R-37 (missile): Difference between revisions

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	{{Short description\|Russian long range~~, hypersonic~~ air-to-air ~~BVR~~ missile}}		{{Short description\|Russian long-range air-to-air missile}}
	{{Infobox weapon		{{Infobox weapon
	\| name = Vympel R-37M<small><br />]: AA-13 Axehead</small>		\| name = Vympel R-37M<small><br />]: AA-13 Axehead</small>
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	\| caption = R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow		\| caption = R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow
	\| origin = Russia		\| origin = Russia
	\| type = Long range~~, ]~~ ] ]		\| type = Long-range ] missile
	<!-- Type selection -->\| is_missile = yes		<!-- Type selection -->\| is_missile = yes
	<!-- Service history -->\| service = 2019		<!-- Service history -->\| service = 2019
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	}}		}}

	The '''] R-37''' (]: '''AA-13 "Axehead"''')<ref name="DT">{{citation\|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific\|journal=Defence Today\|page=67\|date=May 2005\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|archive-date=26 January 2009\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a Russian ] ] ~~with very long range~~. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, ''izdeliye'' 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi".<ref name="Janes">{{cite web\|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - BEYOND VISUAL RANGE\|website=janes.com\|date=12 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|archive-date=14 September 2008\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was developed from the ].		The '''] R-37''' (]: '''AA-13 Axehead''')<ref name="DT">{{citation\|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific\|journal=Defence Today\|page=67\|date=May 2005\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|archive-date=26 January 2009\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a Russian long-range ]. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, ''izdeliye'' 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi".<ref name="Janes">{{cite web\|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - BEYOND VISUAL RANGE\|website=janes.com\|date=12 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|archive-date=14 September 2008\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was developed from the ].

	It is designed to shoot down tankers, ] and other ] aircraft<ref name="DT" /> while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target. The missile is also effective against fighter aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/23/russias-best-missile-can-hit-ukrainian-jets-from-80-miles-away-but-ukrainian-pilots-know-how-to-dodge/?sh=80438607efcb\|title=Russia's best missile can hit Ukrainian jets from 80 miles away}}</ref>		It is designed to shoot down tankers, ] and other ] aircraft<ref name="DT" /> while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target.

	According to Janes there are two variants, the '''R-37''' and the '''R-37M'''; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm).<ref name="Janes" /> In 2023, ] introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated '''RVV-BD'''. It has a launch range of up to {{Convert\|200\|km\|mi nmi}} and maximum altitude of {{Convert\|25\|km\|ft}} with a {{Convert\|60\|kg\|lb}} ]. The missile is compatible with ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-08-25 \|title=RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYOu38oJZ1c&t=78s \|website=] \|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile \|url=https://fsvts.gov.ru/catalog/765.en.html \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=]}}</ref>		According to Janes there are two variants, the '''R-37''' and the '''R-37M'''; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm).<ref name="Janes" /> In 2023, ] introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated '''RVV-BD'''. It has a launch range of up to {{Convert\|200\|km\|mi nmi}} and maximum altitude of {{Convert\|25\|km\|ft}} with a {{Convert\|60\|kg\|lb}} ]. The missile is compatible with ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-08-25 \|title=RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYOu38oJZ1c&t=78s \|website=] \|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile \|url=https://fsvts.gov.ru/catalog/765.en.html \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=]}}</ref>

	==Design==		==Design==
	The R-37 was developed from the ]. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the ]'s sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B-1388 active seeker.<ref name="DT" /> Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage<ref name="DT" /> on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.		The R-37 was developed from the ]. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the ]'s sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the ] active seeker.<ref name="DT" /> Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage<ref name="DT" /> on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.

	Mid-body strakes enhance lift<ref name="DT" /> and hence increase range. According to ], the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert\|80\|nmi\|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert\|215\|nmi\|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" />		Mid-body strakes enhance lift<ref name="DT" /> and hence increase range. According to ], the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert\|80\|nmi\|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert\|215\|nmi\|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" />

	The '''R-37M''' designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh ~~Bolyshoy~~ Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5).<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)\|work=N+1\|url=http://vympelmkb.com/production/production/upravlyaemye-rakety/aviatsionnaya-upravlyaemaya-raketa-rvv-bd/}}</ref> It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and ] and ] multirole fighters.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36899/russian-air-to-air-missile-tests-signal-potential-new-capabilities-for-flanker-and-felon\|title=Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon\|first=Thomas\|last=Newdick\|date=October 5, 2020\|website=The Drive}}</ref> ~~It is not known whether the long-range air-to-air missile for the Su-57, designated as ''Izdeliye 810'', is a derivative of the R-37M.{{citation needed\|date=November 2020}}~~		The '''R-37M''' designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5).<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)\|work=N+1\|url=http://vympelmkb.com/production/production/upravlyaemye-rakety/aviatsionnaya-upravlyaemaya-raketa-rvv-bd/}}</ref> It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and ] and ] multirole fighters.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36899/russian-air-to-air-missile-tests-signal-potential-new-capabilities-for-flanker-and-felon\|title=Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon\|first=Thomas\|last=Newdick\|date=October 5, 2020\|website=The Drive}}</ref>

			A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su-57, designated as ''Izdeliye 810'', has folding rear fins, shorter strakes, and updated seeker and motor.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Butowski \|first=Piotr \|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/missile-defense-weapons/model-reveals-new-russian-air-air-missile-sukhoi-su-57 \|title=Model Reveals New Russian Air-To-Air Missile For The Sukhoi Su-57 \|date=7 February 2024 \|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

	The missile can attack targets at altitudes of {{convert\|15\|–\|25\|km\|ft}}, guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.missiles.ru/RVV-BD.htm\|title=Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД\|website=missile.ru\|date=October 2011\|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>		The missile can attack targets at altitudes of {{convert\|15\|–\|25\|km\|ft}}, guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.missiles.ru/RVV-BD.htm\|title=Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД\|website=missile.ru\|date=October 2011\|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>
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	In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|title=New Russian long-range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models - Jane's 360\|website=janes.com\|date=9 July 2018\|access-date=4 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713203827/http://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|archive-date=13 July 2018\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/52503\|title = Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 \| Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"}}</ref>		In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|title=New Russian long-range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models - Jane's 360\|website=janes.com\|date=9 July 2018\|access-date=4 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713203827/http://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|archive-date=13 July 2018\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/52503\|title = Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 \| Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"}}</ref>

	On October 19, 2022, Russian, and subsequently Indian media claimed that the ]
	] shot down a Ukrainian ] using the R-37M missile.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/first-kill-russian-su-57-stealth-fighter-downs-ukrainian-su-27-jet/?amp\|title=First Kill? Russian Su-57 Stealth Fighter Downs Ukrainian Su-27 Jet With New Long-Range Missile – Media Claims\|website=eurasiantimes.com\|date=October 19, 2022\|language=English}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2022}}<ref>{{cite web \|title=Extreme Range Kill on Ukraine's Top Fighter Was a Su-57, Not an Air Defence System - Reports \|url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/extreme-range-su57-su-27-kill-reports \|website=Military Watch Magazine \|access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

	] reports have recorded the ] carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two ] in the central wing pylon, two ]s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the ]s between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a ] ].		] reports have recorded the ] carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two ] in the central wing pylon, two ]s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the ]s between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a ] ].

	===Operational history===		===Operational history===
	The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the ]. During the ], MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence\|title=The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence\|website=RUSI\|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/08/russias-mig-31-crews-are-shooting-at-ukrainian-pilots-from-a-hundred-miles-away-and-the-ukrainians-cant-shoot-back/?sh=500728d65d06\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back\|website=Forbes\|date=8 November 2022}}</ref> The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the ] missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, ] give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".		The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the ]. During the ], MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37.<ref>https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence</ref> By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence\|title=The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence\|website=RUSI\|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/08/russias-mig-31-crews-are-shooting-at-ukrainian-pilots-from-a-hundred-miles-away-and-the-ukrainians-cant-shoot-back/?sh=500728d65d06\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back\|website=Forbes\|date=8 November 2022}}</ref> The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the ] missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, ] give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".

	A report by the ] states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the ] in mid 2022.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft\|date=10 November 2022\| ~~author1~~= Piotr ~~Butowski~~\|~~author2~~= Thomas Newdick\|title=~~Russia’s~~ MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft		A report by the ] (RUSI) states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the ] in mid 2022.<ref name=td1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft \|date=10 November 2022\| first1= Piotr \|last1=Butowski \|first2=Thomas \|last2=Newdick \|title=Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft \|website=The Drive\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
	\|website=The Drive\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

	In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The ~~Royal United Services Institute~~ stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~=~~https:~~//www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft\|date=10 November 2022\| author= Piotr Butowski, Thomas Newdick\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft\|website=The Drive\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/30/ukraines-pilots-are-flying-into-battle-with-poor-missiles-its-one-reason-they-get-shot-down/?sh=64f0295515a0\|author= Forbes Staff\|title=Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down.\|website=Forbes\|date=30 April 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/12/fly-low-get-aggressive-how-ukrainian-pilots-fought-the-russian-air-force-to-a-standstill/?sh=373e8f7d2741\|author= David Axe\|title=Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill\|website=Forbes\|date=10 November 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-is-outfoxing-ukrainian-warplanes-with-its-foxhounds-mig-31/\|author= Sakshi Tiwari\|title=Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts\|website=EurAsian Times\|date=10 November 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sundries.com.ua/en/it-seems-that-the-russian-federation-lost-a-rare-mig-31-with-kinzhal-in-the-occupied-crimea-the-pilot-died/\|title=It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died\|website=Sundires\|date=8 October 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>		In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The RUSI stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."<ref name=td1/><ref name=fs1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/30/ukraines-pilots-are-flying-into-battle-with-poor-missiles-its-one-reason-they-get-shot-down/?sh=64f0295515a0\|author= Forbes Staff\|title=Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down. \|website=Forbes \|date=30 April 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=da1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/12/fly-low-get-aggressive-how-ukrainian-pilots-fought-the-russian-air-force-to-a-standstill/?sh=373e8f7d2741\|author= David Axe\|title=Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill \|website=Forbes \|date=10 November 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=eat1>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-is-outfoxing-ukrainian-warplanes-with-its-foxhounds-mig-31/ \|author= Sakshi Tiwari \|title=Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts \|website=EurAsian Times \|date=10 November 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=sund1>{{cite web\|url=https://sundries.com.ua/en/it-seems-that-the-russian-federation-lost-a-rare-mig-31-with-kinzhal-in-the-occupied-crimea-the-pilot-died/ \|title=It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died \|website=Sundires \|date=8 October 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

	In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.hngn.com/articles/246753/20230218/ukraine-acquires-wreckage-r-37m-russian-missile-used-attack.htm \|title= Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack		In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.hngn.com/articles/246753/20230218/ukraine-acquires-wreckage-r-37m-russian-missile-used-attack.htm \|title= Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack
	\|website= hngn.com \|date=18 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraine-seizes-scary-russian-r-37m-missile-wreckage-used/ \|title= Ukraine Seizes ~~‘Scary’~~ Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters\|website= Eurasian Times \|date=14 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>		\|website= hngn.com \|date=18 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraine-seizes-scary-russian-r-37m-missile-wreckage-used/ \|title= Ukraine Seizes 'Scary' Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters\|website= Eurasian Times \|date=14 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

	According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0313/092072121/detail.shtml\|title=ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса «воздух-воздух» показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей\|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>		According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0313/092072121/detail.shtml\|title=ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса "воздух-воздух" показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей\|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>

	According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current ~~missiles~~ and take evasive action.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/05/30/with-f-16s-ukrainian-pilots-can-finally-beat-back-russias-mig-31s/?ss=aerospace-defense&sh=de6e14c5c0b4\|title=With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back ~~Russia’s~~ MiG-31s\|website=Forbes.com\|author= David Axe		According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current mission and take evasive action.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/05/30/with-f-16s-ukrainian-pilots-can-finally-beat-back-russias-mig-31s/?ss=aerospace-defense&sh=de6e14c5c0b4\|title=With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back Russia's MiG-31s\|website=Forbes.com\|author= David Axe
	\|date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with ] fighter jets and ] missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/34271/Ukraine_Needs_a_Squadron_of_F_16s_to_Scare_Away_Russian_Jets#.ZHbxOi8RqqA\|title=Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets\|website=Defense Mirror\|date=29 May 2023}}</ref> However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the ] fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation ] radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as ] and ].<ref name="Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization \|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-discusses-f-16-modernization/		\|date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with ] fighter jets and ] missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/34271/Ukraine_Needs_a_Squadron_of_F_16s_to_Scare_Away_Russian_Jets#.ZHbxOi8RqqA\|title=Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets\|website=Defense Mirror\|date=29 May 2023}}</ref> However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the ] fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation ] radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as ] and ].<ref name="Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization \|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-discusses-f-16-modernization/
	\|publisher= Ukrainian Military Center \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets \|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/35479/Ukraine_Wants_Modern_Radar__Latest_Weapons_in_F_16s_Jets		\|publisher= Ukrainian Military Center \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets \|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/35479/Ukraine_Wants_Modern_Radar__Latest_Weapons_in_F_16s_Jets
	\|publisher= Defense Mirror \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Assessing Ukraine’s Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis">{{Cite web \|title=Assessing ~~Ukraine’s~~ Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis \|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/27052023-assessing-ukraines-air-defense-deterrent-analysis/		\|publisher= Defense Mirror \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Assessing Ukraine’s Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis">{{Cite web \|title=Assessing Ukraine's Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis \|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/27052023-assessing-ukraines-air-defense-deterrent-analysis/
	\|publisher= Eurasia Review \|date=27 May 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref>		\|publisher= Eurasia Review \|date=27 May 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref>

	In August 2023, the ] claimed that a R-37 missile had been used in an airstrike in ].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/shestero-poranenykh-za-dobu-politseiski-donechchyny-zibraly-dokazy-voiennykh-zlochyniv-rosii-proty-tsyvilnoho-naselennia \|title=Шестеро поранених за добу. Поліцейські Донеччини зібрали докази воєнних злочинів росії проти цивільного населення \|trans-title=Six wounded in a day. The police of Donetsk region collected evidence of Russian war crimes against the civilian population \|language=Ukrainian \|date=25 August 2023 \|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-54 Phoenix}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-152 AAAM}}
			* {{lwc\|RIM-174 Standard ERAM\|AIM-174B ERAM}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-260 JATM}}
	* ]
			* {{lwc\|Novator KS-172}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|PL-21}}
⚫	* ]
			* {{lwc\|PL-17}}
⚫	* ]
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Long-Range Engagement Weapon}}
⚫	* ]
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Meteor (missile)\|Meteor}}
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Astra (missile)\|Astra Mark 3}}

			== Gallery ==
			<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" heights="300">
			File:Army-2020-293.JPG\|RVV-BD
			File:MAKS2015part7-19.jpg\|RVV-BD
			</gallery>

	==References==		==References==
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	]		]
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Latest revision as of 20:10, 19 January 2025

Russian long-range air-to-air missile

Vympel R-37M NATO reporting name: AA-13 Axehead
R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow
Type	Long-range air-to-air missile
Place of origin	Russia
Service history
In service	2019
Used by	Russian Aerospace Forces
Production history
Designer	Tactical Missiles Corporation
Designed	1980s
Manufacturer	Vympel MKB
Produced	1985
Variants	R-37M (export: RVV-BD)
Specifications (R-37M approximation)
Mass	510 kilograms (1,120 lb)
Length	4.06 metres (13 ft 4 in)
Diameter	38 centimetres (15 in)
Wingspan	72 centimetres (28 in)
Warhead	HE, fragmention
Warhead weight	60 kg (135 lb)

Propellant	Boost-Sustain Solid Rocket
Operational range	150–400 km (93–249 mi) Up to 200 kilometres (120 mi) (RVV-BD)
Maximum speed	Mach 6 (7,400 km/h; 4,600 mph) 2,500 kilometres per hour (1,600 mph) (RVV-BD)
Guidance system	Inertial with mid-course update, semi-active and active radar homing

The Vympel R-37 (NATO reporting name: AA-13 Axehead) is a Russian long-range air-to-air missile. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, izdeliye 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi". It was developed from the R-33.

It is designed to shoot down tankers, AWACS and other C4ISTAR aircraft while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target.

According to Janes there are two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm). In 2023, Rosoboronexport introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated RVV-BD. It has a launch range of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi; 110 nmi) and maximum altitude of 25 kilometres (82,000 ft) with a 60 kilograms (130 lb) warhead. The missile is compatible with Sukhoi Su-57, Sukhoi Su-30, Sukhoi Su-35, Mikoyan MiG-31BM and Mikoyan MiG-35.

Design

The R-37 was developed from the R-33. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the MiG-31's sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B-1388 active seeker. Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.

Mid-body strakes enhance lift and hence increase range. According to Defence Today, the range depends on the flight profile, from 80 nautical miles (150 km) for a direct shot to 215 nautical miles (398 km) for a cruise glide profile.

The R-37M designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5). It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and Su-35S and Su-57 multirole fighters.

A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su-57, designated as Izdeliye 810, has folding rear fins, shorter strakes, and updated seeker and motor.

The missile can attack targets at altitudes of 15–25 kilometres (49,000–82,000 ft), guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.

History

The missile was designed in the early 1980s and first flown in 1989. Testing of the R-37 continued through the 1990s, and in 1994, a trial round scored a kill at a range of 162 nautical miles (300 km). However, the program appears to have been dropped around 1998 on grounds of cost.

Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006, as part of the MiG-31BM program to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.

In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.

Zvezda TV reports have recorded the Su-35 carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two R-73s in the central wing pylon, two R-77s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the hardpoints between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a Kh-31 anti-radiation missile.

Operational history

The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31. The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the R-27 missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, R-77 give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".

A report by the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the Belbek Air Base in mid 2022.

In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The RUSI stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."

In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.

According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.

According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current mission and take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with F-16 fighter jets and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37. However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the F-16 Block 20 MLU fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation AN/APG-66 radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as Irbis-E and N110M Bars-M.

Gallery

RVV-BD
RVV-BD

References

^ "Missiles in the Asia Pacific" (PDF), Defence Today: 67, May 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2009
^ "R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - BEYOND VISUAL RANGE". janes.com. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008.
"RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile". YouTube. Rosoboronexport. 2023-08-25.
"RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile". Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation (Russia). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
"The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)". N+1.
Newdick, Thomas (October 5, 2020). "Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon". The Drive.
Butowski, Piotr (7 February 2024). "Model Reveals New Russian Air-To-Air Missile For The Sukhoi Su-57". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
"Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД". missile.ru. October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
"New Russian long-range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models - Jane's 360". janes.com. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
"Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"".
https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence
"The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence". RUSI. 7 November 2022.
"Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back". Forbes. 8 November 2022.
^ Butowski, Piotr; Newdick, Thomas (10 November 2022). "Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft". The Drive. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
Forbes Staff (30 April 2022). "Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
David Axe (10 November 2022). "Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
Sakshi Tiwari (10 November 2022). "Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts". EurAsian Times. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
"It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died". Sundires. 8 October 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
"Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack". hngn.com. 18 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
"Ukraine Seizes 'Scary' Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters". Eurasian Times. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
"ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса "воздух-воздух" показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей". armstrade.org.
David Axe (30 May 2023). "With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back Russia's MiG-31s". Forbes.com.
"Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets". Defense Mirror. 29 May 2023.
"Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization". Ukrainian Military Center. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
"Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets". Defense Mirror. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
"Assessing Ukraine's Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

External links

R-37M/RVV-BD, Vympel MKB
R-37M

Russian and former Soviet aircraft ordnance

Missiles

Air-to-air	K-5 R-3 R-8 R-38 R-4 R-40 R-23 R-60 R-33 R-27 R-73 R-77 R-37
Air-to-surface	Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-45 Kh-58 Kh-59 LMUR
Anti-ship, cruise	KS-1 K-10S Kh-20 Kh-22 KSR-2 KSR-5 Kh-55 Kh-15 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-45 Kh-90
Anti-tank	3M6 Shmel 9M17 Fleyta 9M14 Malyutka 9K114 Shturm 9M120 Ataka 9K121 Vikhr

Rockets

Aerial bombs

Autocannons,
machine guns

7.62 mm	SIBEMAS PV-1 DA ShKAS Savin–Norov GShG-7.62
12.7 mm	ShVAK 12.7 mm Berezin UB Afanasev A-12.7 YakB-12.7
20 mm	Sh-3 ShVAK 20 mm Berezin B-20
23 mm	VYa-23 NS-23 NR-23 AM-23 R-23 GSh-23 GSh-6-23
30 mm	NR-30 GSh-30-1 GSh-30-2 GSh-6-30 2A42
37 mm	Sh-37 NS-37 N-37
45 mm	NS-45
57 mm	N-57/OKB-16-57 RShR-57/OKB-15-57

NATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missiles

Air-to-air
(full list)

Air-
to-surface
(full list)

Anti-tank
guided
(full list)

Surface-
to-air
(full list)

Ground- based	SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch SA-27 Gullum SA-29 Gizmo Morfey S-350 Sosna-R/RA
Naval- based	SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-NX-2C M-3 SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle SA-N-21 Greyhound 9K 96 Redut Palash/Palma
Anti- ballistic	ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle S-500 A-235

Surface-
to-surface
(full list)

Ground- based	SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D) SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-8B Sasin 2 SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-X-13 Savage SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Sickle C SS-X-30 Satan 2 SS-X-31 Sickle D SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B Avangard / HGV Yu-7# SS-X-33 Stone AN
Naval- based	14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh KS-1 Komet P-20 Sokol P-40 P-47 SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb D-6 D-6M D-7 R-15M SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 Serb SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-N-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skif R29RM SS-N-23A Skif SS-N-23B Skif SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-33 SS-NX-34 Skif SS-N-35 SS-N-36 SS-NX-37 SS-NX-38 Canyon
Ship- to-ship	10KhN SSC-1B Sepal Redut SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1 P-20 Sokol SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch SSC-3 Styx Rubezh SSC-4 Slingshot SSC-X-5 Scorpion SSC-6 Sennight SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728 SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729 SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54 SSC-13 BrahMos SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S SSC-7/12 3M-80MV SSC-X-11 "GZUR" SSC-X-15 Skif SSC-X-9 Stone AN Hermes M ATS Hermes K ATS

Russian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systems

Radar
systems

Land-based	A-100 P-3 P-8 P-10 P-12 P-14 P-15 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-30 P-35 P-37 P-40 P-50 P-70 P-80 P-100 Kabina 66 Kasta 2E RSN-225 Azov SNR-75 1S91 30N6 36D6 64N6 76N6 96L6E 9S15 9S19 9S32 Duga Dnestr Dnepr Daryal Dunay Volga Don-2N Voronezh Container
Ship-borne
Airborne	N001 N002 N005 N006 N007 N008 N010 N011 N012 N014 N019 N025 N035 N036

Missiles

ICBM	BZhRK GR-1 R-7 R-9 R-16 R-26 R-36 R-36M R-46 RS-24 RS-26 RT-2 RT-2PM RT-2PM2 RT-20 RT-21 RT-23 RS-28 Sarmat UR-100 UR-100MR UR-100N UR-200
IRBM	R-14 RSD-10 Oreshnik
MRBM	R-5 R-12 RT-15
SRBM	2K1 2K6 9K52 9K720 R-1 R-2 R-11 R-11A R-17 OTR-21 OTR-23 TR-1
SLBM	R-13 R-15 R-21 R-27 R-29 R-31 R-39 R-30
Surface-to-surface (cruise)	Burya RSS-40 3M-51 Alfa 3M-54 Kalibr 9M730 Burevestnik
Surface-to-surface (naval)	P-1 P-5 P-15 P-70 P-120 P-270 P-500 P-700 P-750 P-800 P-900 P-900A P-1000 RKV-500A RPK-2 RPK-6 RPK-7 URPK-3 URPK-4 URPK-5
Surface-to-air	2K11 Krug 2K12 Kub 2K22 Tunguska Kashtan CIWS 9K31 Strela-1 9K32 Strela-2 9K33 Osa 9K34 Strela-3 9K38 Igla/9K338 Igla-S 9K333 Verba 9K35 Strela-10 9K37 Buk 9K330 Tor Pantsir-S1 42S6 Morfey S-25 Berkut S-75 Dvina S-125 Neva/Pechora S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna S-300 S-350 (50R6) Vityaz S-400 Triumf S-500/55R6M Triumfator-M M-11 Shtorm Sosna-R
Air-to-surface	KSR-2 KSR-5 KS-1 K-10S Kh-11 Kh-15 Kh-20 Kh-22 Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-26 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-38 Kh-41 Kh-55 Kh-58 Kh-59 Kh-80 Kh-90 Kh-101 9M114V Shturm-V Hermes-A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
Air-to-air	K-5 R-3 R-4 R-8 R-23 R-27 R-33 R-37 R-38 R-40 R-60 R-73 R-77 R-172
Anti-tank	3M6 9K111 9K112 9K114 9K115 9K115-2 9K121 9M14 9M15 9M17 9M113 9M117 9M119 9M120 9M123 9M133 9M133M Kornet-M Kornet-D Hermes

Unguided
rockets

Air-launched	RP-1 RP-5 RP-6 RP-9 RP-15 RP-21 RS-82 RS-132
Rocket artillery	BM-14 BM-21 BM-24 BM-25 BM-27 BM-30 TOS-1 TOS-2

Engines

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	{{Short description\|Russian long range~~, hypersonic~~ air-to-air ~~BVR~~ missile}}		{{Short description\|Russian long-range air-to-air missile}}
	{{Infobox weapon		{{Infobox weapon
	\| name = Vympel R-37M<small><br />]: AA-13 Axehead</small>		\| name = Vympel R-37M<small><br />]: AA-13 Axehead</small>
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	\| caption = R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow		\| caption = R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow
	\| origin = Russia		\| origin = Russia
	\| type = Long range~~, ]~~ ] ]		\| type = Long-range ] missile
	<!-- Type selection -->\| is_missile = yes		<!-- Type selection -->\| is_missile = yes
	<!-- Service history -->\| service = 2019		<!-- Service history -->\| service = 2019
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	}}		}}

	The '''] R-37''' (]: '''AA-13 "Axehead"''')<ref name="DT">{{citation\|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific\|journal=Defence Today\|page=67\|date=May 2005\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|archive-date=26 January 2009\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a Russian ] ] ~~with very long range~~. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, ''izdeliye'' 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi".<ref name="Janes">{{cite web\|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - BEYOND VISUAL RANGE\|website=janes.com\|date=12 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|archive-date=14 September 2008\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was developed from the ].		The '''] R-37''' (]: '''AA-13 Axehead''')<ref name="DT">{{citation\|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific\|journal=Defence Today\|page=67\|date=May 2005\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf\|archive-date=26 January 2009\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a Russian long-range ]. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, ''izdeliye'' 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi".<ref name="Janes">{{cite web\|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - BEYOND VISUAL RANGE\|website=janes.com\|date=12 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html\|archive-date=14 September 2008\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was developed from the ].

	It is designed to shoot down tankers, ] and other ] aircraft<ref name="DT" /> while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target. The missile is also effective against fighter aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/23/russias-best-missile-can-hit-ukrainian-jets-from-80-miles-away-but-ukrainian-pilots-know-how-to-dodge/?sh=80438607efcb\|title=Russia's best missile can hit Ukrainian jets from 80 miles away}}</ref>		It is designed to shoot down tankers, ] and other ] aircraft<ref name="DT" /> while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target.

	According to Janes there are two variants, the '''R-37''' and the '''R-37M'''; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm).<ref name="Janes" /> In 2023, ] introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated '''RVV-BD'''. It has a launch range of up to {{Convert\|200\|km\|mi nmi}} and maximum altitude of {{Convert\|25\|km\|ft}} with a {{Convert\|60\|kg\|lb}} ]. The missile is compatible with ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-08-25 \|title=RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYOu38oJZ1c&t=78s \|website=] \|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile \|url=https://fsvts.gov.ru/catalog/765.en.html \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=]}}</ref>		According to Janes there are two variants, the '''R-37''' and the '''R-37M'''; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm).<ref name="Janes" /> In 2023, ] introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated '''RVV-BD'''. It has a launch range of up to {{Convert\|200\|km\|mi nmi}} and maximum altitude of {{Convert\|25\|km\|ft}} with a {{Convert\|60\|kg\|lb}} ]. The missile is compatible with ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-08-25 \|title=RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYOu38oJZ1c&t=78s \|website=] \|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile \|url=https://fsvts.gov.ru/catalog/765.en.html \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=]}}</ref>

	==Design==		==Design==
	The R-37 was developed from the ]. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the ]'s sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B-1388 active seeker.<ref name="DT" /> Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage<ref name="DT" /> on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.		The R-37 was developed from the ]. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the ]'s sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the ] active seeker.<ref name="DT" /> Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage<ref name="DT" /> on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.

	Mid-body strakes enhance lift<ref name="DT" /> and hence increase range. According to ], the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert\|80\|nmi\|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert\|215\|nmi\|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" />		Mid-body strakes enhance lift<ref name="DT" /> and hence increase range. According to ], the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert\|80\|nmi\|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert\|215\|nmi\|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" />

	The '''R-37M''' designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh ~~Bolyshoy~~ Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5).<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)\|work=N+1\|url=http://vympelmkb.com/production/production/upravlyaemye-rakety/aviatsionnaya-upravlyaemaya-raketa-rvv-bd/}}</ref> It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and ] and ] multirole fighters.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36899/russian-air-to-air-missile-tests-signal-potential-new-capabilities-for-flanker-and-felon\|title=Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon\|first=Thomas\|last=Newdick\|date=October 5, 2020\|website=The Drive}}</ref> ~~It is not known whether the long-range air-to-air missile for the Su-57, designated as ''Izdeliye 810'', is a derivative of the R-37M.{{citation needed\|date=November 2020}}~~		The '''R-37M''' designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5).<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)\|work=N+1\|url=http://vympelmkb.com/production/production/upravlyaemye-rakety/aviatsionnaya-upravlyaemaya-raketa-rvv-bd/}}</ref> It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and ] and ] multirole fighters.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36899/russian-air-to-air-missile-tests-signal-potential-new-capabilities-for-flanker-and-felon\|title=Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon\|first=Thomas\|last=Newdick\|date=October 5, 2020\|website=The Drive}}</ref>

			A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su-57, designated as ''Izdeliye 810'', has folding rear fins, shorter strakes, and updated seeker and motor.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Butowski \|first=Piotr \|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/missile-defense-weapons/model-reveals-new-russian-air-air-missile-sukhoi-su-57 \|title=Model Reveals New Russian Air-To-Air Missile For The Sukhoi Su-57 \|date=7 February 2024 \|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

	The missile can attack targets at altitudes of {{convert\|15\|–\|25\|km\|ft}}, guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.missiles.ru/RVV-BD.htm\|title=Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД\|website=missile.ru\|date=October 2011\|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>		The missile can attack targets at altitudes of {{convert\|15\|–\|25\|km\|ft}}, guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.missiles.ru/RVV-BD.htm\|title=Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД\|website=missile.ru\|date=October 2011\|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>
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	In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|title=New Russian long-range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models - Jane's 360\|website=janes.com\|date=9 July 2018\|access-date=4 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713203827/http://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|archive-date=13 July 2018\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/52503\|title = Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 \| Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"}}</ref>		In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|title=New Russian long-range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models - Jane's 360\|website=janes.com\|date=9 July 2018\|access-date=4 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713203827/http://www.janes.com/article/81633/new-russian-long-range-aam-integration-to-expand-to-four-fighter-models\|archive-date=13 July 2018\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/52503\|title = Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 \| Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"}}</ref>

	On October 19, 2022, Russian, and subsequently Indian media claimed that the ]
	] shot down a Ukrainian ] using the R-37M missile.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/first-kill-russian-su-57-stealth-fighter-downs-ukrainian-su-27-jet/?amp\|title=First Kill? Russian Su-57 Stealth Fighter Downs Ukrainian Su-27 Jet With New Long-Range Missile – Media Claims\|website=eurasiantimes.com\|date=October 19, 2022\|language=English}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2022}}<ref>{{cite web \|title=Extreme Range Kill on Ukraine's Top Fighter Was a Su-57, Not an Air Defence System - Reports \|url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/extreme-range-su57-su-27-kill-reports \|website=Military Watch Magazine \|access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

	] reports have recorded the ] carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two ] in the central wing pylon, two ]s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the ]s between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a ] ].		] reports have recorded the ] carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two ] in the central wing pylon, two ]s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the ]s between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a ] ].

	===Operational history===		===Operational history===
	The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the ]. During the ], MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence\|title=The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence\|website=RUSI\|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/08/russias-mig-31-crews-are-shooting-at-ukrainian-pilots-from-a-hundred-miles-away-and-the-ukrainians-cant-shoot-back/?sh=500728d65d06\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back\|website=Forbes\|date=8 November 2022}}</ref> The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the ] missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, ] give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".		The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the ]. During the ], MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37.<ref>https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence</ref> By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence\|title=The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence\|website=RUSI\|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/08/russias-mig-31-crews-are-shooting-at-ukrainian-pilots-from-a-hundred-miles-away-and-the-ukrainians-cant-shoot-back/?sh=500728d65d06\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back\|website=Forbes\|date=8 November 2022}}</ref> The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the ] missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, ] give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".

	A report by the ] states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the ] in mid 2022.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft\|date=10 November 2022\| ~~author1~~= Piotr ~~Butowski~~\|~~author2~~= Thomas Newdick\|title=~~Russia’s~~ MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft		A report by the ] (RUSI) states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the ] in mid 2022.<ref name=td1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft \|date=10 November 2022\| first1= Piotr \|last1=Butowski \|first2=Thomas \|last2=Newdick \|title=Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft \|website=The Drive\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
	\|website=The Drive\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

	In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The ~~Royal United Services Institute~~ stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~=~~https:~~//www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft\|date=10 November 2022\| author= Piotr Butowski, Thomas Newdick\|title=Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft\|website=The Drive\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/30/ukraines-pilots-are-flying-into-battle-with-poor-missiles-its-one-reason-they-get-shot-down/?sh=64f0295515a0\|author= Forbes Staff\|title=Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down.\|website=Forbes\|date=30 April 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/12/fly-low-get-aggressive-how-ukrainian-pilots-fought-the-russian-air-force-to-a-standstill/?sh=373e8f7d2741\|author= David Axe\|title=Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill\|website=Forbes\|date=10 November 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-is-outfoxing-ukrainian-warplanes-with-its-foxhounds-mig-31/\|author= Sakshi Tiwari\|title=Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts\|website=EurAsian Times\|date=10 November 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sundries.com.ua/en/it-seems-that-the-russian-federation-lost-a-rare-mig-31-with-kinzhal-in-the-occupied-crimea-the-pilot-died/\|title=It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died\|website=Sundires\|date=8 October 2022\|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>		In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The RUSI stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."<ref name=td1/><ref name=fs1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/30/ukraines-pilots-are-flying-into-battle-with-poor-missiles-its-one-reason-they-get-shot-down/?sh=64f0295515a0\|author= Forbes Staff\|title=Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down. \|website=Forbes \|date=30 April 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=da1>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/12/fly-low-get-aggressive-how-ukrainian-pilots-fought-the-russian-air-force-to-a-standstill/?sh=373e8f7d2741\|author= David Axe\|title=Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill \|website=Forbes \|date=10 November 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=eat1>{{cite web\|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-is-outfoxing-ukrainian-warplanes-with-its-foxhounds-mig-31/ \|author= Sakshi Tiwari \|title=Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts \|website=EurAsian Times \|date=10 November 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=sund1>{{cite web\|url=https://sundries.com.ua/en/it-seems-that-the-russian-federation-lost-a-rare-mig-31-with-kinzhal-in-the-occupied-crimea-the-pilot-died/ \|title=It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died \|website=Sundires \|date=8 October 2022 \|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

	In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.hngn.com/articles/246753/20230218/ukraine-acquires-wreckage-r-37m-russian-missile-used-attack.htm \|title= Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack		In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.hngn.com/articles/246753/20230218/ukraine-acquires-wreckage-r-37m-russian-missile-used-attack.htm \|title= Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack
	\|website= hngn.com \|date=18 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraine-seizes-scary-russian-r-37m-missile-wreckage-used/ \|title= Ukraine Seizes ~~‘Scary’~~ Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters\|website= Eurasian Times \|date=14 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>		\|website= hngn.com \|date=18 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraine-seizes-scary-russian-r-37m-missile-wreckage-used/ \|title= Ukraine Seizes 'Scary' Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters\|website= Eurasian Times \|date=14 February 2023\|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

	According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0313/092072121/detail.shtml\|title=ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса «воздух-воздух» показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей\|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>		According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0313/092072121/detail.shtml\|title=ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса "воздух-воздух" показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей\|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>

	According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current ~~missiles~~ and take evasive action.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/05/30/with-f-16s-ukrainian-pilots-can-finally-beat-back-russias-mig-31s/?ss=aerospace-defense&sh=de6e14c5c0b4\|title=With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back ~~Russia’s~~ MiG-31s\|website=Forbes.com\|author= David Axe		According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current mission and take evasive action.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/05/30/with-f-16s-ukrainian-pilots-can-finally-beat-back-russias-mig-31s/?ss=aerospace-defense&sh=de6e14c5c0b4\|title=With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back Russia's MiG-31s\|website=Forbes.com\|author= David Axe
	\|date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with ] fighter jets and ] missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/34271/Ukraine_Needs_a_Squadron_of_F_16s_to_Scare_Away_Russian_Jets#.ZHbxOi8RqqA\|title=Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets\|website=Defense Mirror\|date=29 May 2023}}</ref> However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the ] fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation ] radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as ] and ].<ref name="Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization \|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-discusses-f-16-modernization/		\|date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with ] fighter jets and ] missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/34271/Ukraine_Needs_a_Squadron_of_F_16s_to_Scare_Away_Russian_Jets#.ZHbxOi8RqqA\|title=Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets\|website=Defense Mirror\|date=29 May 2023}}</ref> However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the ] fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation ] radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as ] and ].<ref name="Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization \|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-discusses-f-16-modernization/
	\|publisher= Ukrainian Military Center \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets \|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/35479/Ukraine_Wants_Modern_Radar__Latest_Weapons_in_F_16s_Jets		\|publisher= Ukrainian Military Center \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets">{{Cite web \|title=Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets \|url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/35479/Ukraine_Wants_Modern_Radar__Latest_Weapons_in_F_16s_Jets
	\|publisher= Defense Mirror \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Assessing Ukraine’s Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis">{{Cite web \|title=Assessing ~~Ukraine’s~~ Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis \|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/27052023-assessing-ukraines-air-defense-deterrent-analysis/		\|publisher= Defense Mirror \|date=23 November 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Assessing Ukraine’s Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis">{{Cite web \|title=Assessing Ukraine's Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis \|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/27052023-assessing-ukraines-air-defense-deterrent-analysis/
	\|publisher= Eurasia Review \|date=27 May 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref>		\|publisher= Eurasia Review \|date=27 May 2023 \|access-date= 8 January 2024}}</ref>

	In August 2023, the ] claimed that a R-37 missile had been used in an airstrike in ].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/shestero-poranenykh-za-dobu-politseiski-donechchyny-zibraly-dokazy-voiennykh-zlochyniv-rosii-proty-tsyvilnoho-naselennia \|title=Шестеро поранених за добу. Поліцейські Донеччини зібрали докази воєнних злочинів росії проти цивільного населення \|trans-title=Six wounded in a day. The police of Donetsk region collected evidence of Russian war crimes against the civilian population \|language=Ukrainian \|date=25 August 2023 \|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-54 Phoenix}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-152 AAAM}}
			* {{lwc\|RIM-174 Standard ERAM\|AIM-174B ERAM}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|AIM-260 JATM}}
	* ]
			* {{lwc\|Novator KS-172}}
	* ]		* {{lwc\|PL-21}}
⚫	* ]
			* {{lwc\|PL-17}}
⚫	* ]
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Long-Range Engagement Weapon}}
⚫	* ]
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Meteor (missile)\|Meteor}}
		⚫	* {{lwc\|Astra (missile)\|Astra Mark 3}}

			== Gallery ==
			<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" heights="300">
			File:Army-2020-293.JPG\|RVV-BD
			File:MAKS2015part7-19.jpg\|RVV-BD
			</gallery>

	==References==		==References==
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	]		]
	]		]
			]
	]		]
	]		]