexander Nikolayevich Zavaritski}}, a scientist of the ]. | ||
| ==Geology== | |||
| The volcano is named after Alexander Nikolayevich Zavaritski, scientist of the ]. | |||
| The Zavaritski volcano contains three nested calderas, measuring {{convert|3|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=off}}, {{cvt|8|km|sigfig=1}} and {{cvt|10|km|sigfig=1}} in diameter. The youngest caldera, which is partially filled by Lake {{langr|ru-la|Biryuzovoe}}, was formed during the ] and features several young ] and ]. The lake surface sits at an elevation of {{convert|40|m|sigfig=1|abbr=off}} above sea level, with the lake bottom at {{val|30|u=m}} ''below'' sea level. Lake sediments overlying ] deposits indicate that a previous caldera lake surface existed {{cvt|200|m|sigfig=1}} above sea level. | |||
| The last reported explosive eruption was recorded in November 1957. This destroyed a {{cvt|500|m|mi|frac=3|adj=on}} diameter cone<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gorshkov|first1=G S|title=Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields|date=1958|publisher=International Volcanological Association|location=Rome IAVCEI|pages=1–99|edition=7}}</ref> that reportedly grew pre-eruption and had formed a peninsula extending into the lake from the northeast caldera wall. The eruption filled the northwest section of the lake, including the emplacement of a {{cvt|350|m|mi|frac=4|adj=on}} wide, {{cvt|40|m|sigfig=1|adj=on}} high dome. | |||
| ==1831 eruption== | |||
| Research indicates that {{langr|ru-la|Zavaritski}} Caldera may have been the source of a high-magnitude explosive eruption that occurred in 1831, during the ] summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hutchison|first1=William|last2=Sugden|first2=Patrick|last3=Burke|first3=Andrea|last4=Abbott|first4=Peter|last5=Ponomareva|first5=Vera V.|last6=Dirksen|first6=Oleg|last7=Portnyagin|first7=Maxim V.|last8=MacInnes|first8=Breanyn|last9=Bourgeois|first9=Joanne |last10=Fitzhugh |first10=Ben|last11=Verkerk|first11=Magali|last12=Aubry|first12=Thomas J.|last13=Engwell|first13=Samantha L.|last14=Svensson|first14=Anders|last15=Chellman|first15=Nathan J.|last16=McConnell|first16=Joseph R.|last17=Davies|first17=Siwan|last18=Sigl|first18=Michael|last19=Plunkett|first19=Gill|title=The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=7 January 2025|volume=122|issue=1|pages=e2416699122|doi=10.1073/pnas.2416699122|display-authors=5|lang=en|doi-access=free|pmid=39793052 |pmc=11725861 }}</ref> | |||
| Evidence for the eruption includes ] peaks in polar ] and from historical observations of atmospheric phenomena in Japanese records (such as observations of an abnormally colored sun). It is thought that the mass injection of sulfur from the eruption caused Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of {{convert|0.5|–|1.0|C-change|0}}, coincided with fluctuations in the Indian and African ], and preceded major famines (including the ]. However, the source of this major eruption has remained a mystery. | |||
| The researchers, led by volcanologist William Hutchison, conducted ] analyses of several Greenland ice cores. They found, coinciding with the sulphate peaks from the 1831 eruption, microscopic layers of ] that chemically matched deposits from the most recent ] {{langr|ru-la|Zavaritski}} eruption, dated to the early 19th century. Modelling suggests that the eruption could have been a ]-magnitude eruption event. The reconstructed ] of the eruption is comparable to the ], and may account for the climatic cooling observed between 1831–1833. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * {{cite gvp|vn=290180|name=Zavaritzki Caldera}} | * {{cite gvp|vn=290180|name=Zavaritzki Caldera}} | ||
| * Aerial image retrieve from on 19 April 2007. | * Aerial image retrieve from on 19 April 2007. | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| {{SakhalinOblast-geo-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 07:52, 17 January 2025
Volcanic crater in the Kuril Islands, Russia
| Zavaritski Caldera | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 624 m (2,047 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°55′N 151°57′E / 46.917°N 151.950°E / 46.917; 151.950 |
| Geography | |
  Zavaritski CalderaZavaritski Caldera in Russian Far East
| |
| Location | Simushir, Kuril Islands, Russia |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Caldera |
| Last eruption | November to December 1957 |
Zavaritski Caldera (Russian: Вулкан Заварицкого, Vulkan Zavaritskogo), also spelled "Zavaritskii" and "Zavaritsky", is a caldera system located in the centre of Simushir island, in the central Kuril Islands, Russia. The volcano is named after Alexander Nikolayevich Zavaritski, a scientist of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
Geology
The Zavaritski volcano contains three nested calderas, measuring 3 kilometres (2 miles), 8 km (5 mi) and 10 km (6 mi) in diameter. The youngest caldera, which is partially filled by Lake Biryuzovoe, was formed during the Holocene and features several young volcanic cones and lava domes. The lake surface sits at an elevation of 40 metres (100 feet) above sea level, with the lake bottom at 30 m below sea level. Lake sediments overlying pumice deposits indicate that a previous caldera lake surface existed 200 m (700 ft) above sea level.
The last reported explosive eruption was recorded in November 1957. This destroyed a 500 m (1⁄3 mi) diameter cone that reportedly grew pre-eruption and had formed a peninsula extending into the lake from the northeast caldera wall. The eruption filled the northwest section of the lake, including the emplacement of a 350 m (1⁄4 mi) wide, 40 m (100 ft) high dome.
1831 eruption
Research indicates that Zavaritski Caldera may have been the source of a high-magnitude explosive eruption that occurred in 1831, during the Northern Hemisphere summer.
Evidence for the eruption includes sulfate peaks in polar ice cores and from historical observations of atmospheric phenomena in Japanese records (such as observations of an abnormally colored sun). It is thought that the mass injection of sulfur from the eruption caused Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of 0.5–1.0 °C (1–2 °F), coincided with fluctuations in the Indian and African monsoons, and preceded major famines (including the Guntur famine of 1832. However, the source of this major eruption has remained a mystery.
The researchers, led by volcanologist William Hutchison, conducted geochemical analyses of several Greenland ice cores. They found, coinciding with the sulphate peaks from the 1831 eruption, microscopic layers of tephra that chemically matched deposits from the most recent Plinian Zavaritski eruption, dated to the early 19th century. Modelling suggests that the eruption could have been a VEI 5/6-magnitude eruption event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of the eruption is comparable to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, and may account for the climatic cooling observed between 1831–1833.
See also
References
- Gorshkov, G S (1958). Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields (7 ed.). Rome IAVCEI: International Volcanological Association. pp. 1–99.
- Hutchison, William; Sugden, Patrick; Burke, Andrea; Abbott, Peter; Ponomareva, Vera V.; et al. (7 January 2025). "The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122 (1): e2416699122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2416699122. PMC 11725861. PMID 39793052.
External links
- "Zavaritzki Caldera". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- Aerial image retrieve from NASA Technical Reports Server on 19 April 2007.
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