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{{Otheruses1|the U.S. State}} {{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{Infobox U.S. state | {{About|the U.S. state}}
{{Redirect|The Great Lakes State|states around the Great Lakes region|Great Lakes region}}
Name = Michigan |
{{pp|small=yes}}
Fullname = State of Michigan |
{{pp-move}}
Flag = Flag_of_Michigan.svg |
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
Flaglink = ] |
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
Seal = Seal of Michigan.svg |
{{Infobox U.S. state
Map = Map_of_USA_MI.svg |
| name = Michigan
Nickname = The Great Lakes State<br /> The Wolverine State,<br />The Automotive State, <br /> Water-Winter Wonderland |
| image_flag = Flag_of_Michigan.svg
Motto = ]
| flag_link = Flag of Michigan
(If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) |
| image_seal = Seal of Michigan.svg
Capital = ] |
| image_map = Michigan in United States.svg
|Demonym = Michigander <br />Michiganian |
| nicknames = "The Great Lakes State", "The Wolverine State", "Water (Winter) Wonderland"
LargestCity = ] |
| motto = ''{{lang|la|]}}''<br />(English: "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you")
LargestMetro= ]|
Governor = ] | | anthem = "]"
| Former = Michigan Territory
Lieutenant Governor = ] (D) |
| seat = ]
Senators = ] (D)<br />] (D) |
| population_demonym = ], Michiganian, Yooper (Upper Peninsula)<ref name=yooper>{{cite news |first = Liane |last = Hansen |url = https://www.npr.org/2009/09/27/113251618/whats-a-yooper |title = What Is a Yooper? |work = Weekend Edition Sunday |publisher = ] |date = September 27, 2009 |access-date = June 13, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130821030619/http://www.npr.org/2009/09/27/113251618/whats-a-yooper |archive-date = August 21, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref>
PostalAbbreviation = MI |
| LargestCity = ]
TradAbbreviation = Mich. |
| LargestCounty = ]
OfficialLang = None (English, ''de-facto'') |
| LargestMetro = ]
AreaRank = 11<sup>th</sup> |
| Governor = {{nowrap|] (])}}
TotalAreaUS = 97,990 |
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|] (D)}}
TotalArea = 253,793 |
| Legislature = ]
PCWater = 41.5 |
| Upperhouse = ]
2000Pop (old) = 9,938,444 |
| Lowerhouse = ]
PopRank = 8<sup>th</sup> |
| Judiciary = ]
2004Pop = 10,112,620 |
| Senators = {{nowrap|] (D)}} <br /> {{nowrap|] (D)}}
2000Pop = 10,071,822 (2007 est.)<ref>http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html 2007 Population Estimates</ref>|
| Representative = 7 ] <br /> 6 ]<br />
DensityRank = 16<sup>th</sup> |
| TradAbbreviation = Mich.
2000DensityUS = 179 |
| OfficialLang = None (English, ''de facto'')
2000Density = 67.55 |
| Languages = English 91.11%<br />Spanish 3.86%<br />Arabic 1.05%<br />Other 4.92%
MedianHouseholdIncome = $44,627 |
| area_rank = 11th
IncomeRank = 21<sup>st</sup> |
| area_total_sq_mi = 96,716
AdmittanceOrder = 26<sup>th</sup> |
| area_total_km2 = 250,493
AdmittanceDate = January 26, 1837 |
| area_land_sq_mi = 58,110
TimeZone = Eastern: ]-5/] |
| area_land_km2 = 150,504
TZ1Where = most of state |
| area_water_sq_mi = 38,606
TimeZone2 = Central: UTC-6/] |
| area_water_percent = 41.8
TZ2Where = 4 ] counties |
| population_rank = 10th
Latitude = 41° 41' N to 48° 18' N |
| population_as_of = 2024
Longitude = 82° 7' W to 90° 25' W |
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 10,140,459<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224|accessdate=January 3, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Michigan}}</ref>
WidthUS = 386<ref name="MiB-pdf"/> |
| population_density_rank = 17th
Width = 621 |
| 2010DensityUS = 174
LengthUS = 456<ref name="MiB-pdf"/> |
| 2010Density = 67.1
Length = 734 |
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|71149|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224|accessdate=January 6, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Michigan}}</ref>
HighestPoint = ]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =29 April 2005 | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessdate = November 6| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
| IncomeRank = ]
HighestElevUS = 1,979 |
| AdmittanceOrder = 26th
HighestElev = 603 |
| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1837|1|26}}
MeanElevUS = 902 |
| timezone1 = ]
MeanElev = 275 |
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
LowestPoint = ]<ref name=usgs/> |
| timezone1_DST = ]
LowestElevUS = 571 |
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
LowestElev = 174 |
| timezone1_location = Most of state
ISOCode = US-MI |
| timezone2 = ]
Website = www.michigan.gov
| utc_offset2 = −06:00
| timezone2_DST = ]
| utc_offset2_DST = −05:00
| timezone2_location = 4 ] counties (], ], ], and ])
| Latitude = 41°41{{prime}} N to 48°18{{prime}} N
| Longitude = 82°7{{prime}} W to 90°25{{prime}} W
| width_mi = 386<ref name="MiB-pdf"/>
| width_km = 621
| length_mi = 456<ref name="MiB-pdf"/>
| length_km = 734
| elevation_max_point = ]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url = http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title = Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher = ] |year = 2001 |access-date = October 24, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date = October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2" group="lower-alpha">Elevation adjusted to ].</ref>
| elevation_max_ft = 1,979
| elevation_max_m = 603
| elevation_ft = 900
| elevation_m = 270
| elevation_min_point = ]<ref name=USGS/><ref name="autogenerated2" group="lower-alpha"/>
| elevation_min_ft = 571
| elevation_min_m = 174
| postal_code = MI
| iso_code = US-MI
| website = https://michigan.gov
| Capital = Lansing
| Representatives =
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = Michigan
|amphibian =
|bird = ] (''Turdus migratorius'')
|butterfly =
|crustacean =
|fish = ] (''Salvelinus fontinalis'')
|flower = ] (''Malus domestica'')<br />'''Wildflower:''' ] (''Iris lacustris'')
|grass =
|insect =
|mammal = '''Unofficial: '''] (''Gulo gulo luscus'')<br />'''Game animal: ''' ] (''Odocoileus virginianus'')
|reptile = ] (''Chrysemys picta'')
|tree = ] (''Pinus strobus'')
|beverage =
|colors =
|dance =
|dinosaur =
|firearm =
|food =] (state native grain)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/state-facts-and-symbols|title=State Facts and Symbols|accessdate=September 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McWhirter |first=Sheri |date=2023-12-01 |title=Do you know what manoomin is? Michigan's state native grain. |url=https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2023/12/do-you-know-what-manoomin-is-michigans-state-native-grain.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=mlive |language=en}}</ref>
|fossil = ] (''Mammut americanum'')
|gemstone = ]
|instrument =
|poem =
|rock = ]
|shell =
|ship =
|soil = ]
|sport =
|tartan =
|toy =
|other =
|image_route = M-28.svg
|image_quarter = 2004 MI Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2004
}} }}


'''Michigan''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Michigan.ogg|ˈ|m|ɪ|ʃ|ɪ|g|ən}} {{respell|MISH|ig|ən}}) is a ] in the ] region of the ] ]. It shares water and land boundaries with ] to the northwest, ] to the west, ] and ] to the southwest, ] to the southeast, and the Canadian ] of ] to the east, northeast and north. With a population of 10.14 million<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224|accessdate=January 2, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Michigan}}</ref> and an area of {{convert|96,716|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Michigan is the ] state by population, the ] by area, and the largest by total area east of the ].<ref group="lower-alpha">''i.e.'', including water that is part of state territory. ] is the largest state by land area alone east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest.</ref> The state capital is ], while its most populous city is ]. The ] region in ] is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies. Other important ] include ], ], ], ], the ], and ].
'''Michigan''' ({{Audio-IPA|en-us-Michigan.ogg|/ˈmɪʃɨgən/}}) is a ] ] of the ]. It was named after ], whose name is a French adaptation of the ] term ''mishigami'', meaning "large water" or "large lake".<ref name="MiB-pdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_lm_MiB_156795_7.pdf |title=Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan |accessdate=2006-11-28 |format=PDF |publisher=Michigan.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freelang.net/online/ojibwe.php?lg=gb|title=Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary |publisher=Freelang.net}}</ref>


Michigan consists of two peninsulas: the heavily forested ] (commonly called "the U.P."), which juts eastward from northern Wisconsin, and the more populated Lower Peninsula, stretching north from Ohio and Indiana. The peninsulas are separated by the ], which connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and are linked by the 5-mile-long ] along ]. Bordering four of the five ] and ], Michigan has the longest ] coastline of any U.S. political subdivision, measuring 3,288 miles.<ref name="NOAA-CRM">{{cite web |title = Ocean and Coastal Management in Michigan |url = http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130215041213/http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-date = February 15, 2013 |access-date = July 25, 2010 |publisher = NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management}}</ref> The state ranks second behind ] in water coverage by square miles and first in percentage, with approximately 42%, and it also contains 64,980 ]. <ref>"United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). ]. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved February 7, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Breck |first = James E. |title = Compilation of Databases on Michigan Lakes |url = http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314225532/http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |archive-date = March 14, 2009 |access-date = April 18, 2009 |publisher = ] |page = 5 |quote = Another unique code (Unique_ID) was previously assigned to all 70,542 polygons, including 5,527 islands, 35 streams and 64,980 lakes and ponds down to 0.008 acres (31.4 m2, 338 ft2 ).}}</ref>
Michigan is the eighth most populous state in the United States. It has the longest freshwater shoreline in the world, bounded by four of the five ], plus ].<ref></ref> In 2005, Michigan ranked third for the number of registered recreational boats, behind ] and ].<ref></ref> Michigan has 12,000 inland lakes. A person is never more than six miles (10&nbsp;km) from a natural water source, or more than 87.2 miles (137&nbsp;km) from Great Lakes coastline.


In the 17th century, French explorers claimed the Great Lakes region for ], though the area had largely been inhabited for thousands of years by Indigenous peoples such as the ], ], ], and ]. French settlers and ] established forts and settlements, with the region’s name derived from the Ojibwe word ᒥᓯᑲᒥ (mishigami),{{efn|The first form is the way it is spelled in ].}} meaning "large water" or "large lake".<ref name="MiB-pdf">{{cite book |title = Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan |url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_lm_MiB_156795_7.pdf |url-status = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061108052946/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_lm_MiB_156795_7.pdf |archive-date = November 8, 2006 |access-date = November 28, 2006 |publisher = Library of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Ojibwe-English-Ojibwe online dictionary |url = http://www.freelang.net/online/ojibwe.php?lg=gb |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315051638/http://www.freelang.net/online/ojibwe.php?lg=gb |archive-date = March 15, 2008 |access-date = March 24, 2008 |publisher = FREELANG}}</ref> After France's defeat in the ] in 1762, the area came under British control and later the U.S. following the ], though control remained disputed with Indigenous tribes until treaties between 1795 and 1842. The area was part of the larger ]; the ] was organized in 1805. Michigan was ] as the 26th state on January 26, 1837, entering as a ] and quickly developing into an industrial and trade hub that attracted European immigrants, particularly from ], ], and the ].<ref>{{cite book |last = Ueda |first = Reed |url = https://archive.org/details/americaschanging0002unse |title = America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |publisher = Greenwood |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-4408-2864-5 |url-access = registration}}</ref> In the 1930s, migration from ] and the ] of ] further shaped the state, especially in Metro Detroit.<ref>{{cite web |last = Balestier |first = Courtney |date = November 10, 2016 |title = In search of the Hillbilly Highway |url = https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221208094057/https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |archive-date = December 8, 2022 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = metromode}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = February: Shaping Black Detroit |url = https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230214034859/https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |archive-date = February 14, 2023 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = Research Guides |publisher = Wayne State University Libraries}}</ref>
The state is the only state to consist entirely of two peninsulas. The ], to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is sometimes dubbed "the mitten," owing to its shape. When asked where in Michigan one comes from, a resident of the Lower Peninsula may often point to the corresponding part of his or her hand. The ] (often referred to as The U.P.) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the ], a five-mile (8 km)-wide channel that joins ] to Lake Michigan. The Upper Peninsula (whose residents are often called "Yoopers") is economically important for tourism and natural resources.


Michigan has a diversified economy with a gross state product of $711.481{{spaces}}billion as of Q3 2024, ranking ] among the 50 states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by State and Personal Income by State, 3rd Quarter 2024 -Tables Only |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state|access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=Bureau of Economic Analysis |language=en}}</ref> Although the state has developed a diverse economy, in the early 20th century it became widely known as the center of the ], which developed as a major national economic force. It is home to the country's ] (whose headquarters are all in Metro Detroit). Once exploited for logging and mining, today the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula is important for tourism because of its abundance of natural resources.<ref>{{cite web |last = Kandell |first = Jonathan |date = May 2011 |title = The Wonderful Wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula |url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135912/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |website = Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Archibald |first = Robert |title = An Environmental History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan: An Outline |url = https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |url-status = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140033/https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |publisher = NMU Center for U.P. Studies}}</ref> The Lower Peninsula is a center of ], ], ], ], and ] industry.
The Upper and Lower Peninsulas are connected by the five-mile (8 km)-long ], which is the third longest ] between anchorages in the world.<ref></ref> The bridge has given rise to the nickname of "trolls" for residents of the Lower Peninsula, because they live "under" (south of) the bridge.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Meyer |title=Circle Theatre hunts for another hit with 'Escanaba In Love' |url=http://www.examiner.com/x-408-Chicago-Theatre-Examiner~y2008m8d21-Circle-Theatre-hunts-for-another-hit-with-Escanaba-In-Love |work=Chicago Theatre Examiner |publisher=Examiner.com |date=August 21, 2008 |accessdate=2008-08-26 |quote=These few hardy souls are known in Midwestern parlance as "Yoopers" (from "U.P.ers"), and like to refer to downstate Michiganians such as myself as "trolls" because we live "under" the Mackinac Bridge. |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parrish |first=P. J. |title=A Thousand Bones |origyear=2007 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vkFbQ6BrQtcC&dq=michigan+trolls+mackinac+bridge&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |accessdate=2008-08-26 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=1416525874 |pages=22 |chapter=Somebody's Daughter |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vkFbQ6BrQtcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=michigan+trolls+mackinac+bridge&ots=R1CVy5tnRG&sig=it-tkFx2IBYCqPz7CJLe02k0Nk8#PPA22,M1 |quote=A troll was what people from Michigan's Upper Peninsula called anyone who lived "below the bridge," the five-mile-long span that connected the Upper and Lower peninsulas. }}</ref>


==History== ==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Michigan history|History of railroads in Michigan|History of Detroit}} {{Main|History of Michigan}}
{{For timeline}}
]
Michigan was home to various ] centuries before ]. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous and influential tribes were ]&mdash;specifically, the ], the ] (called "Chippewa" in French, after their language, "Ojibwe"), and the ]. The Anishnabe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the most populous.


Although the Anishnabe were well-established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula, they also inhabited northern ], northern Wisconsin, southern ], and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern and western Michigan, while the Potawatomi were primarily in the southwest. The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the ]. Other First Nations people in Michigan, in the south and east, were the ], the ], the ], and the ], who are better known by their French name, "Huron". When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were the ], which include the ] groups of ], ], and the ]. The three nations coexisted peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the ]. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been at least 35,000, were the largest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pritzker |first=Barry |title=A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples |publisher=] |year=2000 |isbn=9780195138771 |pages=342}}</ref>

The Ojibwe Indians (also known as Chippewa in the U.S.), an Anishinaabe tribe, were established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and ] and ]. Bands also inhabited ] and southern ], Canada; and northern ], and northern and north-central ]. The Ottawa Indians lived primarily south of the ] in northern, ], and ], but also in southern Ontario, northern Ohio, and eastern Wisconsin. The Potawatomi were in southern and western Michigan, in addition to northern and central Indiana, northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and southern Ontario. Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the ], the ], the ], the ] (or Sauk), and the ]. The ] were an Iroquoian-speaking people in this area; they were historically known as the Huron by the French, and were the historical adversaries of the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wyandotte-nation.org/culture/our-history/ | title=Our History }}, Wyandotte Nation</ref>


===17th century=== ===17th century===
{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)}}
French '']s'' explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what later became Michigan were those of ]'s expedition in 1622. The first European settlement was made in 1641 on the site where Father (''Père'', in French) ] established ] in 1668.


{{Multiple image
] was founded in 1671 and ] in 1675. Together with Sault Sainte-Marie, they are the three oldest cities in Michigan. "The Soo" (Sault Ste. Marie) has the distinction of being the oldest city in both Michigan and Ontario. It was split into two cities in 1818, a year after the U.S.-Canada boundary in the Great Lakes was finally established by the U.S.-U.K. Joint Border Commission.
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Michigan Territory 1818-1833.png
| image2 = Michigan Territory 1833-1836.png
| image3 = Michigan and Wisconsin Territories 1836.png
| footer = Territorial changes of the ] from 1818 to 1836
}}


]
In 1679, ] of France directed the construction of the '']'', the first European sailing vessel on the upper Great Lakes. That same year, La Salle built Fort Miami at present-day ].

French '']'' and '']'' explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of ]'s expedition in 1622. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père ] established ], as a base for Catholic missions.<ref>{{cite web |title = Chronology of Michigan History |url = http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2003-2004/2003-mm-0003-0019-Chron.pdf |page = 3 |access-date = September 30, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045242/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2003-2004/2003-mm-0003-0019-Chron.pdf |archive-date = July 21, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Sault Ste Marie Pure Michigan |url = http://www.saultstemarie.com/soo-area-and-great-waters-region/our-local-history/ |publisher = Sault Ste Marie |access-date = June 9, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160612002509/http://www.saultstemarie.com/soo-area-and-great-waters-region/our-local-history/ |archive-date = June 12, 2016 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at ] and ]. Jesuit missionaries were well received by the area's Indian populations, with few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, ] built ] at present-day ]. In 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present-day city of ].


===18th century=== ===18th century===
{{Main|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}
In 1701 French explorer and army officer ] founded ] or "Fort Ponchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait between Lakes St. Clair and Erie, known as the ]. Cadillac had convinced ]'s chief minister, ], that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and repel ] aspirations.

In 1701, French explorer and army officer ] founded ] or "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait, known as the ], between lakes ] and ].{{cn|date=February 2024}} Cadillac had convinced ] chief minister, ], that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage ] aspirations.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one ] (about {{convert|0.85|acre|m2}},<ref name=tbaytel>{{cite web |url = http://my.tbaytel.net/bmartin/cadillac.htm |title = Cadillac's Village or Detroit under Cadillac |access-date = January 5, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209205600/http://my.tbaytel.net/bmartin/cadillac.htm |archive-date = December 9, 2006 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=histdet>{{cite web |url = http://www.historydetroit.com/places/fort_ponchartrain.asp |title = History Detroit 1701–2001 |access-date = January 5, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209065758/http://www.historydetroit.com/places/fort_ponchartrain.asp |archive-date = December 9, 2006 |url-status = live}}</ref> the equivalent of just under {{convert|200|ft|m}} per side) and named it ]. Cadillac's wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in what was considered the wilderness of Michigan. The town quickly became a major ] and shipping post. The '']'' (Catholic Church of Saint Anne) was founded the same year.{{cn|date=February 2024}} While the original building does not survive, the congregation remains active.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Cadillac later departed to serve as the French governor of Louisiana from 1710 to 1716.{{cn|date=February 2024}} French attempts to consolidate the fur trade led to the ], in which the Meskwaki (Fox) and their allies fought the French and their Native allies.{{cn|date=February 2024}}


At the same time, the French strengthened ] at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. By the mid-18th century, the French also occupied forts at present-day Niles and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by Europeans. France offered free land to attract families to Detroit, which grew to 800 people in 1765. It was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm |title = French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries: Detroit |publisher = Archives of Ontario |date = July 14, 2008 |access-date = July 23, 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040824111504/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm |archive-date = August 24, 2004}}</ref> French settlers also established small farms south of the Detroit River opposite the fort, near a Jesuit mission and Huron village.
The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one ]<ref name=tbaytel>{{cite web | url =http://my.tbaytel.net/bmartin/cadillac.htm | title =Cadillac's Village or Detroit under Cadillac. | accessdate = January 5| accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref name=histdet>{{cite web | url = http://www.historydetroit.com/places/fort_ponchartrain.asp | title = History Detroit 1701-2001 | accessdate = January 5| accessyear = 2007}}</ref> (about .85 acre, the equivalent of just under {{convert|200|ft|m}} per side) and named it ]. Cadillac's wife, ], soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first white women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major ] and shipping post. The "Église de Saint-Anne" (Church of Saint Ann) was founded the same year. While the original building does not survive, the congregation of that name continues to be active today.


] showing the original boundaries of the ] and its ] post-annexation boundaries]]
At the same time, the French strengthened ] at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. By the mid-eighteenth century, the French also occupied forts at present-day ] and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by whites.
]'', by ] (1783), an unfinished painting of the American diplomatic negotiators of the ] which brought official conclusion to the ] and gave possession of Michigan and other territory to the new United States]]


From 1660 to the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of ].<ref>The Province also included the modern staes of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine</ref> In 1759, following the ], in the ] (1754–1763), Québec City fell to British forces. Under the 1763 ], Michigan and the rest of New France passed to Great Britain. From 1660 until the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of ].<ref group="lower-alpha">The Province included the modern states of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine.</ref> In 1760, ] fell to the British forces, ending the ] (1754–1763), the North American front of the ] in Europe. Under the ], Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River were ceded by defeated France to Great Britain.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Michigan |volume= 18 |last= |first= |author-link= | pages = 371&ndash;377; see page 376 |quote= History.— From 1613 until 1760 the territory now within the borders of Michigan formed a part of New France...&... During the last war between the English and the French in America the Michigan settlements passed into the possession of the English, Detroit in 1760 and...}}</ref> After the ] was passed in 1774, Michigan became part of the British ]. By 1778, Detroit's population reached 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in Quebec province.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Jacqueline |last1 = Peterson |first2 = Jennifer S.H. |last2 = Brown |name-list-style = amp |title = Many Roads to Red River |year = 2001 |page = 69}}{{full citation needed|date= July 2015}}</ref>


During the ], Detroit was an important British supply center, but most of the inhabitants were either Native Americans or French-Canadians. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan. When Quebec was split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1790, Michigan was part of ], Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now ]).<ref name=SFarmer>{{cite book | last = Farmer | first = Silas | title = The history of Detroit and Michigan; or, The metropolis illustrated; a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annals of Wayne County | origyear = 1889 | url = http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001 | accessdate = 2006-06-15 | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Michigan Library | location = Ann Arbor, Mich. | pages = pp. 94 | chapter = Legislatures and Laws | chapterurl = http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;rgn=full%20text;idno=BAD1459.0001.001;didno=BAD1459.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000152 During the ], Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or American Indians, many of whom had been allied with the French because of long trading ties. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the ], the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the ]. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of ], Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now ]).<ref name=SFarmer>{{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Silas |title = The History of Detroit and Michigan; or, The Metropolis Illustrated; A Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan, and the Annals of Wayne County |orig-year = 1889 |url = http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001 |access-date = June 15, 2006 |year = 2005 |via = University of Michigan Library |page = 94 |chapter = Legislatures and Laws |chapter-url = http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;rgn=full%20text;idno=BAD1459.0001.001;didno=BAD1459.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000152}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Under terms negotiated in the 1794 ], Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and ] until 1818 and 1847, respectively. Under terms negotiated in the 1794 ], Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and ] until 1818 and 1847, respectively.


===19th century=== ===19th century===
{{Main|Indiana Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Michigan Territory|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|Michigan in the American Civil War}}
During the ], ] (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) was captured by the British and nominally returned to Upper Canada. American forces forced the British out in 1813 and pushed into Canada.


During the ], the United States forces at Fort Detroit surrendered ] (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) after a nearly bloodless ] in 1812. A U.S. attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the ]. This battle, still ranked as the bloodiest ever fought in the state, had the highest number of American casualties of any battle of the war.
The ] implemented the policy of "Status Quo Ante Bellum" or "Just as Things Were Before the War." That meant Michigan stayed American, and the agreement to establish a joint U.S.-UK boundary commission also remained valid. Subsequent to the findings of that commission in 1817, control of the Upper Peninsula and of islands in the St. Clair River delta was transferred from Ontario to Michigan in 1818. Mackinac Island (to which the British had moved their Michilimackinac army base) was transferred to the U.S. in 1847.


Michigan was recaptured by the Americans in 1813 after the ]. They used Michigan as a base to launch an invasion of Canada, which culminated in the ]. But the more northern areas of Michigan were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including ], were built by the United States in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.
The population grew slowly until the opening of the ] in 1825. This brought a large influx of settlers to Michigan because it made transportation by ships through the Great Lakes possible. By the 1830s, Michigan had some 80,000 residents, which were more than enough to apply for statehood.


]'' steamboat at Detroit, 1820]]
In 1836 a state government was formed, although ] recognition of the state was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio. Both states claimed a 468-square-mile (1,210&nbsp;km²) strip of land that included the newly incorporated city of ] on Lake Erie and an area to the west then known as the "]." The dispute came to be called the ]. Michigan and Ohio militia maneuvered in the area but never exchanged fire. Congress awarded the "]" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union on January 26, 1837.
Michigan Territory governor and judges established the ] in 1817, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pence |first=Studio |date=2016-10-16 |title=Why 1817 Matters |url=https://historyofum.umich.edu/why-1817-matters/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=The History of the University of Michigan |language=en-US}}</ref>


The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the ] through the Mohawk Valley in New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture | title=Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor :: History and Culture }}</ref> The new route attracted a large influx of settlers to the Michigan territory. They worked as farmers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and merchants and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. By the 1830s, Michigan had 30,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://crcmich.org/almanac/population/michigan-population-trends | title=Michigan Population Trends }}</ref>
Thought to be nearly valueless, the Upper Peninsula was discovered to be a rich and important source of lumber, iron, and copper. These became the state's most sought-after natural resources and generated early wealth. Geologist ] and land surveyor ] were among the first to document many of these resources. Developers rushed to the state. Michigan led the nation in lumber production from 1850s to the 1880s. The lumber harvested in Michigan was shipped to the rapidly developing prairie states, Chicago, to the ], and even all of the way to Europe.


On November 1, 1935, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative 3-cent stamp celebrating the 100th anniversary of Michigan statehood. Michigan's statehood, however, wasn't officially established until January 26, 1837, but since the campaign for statehood actually began in 1835, Michigan chose to hold its centennial celebration in 1935, the year the stamp was first issued.<ref name=centennial>{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Michigan Centenary Issue |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |year= |accessdate=November 3, 2023 |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1934-1935/michigan-centenary |ref=smithsonian35 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104024922/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1934-1935/michigan-centenary |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first official meeting of the ] took place July 6, 1854 in ], where the party adopted its platform. Michigan made ] to the ] in the ] and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the Federal armies.


A constitutional convention of assent was held to lead the territory to statehood.<ref name="Progress">{{cite book |title = Men of Progress: Embracing Biographical Sketches of Representative Michigan Men with an Outline History of the State |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lPlAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year = 1900 |publisher = Evening News Association. |page = 313 |access-date = October 31, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180818082123/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPlAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |archive-date = August 18, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In October 1835 the people approved the constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government. ] recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with ] known as the ]. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union as a ] on January 26, 1837. The Upper Peninsula proved to be a rich source of lumber, iron, and copper. Michigan led the nation in lumber production from the 1850s to the 1880s. ] became a major engine of growth from the 1850s onward, with ].
===20th century to present===
], a company of ]'s veterans]]
{{See also|History of Ford Motor Company}}
A second wave of French-Canadian immigrants settled in Michigan during the late 19th to early 20th century, working in lumbering areas in counties on the Lake Huron side of the Lower Peninsula, such as the Saginaw Valley, Alpena, and Cheboygan counties, as well as throughout the Upper Peninsula, with large concentrations in Escanaba and the ].<ref>{{cite book |last = Dulong |first = John |title = French Canadians in Michigan |year = 2001 |publisher = Michigan State University Press |location = Lansing, Michigan |isbn = 978-0-87013-582-8 |pages = 3–5}}</ref>
Michigan's economy underwent a massive change at the turn of the 20th century. The ], with ]'s first plant in ], marked the beginning of a new era in transportation. Like the steamship and railroad, it was a far-reaching development. More than the forms of public transportation, the automobile transformed private life. It became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socio-economic life of the United States and much of the world. ], the second-largest city in Michigan, is also a center of automotive manufacturing. Since 1838, the city had also been noted for its thriving furniture industry. Started because of ready sources of lumber, the furniture industry declined in the late 20th century.


The first statewide meeting of the ] took place on July 6, 1854, in ], where the party adopted its platform.{{cn|date=February 2024}} The state was predominantly Republican until the 1930s, reflecting the political continuity of migrants from across the Northern Tier of New England and New York.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Michigan made ] to the ] in the ] and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
] in downtown Detroit.]]
Michigan held its first ] election in 1910, and in 1920 Detroit's WWJ became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade some of the country's largest and most ornate ] were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the ], ], and the ] which are National Historic Landmarks.


Michigan modernized and expanded its system of education in this period.{{cn|date=February 2024}} The Michigan State Normal School, now ], was founded in 1849, for the training of teachers.{{cn|date=February 2024}} It was the fourth oldest ] in the ] and the first ] outside ].{{cn|date=February 2024}} In 1899, the Michigan State Normal School became the first normal school in the nation to offer a four-year curriculum. Michigan Agricultural College (1855), now ] in ], was founded as the first ] in the nation.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Many private colleges were founded as well, and the smaller cities established high schools late in the century.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Dunbar |last2 = May |title = Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State |url = https://archive.org/details/michiganhistoryo01dunb |url-access = registration |chapter = Chapter 14 |year = 1980 |publisher = Eerdman |isbn = 9780802870438 |name-list-style = amp}}</ref>
Detroit boomed through the 1950s, at one point doubling its population in a decade. After the 1950s, Detroit's population began to shift to its suburbs, accelerating after racial strife in the 1960s and high crime rates in the 1970s and 1980s.


=== 20th–21st centuries ===
Michigan is the leading auto producing state in the U.S even though some of the industry has shifted to less expensive labor overseas and in the ].<ref name= NAM>National Association of Manufacturers (February 2008).. Retrieved on May 4, 2008.</ref> Nevertheless, with more than ten million residents, Michigan continues to grow and remains a large and influential state, ranking eighth in population among the fifty states.
] in ], in 1905]]
] in the mid-twentieth century. At the time, the city was the fourth-largest U.S. metropolis by population, and held about one-third of the state's population.]]


Michigan's economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. Many individuals, including ], ] and ], ], ], ], ], and ], provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to develop the ].<ref>{{cite book |first1 = John B. |last1 = Rae |author-link = John B. Rae |chapter = Why Michigan |title = The Automobile and American Culture |editor1-first = David L. |editor1-last = Lewis |editor2-first = Laurence |editor2-last = Goldstein |location = Ann Arbor |publisher = University of Michigan Press |year = 1983 |pages = 2–9}}</ref> Ford's development of the moving ] in ] marked a new era in transportation.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Like the ] and railroad, mass production of automobiles was a far-reaching development. More than the forms of public transportation, the affordable automobile transformed private life. Automobile production became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socioeconomic life of the United States and much of the world.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
The ] in the southeast corner of the state is the largest metropolitan area in Michigan (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the country. The Grand Rapids/]/] metropolitan area on the west side of the state is the fastest growing metro area in the state presently, with over 1.3&nbsp;million residents as of 2006.


With the growth, the auto industry created jobs in Detroit that attracted immigrants from Europe and migrants from across the United States, including both blacks and whites from the rural ].{{cn|date=February 2024}} By 1920, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the U.S..{{cn|date=February 2024}} Residential housing was in short supply, and it took years for the market to catch up with the population boom.{{cn|date=February 2024}} By the 1930s, so many immigrants had arrived that more than 30 languages were spoken in the public schools, and ] communities celebrated in annual heritage festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of housing in Detroit |url=https://www.modeldmedia.com/features/detroit-housing-pt1-111715.aspx |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Model D |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163228/https://www.modeldmedia.com/features/detroit-housing-pt1-111715.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the years immigrants and migrants contributed greatly to Detroit's diverse urban culture, including popular music trends. The influential ] of the 1960s was led by a variety of individual singers and groups.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Metro Detroit's population is growing, and Detroit's population is still shrinking, though strong redevelopment in central part of the cities and a significant rise in population in the outskirts of the city are contributing to some population inflow. A period of economic transition, especially in manufacturing, has caused economic difficulties in the region since the ].


], the second-largest city in Michigan also became an important center of manufacturing. Since 1838, the city has been noted for its furniture industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2014 |title=A Trip Through Time: Grand Rapids Furniture History |url=https://shuffleboardmccluretables.com/a-trip-through-time-grand-rapids-furniture-history/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=The Woodshop Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164730/https://shuffleboardmccluretables.com/a-trip-through-time-grand-rapids-furniture-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Furniture City: The story behind Grand Rapids's original identity |url=https://www.fox17online.com/fox-17-unfiltered/did-ya-know/furniture-city-the-story-behind-grand-rapidss-original-identity |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=FOX 17 West Michigan News |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163228/https://www.fox17online.com/fox-17-unfiltered/did-ya-know/furniture-city-the-story-behind-grand-rapidss-original-identity |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, it is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies. Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including ], ], and ]. Grand Rapids is also an important center for ].
==Government==
] in Lansing]]]
{{seealso|List of Governors of Michigan|United States congressional delegations from Michigan}}


Michigan held its first ] election in 1910.{{cn|date=February 2024}} With its rapid growth in industry, it was an important center of industry-wide union organizing, such as the rise of the ].{{cn|date=February 2024}}
===Law===
] at the Hall of Justice]]
] is the ] and is home to all three branches of state government. The ] was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the state's executive and legislative branches ever since. The chief executive is the ], and ] currently holds the office. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral ], with a ] and ]. The Michigan legislature is a full-time legislature, though some representatives have voiced concerns about the long hours disrupting their home lives and wish to make the job part-time. The ] sits with seven justices. The ] provides for voter initiative and referendum (Article II, § 9,<ref></ref> defined as "the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). Michigan has two official ]; one is in Lansing, and the other is at ].


In 1920 ] in Detroit became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade, some of the country's largest and most ornate ] were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the ], ], and the ], each of which has been designated as a ] (NHL).
Michigan's state universities are immune from control by the legislature, many aspects of the executive branch, and cities in which they are located; but they are not immune from the authority of the courts. Some degree of political control is exercised as the legislature approves appropriations for the schools. Furthermore, the governor appoints the board of trustees of most state universities with the advice and consent of the state Senate. Only the trustees of the ], ], and ] are chosen in general elections.
]


In 1927 a school bombing took place in ]. The ] resulted in the deaths of 38 schoolchildren and constitutes the deadliest mass murder in a school in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haddad |first=Ken |date=May 18, 2023 |title=96 years later: Michigan's Bath School disaster remains deadliest in US history |url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2023/05/16/96-years-later-michigans-bath-school-disaster-remains-deadliest-in-us-history/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=WDIV |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163228/https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2023/05/16/96-years-later-michigans-bath-school-disaster-remains-deadliest-in-us-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Michigan was the first state in the Union, as well as the first English-speaking government in the world,<ref></ref><ref></ref> ], in 1846. ] has suggested that the ] movement in Michigan grew as a result of enmity towards the state's neighbor, Canada, which under British rule made public executions a regular practice.


Michigan converted much of its manufacturing to satisfy defense needs during ]; it manufactured 10.9% of the United States military armaments produced during the war, ranking second (behind ]) among the 48 states.<ref>{{cite book |author1-link = Whiz Kids (Department of Defense) |last1 = Peck |first1 = Merton J. |author2-link = Frederic M. Scherer |last2 = Scherer |first2 = Frederic M. |title = The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis |year = 1962 |publisher = ] |page = 111}}</ref>
===Politics===
] (D).]]
{{See also|Elections in Michigan}}
The Republican Party dominated Michigan until the ]. In the ], Michigan was one of the six states to support progressive Republican and third party candidate ] for President after he lost the Republican nomination to ]. In recent years, the state has leaned toward the ] in national elections. Michigan supported Democrats in the last four presidential elections. In 2004, ] carried the state over ], winning Michigan's seventeen electoral votes with 51.2% of the vote. Democrats have won each of the last three, nine of the last ten, and fifteen of the last eighteen ] elections in Michigan. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm, a Democrat, recently won a second term, defeating Republican candidate ]. Republican strength is greatest in the western, northern, and rural parts of the state, especially in the Grand Rapids area. Democrats are strongest in the east, especially in ], ], ], and ].


Detroit continued to expand through the 1950s, at one point doubling its population in a decade. After World War II, housing was developed in suburban areas outside city cores to meet demand for residences. The federal government subsidized the construction of ], which were intended to strengthen military access, but also allowed commuters and business traffic to travel the region more easily. Since 1960, modern advances in the auto industry have led to increased automation, high-tech industry, and increased suburban growth. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the ] in July 1967.
Michigan was the home of ], the 38th ]. He was born in Nebraska and moved as an infant to Michigan and grew up there.<ref></ref><ref name="ford-Nebraska"> {{cite web | last =Funk | first =Josh | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/12/27/nebraska_born_ford_left_state_as_infant/ | title = Nebraska - Born, Ford Left State As Infant | format = | work = Associated Press | publisher = Boston.com | accessdate = 2007-10-06}}</ref>


During the late 1970s and the early 1980s, increasing ] and other factors made significantly more global competition and recession among families. Michigan lost a significant amount of ] due to global competition and the dramatic unavailability of manufacturing jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2001-2002/2001-mm-0003-0026-History.pdf |title=A Brief History of Michigan |publisher=Michigan Legislature |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, Michigan had increased use of technology, specifically when the ] started selling in the state, in which became mostly used at work.
===Administrative divisions===
{{main|Administrative divisions of Michigan}}
{{seealso|List of Michigan county seats|List of municipalities in Michigan (by population)}}
State government is decentralized among three tiers — statewide, county and township. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 ].


Michigan became the leading auto-producing state in the U.S., with the industry primarily located throughout the ]; Ontario, Canada; and the Southern United States.<ref name="NAM">{{cite web |publisher = National Association of Manufacturers |date = February 2008 |url = http://www.nam.org/~/media/Files/State_Data/Michigan.ashx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081023020928/http://www.nam.org/~/media/Files/State_Data/Michigan.ashx |url-status = dead |archive-date = October 23, 2008 |title = Facts about Michigan Manufacturing |access-date = January 11, 2009}}</ref> With almost ten million residents in 2010, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking tenth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the ] and the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. (after ]) linking the ] system.
Cities, ], and villages are vested with ] powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything that is not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.


The ] area in ] is the state's largest metropolitan area (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the United States. The ] in Western Michigan is the state's fastest-growing metro area, with more than 1.3 million residents {{as of|2006|lc=y}}.
There are two types of ] in Michigan: ''general law'' township and ''charter''. ] status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by a city. As of April 2001, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not ''required'' to have those things, whereas cities ''must'' provide those services. Charter townships can opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.


==Geography== ==Geography==
{{seealso|Protected areas of Michigan|List of Michigan state parks}} {{Further|Geography of Michigan|Protected areas of Michigan|List of Michigan state parks}}
]
]]]
]
Michigan consists of two peninsulas that lie between 82°30' to about 90°30' west longitude, and are separated by the Straits of Mackinac. With the exception of two small areas that are drained by the ] by way of the ] in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the ]-] in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the ]-] watershed and is the only state with the majority of its land such drained.


] in North America. Its drainage area includes the ], the world's largest system of freshwater lakes. The basin covers nearly all of Michigan.]]
The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are ], Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and ]. It has more light houses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the ] and ] rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.
The northern boundary then runs completely through Lake Superior, from the western boundary with Minnesota to a point north of and around ], thence traveling southeastward through the lake in a reasonably straight line to the Sault Ste. Marie area. ], once the south bank of Detroit, Upper Canada, has the distinction of being the only part of Canada which lies ''due south'' of a part of the lower 48 contiguous United States. In ] there is a water boundary with Canada along the entire lengths of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair (including the ] reserve of ]) and the Detroit River]. The southeastern boundary ends in the western end of Lake Erie with a three-way convergence of Michigan, Ohio and Ontario.
] in the ].]]
Michigan encompasses 58,110 square miles (150,504 km²) of land, 38,575 square miles (99,909&nbsp;km²) of Great Lakes waters and 1,305 square miles (3,380&nbsp;km²) of inland waters. Only ] has more territorial water.<ref></ref>
At a total of 97,990 square miles (253,793&nbsp;km²), Michigan is the largest state east of the ] (inclusive of its territorial waters). Michigan claims a land area of {{convert|58110|sqmi|km2|-1}} of land and {{convert|97990|sqmi|km2|-1|abbr=on}} total, making it the tenth largest state,<ref name="MiB-pdf"/> but the U.S. Census Bureau claims only {{convert|56803.82|sqmi|km2|2|abbr=on}} of land and {{convert|96716.11|sqmi|km2|2|abbr=on}} total, making it the eleventh largest. Michigan ]land covers nearly 52 percent of the state at {{convert|19300000|acre|km2}}.<ref name="MiB-pdf"/>


], one of the fifteen ] in Michigan]]
The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The ], which are the oldest mountains in North America, rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 ] (610&nbsp;m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the ] northwest of Marquette, is ] at 1,979 feet (603&nbsp;m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "]") has been heavily influenced by the numerous ]n and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late nineteenth century.


Michigan consists of two peninsulas separated by the ]. The ] runs through the state, marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator Trail—<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2009 |title=In Michigan, drive a crooked line to follow the 45th Parallel |url=https://www.twincities.com/2009/06/27/in-michigan-drive-a-crooked-line-to-follow-the-45th-parallel/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154921/https://www.twincities.com/2009/06/27/in-michigan-drive-a-crooked-line-to-follow-the-45th-parallel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> along a line including ] near ], the towns of ] and ] in the Lower Peninsula and ] in the Upper Peninsula. With the exception of two tiny areas drained by the ] by way of the ] in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the ]-] in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the Great Lakes-] watershed and is the only state with the majority of its land thus drained. No point in the state is more than {{convert|6|mi|km|spell=in}} from a natural water source or more than {{convert|85|mi|km}} from a Great Lakes shoreline.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.org/michigan-tourism-facts/ |title = Michigan Tourism Facts |access-date = July 25, 2016 |publisher = Michigan Economic Development Corporation |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161015171535/http://www.michigan.org/michigan-tourism-facts |archive-date = October 15, 2016 |quote = In Michigan, you are never more than six miles from a lake or stream Stand anywhere in Michigan and you are within 85 miles of a Great Lake}}</ref>
The Lower Peninsula, shaped like a mitten, is 277 miles (446&nbsp;km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314&nbsp;km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial ]s usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520&nbsp;m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of ]. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174&nbsp;m).


The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are ], ], ] and ]. The state is bounded on the south by the states of ] and ], sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with ] and ] in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the ] and ]; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.
] south of ].]]
The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. ], in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 highway miles (1,015&nbsp;km) from ] in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes it culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U.P. residents have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called "]."


The heavily forested ] is relatively mountainous in the west. The ], which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10319-54024--,00.html |title = Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources |access-date = December 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101203012620/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10319-54024--,00.html |archive-date = December 3, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> rise to an altitude of almost {{convert|2,000|ft|m}} above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the ] northwest of Marquette, is ] at {{convert|1979|ft|m}}. The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. The people are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "]") has been heavily influenced by the numerous ]n and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and ] of the late 19th century.
A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is ]. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the ]. The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the ], making up the ] region of the state. The ] lies in the ] region. ''See Also ]''


], an island and resort area at the eastern end of the ]. More than 80% of the island is preserved as ].]]
Numerous ]s and ]es mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, ], and the Big and ] Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The ] and ], ], and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. After Alaska, Michigan has the longest shoreline of any state—3,288 miles (5,326 km). An additional 1,056 miles (1,699 km) can be added if islands are included. This roughly equals the length of the Atlantic Coast from Maine to Florida.
], along the northwest coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan]]
] in the ]]]


], one of the 221 ] in Michigan. It encompasses 7,483 acres of hunting, recreational, and protected wildlife and wetland areas at the mouth of the ] at ], as well as smaller outlying areas within the ].]]
The state has ], the principal ones being the ], ], and ] groups in Lake Michigan; ] and ] in Lake Superior; Marquette, ], and ] Islands in Lake Huron; and ], ], and ]s in ]. Michigan has about 150 ]s, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See ].


The ] is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from.<ref name="keilman20111209">{{cite news |url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/12/09/hand-to-hand-combat/ |title = Hand-to-hand combat |work = Chicago Tribune |date = December 9, 2011 |access-date = February 29, 2012 |last = Keilman |first = John |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226210055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-12-09/news/ct-talk-wisconsin-michigan-mitten-1209-20111209_1_wisconsin-department-tourism-new-image |archive-date = February 26, 2012 |url-status = live}}</ref> It is {{convert|277|mi|km}} long from north to south and {{convert|195|mi|km}} from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial ]s usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at {{convert|1705|ft|m}}, or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of ]. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at {{convert|571|ft|m}}.
The ] are small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the ], ], ], and ], all of which flow into Lake Huron; the ], and ], which flow into Lake Superior; and the ], ], ], ], ], and ], which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes and 38,575 square miles (62,067&nbsp;km²) of Great Lakes waters and rivers in addition to {{convert|1305|sqmi|km2|0}} of inland water. No point in Michigan is more than six miles (10&nbsp;km) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles (137&nbsp;km) from one of the Great Lakes.


The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. ], in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies {{convert|630|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} by highway from ] in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the region culturally and economically distinct. Frequent attempts to establish the Upper Peninsula as ] have failed to gain traction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cox |first=Bruce K. |title=Ted & Superior: Ted Albert & the 51st State of Superior |publisher=Agogeebic Press LLC |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9822390-0-1 |location=Wakefield, Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 6, 2012 |title=51st state? Yoopers Are Talking Up Secession from Michigan Again |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20120506/NEWS06/205060541/51st-state-Yoopers-are-talking-up-secession-from-Michigan-again |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928060147/http://archive.freep.com/article/20120506/NEWS06/205060541/51st-state-Yoopers-are-talking-up-secession-from-Michigan-again |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Protected lands===
{{seealso|List of Michigan state parks}}
The state is home to one ]: ], located in Lake Superior, about {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national ] in the state include: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] Fumee Lake Natural Area and ]. The largest section of the ] also passes through Michigan.


A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is ], which projects into Lake Huron, forming ]. Other notable peninsulas of Michigan include the ], which projects northeasterly into Lake Superior from the Upper Peninsula and largely comprising Michigan's ] region, and the ], projecting from the Lower Peninsula into Lake Michigan, forming Michigan's "little finger".
With 78 ]s, 19 state recreation areas, and 6 ], Michigan has the largest state park and ] system of any state. These parks and forests include ], ], ], and ].

Numerous lakes and ]es mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, ], and the Big and ] Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and ], ], and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—{{convert|3288|mi|km}},<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,1607,7-192-29938_30243-103397--,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060814202734/http://www.michigan.gov/som/0%2C1607%2C7-192-29938_30243-103397--%2C00.html |archive-date = August 14, 2006 |title = Does Michigan have the longest coast line in the United States? |publisher = State of Michigan |date = July 28, 2011 |access-date = November 5, 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> including {{convert|1056|mi|km}} of island shoreline.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html |title = Shorelines of the Great Lakes |publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment |access-date = July 8, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720200244/http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0%2C1607%2C7-135-3313_3677-15959--%2C00.html |archive-date = July 20, 2010}}</ref>

The state has ], the principal ones being the ] and ], ], and ] groups in Lake Michigan; ] and ] in Lake Superior; Marquette, ], and ] islands in Lake Huron; and ], ], and Drummond islands in ]. Michigan has about 150 ]s, the most of any U.S. state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Lisha |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Did You Know That Michigan Has the Most Lighthouses in the U.S.? |url=https://mix957gr.com/did-you-know-that-michigan-has-the-most-lighthouses-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Mix 95.7FM |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154921/https://mix957gr.com/did-you-know-that-michigan-has-the-most-lighthouses-in-the-u-s/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes (see: ]).

The ] are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and ] which connect the Great Lakes; the ], ], and ], which flow into Lake Huron; the ], and ], which flow into Lake Superior; and the ], ], ], ], ], and ], which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes—totaling {{convert|1305|sqmi|km2|0}} of inland water—in addition to {{convert|38575|sqmi|km2}} of Great Lakes waters. No point in Michigan is more than {{convert|6|mi|km|spell=in}} from an inland lake or more than {{convert|85|mi|km}} from one of the Great Lakes.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-15481_20826_20829-54118--,00.html#wolver |title = Why is Michigan sometimes called 'The Wolverine State?' |access-date = January 11, 2009 |website = Michigan FAQ |publisher = Department of History, Arts and Libraries |quote = Another nickname for Michigan is the "Great Lake State". Michigan's shores touch four of the five Great Lakes, and Michigan has more than 11,000 inland lakes. In Michigan, you are never more than six miles from an inland lake or more than 85&nbsp;miles from a Great Lake. |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090102232935/http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0%2C1607%2C7-160-15481_20826_20829-54118--%2C00.html |archive-date = January 2, 2009}}</ref>

The state is home to several areas maintained by the ] including: ], in Lake Superior, about {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national ] in the state include: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The largest section of the ] passes through Michigan.

With 78 ]s, 19 state recreation areas, and six ], Michigan has the largest state park and ] system of any state.


===Climate=== ===Climate===
{{see also|Climate change in Michigan|List of Michigan tornadoes}}
]
Michigan has a ], although there are two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of ] and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (] ''Dfa'') with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Koppen ''Dfb''), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February the state is frequently subjected to heavy ]. The state averages from 30-40 inches (75-100&nbsp;cm) of precipitation annually.


] of Michigan, using 1991–2020 ]]]
The entire state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 ]es per year, which are more common in the extreme southern portion of the state. Portions of the southern border have been nearly as vulnerable historically as parts of ]. Farther north, in the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.<ref name= "Thunderstorm hazards"> srh.noaa.gov. Last accessed November 1, 2006. </ref>


Michigan has a ] with two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (] ''Dfa'') with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of the Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Köppen ''Dfb''), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February, the state is frequently subjected to heavy ]. The state averages from {{convert|30|to|40|in|cm}} of precipitation annually; however, some areas in the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula average almost {{convert|160|in}} of snowfall per year.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/apx/snow/snowfallAvg.php |title = Mean Annual Snowfall |author = NWS Gaylord Region |date = August 31, 2010 |publisher = National Weather Service |access-date = June 1, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111109014721/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/apx/snow/snowfallAvg.php |archive-date = November 9, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref> Michigan's highest recorded temperature is {{convert|112|F|C}} at ] on July 13, 1936, and the coldest recorded temperature is {{convert|-51|F|C}} at ] on February 9, 1934.<ref name="netstate">{{cite web |url = http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mi_geography.htm |title = The Geography of Michigan |publisher = netstate.com |access-date = March 20, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110321154823/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mi_geography.htm |archive-date = March 21, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|

| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Michigan Cities in °]
The state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 ]es per year, which are more common in the state's extreme southern section. Portions of the southern border have been almost as vulnerable historically as states further west and in ]. For this reason, many communities in the very southern portions of the state have tornado sirens to warn residents of approaching tornadoes. Farther north, in Central Michigan, Northern Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/tornades.html |title = Tornadoes |website = geo.msu.edu |access-date = April 12, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706174930/http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/tornades.html |archive-date = July 6, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Thunderstorm hazards">{{cite web |url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm |title = Thunderstorm hazards |publisher = srh.noaa.gov |access-date = November 1, 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061015060809/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm |archive-date = October 15, 2006}}</ref>

===Geology===

The geological formation of the state is greatly varied, with the ] being the most major formation. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower ] sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of ]. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the ] period. ] and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.

Michigan rarely experiences ]s, and those that it does experience are generally smaller ones that do not cause significant damage. A 4.6-magnitude earthquake struck in August 1947. More recently, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake occurred on Saturday, May 2, 2015, shortly after noon, about five miles south of ] (9 miles southeast of ]) in central Michigan, about 140 miles west of Detroit, according to the Colorado-based ]'s ]. No major damage or injuries were reported, according to then-Governor ]'s office.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/2015/05/02/michigan-earthquake/26773069/ |title = No injuries reported after earthquake rattles Michigan |access-date = May 3, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150503111513/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/2015/05/02/michigan-earthquake/26773069/ |archive-date = May 3, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Michigan}}

{{See also|List of counties in Michigan|List of municipalities in Michigan|List of Michigan metropolitan areas}}

State government is decentralized among three tiers—statewide, county and ]. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan Counties |url=https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/michigan-counties |website=State of Michigan |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154922/https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/michigan-counties |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cities, ], and villages are vested with ] powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.

There are two types of township in Michigan: ''general law'' township and ''charter''. ] status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by a city. {{as of|2001|April}}, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not ''required'' to have those things, whereas cities ''must'' provide those services. Charter townships can opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.

{{Largest cities
| country = Michigan
| stat_ref = ]:<ref name="2020Census">{{cite web |title = Explore Census Data |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |publisher = United States Census Bureau |access-date = September 23, 2021 |archive-date = May 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140923/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Michigan{{!}}County

| city_1 = Detroit
| div_1 = Wayne County, Michigan{{!}}Wayne
| pop_1 = 639,111
| img_1 = Detroit Skyline from Windsor, Ontario 9-5-2024.jpg

| city_2 = Grand Rapids, Michigan{{!}}Grand Rapids
| div_2 = Kent County, Michigan{{!}}Kent
| pop_2 = 198,917
| img_2 = Grand Rapids April 2022.jpg

| city_3 = Warren, Michigan{{!}}Warren
| div_3 = Macomb County, Michigan{{!}}Macomb
| pop_3 = 139,387
| img_3 = Warren - Warren Civic Center (50826952147).jpg

| city_4 = Sterling Heights, Michigan{{!}}Sterling Heights
| div_4 = Macomb County, Michigan{{!}}Macomb
| pop_4 = 134,346
| img_4 = Sterling Heights City Hall.jpg

| city_5 = Ann Arbor, Michigan{{!}}Ann Arbor
| div_5 = Washtenaw County, Michigan{{!}}Washtenaw
| pop_5 = 123,851
| img_5 =

| city_6 = Lansing, Michigan{{!}}Lansing
| div_6 = Ingham County, Michigan{{!}}Ingham
| pop_6 = 112,644
| img_6 =

| city_7 = Dearborn, Michigan{{!}}Dearborn
| div_7 = Wayne County, Michigan{{!}}Wayne
| pop_7 = 109,976
| img_7 =

| city_8 = Clinton Charter Township, Michigan{{!}}Clinton Charter Township
| div_8 = Macomb County, Michigan{{!}}Macomb
| pop_8 = 100,513
| img_8 =

| city_9 = Canton Charter Township, Michigan{{!}}Canton Charter Township
| div_9 = Wayne County, Michigan{{!}}Wayne
| pop_9 = 98,659
| img_9 =

| city_10 = Livonia, Michigan{{!}}Livonia
| div_10 = Wayne County, Michigan{{!}}Wayne
| pop_10 = 95,535
| img_10 =

}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|Michigan statistical areas|Demographics of Michigan}}

{{US Census population
| 1800 = 3757
| 1810 = 4762
| 1820 = 7452
| 1830 = 28004
| 1840 = 212267
| 1850 = 397654
| 1860 = 749113
| 1870 = 1184059
| 1880 = 1636937
| 1890 = 2093890
| 1900 = 2420982
| 1910 = 2810173
| 1920 = 3668412
| 1930 = 4842325
| 1940 = 5256106
| 1950 = 6371766
| 1960 = 7823194
| 1970 = 8875083
| 1980 = 9262078
| 1990 = 9295297
| 2000 = 9938444
| 2010 = 9883640
| 2020 = 10077331
| estimate = 10140459
| estyear = 2024
| align-fn = center
| footnote = Sources: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title = Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url = https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website = Census.gov |publisher = United States Census Bureau |access-date = May 1, 2021 |archive-date = April 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status = dead}}</ref>
<br/>2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Michigan |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI | website=Census.gov | publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>
}}{{stack|]}}
Since ], Michigan has experienced relatively positive and stable population growth trends; beginning with a population of 3,757, the ] recorded 9,883,635 residents. At the ], its population was 10,077,331, an increase of 2.03% since 2010's tabulation. According to the ], it is the third-most populous state in the ] and its ] subregion, behind Ohio and Illinois.

The ] of Michigan is in ], in the southeastern corner of the civil township of ], which is northwest of the village of ].<ref>{{cite web |title = Population and Population Centers by State: 2010 |publisher = United States Census Bureau |access-date = April 5, 2011 |url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025307/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |archive-date = April 29, 2011}}</ref>

According to the ] in 2019, an estimated 6.8% of Michiganders were immigrants, while 3.8% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Take a look: How immigrants drive the economy in Michigan |url=https://map.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/locations/michigan/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=American Immigration Council |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154937/https://map.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/locations/michigan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Numbering approximately 678,255 according to the 2019 survey, the majority of Michigander immigrants came from Mexico (11.5%), India (11.3%), Iraq (7.5%), China (5.3%), and Canada (5.3%); the primary occupations of its immigrants were technology, agriculture, and healthcare. Among its immigrant cohort, there were 108,105 undocumented immigrants, making up 15.9% of the total immigrant population.<ref name=":0" />

According to ]'s 2022 ], there were an estimated 8,206 ] people in Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |title = 2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-date = March 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020239/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url = https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |access-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230311234217/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Race and ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" style="font-size:100%" | Michigan racial breakdown of population
|- |-
! scope="col" | Self-identified race
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | City
! scope="col" | 1970<ref name="census" />
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! scope="col" | 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status = dead |title = Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |archive-date = July 25, 2008}}</ref>
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! scope="col" | 2000<ref>{{cite web |url = http://censusviewer.com/city/MI |title = Population of Michigan: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! scope="col" | 2010<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |title = Decennial Census by Decade - 2010 |website = U.S. Census Bureau |access-date = December 11, 2017 |archive-date = May 22, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! scope="col" | 2020<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title = Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |date = August 12, 2021 |publisher = ] |access-date = August 12, 2021 |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Detroit
| 88.3% || 83.4% || 80.1% || 78.9% || 73.9%
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 31/18
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 34/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 45/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 58/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 70/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/62
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 74/54
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 48/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36/23
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Flint
| 11.2% || 13.9% || 14.2% || 14.2% || 13.7%
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 29/13
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 32/15
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 43/24
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 56/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 69/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/55
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 82/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 80/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 72/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 60/39
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46/30
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 34/19
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Grand Rapids
| 0.2% || 1.1% || 1.8% || 2.4% || 3.3%
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 29/16
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33/17
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 43/26
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 57/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 70/47
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 78/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/51
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 60/40
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 46/31
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 34/21
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Lansing
| 0.2% || 0.6% || 0.6% || 0.6% || 0.6%
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 29/14
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 33/15
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 44/24
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 57/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 69/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/54
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 82/58
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 80/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 72/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 60/39
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46/30
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 34/20
|- |-
! scope="row" | ] and<br />]
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Marquette
| — || — || — || — || —
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 20/3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 24/5
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33/14
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 46/27
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62/39
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 70/48
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 75/54
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 73/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 63/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 35/22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 24/10
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Muskegon
| 0.2% || 0.9% || 1.3% || 1.5% || 2.2%
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 30/17
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 32/18
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 42/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 55/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 67/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 76/54
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 80/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 70/51
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 59/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46/32
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 35/23
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Sault Ste Marie
| — || — || 1.9% || 2.3% || 6.3%
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 22/5
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 24/7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 34/16
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 48/29
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 63/39
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71/46
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 74/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 65/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/26
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 27/13
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|''''
|} |}
]
Since colonial European and American settlement, the majority of Michigan's population has been predominantly ]; ] live throughout every county in the state, and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of ], ], ], ] and ] ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov/ |access-date=December 22, 2017 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] and ] have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2021 |title=Norway Our Community Tour: Connections between the U.P. and Scandinavian countries |url=https://www.upmatters.com/our-community/norway-our-community-tour-connections-between-the-u-p-and-scandinavian-countries/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=WJMN - UPMatters.com |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154939/https://www.upmatters.com/our-community/norway-our-community-tour-connections-between-the-u-p-and-scandinavian-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] is known for its ] heritage, especially in ] and metropolitan Grand Rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Michigan's 'Dutchness' has evolved to be quite different from the Netherlands |url=https://www.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2011/03/27/west-michigan-s-dutchness-has/45234398007/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=The Holland Sentinel |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154922/https://www.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2011/03/27/west-michigan-s-dutchness-has/45234398007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


]—coming to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century—have formed a majority of the population in Detroit and other cities including ] and ]. Since the 2021 census estimates—while Detroit was still the largest city in Michigan with a majority black population—it was no longer the largest black-majority city in the U.S., citing crime and higher-paying jobs given to whites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Detroit is No Longer the Largest Majority-Black City |url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2023/05/24/detroit-no-longer-the-largest-majority-black-city/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=The Michigan Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154932/https://michiganchronicle.com/2023/05/24/detroit-no-longer-the-largest-majority-black-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Shows Memphis Is Largest Majority-Black City, Replacing Detroit |url=https://www.bet.com/article/9n4m5t/detroit-memphis-largest-majority-black-city-census-data |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=BET |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160426/https://www.bet.com/article/9n4m5t/detroit-memphis-largest-majority-black-city-census-data |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Geology===
The geological formation of the state is greatly varied. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower ] sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of Canada. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the ] period. ] and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.


{{as of|2007}}, about 300,000 people in ] trace their descent from the Middle East and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last = Karoub |first = Jeff |url = http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/national_world&id=5358711 |title = Detroit Expects Half of Iraqi Refugees |agency = ] |publisher = ] |location = Philadelphia |access-date = May 5, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002453/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news%2Fnational_world&id=5358711 |archive-date = October 5, 2013 |quote = Southeastern Michigan has about 300,000 people who trace their roots to the Middle East. |url-status = dead}}</ref> ] has a sizeable ] community, with many ], and ] who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s, along with more recent ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Miyares |first1 = Ines M. |last2 = Airriess |first2 = Christopher A. |year = 2007 |title = Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America |page = |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |isbn = 978-0-7425-3772-9 |name-list-style = amp |url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryethn0000unse/page/320}}</ref> {{as of|2007}}, almost 8,000 ] lived in the state of Michigan, about double their 1999 presence in the state.<ref name="Kaiser2">{{cite news |last = Kaiser |first = Robert L. |title = After 25 Years in U.S., Hmong Still Feel Isolated |work = ] |date = December 27, 1999 |url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/12/27/after-25-years-in-us-hmong-still-feel-isolated/ |page = 2 |access-date = April 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170909221741/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-12-27/news/9912270079_1_hmong-impact-of-welfare-reform-barriers/2 |archive-date = September 9, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> Most lived in northeastern Detroit, but they had been increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren.<ref name="Michdaily">{{cite news |title = Michigan Hmong |work = ] |location = University of Michigan |date = January 10, 2007 |url = http://www.michigandaily.com/content/michigan-hmong?page=0,1 |page = 2 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041558/http://www.michigandaily.com/content/michigan-hmong?page=0,1 |archive-date = January 17, 2013 |access-date = November 8, 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref> By 2015, the number of Hmong in the Detroit city limits had significantly declined.<ref name="Rosenremaining">{{cite news |last = Rosen |first = Zak |url = http://michiganradio.org/post/meet-one-detroits-last-remaining-hmong-families |title = Meet One of Detroit's Last Remaining Hmong Families |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708224157/http://michiganradio.org/post/meet-one-detroits-last-remaining-hmong-families |publisher = ] |date = April 23, 2015 |access-date = July 1, 2015 |archive-date = July 8, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival.<ref name="Michdaily" /> The Hmong community also had a prominent portrayal in the 2008 film '']'', which was set in Detroit.
The soil is of a varied composition and in large areas is very fertile, especially in the south. However, the Upper Peninsula for the most part is rocky and mountainous, and the soil is unsuitable for agriculture. The climate is tempered by the proximity of the lakes and is much milder than in other locales with the same latitude. The principal forest trees include basswood, maple, elm, sassafras, butternut, walnut, poplar, hickory, oak, willow, pine, birch, beech, hemlock, witchhazel, tamarack, cedar, locust, dogwood, and ash.

{{as of|2015}}, 80% of Michigan's Japanese population lived in the counties of Macomb, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne in the Detroit and Ann Arbor areas.<ref name="WilkinsonSookp158">{{cite book |last = Wilkinson |first = Sook |title = Asian Americans in Michigan: Voices from the Midwest |location = Detroit |publisher = ] |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-0-8143-3974-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q311BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |page = 158 |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001127/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q311BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |archive-date = September 4, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> {{as of|2013|April}}, the largest Japanese national population is in ], with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, ], ], and ]. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the ] stated more than 2,208 additional Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan {{as of|2012|October|1|lc=y}}, than in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last = Stone |first = Cal |url = http://www.hometownlife.com/article/20130411/NEWS13/304110352/State-s-Japanese-employees-increasing |title = State's Japanese employees increasing |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130413053133/http://www.hometownlife.com/article/20130411/NEWS13/304110352/State-s-Japanese-employees-increasing |archive-date = April 13, 2013 |work = ] |location = Detroit |date = April 11, 2013 |access-date = May 5, 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> During the 1990s, the Japanese population of Michigan experienced an increase, and many Japanese people with children moved to particular areas for their proximity to Japanese grocery stores and high-performing schools.<ref name="WilkinsonSookp158" />

===Languages===

In 2010, about 91.11% (8,507,947) of Michigan residents age five and older spoke only ] at home, while 2.93% (273,981) spoke ], 1.04% (97,559) ], 0.44% (41,189) ], 0.36% (33,648) ] (which includes ]), 0.31% (28,891) ], 0.29% (27,019) ], and ] (such as ] and ]) was spoken as a ] by 0.25% (23,420) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.89% (830,281) of Michigan's population age five and older spoke a ] other than English.<ref name="MLA Data">{{cite web |url = http://www.mla.org/map_data |title = Michigan |publisher = ] |access-date = August 15, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http://www.mla.org/map_data |archive-date = December 1, 2007 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Since 2021, 90.1% of residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, and Spanish was the second-most spoken language with 2.9% of the population speaking it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Languages Spoken at Home |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Michigan+languages&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1601 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154927/https://data.census.gov/table?q=Michigan%20languages&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1601 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===


{{Pie chart
== Demographics ==
| thumb = right
{{See also|Michigan census statistical areas}}
| caption = Religious self-identification, per ]'s 2021 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last = Staff |date = February 24, 2023 |title = American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Michigan |url = https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-MI |access-date = April 4, 2023 |publisher = ] |archive-date = April 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-MI |url-status = dead }}</ref>
]
| label1 = ]
]
| value1 = 43
{{USCensusPop
|1800 = 3757 | color1 = Blue
| label2 = ]
|1810 = 4762
|1820 = 7452 | value2 = 24
|1830 = 28004 | color2 = Purple
| label3 = ]
|1840 = 212267
|1850 = 397654 | value3 = 1
|1860 = 749113 | color3 = Teal
| label4 = ]
|1870 = 1184059
|1880 = 1636937 | value4 = 28
|1890 = 2093890 | color4 = White
| label5 = ]
|1900 = 2420982
|1910 = 2810173 | value5 = 1
|1920 = 3668412 | color5 = Pink
| label6 = ]
|1930 = 4842325
|1940 = 5256106 | value6 = 1
|1950 = 6371766 | color6 = Green
|1960 = 7823194 | label7 = Other
|1970 = 8875083 | value7 = 2
|1980 = 9262078 | color7 = Black
|1990 = 9295297
|2000 = 9938444
|estyear=2007
|estimate=10071822
}} }}
As of the July 1, 2007 population estimate, Michigan has an estimated population of 10,071,822, an increase of 133,340, or 1.3%, since the year 2000. The state's population increased by 776,525 between 1990 and 2007, a 7.7% growth. As of 2000, the state had the 8th largest population in the Union.


Following ] and ] of the region surrounding Michigan, ] became the dominant religion, with ] historically being the largest single Christian group for the state. Until the 19th century, the Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religious group in Michigan, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's St. Anne's parish, established in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, is the second-oldest Roman Catholic parish in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |first = Jim |last = Orlando |url = http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html |title = Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church |publisher = Ste-anne.org |access-date = November 5, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095234/http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html |archive-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref> On March 8, 1833, the ] formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the state; the other dioceses were later carved out from the Detroit Diocese but remain part of the ] of Detroit.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/History+and+Archives+12437/History+of+the+Archdiocese+-+Summary.htm |title = The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit |publisher = Archdiocese of Detroit |access-date = November 5, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013182426/http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/History%2Band%2BArchives%2B12437/History%2Bof%2Bthe%2BArchdiocese%2B-%2BSummary.htm |archive-date = October 13, 2011}}</ref> Several ] have been practiced in Michigan.
The ] of Michigan is located in ], in the southeastern corner of the ] of ], which is located directly north of the village of ].<ref></ref>


In 2020, there were 1,492,732 adherents of Roman Catholicism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2020 Congregational Membership Reports |url=https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?y=2020&y2=0&t=1&c=26 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=The Association of Religion Data Archives |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154921/https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?y=2020&y2=0&t=1&c=26 |url-status=live }}</ref> There's also a significant ] presence in Metro Detroit, including the ] established by Archbishop Karl Rodig; the see of this church operates in a former Roman Catholic parish church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unusual church in no-man's land welcomes everyone |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/donna-terek/2016/08/06/donnas-detroit-st-anthony-church/88354096/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154922/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/donna-terek/2016/08/06/donnas-detroit-st-anthony-church/88354096/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathedral of St. Anthony |url=https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/cathedral-of-st-anthony |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Historic Detroit |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154922/https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/cathedral-of-st-anthony |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement regarding "Archbishop" Karl Rodig and the Cathedral Abbey of St. Anthony |url=https://www.aod.org/announcements-newsroom/newsroom/2016/august/statement-regarding-archbishop-karl-rodig-and-the-cathedral-abbey-of-st-anthony |access-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Archdiocese of Detroit |language=en-US |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154922/https://www.aod.org/announcements-newsroom/newsroom/2016/august/statement-regarding-archbishop-karl-rodig-and-the-cathedral-abbey-of-st-anthony |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of 2006, the state had a foreign-born population of 688,413. In recent years, the foreign-born population in the state has grown. Michigan has the largest Dutch-American, Finnish-American and Macedonian-American populations in the United States.


With the introduction of Protestantism to the state, it began to form the largest collective Christian group. In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported the largest Protestant denomination was the ] with 228,521 adherents;<ref name="www.thearda.com3">{{cite web |title=State Membership Report |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/26/rcms2010_26_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231401/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/26/rcms2010_26_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> followed by the ] with 219,618, and the ] with 120,598 adherents. The ] had almost 100,000 members and more than 230 congregations in Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thearda.com/denoms/D_921_d.asp |title = Christian Reformed Church in North America—Religious Groups |publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date = January 31, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101193825/http://www.thearda.com/denoms/D_921_d.asp |archive-date = November 1, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> The ] had 76,000 members and 154 congregations in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thearda.com/denoms/D_934_d.asp |title = Reformed Church in America—Religious Groups |publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date = January 31, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233743/http://www.thearda.com/denoms/D_934_d.asp |archive-date = October 4, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> By the 2020 study, ] Protestant churches formed the largest Protestant group in Michigan, numbering 508,904. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod grew to become the second-largest single Christian denomination, and United Methodists declined to being the third-largest. The Lutheran Protestant tradition was introduced by ] and Scandinavian immigrants. Altogether, Baptists numbered 321,581 between the ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]; black Baptists formed the largest constituency.<ref name=":1" /> In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.crcna.org/pages/history_of_crc.cfm |title = Historical Journey of the CRC (Christian Reformed Church) |publisher = Christian Reformed Church of North America |access-date = November 5, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111105170420/http://www.crcna.org/pages/history_of_crc.cfm |archive-date = November 5, 2011}}</ref>
The five largest reported ancestries in Michigan are: ] (20.4%), ] (14.2%), ] (10.8%), ] (9.9%), and ] (8.6%).


In the same 2010 survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 44,382, and Muslims at 120,351.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/26/rcms2010_26_state_family_2010.asp |publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives |title = State Membership Report |access-date = November 22, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235330/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/26/rcms2010_26_state_family_2010.asp |archive-date = December 2, 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The first Jewish synagogue in the state was ], founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tbeonline.org/aboutus/history |title = History |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090522202826/http://www.tbeonline.org/aboutus/history/ |archive-date = May 22, 2009}}</ref> Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/26_2000.asp |title = Michigan: Religions |access-date = September 13, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907142656/http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/26_2000.asp |archive-date = September 7, 2008 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Michigan is home to the largest mosque in North America, the ] in Dearborn. Battle Creek, Michigan, is also the birthplace of the ], which was founded on May 21, 1863.<ref name="Adventist org">{{cite web |title = United for Mission: One Hundred and Fifty Years |url = http://www.adventist.org/information/history/article/go/0/united-for-mission-one-hundred-and-fifty-years/ |date = September 18, 2013 |publisher = General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists |access-date = October 7, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008181409/http://www.adventist.org/information/history/article/go/0/united-for-mission-one-hundred-and-fifty-years |archive-date = October 8, 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="New indian">{{cite news |last1 = Thiruvananthapuram |title = SDA Church Valedictory Fete |url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/SDA-Church-Valedictory-Fete/2014/09/11/article2424923.ece |access-date = October 7, 2014 |agency = The New Indian Express Group |newspaper = The New Indian Express |date = September 11, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141014072050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/SDA-Church-Valedictory-Fete/2014/09/11/article2424923.ece |archive-date = October 14, 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
Michigan has a large ] population (81.3%). Americans of European descent including German, ], and ] ancestry live throughout most of Michigan and Metro Detroit. People of ] (especially ]) and ] ancestry have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for the ] heritage of many residents (the highest concentration of any state), especially in the Grand Rapids-Holland area. Metro Detroit also has residents of Polish and Irish descent.


==Economy==
] has become the center of a large ] community, now mostly Lebanese, who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s. African-Americans, who came to Detroit and other northern cities in the ] of the early 20th century, form a majority of the population of the city of Detroit and of other industrial cities, including Flint and ].
{{See also|List of companies based in Michigan|Economy of metropolitan Detroit|Michigan locations by per capita income}}


{{Publicly traded companies in Michigan}}
An individual from Michigan is called a "]" or "Michiganian".<ref></ref> Also at times, but rarely, a "Michiganite".<ref></ref>
{{US Demographics}}


], a ] that connects Detroit with ], in Canada. It is the busiest international border crossing in North America in terms of trade volume.]]
===Religion===
]. The Renaissance Center in ] is the world headquarters of ].]]
] Dearborn Proving Ground (DPG) completed major reconstruction and renovations in 2006.]]


In 2022, 3,939,076 people in Michigan were employed at 227,870 establishments, according to the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224|accessdate=January 5, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Michigan}}</ref>
The largest ] by number of adherents in 2000 was the ] with 2,019,926; The largest Protestant denominations were
the ] with 244,231 and the ] with 222,269 adherents.<ref>http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/26_2000.asp</ref>


The ] estimated Michigan's Q3 2024 ] to be $711.481 billion, ranking 14th out of the 50 states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by State and Personal Income by State, 3rd Quarter 2024 -Tables Only |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state|access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=Bureau of Economic Analysis |language=en}}</ref> According to the ], {{as of|2024|November|lc=y}}, the state's ] was estimated at 4.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bls.gov/news.release/laus.nr0.htm|title = State Employment and Unemployment Summary |publisher = U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date = January 5, 2024}}</ref>
The religious affiliations of the people of Michigan in 1990 were:<ref>Glenmary Research Center. ''Churches & Church Membership in U.S., 1990.''</ref>
*] – 82%
**] – 58%
***] – 15%
***] – 10%
***] – 7%
***] – 5%
***] – 4%
***] – 3%
***] – 2%
***Other Protestant – 12%
**] – 23%
**Other Christian – 1%
*] – 2%
*] – 1%
*Other Religions – <1%
*Non-Religious – 15%


Products and services include automobiles, food products, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, furniture, and mining of copper and iron ore.{{quantify|date=March 2020}}<!-- What % of the GDP and/or employment are each? --> Michigan is the third-largest grower of ]s with {{convert|60520|acre|km2|0}} of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_2_035_036.pdf |title = 2002 Census of Agriculture – State Data |page = 511 |publisher = USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015711/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_2_035_036.pdf |archive-date = December 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.christmastree.org/statistics_industry.cfm#findings |title = National Christmas Tree Association: Industry Statistics |publisher = National Christmas Tree Association |access-date = July 25, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616024429/http://christmastree.org/statistics_industry.cfm |archive-date = June 16, 2010}}</ref> The beverage ] was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with ]. ] was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: ] by ] and ] Pizza by ]. Michigan became the 24th ] state in the U.S. in 2012, however, in 2023 this law was repealed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Mikula |first1 = Christopher R. |last2 = Stuart |first2 = Eric C. |date = March 27, 2023 |title = Michigan Governor Signs Legislation Repealing Right-to-Work Law |url = https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/michigan-law-right-to-work.aspx |publisher = Society for Human Resource Management |access-date = May 31, 2023 |archive-date = May 31, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230531153425/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/michigan-law-right-to-work.aspx |url-status = dead }}</ref>
About 300,000 people trace their roots to the ].<ref></ref>


Since 2009, GM, Ford and Chrysler have managed a significant reorganization of their benefit funds structure after a volatile stock market which followed the ] and ] impacted their respective U.S. pension and benefit funds (]).<ref>{{cite news |last = Sloan |first = Allan |date = April 10, 2007 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/09/AR2007040901262.html |title = GM's High-Performance Pension Machine |newspaper = ] |page = D02 |access-date = September 5, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525103845/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/09/AR2007040901262.html |archive-date = May 25, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the United Auto Workers Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) ] (VEBA). Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |publisher = National Association of Manufacturers |date = February 2008 |url = http://www.nam.org/~/media/Files/State_Data/Michigan.ashx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081023020928/http://www.nam.org/~/media/Files/State_Data/Michigan.ashx |url-status = dead |archive-date = October 23, 2008 |title = Facts about Michigan Manufacturing |access-date = June 17, 2009}}</ref> but the high speculative price of oil became a factor for the U.S. auto industry during the ] impacting industry revenues. In 2009, GM and Chrysler emerged from ] restructurings with financing provided in part by the U.S. and Canadian governments.<ref name="Garrett">{{cite news |last = Garrett |first = Major |date = March 31, 2009 |url = https://www.foxnews.com/politics/white-house-plots-gm-bankruptcy-unsure-when-taxpayers-will-recoup-50-billion-investment/ |title = White House Plots GM Bankruptcy, Unsure When Taxpayers Will Recoup $50&nbsp;Billion Investment |publisher = Fox News |access-date = June 23, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608134754/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/31/white-house-plots-gm-bankruptcy-unsure-taxpayers-recoup-billion-investment/ |archive-date = June 8, 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Stoll">{{cite news |last1 = Stoll |first1 = John D. |first2 = Neil Jr. |last2 = King |date = July 10, 2009 |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124722154897622577 |title = GM Emerges From Bankruptcy |work = The Wall Street Journal |access-date = July 10, 2009 |name-list-style = amp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123211849/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124722154897622577 |archive-date = January 23, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> GM began its ] (IPO) of stock in 2010.<ref name="IPO">{{cite news |last1 = Stoll |first1 = John D. |first2 = David |last2 = McLaughlin |date = July 2, 2009 |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124646098696280443 |title = General Motors Aims for IPO Next Year |work = The Wall Street Journal |access-date = July 10, 2009 |name-list-style = amp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123211343/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124646098696280443 |archive-date = January 23, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> For 2010, the Big Three domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.<ref>{{cite news |last = Shoenberger |first = Robert |date = May 25, 2010 |url = http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/05/rebounding_auto_industry_boost.html |title = Rebounding auto industry boosts Shiloh Industries' second-quarter sales, profit |work = Cleveland Plain Dealer |access-date = September 18, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100911204857/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/05/rebounding_auto_industry_boost.html |archive-date = September 11, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Schroeder">{{cite news |last = Schroeder |first = Robert |date = July 30, 2010 |url = http://www.marketwatch.com/story/obama-says-us-auto-industry-on-rebound-2010-07-30 |title = Obama says U.S. auto industry on rebound |work = The Wall Street Journal |access-date = September 9, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100802055246/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/obama-says-us-auto-industry-on-rebound-2010-07-30 |archive-date = August 2, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://money.cnn.com/2010/08/12/news/companies/gm_results/index.htm |title = GM posts profit, CEO Whitacre to retire |work = CNN Money |publisher = CNN |access-date = September 18, 2010 |first = Chris |last = Isidore |date = August 12, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100914094523/http://money.cnn.com/2010/08/12/news/companies/gm_results/index.htm |archive-date = September 14, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Cwiek">{{cite news |last = Cwiek |first = Sarah |date = November 30, 2010 |url = http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/michigan/news.newsmain/article/0/0/1731658/Michigan.Morning.Edition/New.study.shows.strong.economic.recovery.in.Metro.Detroit |title = New study shows strong economic recovery in Metro Detroit |publisher = NPR Michigan |access-date = December 4, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511073749/http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/michigan/news.newsmain/article/0/0/1731658/Michigan.Morning.Edition/New.study.shows.strong.economic.recovery.in.Metro.Detroit |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
==Economy==
{{seealso|List of companies based in Michigan|Economy of metropolitan Detroit}}
] at the ] in Detroit. The GT500 is manufactured in Ford's Flat Rock, Michigan assembly plant.]]
The Michigan economy leads in ], ], and advanced manufacturing. Michigan is commonly known for its auto industry. Michigan ranks fourth nationally in high-tech employment with 568,000 high-tech workers, including 70,000 in the automotive industry.<ref>MEDC (2006). State of Michigan</ref> Michigan typically ranks second or third in overall ] expenditures in the United States.<ref>NSF 01-320 (2001).National Science Foundation</ref> Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall ] than for any other U.S. state.<ref>http://www.agiweb.org/gap/cvd/CVD04Michigan.pdf</ref> The state is an important source of ] job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.<ref>Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (2006). </ref>
Some of the major industries/products/services include automobiles, cereal products, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, copper, iron, and furniture. Michigan is the third leading grower of ] with {{convert|60520|acre|km2|0}} of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming.<ref> http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_2_035_036.pdf</ref><ref></ref> The beverage ] was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer. ] was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907.


{{As of|2002}}, Michigan ranked fourth in the U.S. in high-tech employment with 568,000 high-tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.<ref name="MEDCHiTech">{{cite web |date = November 16, 2002 |first = Jennifer |last = Kopp-Owens |publisher = Michigan Economic Development Corporation |url = http://www.michiganadvantage.org/Press-Releases/Michigan-The-High-Technology-Automotive-State/ |title = Michigan: The High-Technology Automotive State |access-date = February 21, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110202105/http://www.michiganadvantage.org/Press-Releases/Michigan-The-High-Technology-Automotive-State/ |archive-date = January 10, 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall ] (R&D) expenditures in the United States.<ref name="MEDC1">{{cite web |publisher = Michigan Economic Development Corporation |year = 2009 |url = http://michiganadvantage.org/MIAdvantage/Getting-the-UpperHand/Default.aspx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090321164030/http://michiganadvantage.org/MIAdvantage/Getting-the-UpperHand/Default.aspx |archive-date = March 21, 2009 |title = Michigan Advantage |access-date = June 23, 2009}}</ref><ref name="NSF">{{cite web |last = Bennof |first = Richard J. |publisher = National Science Foundation |id = 01-320 |date = March 23, 2001 |url = https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/databrf/nsf01320/sdb01320.htm |title = R&D Spending is Highly Concentrated in a Small Number of States |access-date = April 6, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171013213616/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/databrf/nsf01320/sdb01320.htm |archive-date = October 13, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall gross domestic product than for any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.agiweb.org/gap/cvd/CVD04Michigan.pdf |title = Federal Scientific R&D in Michigan |access-date = November 5, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225809/http://www.agiweb.org/gap/cvd/CVD04Michigan.pdf |archive-date = July 24, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref> The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (2006) |url = http://www.autoalliance.org/economic/ |title = From the 2003 Study "Contributions of the Automotive Industry to the U.S. Economy" University of Michigan and the Center for Automotive Research |access-date = January 3, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040402045414/http://www.autoalliance.org/economic/ |archive-date = April 2, 2004}}</ref>
Michigan has experienced economic difficulties brought on by volatile stock market disruptions following the ]. This caused a pension and benefit fund crisis for many American companies, including General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. The American auto companies are proving to be more resilient than other affected industries as each company implements its respective turnaround plans (In 2007, General Motors reported a $9.6&nbsp;billion surplus in its pension fund). Despite problems, Michigan ranked second nationally in new corporate facilities and expansions in 2004. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was listed as the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments, led by Metro Detroit.<ref>MEDC (2005) Globeinvestor.com </ref> Manufacturing in Michigan grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006.<ref name=NAM/> In 2007, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the ] Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) ] (VEBA) raising prospects for corporate turnaround plans.


Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for new corporate facilities and expansions. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments;<ref name="NAM" /><ref>{{cite press release |publisher = Michigan Economic Development Corporation |date = March 3, 2005 |url = http://www.globeinvestor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/print/PRNEWS/20050303/2005_03_03_12_0813_1322091 |title = Michigan#2 in the Nation for New Corporate Facilities and Expansions in 2004 |access-date = June 27, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174401/http://www.globeinvestor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/print/PRNEWS/20050303/2005_03_03_12_0813_1322091 |archive-date = September 27, 2007 |url-status = dead}}</ref> however, the effects of the ] have slowed the state's economy. In 2008, Michigan placed third in a site selection survey among the states for luring new business which measured capital investment and new job creation per one million population.<ref name="siteselection">{{cite journal |url = http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2009/may/Comp-Awards/ |title = King of the Hill: Top ten competitive states for 2008 |access-date = July 8, 2009 |journal = Site Selection Magazine |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090715214200/http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2009/may/Comp-Awards/ |archive-date = July 15, 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of electric vehicle technologies which is expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020.<ref name="priddle">{{cite news |last1 = Priddle |first1 = Alisa |first2 = David |last2 = Shepardson |date = August 6, 2009 |url = http://www.detnews.com/article/20090806/AUTO01/908060429/1148/auto01/Mich.+gets+$1.3B+battery+jolt |title = Mich. gets $1.3B battery jolt |work = The Detroit News |access-date = August 6, 2009 |name-list-style = amp}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> From 2007 to 2009, Michigan ranked 3rd in the U.S. for new corporate facilities and expansions.<ref name="Lane">{{cite news |last = Lane |first = Amy |date = March 5, 2010 |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100305/BRIGHTSIDE/303059985 |title = Michigan retains 3rd-place ranking by Site Selection magazine |work = Crains Detroit Business |access-date = April 17, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708201114/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100305/BRIGHTSIDE/303059985 |archive-date = July 8, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Medernach">{{cite journal |last1 = Medernach |first1 = Karen |first2 = Mike |last2 = O'Conner |date = March 2010 |url = http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2010/mar/cover/0709_NewCorpFacilities.pdf |title = 2007–2009 New Corporate Facilities and Expansions |journal = Site Selection Magazine |access-date = April 17, 2010 |name-list-style = amp |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716075455/http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2010/mar/cover/0709_NewCorpFacilities.pdf |archive-date = July 16, 2011}}</ref>
Even though Michigan is known as the birthplace of the automobile industry, its diverse economy leads in many other areas. Michigan has a booming ] industry and the ] is a $1&nbsp;billion biotechnology initiative in the state of Michigan.<ref>MEDC 2006. State of Michigan.</ref>


] in Detroit, one of the hardest hit cities in the ].]]
As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Western Michigan University, and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. Michigan's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 deep water ports.<ref>MEDC (2006). State of Michigan</ref> In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in ].<ref name=Bank>Crain's Detroit Business (October 4, 2007).. ''Metro Mode Media''.Retrieved on September 6, 2008.</ref>
As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy and its University Research Corridor.<ref name="University Research Corridor">{{cite web |title=University Research Corridor |url=http://www.urcmich.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724184741/http://urcmich.org/ |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |publisher=Urcmich.org}}</ref> Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.<ref name="Bruns">{{cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Adam |date=January 2009 |title=How Are You Helping Companies Grow? |url=http://www.siteselection.com/features/2009/jan/Michigan/ |url-status=live |journal=Site Selection Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412011739/http://www.siteselection.com/features/2009/jan/Michigan/ |archive-date=April 12, 2009 |access-date=December 27, 2009}}</ref> The ] is at Michigan State University. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. It has the third highest number of engineering graduates nationally.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dteenergy.com/dteEnergyCompany/economicDevelopment/whyMichigan.html |title = Economic development: Why Michigan |publisher = DTE |access-date = December 27, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116043438/http://www.dteenergy.com/dteEnergyCompany/economicDevelopment/whyMichigan.html |archive-date = January 16, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>


] is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a ]. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. ] is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a ] and is a major hub for ]. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. The state's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 ].<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Michigan Economic Development Corporation |year = 2006 |url = http://www.michigan.org/medc/miinfo/mimaps/combo.asp?ContentId=DD3B9F9F-FB6D-481B-B2F3-72491F7B6054&QueueId=1&ContentTypeId=10019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060421094648/http://www.michigan.org/medc/miinfo/mimaps/combo.asp?ContentId=DD3B9F9F-FB6D-481B-B2F3-72491F7B6054&QueueId=1&ContentTypeId=10019 |url-status = dead |archive-date = April 21, 2006 |title = Commercial Ports}}</ref> In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25&nbsp;billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in ].<ref name="Bank">{{cite news |work = Crain's Detroit Business |date = October 4, 2007 |url = http://www.metromodemedia.com/innovationnews/bankofamerica3807.aspx |title = Bank of America commits $25&nbsp;billion for community development in Michigan |access-date = January 3, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071110093317/http://www.metromodemedia.com/innovationnews/bankofamerica3807.aspx |archive-date = November 10, 2007 |url-status = dead}}</ref>


Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last = Headapohl |first = Jackie |title = Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010 |url = http://www.mlive.com/jobs/index.ssf/2011/02/michigan_led_the_nation_in_job_creation.html |website = MLive |publisher = ] |access-date = March 8, 2011 |date = February 28, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110307000347/http://www.mlive.com/jobs/index.ssf/2011/02/michigan_led_the_nation_in_job_creation.html |archive-date = March 7, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's 2004 gross state product at $372&nbsp;billion.<ref></ref> Per capita personal income in 2003 was $31,178 and ranked twentieth in the nation. In May 2008, Michigan's unemployment rate rose to 8.5 percent,<ref name=MILMI>. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> among the highest in the nation, and stayed there through June.<ref></ref>

On December 20, 2019, Governor ] signed a package of bills into law effectively legalizing ] activities in Michigan, which allowed commercial and ] to apply for internet gaming licenses.<ref>{{Cite press release |title = Governor Whitmer Signs Bipartisan Legislation Legalizing Sports Betting in Michigan |url = https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2019/12/20/signs-bipartisan-legislation-legalizing-sports-betting-in-michigan-revenue |date = December 20, 2019 |access-date = March 21, 2023 |publisher = Office of the Governor |language = en-US |archive-date = March 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230321142245/https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2019/12/20/signs-bipartisan-legislation-legalizing-sports-betting-in-michigan-revenue |url-status = live }}</ref>


===Taxation=== ===Taxation===

Michigan's top ] bracket on personal income is 4.35%. Some cities impose additional income taxes. Michigan's state ] is six percent. ]es are assessed on the local, not state, level. In 2007, Michigan repealed its Single Business Tax (SBT) and replaced it with a Michigan Business Tax (MBT) in order to stimulate job growth by reducing taxes for seventy percent of the businesses in the state.<ref>Office of the Governor (June 15, 2007). ''State of Michigan''.Retrieved on August 10, 2007.</ref> According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, recent growth in Michigan is 0.1%.<ref></ref>
Michigan's personal ] is a flat rate of 4.25%. In addition, 22&nbsp;cities impose income taxes; rates are set at 1% for residents and 0.5% for non-residents in all but four cities.<ref name="city-income-tax">{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/taxes/0,4676,7-238-43715-153955--F,00.html |title = Taxes – What cities impose an income tax? |publisher = Michigan Department of Treasury |access-date = June 28, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526121226/http://www.michigan.gov/taxes/0,4676,7-238-43715-153955--F,00.html |archive-date = May 26, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> Michigan's state ] is 6%, though items such as food and medication are exempted. ]es are assessed on the local level, but every property owner's local assessment contributes six ] (a rate of $6 per $1000 of property value) to the statutory State Education Tax. Property taxes are appealable to local boards of review and need the approval of the local electorate to exceed millage rates prescribed by state law and local charters. In 2011, the state repealed its business tax and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduced taxes on business.<ref>{{cite news |last = Luke |first = Peter |date = May 25, 2011 |url = http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/gov_rick_snyder_signs_michigan.html |title = Gov. Rick Snyder signs Michigan business/income tax overhaul into law |work = Bridge Magazine |access-date = December 3, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111226130656/http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/gov_rick_snyder_signs_michigan.html |archive-date = December 26, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Bell |first = Dawson |date = November 18, 2011 |url = http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/article/20111118/NEWS04/311180025/Michigan-Supreme-Court-hands-Gov-Rick-Snyder-victory-plan-tax-pensions |title = Michigan Supreme Court hands Gov. Rick Snyder a victory on plan to tax pensions |work = Lansing State Journal |access-date = December 3, 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Article IX of the Constitution of the State of Michigan also provides limitations on how much the state can tax.

A 6% ] is levied on goods purchased outside the state (that are brought in and used in state), at parity with the sales tax.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-41009-2226--,00.html |title = Find the difference between sales and use tax |publisher = State of Michigan |access-date = May 4, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427083540/https://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-41009-2226--,00.html |archive-date = April 27, 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref> The use tax applies to internet sales/purchases from outside Michigan and is equivalent to the sales tax.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(dxwui1r43fufigas1nqi2rnr))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-Act-94-of-1937 |publisher = Michigan Legislature |title = Act 94 of 1937 |access-date = May 4, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160505220436/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jqbdzetgaczaknsxmka4o5e5))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectstate=mcl-Act-94-of-1937 |archive-date = May 5, 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>


===Agriculture=== ===Agriculture===
{{See also|Cherry production in Michigan}}
A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among U.S. states in the diversity of its agriculture.<ref>. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS, by Craig Thiel, Fiscal Analyst. Retrieved on September 3, 2008.</ref> Michigan is a leading grower of fruit, including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.<ref>. Agriculutre Experiment Station. ''Michigan State University''. Retrieved on January 3, 2008.</ref><ref>Hanson, Eric, Department of Horticulture. . Ag Experiment Station Special Reports (07/28/98). ''Michigan State University''. Retrieved on January 3, 2008.</ref> These fruits are mainly grown in ], and some are grown in rural areas of Southeast Michigan. Michigan produces wines and a multitude of food products. ] cereal is based out of Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Michigan is home to very fertile land in the ] and "Thumb" areas. Products grown there are corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soy beans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7&nbsp;million tons of sugarbeets into 970&nbsp;million pounds of pure, white sugar.<ref></ref> Michigan's largest sugar refiner, Michigan Sugar Company <ref> </ref> is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan Sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in ], and corn is dominant in ]. Michigan State University is dedicated to the study of agriculture.

], ], ]s, ]s, and ]s.]]
] in ]]]

A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among US states in the diversity of its agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.senate.michigan.gov/sfa/Publications/Notes/2000Notes/NotesJulAug00Thiel.PDF |title = Michigan agricultural exports |first = Craig |last = Thiel |access-date = September 3, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080909225027/http://www.senate.michigan.gov/sfa/Publications/Notes/2000Notes/NotesJulAug00Thiel.PDF |archive-date = September 9, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> The state has 54,800 farms utilizing {{convert|10000000|acre|km2}} of land which sold $6.49&nbsp;billion worth of products in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Michigan/Publications/MichiganFactSheets/STHILGTS.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060515222949/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Michigan/Publications/MichiganFactSheets/STHILGTS.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = May 15, 2006 |title = Number of farms and land in farms, 2009–2010 |publisher = National Agricultural Statistics Service, Michigan Field Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture |id = NR-09-77 |first = Jeff |last = Andersen |date = October 7, 2011}}</ref> The most valuable agricultural product is milk. Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes. Livestock in the state included 78,000 sheep, a million cattle, a million hogs, and more than three million chickens. Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.

Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the US, including blueberries, ], apples, grapes, and peaches.<ref name="MIAG">{{cite web |url = http://web1.msue.msu.edu/fruit/bluberry.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720004949/http://web1.msue.msu.edu/fruit/bluberry.htm |archive-date = July 20, 2011 |title = Michigan Blueberries |author = Agriculture Experiment Station |publisher = Michigan State University |access-date = January 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Hanson |first = Eric |url = http://web1.msue.msu.edu/imp/modsr/sr589201.html |title = Small Fruit Crops |website = Ag Experiment Station Special Reports |date = July 28, 1998 |publisher = Michigan State University |access-date = January 3, 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083215/http://web1.msue.msu.edu/imp/modsr/sr589201.html |archive-date = April 17, 2006}}</ref>
Michigan produces 70 percent of the country's cherries. Most of these cherries are ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.9and10news.com/2023/07/01/what-makes-traverse-city-the-prime-place-for-cherries/ | title=What makes Traverse City the prime place for cherries? }}</ref>
Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown in Michigan. These fruits are mainly grown in ] due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. Michigan produces ], beers and a multitude of processed food products. ] cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Thornapple Valley, ], ], and ] sausage companies are all based in Michigan.

Michigan is home to very fertile land in the ] and Thumb areas. Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soybeans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7&nbsp;million tons of sugarbeets into 485,000 tons of pure, white sugar.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigansugar.com/about/education/growing.php |title = Michigan Sugar Company: Education |publisher = Michigansugar.com |access-date = July 25, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100821121324/http://www.michigansugar.com/about/education/growing.php |archive-date = August 21, 2010}}</ref> Michigan's largest sugar refiner, ]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://michigansugar.com/ |title = Michigan Sugar Company |access-date = May 25, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514085038/http://www.michigansugar.com/ |archive-date = May 14, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in Northern Michigan, and corn is dominant in Central Michigan. Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.


===Tourism=== ===Tourism===
{{See also|List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan|List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan|List of museums in Michigan}} {{See also|List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan|List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan|List of museums in Michigan}}
] is on the ].]]
Michigan has a thriving tourist industry. Visitors spend $17.5&nbsp;billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs. Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation.<ref>Great Lakes IT Report. (May 3, 2007,).. Retrieved on August 10, 2007.</ref> Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and ]. Michigan is fifty percent ] land, much of it quite remote. Both the forests and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. ] draws visitors to leading attractions, particularly ], the ], and the ], and to ]. Other museums include the ], the ], museums in the ], and the ]. The metro area offers four major casinos, ], ], ], and ] in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.<ref name=Mink>Mink, Randy, and Karen Mink (July 2001).Detroit Turns 300 - Detroit 300 Festival. ''Travel America'', World Publishing Co., Gale Group.</ref>


] is well known for cultural events and a wide variety of architectural styles, including the ] ].]]
Hunting is a major component of Michigan's economy. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2&nbsp;billion annually to its economy. Over three-quarters of a million hunters participate in ] season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of rifle season, because of attendance concerns.
], is the home of the ], the largest ] in the U.S.]]


As of 2011, Michigan's tourists spent $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lane |first = Amy |date = May 25, 2011 |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110525/FREE/110529946/report-tourism-spending-increase-in-2010-was-biggest-ever-in-michigan# |title = Report: Tourism spending increase in 2010 was biggest ever in Michigan |work = Crain's Detroit Business |access-date = July 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110529015616/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110525/FREE/110529946/report-tourism-spending-increase-in-2010-was-biggest-ever-in-michigan |archive-date = May 29, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref> Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Great Lakes IT Report |date = May 3, 2007 |url = http://www.glitr.com/Article.asp?id=401608&spid |title = Michigan's Tourism Website No. 1 in the U.S. |access-date = August 10, 2007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928210839/http://www.glitr.com/Article.asp?id=401608&spid |archive-date = September 28, 2007}}</ref> Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is over 50% forest land,<ref>{{cite web |last = Cook |first = Bill |title = Facing the Facts |url = https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/facing-the-facts |publisher = MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources |date = September 5, 2019 |access-date = June 9, 2023 |archive-date = June 9, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230609113359/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/facing-the-facts |url-status = live }}</ref> much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the ] and the ].
Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12&nbsp;billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Michigan has more than 90 native species of trees, more than all of Europe combined.


In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after Labor Day, in accordance with the new post-Labor Day school law. A survey found 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed the shorter summer between school years cut into the annual tourism season.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.imakenews.com/tourism/index000142517.cfm |title = Michigan Tourism Business |website = Imakenews.com |access-date = July 25, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713013123/http://www.imakenews.com/tourism/index000142517.cfm |archive-date = July 13, 2011}}</ref> However, a bill introduced in 2023 would cancel this requirement, allowing individual districts to decide when their school year should begin.<ref>{{cite news |last = LeBlanc |first = Beth |title = Michigan lawmakers weigh bill ditching post-Labor Day school start requirement |url = https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2023/06/06/michigan-lawmakers-weigh-bill-ditching-post-labor-day-school-start-law/70290650007/ |access-date = June 13, 2023 |work = ] |date = June 6, 2023 |archive-date = June 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230606161432/https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2023/06/06/michigan-lawmakers-weigh-bill-ditching-post-labor-day-school-start-law/70290650007/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Bowie |first = Taylor |title = Bill aims to end mandate requiring Michigan public schools to start after Labor Day |url = https://www.michiganradio.org/education/2023-06-07/bill-aims-to-end-mandate-requiring-michigan-public-schools-to-start-after-labor-day |access-date = June 13, 2023 |work = ] |date = June 7, 2023 |archive-date = June 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230613024414/https://www.michiganradio.org/education/2023-06-07/bill-aims-to-end-mandate-requiring-michigan-public-schools-to-start-after-labor-day |url-status = live }}</ref>
The state has numerous ]s, which can themselves become the center of a tour.<ref> </ref>


] draws visitors to leading attractions, especially ], the ], the ], and to ]. Other museums include the ], the ], museums in the ], and the ]. The metro area offers four major casinos, ], ], ], and ] in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.<ref name="Mink">{{cite news |last1 = Mink |first1 = Randy |first2 = Karen |last2 = Mink |date = July 2001 |title = Detroit Turns 300: Detroit 300 Festival |work = Travel America |publisher = World Publishing Co., Gale Group |name-list-style = amp}}</ref>
With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years in which they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class SCUBA diving destination. The ] are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.


Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye, and perch. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy. More than three-quarters of a million hunters participate in ] season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season, because of attendance concerns.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
==Transportation==
Michigan has nine international crossings with Ontario, Canada:
*], North America's busiest international border crossing.
*], a twin-span bridge (] and ], but the larger city of ] is usually referred to on the Canadian side.
*Blue Water Ferry (] and Sombra, Ontario)
*Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel.
*] (] and ])
*].
*] (] and ])
*St.Clair River Railway Tunnel (] and ])
*] Ferry (] and ] First Nation, Ontario
*A second international bridge is currently under development between ] and ].<ref></ref>


], is home to a vast ] trail system.]]
===Railroads===
{{seealso|List of Michigan railroads|History of railroads in Michigan}}
Michigan is served by five ] railroads: the ], the ], ], the ], and ]. These are augmented by several dozen ]s. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to ], with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Official_Rail_130897_7.pdf | title=Railroads Operating in Michigan | work=Michigan Department of Transportation | accessdate=2008-02-15|format=PDF}}</ref>


Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered ]s in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-38948-121641--,00.html |title = Economic Impact: Natural Resources Boost Michigan's Economy |publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016184133/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0%2C1607%2C7-153-38948-121641--%2C00.html |archive-date = October 16, 2013}}</ref>
{{main|Michigan Services}}
] passenger rail services the state, connecting many southern and western Michigan cities to Chicago, Illinois. There are plans for ] for Detroit and its ] (see ]).<ref></ref><ref></ref>


The state has numerous ]s, which can themselves become the center of a tour.<ref>{{cite web |website = Michigan Historical Markers |url = http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17449_18638_18654-107240--,00.html |title = Traveling Through time: A guide to Michigan Historical Markers |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090728042147/http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0%2C1607%2C7-160-17449_18638_18654-107240--%2C00.html |archive-date = July 28, 2009}}</ref> The ] is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |title = Great Lakes Circle Tour |publisher = Great-lakes.net |date = July 5, 2005 |access-date = July 25, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |archive-date = July 25, 2010}}</ref>
===Roadways===
{{seealso|Michigan Highway System}}
] is the main thoroughfare between Detroit and Flint, extending to Sault Saint Marie and providing access to Sault Saint Marie, Ontario. The expressway crosses the Mackinac Bridge between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Branching highways include I-275 and I-375 in Detroit; I-475 in Flint; I-675 in Saginaw.


With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The ] are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.
] enters the state near the Michigan-Ohio-Indiana border, and it extends to Port Huron and provides access to the ] crossing into Sarnia.


==Culture==
] enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. I-194 branches off from this freeway in ].
===Arts===
====Music====
{{main|Music of Michigan}}


Michigan music is known for three music trends: early ], Motown/soul music and ]. Michigan musicians include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] "The Prince of Soul", ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], ] "The Queen of Pop", ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] (]), ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |last = Perini |first = Mike |title = Del Shannon's "Runaway" tops charts 50 years ago this week |url = https://www.michiganradio.org/post/del-shannons-runaway-tops-charts-50-years-ago-week |access-date = June 21, 2020 |publisher = Michigan Radio |date = April 26, 2011 |archive-date = August 3, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200803215945/https://www.michiganradio.org/post/del-shannons-runaway-tops-charts-50-years-ago-week |url-status = live }}</ref>
] runs east-west between Detroit and Muskegon. ] loops through Lansing. I-196 branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. I-696 branches off from this freeway at ] and connects to I-94 near ].


====Performance arts====
Major bridges include the Ambassador Bridge, Blue Water Bridge, ], and ]. Michigan also has the ] crossing into Canada.


]
===Airports===
Major theaters in Michigan include the ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], and ].
{{seealso|List of airports in Michigan}}
The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is by far Michigan's busiest airport, followed by the ] in Grand Rapids.


The ], the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated in Detroit.<ref name="Almanac2">{{Cite book |last1 = Gavrilovich |first1 = Peter |last2 = McGraw |first2 = Bill |title = The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition |publisher = ] |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-937247-48-8}}</ref>
==Important cities and townships==
]
].]]
]
]
]
]
]


===Sports===
{{further|]}}
{{Main|List of Michigan professional sports teams}}
{{see also|List of Michigan sport championships}}


] in ] is the largest ] in the ], and the third-largest stadium in the world.]]
The largest municipalities in Michigan are (according to 2007 census estimates):
Michigan's major-league sports teams include: ] baseball team, ] ] team, ] ] team, and the ] men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area. The state also has a professional second-tier (]) soccer team in ], which plays its home games at ] in ].
<br clear=left>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-right:60px"
!Rank
!City
!Population
|-
|align=left|1
|align=left|]
|916,952
|-
|align=left|2
|align=left|]
|193,627
|-
|align=left|3
|align=left|]
|134,223
|-
|align=left|4
|align=left|]
|127,349
|-
|align=left|5
|align=left|]
|115,092
|-
|align=left|6
|align=left|]
|114,947
|-
|align=left|7
|align=left|]
|114,662
|-
|align=left|8
|align=left|]
|96,253
|-
|align=left|9
|align=left|]
|93,931
|-
|align=left|10
|align=left|]
|89,252
|-
|}


The Pistons played at Detroit's ] until 1978 and at the ] until 1988 when they moved into ]. In 2017, the team moved to the newly built ] in downtown Detroit. The Detroit Lions played at ] in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975 and 2002 before moving to ] in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to ]. The Red Wings played at ] before moving to ] in 1979. They later moved to Little Caesars Arena to join the Pistons as tenants in 2017. Professional hockey got its start in 1903 in ],<ref>{{cite news |url = http://abc10up.com/marquette-regional-history-center-will-host-houghton-hockey-history-talk/ |title = Marquette Regional History Center Will Host Houghton Hockey History Talk |date = March 25, 2014 |first = Mike |last = Hoey |location = Ishpeming, MI |publisher = ] |access-date = May 8, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012308/http://abc10up.com/marquette-regional-history-center-will-host-houghton-hockey-history-talk/ |archive-date = May 13, 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref> when the Portage Lakers were formed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ice hockey {{!}} History, Rules, Equipment, Players, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/ice-hockey |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=November 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103093203/https://www.britannica.com/sports/ice-hockey |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other important cities include:
*] ("Cereal City U.S.A.", world headquarters of ])
*] / ] (headquarters of ])
*] (home of ])
*] (home of the ])
*] (home to ])
*] (home to the world's largest salt plant, owned by ])
*] (largest city in the ] with 19,661 people)
*] (headquarters of the ] and the ])
*] (largest Michigan city on ])
*] (major automobile manufacturing center, and home of the ])
*] (major international crossing and home of the ])
*] (home of ])
*] (home of the ] and ])
*] (the largest of the Tri-Cities, which consist of ], ] and Saginaw)
*] ("Cherry Capital of the World", making Michigan the country's largest producer of cherries)
*] (home of ])


] in ]]]
Half of the wealthiest communities in the state are located in ], just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is located just east of the city, in ]. Only three of these cities are located outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit itself, with a per capita income of $14,717, ranks 517th on the list of ]. ] is the poorest city in Michigan, with a per capita income of $8,965, while ] is the richest with a per capita income of $110,683.


The ] is the site of ] races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship ] race. From 1959 to 1961, ] hosted the ]'s U.S. Nationals.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.50th-usnationals.com/apcm/templates/50th_history.asp?articleid=802&zoneid=52 |title = 50th Anniversary Mac Tools U.S. Nationals: History |publisher = 50th-usnationals.com |access-date = November 5, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017190407/http://www.50th-usnationals.com/apcm/templates/50th_history.asp?articleid=802&zoneid=52 |archive-date = October 17, 2013}}</ref> Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the {{convert|120|mi|km|adj=on}} ]. The ] is also a favorite.
== Education ==
{{seealso|List of school districts in Michigan}}
=== Colleges and universities ===
{| style="font-size:95%;padding:.3em 0 .3em 35px;margin:0"
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
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*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*University of Michigan System
**]-Ann Arbor
**]
**]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|}


Twenty-time Grand Slam champion ] was born in Saginaw. The ], ] is from DeWitt. Wieber was also a member of the ] at the London Olympics in 2012.
===Community colleges and technical schools===
{| style="font-size:95%;padding:.3em 0 .3em 35px;margin:0"
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|valign="top"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|}


Collegiate sports in Michigan are popular in addition to professional sports. The state's two largest athletic programs are the ] and ], which play in the ] ]. ] in Ann Arbor, home to the ] team, is the ] and the third-largest stadium worldwide.
== Professional sports teams==
]
Most ] teams in Michigan are located in Metro Detroit, with the ] ] team, ] ] team, and ] ] team located within the city of Detroit. The ] men's ] team and the ] women's basketball team currently play at the ]. The Pistons played at Detroit's ] until 1978 and at the ] until 1988. The Detroit Lions played at ] in Detroit until 1974, then moved out to the Silverdome before moving to ] in 2002. The Red Wings played at ] before moving to ] in 1979.


The ] features around 300,000 participants.
The ]'s ] is the state's other "major league" sports team. Nine-time Grand Slam champion ] was born in Saginaw. Professional hockey got its start in ], when the Portage Lakers were formed.


==Education==
Other notable sports teams include:
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Michigan|List of high schools in Michigan}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
|-
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
|-
|]
|Ice Hockey
|International Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice Hockey
|North American Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|North American Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|International Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|Ontario Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|North American Hockey League
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
|-
|]
|]
|], ]
|-
|]
|Baseball
|Minor League Baseball, Midwest League
|-
|]
|Baseball
|Minor League Baseball
|-
|]
|Baseball
|Minor League Baseball
|-
|]
|Baseball
|Minor League Baseball, Midwest League
|-
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|Indoor football
|Continental Indoor Football League
|-
|]
|Indoor football
|Continental Indoor Football League
|-
|]
|Indoor football
|Continental Indoor Football League
|-
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|Soccer
|]
|-
|]
|Soccer
|USL Premier Development League
|-
|]
|Soccer
|]
|-
|]
|Soccer
|]
|-
|]
|Soccer
|USL Premier Development League
|-
|]
|Soccer
|W-League
|-
|]
|Soccer
|W-League
|-
|}


{{Multiple image
===Former professional teams===
| perrow = 1
{{seealso|List of Michigan sport championships}}
| total_width = 230
{| class="wikitable"
| align = right
!Club
| direction = vertical
!Sport
| width =
!League(s)
| image1 = A picture of the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.jpg
!Status
| image2 =
|-
| footer = ]
|]
}}
|Basketball

|]
], one of the leading college preparatory ] in the country]]
|Moved to ] and became the ], would move again to ] and are now the ]

|-
Michigan's education system serves 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are ] under certain legal requirements.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725125827/http://michigan.gov/documents/NPSHS_numbers_05_131608_7.pdf |date=July 25, 2010}}, Michigan Department of Education, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/numbsch_26940_7.pdf |title = Number of Public Schools in Michigan |publisher = Michigan Department of Education |year = 2010 |access-date = August 5, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100728085508/http://michigan.gov/documents/numbsch_26940_7.pdf |archive-date = July 28, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> The public school system had a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–09.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/b1011-09_319754_7.pdf |title = 2008–2009 BULLETIN 1011 Analysis of Michigan Public School Districts Revenues and Expenditures |publisher = Michigan Department of Education |year = 2009 |access-date = August 5, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101203012159/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/b1011-09_319754_7.pdf |archive-date = December 3, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> From 2009 to 2019, over 200 ] in Michigan closed, partly due to competition from ].<ref>{{cite web |author = Wisely, John |url = https://www.freep.com/story/news/education/2019/05/28/michigan-private-schools-closing-catholic/3757380002/ |title = 200 private schools have closed in Michigan in the last decade |work = ] |date = May 28, 2019 |access-date = May 2, 2020 |archive-date = July 29, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729040341/https://www.freep.com/story/news/education/2019/05/28/michigan-private-schools-closing-catholic/3757380002/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, ''U.S. News & World Report'' rated three Michigan high schools among the nation's 100 best: ] (18th), the ] (21st), and the ] (52nd). ] ranked 107th.<ref>{{cite web |title = Rankings: Best High Schools |url = https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/michigan/districts/grand-rapids-public-schools/city-high-middle-school-9981 |website = U.S. News & World Report |accessdate = May 1, 2020 |archive-date = June 13, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190613213407/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/michigan/districts/grand-rapids-public-schools/city-high-middle-school-9981 |url-status = live }}</ref>
|] (Heralds/Tigers/Panthers/Wolverines)

|Football
The ] is Michigan's oldest higher educational institution and among the oldest ] in the nation. It was founded in 1817, 20 years before ] achieved statehood.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php |title = University of Michigan Timelines: General University Timeline |publisher = Bentley Historical Library |date = July 5, 2007 |access-date = March 9, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090421020242/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php |archive-date = April 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JuYtUDLQCWMC&q=michigan+oldest+university&pg=PT143 |title = A to Zee Across America |first = Kay |last = Morris-Robertson |year = 2012 |publisher = AuthorHouse |isbn = 978-1-4685-0328-9}}</ref> ] is the state's oldest private liberal arts college, founded in 1833 by a group of ] ministers as the Michigan and Huron Institute. From 1840 to 1850, the college operated as the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan. ] settlers in ] founded ] in 1835. It is the state's second-oldest private liberal arts college.
|]

|Defunct
] is the first post-secondary institution in the ], founded in 1885 as the Michigan Mining School. ] was founded in 1849 as the Michigan State Normal School for the training of teachers. It was the nation's fourth-oldest ] and the first U.S. normal school outside ]. In 1899, the Michigan State Normal School became the nation's first normal school to offer a four-year curriculum. ] was founded in 1855 as the nation's first ].
|-

|]
The ] classifies eight of the state's institutions (Michigan State University, Michigan Technological University, Eastern Michigan University, ], ], ], ], University of Michigan) as ].<ref>{{cite web |title = The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (RU/VH: Research Universities (very high research activity)) |publisher = The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |year = 2010 |url = http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/InstitutionList.aspx |access-date = March 9, 2011 |archive-date = February 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220152013/https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data |url-status = live }}</ref>
|Football

|]
{{Gallery
|Moved to ] for one game, then disbanded in the middle of the 1974 season
|title=
|-
|width=180 |height=130
|]
|align=center
|Basketball
|footer=
|]
|File:Hoben Hall.jpg
|Defunct
|]
|-
|File:Burrage_Library_.jpg
|]
|]
|Football
|File:HopeDimnentChapel9.jpg
|]
|]
|Defunct
|File:Finlandia University Entrance Sign Hancock Michigan 2021-2.jpg
|-
|] |]
}}
|Baseball

|], ], ]
== Infrastructure ==
|The team ceased operations in 1960

|-
=== Energy ===
|]
{{see also|List of power stations in Michigan}}
|Baseball

|]
] on the shore of ], near ]]]
|Disbanded, 1888

|-
In 2020, Michigan consumed 113,740- ] (GWh) of electrical energy and produced 116,700 (GWh) of electrical energy.<ref name="MI-ESRP"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514093837/https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/Michigan%20Energy%20Sector%20Risk%20Profile.pdf |date=May 14, 2022 }}, ''U.S. Department of Energy'', March 2021</ref>
|]

|Ice Hockey
] is Michigan's leading source of electricity, producing roughly half its supply or 53,100 GWh of electrical energy (12.6 GW total capacity) in 2020.<ref name="MI-ESRP" /> Although Michigan has no active coal mines, coal is easily moved from other states by train and across the ] by ]s. The lower price of natural gas is leading to the closure of most coal plants, with Consumer Energy planning to close all of its remaining coal plants by 2025;<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514111051/https://www.michiganradio.org/environment-climate-change/2022-04-20/consumers-energy-agrees-to-stop-burning-coal-by-2025 |date=May 14, 2022 }}, Sarah Cwiek, Michigan Radio, April 20, 2022</ref> DTE plans to retire 2100MW of coal power by 2023.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091328/https://www.platts.com/latest-news/coal/louisville-kentucky/dte-electric-plans-to-keep-belle-river-monroe-10389797 |date=June 27, 2018 }}, ''Platts'', April 27, 2018</ref> The coal-fired ] in ], on the western shore of ], is the nation's 11th-largest electric plant, with a net capacity of 3,400 MW.
|]

|Moved to ] and became the ] for the rest of the team's existence
] is also a significant source of electrical power in Michigan, producing roughly one-quarter of the state's supply or 28,000-] (GWh) of electrical energy (4.3 GW total capacity) in 2020.<ref name="MI-ESRP" /> The three active nuclear power plants supply Michigan with about 26% of its electricity. ], just north of ], is the state's largest ], with a net capacity of 2,213 MW. The ] is the second-largest, with a net capacity of 1,150 MW. It is also one of the two nuclear power plants in the ] (within a 50-mile radius of Detroit's city center), about halfway between ] and ], the other being the ], in ]. The ], south of ], closed in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.woodtv.com/news/michigan/palisades-power-plant-shuts-down-early/ |title = Palisades Power Plant shuts down early |publisher = WOODTV.com |date = May 20, 2022 |accessdate = June 19, 2022 |archive-date = June 1, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220601001125/https://www.woodtv.com/news/michigan/palisades-power-plant-shuts-down-early/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The ], Michigan's first nuclear power plant and the nation's fifth, was decommissioned in 1997.
|-

|]
Utility companies were required to generate at least 10% of their energy from renewable sources by 2015, under Public Act 295 of 2008. In 2016, the legislature set another mandate to reach at least 12.5% renewable energy by 2019 and 15% by end of year 2021, which all utilities subject to the law successfully met. By the end of 2022, Michigan had at least 6 GW of renewable generating capacity, and was projected to have at least 8 GW by the end of 2026. Wind energy accounted for 59% of all Michigan energy credits in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helms |first=Matt |date=2023-09-29 |title=MPSC report on renewable energy, distributed generation finds utilities meeting 2021 goal, making progress toward 35% goal |url=https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/commission/news-releases/2023/09/29/mpsc-report-on-renewable-energy-distributed-generation |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Michigan Public Service Commission |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531150405/https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/commission/news-releases/2023/09/29/mpsc-report-on-renewable-energy-distributed-generation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renewable Energy Filings |url=https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/regulatory/electricity/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-filings |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Michigan Public Service Commission |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530004333/https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/regulatory/electricity/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-filings |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Ice Hockey

|]
=== Transportation ===
|Disbanded when ] became ]
==== International crossings ====
|-

|]
], a twin-span bridge across the ] that links ] and ]]]
|]

|]
Michigan has nine international road crossings with Ontario, Canada:
|Franchise terminated September 20, 2004
* ], North America's busiest international border, crossing the Detroit River
|-
* ], a twin-span bridge (], and ], but the larger city of ] is usually referred to on the Canadian side)
|]
* Blue Water Ferry (], and Sombra, Ontario)
|]
* ]
|]
* ] (Detroit and ])
|Disbanded after 2005-2006 season
* ]
|}
* ] (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and ])
* ] (Port Huron and Sarnia)
* ] Ferry (], and ] First Nation, Ontario)

The ], a second international bridge between Detroit and Windsor, is under construction. It is expected to be completed in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last = Battagello |first = Dave |date = February 28, 2020 |title = Gordie Howe bridge construction continues to ramp up, properties fully secured |url = https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/howe-bridge-annual-general-meeting |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200403010239/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/howe-bridge-annual-general-meeting/ |archive-date = April 3, 2020 |access-date = June 16, 2020 |work = Windsor Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.partnershipborderstudy.com |title = Detroit River International Crossing Study Website |access-date = December 2, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100504083556/http://www.partnershipborderstudy.com/ |archive-date = May 4, 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date = September 28, 2018 |title = $3.8B to build Gordie Howe bridge, complete by end of 2024 |url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/gordie-howe-bridge-construction-1.4842489 |access-date = June 16, 2020 |work = CBC |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010101354/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/gordie-howe-bridge-construction-1.4842489 |url-status = live }}</ref>

====Railroads====

{{See also|List of Michigan railroads|History of railroads in Michigan}}

Michigan is served by four ]s: the ], the ], ], and the ]. These are augmented by several dozen ]s. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to ], with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.<ref>{{cite map |url = http://michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Official_Rail_130897_7.pdf |title = Railroads Operating in Michigan |author = Michigan Department of Transportation |publisher = Michigan Department of Transportation |access-date = February 15, 2008 |format = PDF |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012417/http://michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Official_Rail_130897_7.pdf |archive-date = February 16, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>

{{Main|Michigan Services}}

Three ] passenger rail routes serve the state. The ] from Chicago to Grand Rapids, the ] from Chicago to Port Huron, and the ] from Chicago to Pontiac. There are plans for ] for Detroit and its suburbs (see ]).<ref>{{cite news |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210234916/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070122%2FNEWS06%2F701220388%2F1001%2FBUSINESS05 |url = http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070122/NEWS06/701220388/1001/BUSINESS05 |title = Commuter rail plan to Detroit gets a push: Amtrak from Ann Arbor |date = January 22, 2007 |first = Kathleen |last = Gray |work = ] |archive-date = February 10, 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.marp.org/detroitcommuter.htm |title = Commuter rail service facts |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080225102008/http://www.marp.org/detroitcommuter.htm |archive-date = February 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/03/commuter_rail_line_will_have_s.html |title = Commuter rail line will have stop in Ypsilanti |first = John |last = Mulcahy |work = The Ann Arbor News |date = March 10, 2009 |access-date = March 17, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313043427/http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/03/commuter_rail_line_will_have_s.html |archive-date = March 13, 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref>

====Roadways====
{{See also|Michigan State Trunkline Highway System|List of County-Designated Highways in Michigan|l2=County-Designated Highways in Michigan}}

] (U.S. 2) runs along ] from ] to its eastern terminus at ].]]
], a suspension bridge spanning the ] to connect the ] and ] peninsulas of Michigan]]

* ] (I-75) is the main thoroughfare between Detroit, Flint, and ] extending north to ] and providing access to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The freeway crosses the ] between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Auxiliary highways include ] and ] in Detroit; ] in Flint; and ] in Saginaw.
* ] enters the state near the Michigan–Ohio–Indiana border, and it extends to ] and provides access to the ] crossing into ], Ontario.
* ] enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. ] branches off from this freeway in Battle Creek. I-94 is the main artery between Chicago and Detroit.
* ] runs east–west between Detroit and ]. ] loops through Lansing. ] branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. ] branches off from this freeway at ] and connects to I-94 near ].
* ] (U.S. 2) enters Michigan at the city of ] and travels east to the town of ], where it turns south and briefly re-enters Wisconsin northwest of ]. It re-enters Michigan north of ] and continues through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the cities of ], ], and ]. Along the way, it cuts through the ] and ] national forests and follows the northern shore of Lake Michigan. Its eastern terminus lies at exit 344 on I-75, just north of the Mackinac Bridge.
* ] enters Michigan at the Ohio state line in the suburban spillover of ], as a freeway and leads northward to Ann Arbor before merging with I-75 just south of Flint. Concurrent with I-75 through Flint, Saginaw, and Bay City, it splits from I-75 at ] as an intermittently four lane/two-lane surface road closely following the western shore of Lake Huron generally northward through Alpena before turning west to northwest toward Mackinaw City and Interstate 75 again, where it terminates.
* ] enters Michigan as Interstate-quality freeway at the Indiana state line just northwest of South Bend, Indiana, heads north to Interstate 196 near Benton Harbor, and follows the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to Mackinaw City, where it has its northern terminus.
* ] enters Michigan from Ohio south of ] as a two-lane, undivided highway and closely follows the ], the principal north–south line used to survey Michigan in the early 19th century. It passes north through ] and Lansing before terminating south of ] at I-75, and is a four-lane freeway for the majority of its course.
* ] has its southern terminus at the Indiana Toll Road roughly one mile south of the Indiana state line as a two-lane surface road. It passes through Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids as a freeway of Interstate standard and continues as such to ], where it reverts to two-lane surface road to its northern terminus at U.S. 31 in Petoskey.

====Intercity bus services====
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

====Airports====
{{See also|List of airports in Michigan}}

] (DTW)]]

] in the western suburb of ], was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/_rankings-2010nam_.xls |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316105016/http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/_rankings-2010nam_.xls |url-status = dead |title = Airports Council International 2010 Final Airport Traffic Report |archive-date = March 16, 2012}}</ref> The ] in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint ] is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Other frequently trafficked airports include ], in Traverse City; ], serving the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek region; ], located outside of Lansing; and ] serving the ], ] and Saginaw tri-city region. Additionally, smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands.

== Government ==
{{See also|List of Governors of Michigan|United States congressional delegations from Michigan}}

===State government===
{{Main|Government of Michigan}}

] in ] houses the ] of the government of the US state of Michigan.]]

Michigan is governed as a republic, with three ]: the ] consisting of the ] and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the ] consisting of the ] and ]; and the ]. The ] allows for the direct participation of the electorate by statutory ] and ], ], and constitutional initiative and ] (Article II, § 9,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislature.mi.gov/printDocument.aspx?objstate=mcl-article-ii-9&version=txt |title = Article II, § 9 of State Constitution |publisher = Michigan Legislature |access-date = June 27, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041635/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(dmjr2jejmjc0at2whhlicz55))/printDocument.aspx?objstate=mcl-article-ii-9&version=txt |archive-date = January 17, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> defined as "the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). ] is the ] and is home to all three branches of state government.

]]]

The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The current governor is ]. Michigan has two official ]; one is in Lansing, and the other is on ]. The other constitutionally elected executive officers are the ], who is elected on a joint ticket with the governor; the ]; and the ]. The lieutenant governor presides over the Senate (voting only in case of a tie) and is also a member of the cabinet. The secretary of state is the chief elections officer and is charged with running many licensure programs including motor vehicles, all of which are done through the branch offices of the secretary of state.

The ] consists of a 38-member Senate and 110-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses of the legislature are elected through ] elections by single-member electoral districts of near-equal population that often have boundaries which coincide with county and municipal lines. Senators serve four-year terms concurrent to those of the governor, while representatives serve two-year terms. The ] was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the executive and legislative branches of the state ever since.

]

The Michigan judiciary consists of two courts with primary jurisdiction (the Circuit Courts and the District Courts), one intermediate level appellate court (the ]), and the ]. There are several administrative courts and specialized courts. District courts are trial courts of ], handling most traffic violations, small claims, ]s, and civil suits where the amount contended is below $25,000. District courts are often responsible for handling the preliminary examination and for setting bail in felony cases. District court judges are elected to terms of six years. In a few locations, municipal courts have been retained to the exclusion of the establishment of district courts. There are 57 circuit courts in the State of Michigan, which have ] over all civil suits where the amount contended in the case exceeds $25,000 and all criminal cases involving ]. Circuit courts are also the only trial courts in the State of Michigan which possess the power to issue ]. Circuit courts have ] from district and municipal courts, as well as from decisions and decrees of state agencies. Most counties have their own circuit court, but sparsely populated counties often share them. Circuit court judges are elected to terms of six years. State appellate court judges are elected to terms of six years, but vacancies are filled by an appointment by the governor. There are four divisions of the Court of Appeals in Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Marquette. Cases are heard by the Court of Appeals by panels of three judges, who examine the application of the law and not the facts of the case unless there has been grievous error pertaining to questions of fact. The Michigan Supreme Court consists of seven members who are elected on non-partisan ballots for staggered eight-year terms. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction only in narrow circumstances but holds appellate jurisdiction over the entire state judicial system.

===Law===
{{main|Law of Michigan}}

] at the Hall of Justice]]

Michigan has had four constitutions, the first of which was ratified on October{{nbsp}}5 and 6, 1835.<ref>{{cite web |first = Mark |last = Harvey |date = May 18, 2006 |title = Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1835 |url = http://michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,1607,7-212--56877--,00.html |publisher = State of Michigan |access-date = June 27, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032651/http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0%2C1607%2C7-212--56877--%2C00.html |archive-date = July 17, 2012}}</ref> There were also constitutions from 1850 and 1908, in addition to the current constitution from 1963. The current document has a preamble, 11 articles, and one section consisting of a schedule and temporary provisions. Michigan, like every U.S. state except ], has a ] legal system.

===Politics===
{{main|Politics of Michigan}}

Having been a ]-leaning state at the presidential level since the 1990s, Michigan has evolved into a ] after ] won the state in ]. He then won it again in ], after losing it by a slim 2.8% to Democrat ] in ]. Governors since the 1970s have alternated between the Democrats and ], and statewide offices including ], ], and ] have been held by members of both parties in varying proportion. Additionally, from ] until ], the governor-elect had always come from the party opposite the presidency. Following the ], control of ] is split, with the Democratic Party having a slim majority of two seats in the Senate while the Republican Party holds a 58 seat majority in the House. The state's ] is commonly split, with one party or the other typically holding a narrow majority; as of 2025 Republicans have a 7-6 majority.

Michigan was the home of ], the 38th president of the United States. Born in Nebraska, he moved as an infant to Grand Rapids.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/gf38.html |title = Biography of Gerald R. Ford |date = August 9, 1974 |access-date = July 25, 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610172811/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/gf38.html |archive-date = June 10, 2010 |via = ] |work = ]}}</ref><ref name="ford-Nebraska">{{cite news |last = Funk |first = Josh |year = 2006 |url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/12/27/nebraska_born_ford_left_state_as_infant/ |title = Nebraska-Born, Ford Left State As Infant |agency = Associated Press |work = ] |access-date = October 6, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105223632/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/12/27/nebraska_born_ford_left_state_as_infant/ |archive-date = January 5, 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> The ] is in Grand Rapids, and the ] is on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

In a 2020 study, Michigan was ranked as the 13th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = J. Pomante II |first1 = Michael |last2 = Li |first2 = Quan |title = Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal = Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date = December 15, 2020 |volume = 19 |issue = 4 |pages = 503–509 |doi = 10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid = 225139517 |doi-access = free |issn=1533-1296 }}</ref> In 2022, Michigan voters passed an amendment recognising abortion and contraceptive rights within the ].<ref name="freep passage">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=November 9, 2022 |title=2022 Michigan Proposal 3 - Reproductive Freedom Election Results |url=https://www.freep.com/elections/results/race/2022-11-08-ballot_initiative-MI-24627/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |publisher=]}}</ref>


==State symbols and nicknames== ==State symbols and nicknames==
*]s: ''Wolverine State'', ''Great Lakes State'', ''Mitten State'', ''Water-Winter Wonderland''
*]: '']'' (Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) adopted in 1835 on the coat-of-arms, but never as an official 'motto'. This is a paraphrase of the epitaph of British ] Sir ] about his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral.<ref> </ref><ref></ref>
*]: ''My Michigan'' (official since 1937, but disputed amongst residents)<ref> </ref>
*]: ] (since 1931)
*]: ] (traditional)
*State game animal: ] (since 1997)
*]: ] (since 1965)
*]: ] (since 1995)
*]: ] (since 2000)
*]: ] (adopted in 1897, official in 1997)
*State wildflower: ] (since 1998). Known as ''Iris lacustris'', it is a federally listed threatened species.
*]: ] (since 1955)
*]: ] (since 1965). It is composed of fossilized ] (''Hexagonaria pericarnata'') from long ago when the middle of the continent was covered with a shallow sea.
*]: ] (since 1973). Also called ''chlorastrolite'' (literally "green star stone"), the mineral is found on ] and the ].
*]: ] (since 1990), ranges in color from black to yellowish brown, covers nearly a million acres (400,000&nbsp;ha) in 29 counties.


]]]
==Facts==
*Michigan is home to more public golf courses than any other state.
*Michigan ranks 1st in the nation in the number of registered ]s.<ref></ref>
*Michigan ranks 3rd in the nation in licensed ]s at over 750,000


Michigan is traditionally known as "The Wolverine State", and the University of Michigan uses the wolverine as its mascot. The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War and ], who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; it may derive from a busy trade in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may recall a disparagement intended to compare early settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, however, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near ] was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite news |title = First Michigan wolverine spotted in 200 years |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4374309 |last = Runk |first = David |date = February 25, 2004 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = NBC News |access-date = December 23, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218042651/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4374309 |archive-date = February 18, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> Another wolverine was found dead in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Bell |first = Dawson |date = March 15, 2010 |title = Only known wolverine in the Michigan wild dies |newspaper = Detroit Free Press |url = http://www.freep.com/article/20100315/NEWS06/100315027/1318/Only-wolverine-in-Mich.-wild-dies |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133328/http://www.freep.com/article/20100315/NEWS06/100315027/1318/Only-wolverine-in-Mich.-wild-dies |archive-date = July 6, 2015}}</ref>
===Sister states===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*{{flagicon|Japan}} ], ]<ref></ref>
* ]s: ''Wolverine State'', ''Great Lakes State'', ''Mitten State'', ''Water-Winter Wonderland''
*{{flagicon|China}} ], ] <ref></ref>
* ]: '']'' (Latin: "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you") adopted in 1835 on the coat-of-arms, but never as an official motto. This is a paraphrase of the epitaph of British architect Sir ] about his masterpiece, ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.netstate.com/states/mottoes/mi_motto.htm |title = Michigan state motto, at least on its coat of arms |access-date = December 29, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080125122529/http://www.netstate.com/states/mottoes/mi_motto.htm |archive-date = January 25, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(1vf2tp45f2zrc43menveha55))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-2-22&queryid=21357829&highlight=state%20AND%20motto |title = Law enacting State Court of Arms |access-date = December 29, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080919012357/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(x4d3ut45vxppcyjp3qkmta55))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-2-22&queryid=21357829&highlight=state%20AND%20motto |archive-date = September 19, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* ]: "]" (official since 1937, but disputed amongst residents),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160--54116--,00.html |title = Michigan's State Songs |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802145532/http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0%2C1607%2C7-160--54116--%2C00.html |archive-date = August 2, 2009}}</ref> "]" (unofficial state song, since the civil war)
* ]: ] (since 1931)
* ]: ] (traditional)
* State game animal: ] (since 1997)
* ]: ] (since 1965)
* ]: ] (since 1995)
* ]: ] (since 2000)
* ]: ] (adopted in 1897, official in 1997)
* State wildflower: ] (since 1998) a federally listed threatened species
* ]: ] (since 1955)
* ]: ] (since 1965). It is composed of fossilized ] (''Hexagonaria pericarnata'') from long ago when the middle of the continent was covered with a shallow sea.
* ]: ] (since 1973). Also called ''chlorastrolite'' (literally "green star stone"), the mineral is found on ] and the Keweenaw peninsula.
* ]: US coin issued in 2004 with the Michigan motto "Great Lakes State".
* ]: ] (since 1990), ranges in color from black to yellowish brown, covers nearly {{convert|1000000|acre|km2|adj=on}} in 29 counties.
{{div col end}}


== See also == ==Sister regions==
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} ], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ci.birmingham.mi.us/home/index.asp?page=419 |title = Birmingham Sister City Program |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151105125506/http://www.ci.birmingham.mi.us/home/index.asp?page=419 |archive-date = November 5, 2015}}</ref>
* ]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} ], People's Republic of China<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.scfao.gov.cn/2005/2.html |title = Briefing on Sichuan International Sister Cities Cooperation and Development Week 2005 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607034115/http://www.scfao.gov.cn/2005/2.html |archive-date = June 7, 2008}}</ref>
* ]
* ]
{{portal|Michigan|Seal of Michigan.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the State of Michigan in the ] -->


== References == ==See also==
{{Portal|Michigan|Michigan highways}}
{{reflist|2}}
* ]
* ]: organized list of topics about Michigan
* ], 3 ships
{{Clear}}


==Further reading== ==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{refbegin}}

* Bald, F. Clever, ''Michigan in Four Centuries'' (1961)/
==References==
* Browne, William P. and - Kenneth VerBurg. ''Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State'' University of Nebraska Press. 1995.
{{reflist}}
* Bureau of Business Research, Wayne State U. ''Michigan Statistical Abstract'' (1987).

* Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris, 2006.
==Bibliography==
* Cappel, Constance, "The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People," Lewiston,NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
{{Refbegin}}
* .
* {{cite book |last = Bald |first = F. Clever |title = Michigan in Four Centuries |year = 1961 |location = New York |publisher = Harper |isbn = 978-0-06-000240-4 |oclc = 478659}}
*Michigan, State of . ''Michigan Manual'' (annual), elaborate detail on state government.
* {{cite book |last1 = Browne |first1 = William P. |first2 = Kenneth |last2 = VerBurg |title = Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |year = 1995 |name-list-style = amp |isbn = 978-0-8032-1209-1 |location = Lincoln, NE}}
*''Michigan Historical Review'' Central Michigan University (quarterly).
* {{cite book |author = ((Bureau of Business Research)) |publisher = Wayne State University |title = Michigan Statistical Abstract |year = 1987}}
*Press, Charles et al., ''Michigan Political Atlas'' (1984).
* {{cite book |last1 = Dunbar |first1 = Willis F. |first2 = George S. |last2 = May |title = Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State |year = 1995 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-7055-1 |name-list-style = amp}}
*Public Sector Consultants. ''Michigan in Brief. An Issues Handbook'' (annual)
* {{cite map |last1 = Groop |first = Richard E. |last2 = Press |first2 = Charles |display-authors = 1 |title = Michigan Political Atlas |year = 1984 |scale = Scale not given |location = East Lansing, MI |publisher = Center for Cartographic Research and Spatial Analysis |oclc = 11918446}}
*Rubenstein, Bruce A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. ''Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State.'' (2002)
* {{cite book |last = Rich |first = Wilbur |title = Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker |publisher = Wayne State University Press |year = 1989 |location = Detroit |isbn = 978-0-8143-2093-8}}
*Sisson, Richard, Ed. ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'' (2006)
* {{cite book |last1 = Rubenstein |first1 = Bruce A. |first2 = Lawrence E. |last2 = Ziewacz |title = Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State |edition = 4th |year = 2008 |location = Wheeling, IL |publisher = Harlan Davidson |isbn = 978-0-88295-257-4 |name-list-style = amp}}
*Weeks, George, ''Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan'' (Historical Society of Michigan, 1987).
* {{cite book |editor-last = Sisson |editor-first = Richard |editor2-first = Christian K. |editor2-last = Zacher |editor3-first = Andrew R.L. |editor3-last = Cayton |title = The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia |year = 2006 |location = Bloomington, IN |publisher = Indiana University Press |isbn = 978-0-253-34886-9 |name-list-style = amp}}
*Wilbur Rich. ''Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker'' (Wayne State University Press, 1988).
* {{cite book |last1 = Weeks |first1 = George |first2 = Robert D. |last2 = Kirk |first3 = Paula L. |last3 = Blanchard |first4 = Don |last4 = Weeks |title = Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan |url = https://archive.org/details/stewardsofstateg0000week |url-access = registration |location = Ann Arbor, MI |publisher = Historical Society of Michigan |year = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-9614344-2-7 |name-list-style = amp}}
*Willis F. Dunbar and George S. May. ''Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State'' (1995)
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==External links== ==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Michigan}} {{Sister project links|voy=Michigan}}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119002757/https://www.michigan.gov/ |date=November 19, 2021 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425004303/https://www.infomi.com/city/ |date=April 25, 2024 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425004318/https://www.hsmichigan.org/ |date=April 25, 2024 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327201455/http://www.clarke.cmich.edu/ |date=March 27, 2013 }}.
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119013419/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/michigan/ |date=November 19, 2020 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425023107/https://www.michigan.org/ |date=April 25, 2024 }}
*{{wikitravelpar|Michigan}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425004304/https://www.michiganbusiness.org/ |date=April 25, 2024 }}
* from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430002843/https://www.mitalent.org/ |date=April 30, 2024 }}
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212804/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=26&StateName=Michigan#.U8QpCrEXtQs |date=August 24, 2016 }} from the US Department of Agriculture
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426130608/https://mml.org/ |date=April 26, 2024 }}
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Michigan}}
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Latest revision as of 11:27, 21 January 2025

U.S. state This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Michigan (disambiguation). "The Great Lakes State" redirects here. For states around the Great Lakes region, see Great Lakes region.

State in the United States
Michigan
State
Flag of MichiganFlagOfficial seal of MichiganSeal
Nicknames: "The Great Lakes State", "The Wolverine State", "Water (Winter) Wonderland"
Motto(s): Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice
(English: "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you")
Anthem: "My Michigan"
Location of Michigan within the United StatesLocation of Michigan within the United States
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodMichigan Territory
Admitted to the UnionJanuary 26, 1837; 187 years ago (1837-01-26) (26th)
CapitalLansing
Largest cityDetroit
Largest county or equivalentWayne
Largest metro and urban areasDetroit
Government
 • GovernorGretchen Whitmer (D)
 • Lieutenant GovernorGarlin Gilchrist (D)
LegislatureMichigan Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryMichigan Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsGary Peters (D)
Elissa Slotkin (D)
U.S. House delegation7 Republicans
6 Democrats
(list)
Area
 • Total96,716 sq mi (250,493 km)
 • Land58,110 sq mi (150,504 km)
 • Water38,606 sq mi (99,990 km)  41.8%
 • Rank11th
Dimensions
 • Length456 mi (734 km)
 • Width386 mi (621 km)
Elevation900 ft (270 m)
Highest elevation1,979 ft (603 m)
Lowest elevation571 ft (174 m)
Population
 • TotalNeutral increase 10,140,459
 • Rank10th
 • Density174/sq mi (67.1/km)
  • Rank17th
 • Median household income$71,100 (2023)
 • Income rank32nd
Demonym(s)Michigander, Michiganian, Yooper (Upper Peninsula)
Language
 • Official languageNone (English, de facto)
 • Spoken languageEnglish 91.11%
Spanish 3.86%
Arabic 1.05%
Other 4.92%
Time zones
Most of stateUTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
4 U.P. counties (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee)UTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviationMI
ISO 3166 codeUS-MI
Traditional abbreviationMich.
Latitude41°41′ N to 48°18′ N
Longitude82°7′ W to 90°25′ W
Websitemichigan.gov
State symbols of Michigan
List of state symbols
Living insignia
BirdAmerican robin (Turdus migratorius)
FishBrook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
FlowerApple blossom (Malus domestica)
Wildflower: Dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris)
MammalUnofficial: Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus)
Game animal: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
ReptilePainted turtle (Chrysemys picta)
TreeEastern white pine (Pinus strobus)
Inanimate insignia
FoodManoomin (state native grain)
FossilMastodon (Mammut americanum)
GemstoneIsle Royale greenstone
RockPetoskey stone
SoilKalkaska sand
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Michigan quarter dollar coinReleased in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols

Michigan (/ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ MISH-ig-ən) is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, Indiana and Illinois to the southwest, Ohio to the southeast, and the Canadian province of Ontario to the east, northeast and north. With a population of 10.14 million and an area of 96,716 sq mi (250,490 km), Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the largest by total area east of the Mississippi River. The state capital is Lansing, while its most populous city is Detroit. The Metro Detroit region in Southeast Michigan is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies. Other important metropolitan areas include Grand Rapids, Flint, Ann Arbor, Kalamazoo, the Tri-Cities, and Muskegon.

Michigan consists of two peninsulas: the heavily forested Upper Peninsula (commonly called "the U.P."), which juts eastward from northern Wisconsin, and the more populated Lower Peninsula, stretching north from Ohio and Indiana. The peninsulas are separated by the Straits of Mackinac, which connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and are linked by the 5-mile-long Mackinac Bridge along Interstate 75. Bordering four of the five Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair, Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any U.S. political subdivision, measuring 3,288 miles. The state ranks second behind Alaska in water coverage by square miles and first in percentage, with approximately 42%, and it also contains 64,980 inland lakes and ponds.

In the 17th century, French explorers claimed the Great Lakes region for New France, though the area had largely been inhabited for thousands of years by Indigenous peoples such as the Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, and Wyandot. French settlers and Métis established forts and settlements, with the region’s name derived from the Ojibwe word ᒥᓯᑲᒥ (mishigami), meaning "large water" or "large lake". After France's defeat in the French and Indian War in 1762, the area came under British control and later the U.S. following the Treaty of Paris (1783), though control remained disputed with Indigenous tribes until treaties between 1795 and 1842. The area was part of the larger Northwest Territory; the Michigan Territory was organized in 1805. Michigan was admitted as the 26th state on January 26, 1837, entering as a free state and quickly developing into an industrial and trade hub that attracted European immigrants, particularly from Finland, Macedonia, and the Netherlands. In the 1930s, migration from Appalachia and the Great Migration of Black Southerners further shaped the state, especially in Metro Detroit.

Michigan has a diversified economy with a gross state product of $711.481 billion as of Q3 2024, ranking 14th among the 50 states. Although the state has developed a diverse economy, in the early 20th century it became widely known as the center of the U.S. automotive industry, which developed as a major national economic force. It is home to the country's three major automobile companies (whose headquarters are all in Metro Detroit). Once exploited for logging and mining, today the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula is important for tourism because of its abundance of natural resources. The Lower Peninsula is a center of manufacturing, forestry, agriculture, services, and high-tech industry.

History

Main article: History of Michigan For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Michigan history.

When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were the Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa (Ottawa), and the Boodewaadamii/Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi). The three nations coexisted peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been at least 35,000, were the largest.

The Ojibwe Indians (also known as Chippewa in the U.S.), an Anishinaabe tribe, were established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern and central Michigan. Bands also inhabited Ontario and southern Manitoba, Canada; and northern Wisconsin, and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa Indians lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern, western, and southern Michigan, but also in southern Ontario, northern Ohio, and eastern Wisconsin. The Potawatomi were in southern and western Michigan, in addition to northern and central Indiana, northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and southern Ontario. Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the Mascouten, the Menominee, the Miami, the Sac (or Sauk), and the Meskwaki (Fox). The Wyandot were an Iroquoian-speaking people in this area; they were historically known as the Huron by the French, and were the historical adversaries of the Iroquois Confederation.

17th century

Main articles: New France and Canada (New France) Territorial changes of the Michigan Territory from 1818 to 1836
Père Marquette and the Indians (1869), by Wilhelm Lamprecht

French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlé's expedition in 1622. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, as a base for Catholic missions. Missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were well received by the area's Indian populations, with few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph. In 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present-day city of Niles.

18th century

Main articles: French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), Province of Quebec (1763–1791), Indian Reserve (1763), American Revolutionary War, Treaty of Paris (1783), Northwest Ordinance, and Northwest Territory

In 1701, French explorer and army officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait, known as the Detroit River, between lakes Saint Clair and Erie. Cadillac had convinced King Louis XIV's chief minister, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain, that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage British aspirations.

The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent (about 0.85 acres (3,400 m), the equivalent of just under 200 feet (61 m) per side) and named it Fort Pontchartrain. Cadillac's wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in what was considered the wilderness of Michigan. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post. The Église de Saint-Anne (Catholic Church of Saint Anne) was founded the same year. While the original building does not survive, the congregation remains active. Cadillac later departed to serve as the French governor of Louisiana from 1710 to 1716. French attempts to consolidate the fur trade led to the Fox Wars, in which the Meskwaki (Fox) and their allies fought the French and their Native allies.

At the same time, the French strengthened Fort Michilimackinac at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. By the mid-18th century, the French also occupied forts at present-day Niles and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by Europeans. France offered free land to attract families to Detroit, which grew to 800 people in 1765. It was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans. French settlers also established small farms south of the Detroit River opposite the fort, near a Jesuit mission and Huron village.

Map of British America showing the original boundaries of the Province of Quebec and its Quebec Act of 1774 post-annexation boundaries
Treaty of Paris, by Benjamin West (1783), an unfinished painting of the American diplomatic negotiators of the Treaty of Paris which brought official conclusion to the Revolutionary War and gave possession of Michigan and other territory to the new United States

From 1660 until the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of New France. In 1760, Montreal fell to the British forces, ending the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the North American front of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River were ceded by defeated France to Great Britain. After the Quebec Act was passed in 1774, Michigan became part of the British Province of Quebec. By 1778, Detroit's population reached 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in Quebec province.

During the American Revolutionary War, Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or American Indians, many of whom had been allied with the French because of long trading ties. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake).

Under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and Drummond Island until 1818 and 1847, respectively.

19th century

Main articles: Indiana Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, Michigan Territory, Admission to the Union, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, and Michigan in the American Civil War

During the War of 1812, the United States forces at Fort Detroit surrendered Michigan Territory (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) after a nearly bloodless siege in 1812. A U.S. attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the River Raisin Massacre. This battle, still ranked as the bloodiest ever fought in the state, had the highest number of American casualties of any battle of the war.

Michigan was recaptured by the Americans in 1813 after the Battle of Lake Erie. They used Michigan as a base to launch an invasion of Canada, which culminated in the Battle of the Thames. But the more northern areas of Michigan were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including Fort Wayne, were built by the United States in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.

Walk-in-the-Water steamboat at Detroit, 1820

Michigan Territory governor and judges established the University of Michigan in 1817, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania.

The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal through the Mohawk Valley in New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City. The new route attracted a large influx of settlers to the Michigan territory. They worked as farmers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and merchants and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. By the 1830s, Michigan had 30,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood.

On November 1, 1935, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative 3-cent stamp celebrating the 100th anniversary of Michigan statehood. Michigan's statehood, however, wasn't officially established until January 26, 1837, but since the campaign for statehood actually began in 1835, Michigan chose to hold its centennial celebration in 1935, the year the stamp was first issued.

A constitutional convention of assent was held to lead the territory to statehood. In October 1835 the people approved the constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government. Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union as a free state on January 26, 1837. The Upper Peninsula proved to be a rich source of lumber, iron, and copper. Michigan led the nation in lumber production from the 1850s to the 1880s. Railroads became a major engine of growth from the 1850s onward, with Detroit the chief hub.

The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of William Tecumseh Sherman's veterans

A second wave of French-Canadian immigrants settled in Michigan during the late 19th to early 20th century, working in lumbering areas in counties on the Lake Huron side of the Lower Peninsula, such as the Saginaw Valley, Alpena, and Cheboygan counties, as well as throughout the Upper Peninsula, with large concentrations in Escanaba and the Keweenaw Peninsula.

The first statewide meeting of the Republican Party took place on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan, where the party adopted its platform. The state was predominantly Republican until the 1930s, reflecting the political continuity of migrants from across the Northern Tier of New England and New York. Michigan made a significant contribution to the Union in the American Civil War and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies.

Michigan modernized and expanded its system of education in this period. The Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University, was founded in 1849, for the training of teachers. It was the fourth oldest normal school in the United States and the first U.S. normal school outside New England. In 1899, the Michigan State Normal School became the first normal school in the nation to offer a four-year curriculum. Michigan Agricultural College (1855), now Michigan State University in East Lansing, was founded as the first agricultural college in the nation. Many private colleges were founded as well, and the smaller cities established high schools late in the century.

20th–21st centuries

Miners at the Tamarack mine in Copper Country, in 1905
Detroit in the mid-twentieth century. At the time, the city was the fourth-largest U.S. metropolis by population, and held about one-third of the state's population.

Michigan's economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. Many individuals, including Ransom E. Olds, John and Horace Dodge, Henry Leland, David Dunbar Buick, Henry Joy, Charles King, and Henry Ford, provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to develop the automotive industry. Ford's development of the moving assembly line in Highland Park marked a new era in transportation. Like the steamship and railroad, mass production of automobiles was a far-reaching development. More than the forms of public transportation, the affordable automobile transformed private life. Automobile production became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socioeconomic life of the United States and much of the world.

With the growth, the auto industry created jobs in Detroit that attracted immigrants from Europe and migrants from across the United States, including both blacks and whites from the rural South. By 1920, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the U.S.. Residential housing was in short supply, and it took years for the market to catch up with the population boom. By the 1930s, so many immigrants had arrived that more than 30 languages were spoken in the public schools, and ethnic communities celebrated in annual heritage festivals. Over the years immigrants and migrants contributed greatly to Detroit's diverse urban culture, including popular music trends. The influential Motown Sound of the 1960s was led by a variety of individual singers and groups.

Grand Rapids, the second-largest city in Michigan also became an important center of manufacturing. Since 1838, the city has been noted for its furniture industry. In the 21st century, it is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies. Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase, Amway, and Meijer. Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems.

Michigan held its first United States presidential primary election in 1910. With its rapid growth in industry, it was an important center of industry-wide union organizing, such as the rise of the United Auto Workers.

In 1920 WWJ (AM) in Detroit became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade, some of the country's largest and most ornate skyscrapers were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the Fisher Building, Cadillac Place, and the Guardian Building, each of which has been designated as a National Historic Landmark (NHL).

Commemorative stamp, issue of 1935, celebrating the 100th anniversary of Michigan statehood.

In 1927 a school bombing took place in Clinton County. The Bath School disaster resulted in the deaths of 38 schoolchildren and constitutes the deadliest mass murder in a school in U.S. history.

Michigan converted much of its manufacturing to satisfy defense needs during World War II; it manufactured 10.9% of the United States military armaments produced during the war, ranking second (behind New York) among the 48 states.

Detroit continued to expand through the 1950s, at one point doubling its population in a decade. After World War II, housing was developed in suburban areas outside city cores to meet demand for residences. The federal government subsidized the construction of interstate highways, which were intended to strengthen military access, but also allowed commuters and business traffic to travel the region more easily. Since 1960, modern advances in the auto industry have led to increased automation, high-tech industry, and increased suburban growth. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967.

During the late 1970s and the early 1980s, increasing fuel costs and other factors made significantly more global competition and recession among families. Michigan lost a significant amount of population due to global competition and the dramatic unavailability of manufacturing jobs. Meanwhile, Michigan had increased use of technology, specifically when the IBM Personal Computer started selling in the state, in which became mostly used at work.

Michigan became the leading auto-producing state in the U.S., with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States; Ontario, Canada; and the Southern United States. With almost ten million residents in 2010, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking tenth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes megalopolis and the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. (after Chicago) linking the Great Lakes system.

The Metro Detroit area in Southeast Michigan is the state's largest metropolitan area (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the United States. The Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan is the state's fastest-growing metro area, with more than 1.3 million residents as of 2006.

Geography

Further information: Geography of Michigan, Protected areas of Michigan, and List of Michigan state parks
Map of the Saint Lawrence River/Great Lakes Watershed in North America. Its drainage area includes the Great Lakes, the world's largest system of freshwater lakes. The basin covers nearly all of Michigan.
The Huron National Wildlife Refuge, one of the fifteen federal wildernesses in Michigan

Michigan consists of two peninsulas separated by the Straits of Mackinac. The 45th parallel north runs through the state, marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator Trail— along a line including Mission Point Light near Traverse City, the towns of Gaylord and Alpena in the Lower Peninsula and Menominee in the Upper Peninsula. With the exception of two tiny areas drained by the Mississippi River by way of the Wisconsin River in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the Kankakee-Illinois River in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed and is the only state with the majority of its land thus drained. No point in the state is more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline.

The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.

The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world, rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. The people are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "Yooper dialect") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.

Mackinac Island, an island and resort area at the eastern end of the Straits of Mackinac. More than 80% of the island is preserved as Mackinac Island State Park.
Sleeping Bear Dunes, along the northwest coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
The Tahquamenon Falls in the Upper Peninsula
The Pointe Mouillee State Game Area, one of the 221 state game and wildlife areas in Michigan. It encompasses 7,483 acres of hunting, recreational, and protected wildlife and wetland areas at the mouth of the Huron River at Lake Erie, as well as smaller outlying areas within the Detroit River.

The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from. It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).

The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 miles (1,010 kilometers) by highway from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the region culturally and economically distinct. Frequent attempts to establish the Upper Peninsula as its own state have failed to gain traction.

A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb, which projects into Lake Huron, forming Saginaw Bay. Other notable peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, which projects northeasterly into Lake Superior from the Upper Peninsula and largely comprising Michigan's Copper Country region, and the Leelanau Peninsula, projecting from the Lower Peninsula into Lake Michigan, forming Michigan's "little finger".

Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—3,288 miles (5,292 km), including 1,056 miles (1,699 km) of island shoreline.

The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou and South Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in Lake Superior; Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish, Sugar, and Drummond islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes (see: lighthouses in the United States).

The state's rivers are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and St. Clair River which connect the Great Lakes; the Au Sable, Cheboygan, and Saginaw, which flow into Lake Huron; the Ontonagon, and Tahquamenon, which flow into Lake Superior; and the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Escanaba, which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes—totaling 1,305 square miles (3,380 km) of inland water—in addition to 38,575 square miles (99,910 km) of Great Lakes waters. No point in Michigan is more than six miles (9.7 km) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles (137 km) from one of the Great Lakes.

The state is home to several areas maintained by the National Park Service including: Isle Royale National Park, in Lake Superior, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national protected areas in the state include: Keweenaw National Historical Park, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Huron National Forest, Manistee National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest, Ottawa National Forest and Father Marquette National Memorial. The largest section of the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through Michigan.

With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and six state forests, Michigan has the largest state park and state forest system of any state.

Climate

See also: Climate change in Michigan and List of Michigan tornadoes
Köppen climate types of Michigan, using 1991–2020 climate normals

Michigan has a continental climate with two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of the Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Köppen Dfb), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February, the state is frequently subjected to heavy lake-effect snow. The state averages from 30 to 40 inches (76 to 102 cm) of precipitation annually; however, some areas in the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula average almost 160 inches (4,100 mm) of snowfall per year. Michigan's highest recorded temperature is 112 °F (44 °C) at Mio on July 13, 1936, and the coldest recorded temperature is −51 °F (−46 °C) at Vanderbilt on February 9, 1934.

The state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 tornadoes per year, which are more common in the state's extreme southern section. Portions of the southern border have been almost as vulnerable historically as states further west and in Tornado Alley. For this reason, many communities in the very southern portions of the state have tornado sirens to warn residents of approaching tornadoes. Farther north, in Central Michigan, Northern Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.

Geology

The geological formation of the state is greatly varied, with the Michigan Basin being the most major formation. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of Canada. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the Pennsylvanian period. Devonian and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.

Michigan rarely experiences earthquakes, and those that it does experience are generally smaller ones that do not cause significant damage. A 4.6-magnitude earthquake struck in August 1947. More recently, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake occurred on Saturday, May 2, 2015, shortly after noon, about five miles south of Galesburg, Michigan (9 miles southeast of Kalamazoo) in central Michigan, about 140 miles west of Detroit, according to the Colorado-based U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center. No major damage or injuries were reported, according to then-Governor Rick Snyder's office.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Michigan See also: List of counties in Michigan, List of municipalities in Michigan, and List of Michigan metropolitan areas

State government is decentralized among three tiers—statewide, county and township. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 counties in Michigan.

Cities, state universities, and villages are vested with home rule powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.

There are two types of township in Michigan: general law township and charter. Charter township status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by a city. As of April 2001, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not required to have those things, whereas cities must provide those services. Charter townships can opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.

   Largest cities or towns in Michigan
2020 U.S. census:
Rank Name County Pop.
Detroit
Detroit
Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids 		1 Detroit Wayne 639,111 Warren
Warren
Sterling Heights
Sterling Heights
2 Grand Rapids Kent 198,917
3 Warren Macomb 139,387
4 Sterling Heights Macomb 134,346
5 Ann Arbor Washtenaw 123,851
6 Lansing Ingham 112,644
7 Dearborn Wayne 109,976
8 Clinton Charter Township Macomb 100,513
9 Canton Charter Township Wayne 98,659
10 Livonia Wayne 95,535

Demographics

See also: Michigan statistical areas and Demographics of Michigan
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18003,757—
18104,76226.8%
18207,45256.5%
183028,004275.8%
1840212,267658.0%
1850397,65487.3%
1860749,11388.4%
18701,184,05958.1%
18801,636,93738.2%
18902,093,89027.9%
19002,420,98215.6%
19102,810,17316.1%
19203,668,41230.5%
19304,842,32532.0%
19405,256,1068.5%
19506,371,76621.2%
19607,823,19422.8%
19708,875,08313.4%
19809,262,0784.4%
19909,295,2970.4%
20009,938,4446.9%
20109,883,640−0.6%
202010,077,3312.0%
2024 (est.)10,140,4590.6%
Sources: 1910–2020
2024
Michigan 2020 population distribution

Since 1800 U.S. census, Michigan has experienced relatively positive and stable population growth trends; beginning with a population of 3,757, the 2010 census recorded 9,883,635 residents. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 10,077,331, an increase of 2.03% since 2010's tabulation. According to the United States Census Bureau, it is the third-most populous state in the Midwest and its East North Central subregion, behind Ohio and Illinois.

The center of population of Michigan is in Shiawassee County, in the southeastern corner of the civil township of Bennington, which is northwest of the village of Morrice.

According to the American Immigration Council in 2019, an estimated 6.8% of Michiganders were immigrants, while 3.8% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. Numbering approximately 678,255 according to the 2019 survey, the majority of Michigander immigrants came from Mexico (11.5%), India (11.3%), Iraq (7.5%), China (5.3%), and Canada (5.3%); the primary occupations of its immigrants were technology, agriculture, and healthcare. Among its immigrant cohort, there were 108,105 undocumented immigrants, making up 15.9% of the total immigrant population.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 8,206 homeless people in Michigan.

Race and ethnicity

Michigan racial breakdown of population
Self-identified race 1970 1990 2000 2010 2020
White American 88.3% 83.4% 80.1% 78.9% 73.9%
Black or African American 11.2% 13.9% 14.2% 14.2% 13.7%
Asian American 0.2% 1.1% 1.8% 2.4% 3.3%
American Indian 0.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander 		— — — — —
Other race 0.2% 0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 2.2%
Two or more races — — 1.9% 2.3% 6.3%
Ethnic origins in Michigan in 2021.

Since colonial European and American settlement, the majority of Michigan's population has been predominantly non-Hispanic or non-Latino white; Americans of European descent live throughout every county in the state, and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, British, Irish, Polish and Belgian ancestry. Scandinavian and Finnish Americans have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for its Dutch heritage, especially in Holland and metropolitan Grand Rapids.

Black and African Americans—coming to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century—have formed a majority of the population in Detroit and other cities including Flint and Benton Harbor. Since the 2021 census estimates—while Detroit was still the largest city in Michigan with a majority black population—it was no longer the largest black-majority city in the U.S., citing crime and higher-paying jobs given to whites.

As of 2007, about 300,000 people in Southeastern Michigan trace their descent from the Middle East and Asia. Dearborn has a sizeable Arab American community, with many Assyrians, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s, along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis. As of 2007, almost 8,000 Hmong people lived in the state of Michigan, about double their 1999 presence in the state. Most lived in northeastern Detroit, but they had been increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren. By 2015, the number of Hmong in the Detroit city limits had significantly declined. Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival. The Hmong community also had a prominent portrayal in the 2008 film Gran Torino, which was set in Detroit.

As of 2015, 80% of Michigan's Japanese population lived in the counties of Macomb, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne in the Detroit and Ann Arbor areas. As of April 2013, the largest Japanese national population is in Novi, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, West Bloomfield Township, Farmington Hills, and Battle Creek. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit stated more than 2,208 additional Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of 1 October 2012, than in 2011. During the 1990s, the Japanese population of Michigan experienced an increase, and many Japanese people with children moved to particular areas for their proximity to Japanese grocery stores and high-performing schools.

Languages

In 2010, about 91.11% (8,507,947) of Michigan residents age five and older spoke only English at home, while 2.93% (273,981) spoke Spanish, 1.04% (97,559) Arabic, 0.44% (41,189) German, 0.36% (33,648) Chinese (which includes Mandarin), 0.31% (28,891) French, 0.29% (27,019) Polish, and Syriac languages (such as Modern Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic) was spoken as a main language by 0.25% (23,420) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.89% (830,281) of Michigan's population age five and older spoke a mother language other than English. Since 2021, 90.1% of residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, and Spanish was the second-most spoken language with 2.9% of the population speaking it.

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2021 American Values Survey

  Protestantism (43%)  Catholicism (24%)  Jehovah's Witness (1%)  Unaffiliated (28%)  Judaism (1%)  Islam (1%)  Other (2%)

Following British and French colonization of the region surrounding Michigan, Christianity became the dominant religion, with Roman Catholicism historically being the largest single Christian group for the state. Until the 19th century, the Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religious group in Michigan, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's St. Anne's parish, established in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, is the second-oldest Roman Catholic parish in the United States. On March 8, 1833, the Holy See formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the state; the other dioceses were later carved out from the Detroit Diocese but remain part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit. Several Native American religions have been practiced in Michigan.

In 2020, there were 1,492,732 adherents of Roman Catholicism. There's also a significant Independent Catholic presence in Metro Detroit, including the Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ established by Archbishop Karl Rodig; the see of this church operates in a former Roman Catholic parish church.

With the introduction of Protestantism to the state, it began to form the largest collective Christian group. In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported the largest Protestant denomination was the United Methodist Church with 228,521 adherents; followed by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 219,618, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 120,598 adherents. The Christian Reformed Church in North America had almost 100,000 members and more than 230 congregations in Michigan. The Reformed Church in America had 76,000 members and 154 congregations in the state. By the 2020 study, non- and inter-denominational Protestant churches formed the largest Protestant group in Michigan, numbering 508,904. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod grew to become the second-largest single Christian denomination, and United Methodists declined to being the third-largest. The Lutheran Protestant tradition was introduced by German and Scandinavian immigrants. Altogether, Baptists numbered 321,581 between the National Missionary Baptists, National Baptists, American Baptists, Southern Baptists, National Baptists of America, Progressive National Baptists, and Full Gospel Baptists; black Baptists formed the largest constituency. In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.

In the same 2010 survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 44,382, and Muslims at 120,351. The first Jewish synagogue in the state was Temple Beth El, founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850. Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century. Michigan is home to the largest mosque in North America, the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn. Battle Creek, Michigan, is also the birthplace of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was founded on May 21, 1863.

Economy

See also: List of companies based in Michigan, Economy of metropolitan Detroit, and Michigan locations by per capita income
Top publicly traded
companies in Michigan
according to revenues
with state and U.S. rankings
State Corporation US
1 Ford 19
2 General Motors 21
3 Dow 75
4 Penske Automotive 147
5 Lear 189
6 Whirlpool 203
7 DTE Energy 212
8 Stryker 224
9 BorgWarner 262
10 Kellogg's 270
11 Jackson Financial 282
12 Ally 338
13 Auto-Owners 362
14 SpartanNash 399
15 UFP Industries 403
16 Autoliv 429
17 Masco 436
18 CMS Energy 441
Further information:
List of Michigan companies

Source: Fortune

The Ambassador Bridge, a suspension bridge that connects Detroit with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. It is the busiest international border crossing in North America in terms of trade volume.
Michigan is the center of the American automotive industry. The Renaissance Center in Downtown Detroit is the world headquarters of General Motors.
Ford Dearborn Proving Ground (DPG) completed major reconstruction and renovations in 2006.

In 2022, 3,939,076 people in Michigan were employed at 227,870 establishments, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's Q3 2024 gross state product to be $711.481 billion, ranking 14th out of the 50 states. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of November 2024, the state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 4.8%.

Products and services include automobiles, food products, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, furniture, and mining of copper and iron ore. Michigan is the third-largest grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres (245 km) of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming in 2007. The beverage Vernors Ginger Ale was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer. Faygo was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: Domino's Pizza by Tom Monaghan and Little Caesars Pizza by Mike Ilitch. Michigan became the 24th right-to-work state in the U.S. in 2012, however, in 2023 this law was repealed.

Since 2009, GM, Ford and Chrysler have managed a significant reorganization of their benefit funds structure after a volatile stock market which followed the September 11 attacks and early 2000s recession impacted their respective U.S. pension and benefit funds (OPEB). General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the United Auto Workers Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA). Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006, but the high speculative price of oil became a factor for the U.S. auto industry during the economic crisis of 2008 impacting industry revenues. In 2009, GM and Chrysler emerged from Chapter 11 restructurings with financing provided in part by the U.S. and Canadian governments. GM began its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010. For 2010, the Big Three domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.

As of 2002, Michigan ranked fourth in the U.S. in high-tech employment with 568,000 high-tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry. Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall research and development (R&D) expenditures in the United States. Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall gross domestic product than for any other U.S. state. The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.

Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for new corporate facilities and expansions. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments; however, the effects of the late 2000s recession have slowed the state's economy. In 2008, Michigan placed third in a site selection survey among the states for luring new business which measured capital investment and new job creation per one million population. In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of electric vehicle technologies which is expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020. From 2007 to 2009, Michigan ranked 3rd in the U.S. for new corporate facilities and expansions.

The former Packard Automotive Plant in Detroit, one of the hardest hit cities in the Rust Belt.

As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy and its University Research Corridor. Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year. The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory is at Michigan State University. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. It has the third highest number of engineering graduates nationally.

Detroit Metropolitan Airport is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a Boeing 747 and is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. The state's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 deep water ports. In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in Troy.

Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010.

On December 20, 2019, Governor Gretchen Whitmer signed a package of bills into law effectively legalizing online gambling activities in Michigan, which allowed commercial and tribal casinos to apply for internet gaming licenses.

Taxation

Michigan's personal income tax is a flat rate of 4.25%. In addition, 22 cities impose income taxes; rates are set at 1% for residents and 0.5% for non-residents in all but four cities. Michigan's state sales tax is 6%, though items such as food and medication are exempted. Property taxes are assessed on the local level, but every property owner's local assessment contributes six mills (a rate of $6 per $1000 of property value) to the statutory State Education Tax. Property taxes are appealable to local boards of review and need the approval of the local electorate to exceed millage rates prescribed by state law and local charters. In 2011, the state repealed its business tax and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduced taxes on business. Article IX of the Constitution of the State of Michigan also provides limitations on how much the state can tax.

A 6% use tax is levied on goods purchased outside the state (that are brought in and used in state), at parity with the sales tax. The use tax applies to internet sales/purchases from outside Michigan and is equivalent to the sales tax.

Agriculture

See also: Cherry production in Michigan
Michigan is the leading U.S. producer of tart cherries, blueberries, pickling cucumbers, navy beans, and petunias.
The world headquarters of Kellogg's in Battle Creek

A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among US states in the diversity of its agriculture. The state has 54,800 farms utilizing 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km) of land which sold $6.49 billion worth of products in 2010. The most valuable agricultural product is milk. Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes. Livestock in the state included 78,000 sheep, a million cattle, a million hogs, and more than three million chickens. Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.

Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the US, including blueberries, tart cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches. Michigan produces 70 percent of the country's cherries. Most of these cherries are Montmorency cherries. Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown in Michigan. These fruits are mainly grown in West Michigan due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. Michigan produces wines, beers and a multitude of processed food products. Kellogg's cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Thornapple Valley, Ball Park Franks, Koegel Meat Company, and Hebrew National sausage companies are all based in Michigan.

Michigan is home to very fertile land in the Saginaw Valley and Thumb areas. Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soybeans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7 million tons of sugarbeets into 485,000 tons of pure, white sugar. Michigan's largest sugar refiner, Michigan Sugar Company is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in Northern Michigan, and corn is dominant in Central Michigan. Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.

Tourism

See also: List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan, List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan, and List of museums in Michigan
Mackinac Island is well known for cultural events and a wide variety of architectural styles, including the Victorian Grand Hotel.
Holland, Michigan, is the home of the Tulip Time Festival, the largest tulip festival in the U.S.

As of 2011, Michigan's tourists spent $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs. Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation. Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is over 50% forest land, much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival and the National Cherry Festival.

In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after Labor Day, in accordance with the new post-Labor Day school law. A survey found 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed the shorter summer between school years cut into the annual tourism season. However, a bill introduced in 2023 would cancel this requirement, allowing individual districts to decide when their school year should begin.

Tourism in metropolitan Detroit draws visitors to leading attractions, especially The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Zoo, and to sports in Detroit. Other museums include the Detroit Historical Museum, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, museums in the Cranbrook Educational Community, and the Arab American National Museum. The metro area offers four major casinos, MGM Grand Detroit, Hollywood Casino, Motor City, and Caesars Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.

Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye, and perch. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy. More than three-quarters of a million hunters participate in white-tailed deer season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season, because of attendance concerns.

Marquette, Michigan, is home to a vast snowmobile trail system.

Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.

The state has numerous historical markers, which can themselves become the center of a tour. The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.

With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.

Culture

Arts

Music

Main article: Music of Michigan

Michigan music is known for three music trends: early punk rock, Motown/soul music and techno music. Michigan musicians include Tally Hall, Bill Haley & His Comets, the Supremes, the Marvelettes, the Temptations, the Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye "The Prince of Soul", Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Aretha Franklin, Mary Wells, Tommy James and the Shondells, ? and the Mysterians, Al Green, The Spinners, Grand Funk Railroad, the Stooges, the MC5, the Knack, Madonna "The Queen of Pop", Bob Seger, Jack Scott, Ray Parker Jr., Jackie Wilson, Aaliyah, Eminem, Babytron, Kid Rock, Jack White and Meg White (the White Stripes), Big Sean, Alice Cooper, Greta Van Fleet, Mustard Plug, and Del Shannon.

Performance arts

Public Mural In Flint, Michigan

Major theaters in Michigan include the Fox Theatre, Music Hall, Gem Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, Fisher Theatre, The Fillmore Detroit, Saint Andrew's Hall, Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall.

The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated in Detroit.

Sports

Main article: List of Michigan professional sports teams See also: List of Michigan sport championships
Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor is the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere, and the third-largest stadium in the world.

Michigan's major-league sports teams include: Detroit Tigers baseball team, Detroit Lions football team, Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team, and the Detroit Pistons men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area. The state also has a professional second-tier (USL Championship) soccer team in Detroit City FC, which plays its home games at Keyworth Stadium in Hamtramck, Michigan.

The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. In 2017, the team moved to the newly built Little Caesars Arena in downtown Detroit. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975 and 2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979. They later moved to Little Caesars Arena to join the Pistons as tenants in 2017. Professional hockey got its start in 1903 in Houghton, when the Portage Lakers were formed.

Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan

The Michigan International Speedway is the site of NASCAR races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix race. From 1959 to 1961, Detroit Dragway hosted the NHRA's U.S. Nationals. Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the 120-mile (190 km) Au Sable River Canoe Marathon. The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race is also a favorite.

Twenty-time Grand Slam champion Serena Williams was born in Saginaw. The 2011 World Champion for Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Jordyn Wieber is from DeWitt. Wieber was also a member of the gold medal team at the London Olympics in 2012.

Collegiate sports in Michigan are popular in addition to professional sports. The state's two largest athletic programs are the Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans, which play in the NCAA Big Ten Conference. Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, home to the Michigan Wolverines football team, is the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the third-largest stadium worldwide.

The Michigan High School Athletic Association features around 300,000 participants.

Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in Michigan and List of high schools in Michigan University of Michigan
Cranbrook Kingswood School, one of the leading college preparatory boarding schools in the country

Michigan's education system serves 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are homeschooled under certain legal requirements. The public school system had a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–09. From 2009 to 2019, over 200 private schools in Michigan closed, partly due to competition from charter schools. In 2022, U.S. News & World Report rated three Michigan high schools among the nation's 100 best: City High Middle School (18th), the International Academy of Macomb (21st), and the International Academy (52nd). Washtenaw International High School ranked 107th.

The University of Michigan is Michigan's oldest higher educational institution and among the oldest research universities in the nation. It was founded in 1817, 20 years before Michigan Territory achieved statehood. Kalamazoo College is the state's oldest private liberal arts college, founded in 1833 by a group of Baptist ministers as the Michigan and Huron Institute. From 1840 to 1850, the college operated as the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan. Methodist settlers in Spring Arbor Township founded Albion College in 1835. It is the state's second-oldest private liberal arts college.

Michigan Technological University is the first post-secondary institution in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, founded in 1885 as the Michigan Mining School. Eastern Michigan University was founded in 1849 as the Michigan State Normal School for the training of teachers. It was the nation's fourth-oldest normal school and the first U.S. normal school outside New England. In 1899, the Michigan State Normal School became the nation's first normal school to offer a four-year curriculum. Michigan State University was founded in 1855 as the nation's first agricultural college.

The Carnegie Foundation classifies eight of the state's institutions (Michigan State University, Michigan Technological University, Eastern Michigan University, Wayne State University, Central Michigan University, Western Michigan University, Oakland University, University of Michigan) as research universities.

Infrastructure

Energy

See also: List of power stations in Michigan
Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station on the shore of Lake Erie, near Monroe

In 2020, Michigan consumed 113,740- gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy and produced 116,700 (GWh) of electrical energy.

Coal power is Michigan's leading source of electricity, producing roughly half its supply or 53,100 GWh of electrical energy (12.6 GW total capacity) in 2020. Although Michigan has no active coal mines, coal is easily moved from other states by train and across the Great Lakes by lake freighters. The lower price of natural gas is leading to the closure of most coal plants, with Consumer Energy planning to close all of its remaining coal plants by 2025; DTE plans to retire 2100MW of coal power by 2023. The coal-fired Monroe Power Plant in Monroe, on the western shore of Lake Erie, is the nation's 11th-largest electric plant, with a net capacity of 3,400 MW.

Nuclear power is also a significant source of electrical power in Michigan, producing roughly one-quarter of the state's supply or 28,000-gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy (4.3 GW total capacity) in 2020. The three active nuclear power plants supply Michigan with about 26% of its electricity. Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, just north of Bridgman, is the state's largest nuclear power plant, with a net capacity of 2,213 MW. The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is the second-largest, with a net capacity of 1,150 MW. It is also one of the two nuclear power plants in the Detroit metropolitan area (within a 50-mile radius of Detroit's city center), about halfway between Detroit and Toledo, Ohio, the other being the Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station, in Ottawa County, Ohio. The Palisades Nuclear Power Plant, south of South Haven, closed in May 2022. The Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant, Michigan's first nuclear power plant and the nation's fifth, was decommissioned in 1997.

Utility companies were required to generate at least 10% of their energy from renewable sources by 2015, under Public Act 295 of 2008. In 2016, the legislature set another mandate to reach at least 12.5% renewable energy by 2019 and 15% by end of year 2021, which all utilities subject to the law successfully met. By the end of 2022, Michigan had at least 6 GW of renewable generating capacity, and was projected to have at least 8 GW by the end of 2026. Wind energy accounted for 59% of all Michigan energy credits in 2021.

Transportation

International crossings

The Blue Water Bridge, a twin-span bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron and Sarnia, Ontario

Michigan has nine international road crossings with Ontario, Canada:

The Gordie Howe International Bridge, a second international bridge between Detroit and Windsor, is under construction. It is expected to be completed in 2024.

Railroads

See also: List of Michigan railroads and History of railroads in Michigan

Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern Railway. These are augmented by several dozen short line railroads. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to freight, with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.

Main article: Michigan Services

Three Amtrak passenger rail routes serve the state. The Pere Marquette from Chicago to Grand Rapids, the Blue Water from Chicago to Port Huron, and the Wolverine from Chicago to Pontiac. There are plans for commuter rail for Detroit and its suburbs (see SEMCOG Commuter Rail).

Roadways

See also: Michigan State Trunkline Highway System and County-Designated Highways in Michigan
U.S. Highway 2 (U.S. 2) runs along Lake Michigan from Naubinway to its eastern terminus at St. Ignace.
The Mackinac Bridge, a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan
  • Interstate 75 (I-75) is the main thoroughfare between Detroit, Flint, and Saginaw extending north to Sault Ste. Marie and providing access to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The freeway crosses the Mackinac Bridge between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Auxiliary highways include I-275 and I-375 in Detroit; I-475 in Flint; and I-675 in Saginaw.
  • I-69 enters the state near the Michigan–Ohio–Indiana border, and it extends to Port Huron and provides access to the Blue Water Bridge crossing into Sarnia, Ontario.
  • I-94 enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. I-194 branches off from this freeway in Battle Creek. I-94 is the main artery between Chicago and Detroit.
  • I-96 runs east–west between Detroit and Muskegon. I-496 loops through Lansing. I-196 branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. I-696 branches off from this freeway at Novi and connects to I-94 near St. Clair Shores.
  • U.S. Highway 2 (U.S. 2) enters Michigan at the city of Ironwood and travels east to the town of Crystal Falls, where it turns south and briefly re-enters Wisconsin northwest of Florence. It re-enters Michigan north of Iron Mountain and continues through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the cities of Escanaba, Manistique, and St. Ignace. Along the way, it cuts through the Ottawa and Hiawatha national forests and follows the northern shore of Lake Michigan. Its eastern terminus lies at exit 344 on I-75, just north of the Mackinac Bridge.
  • U.S. Highway 23 enters Michigan at the Ohio state line in the suburban spillover of Toledo, Ohio, as a freeway and leads northward to Ann Arbor before merging with I-75 just south of Flint. Concurrent with I-75 through Flint, Saginaw, and Bay City, it splits from I-75 at Standish as an intermittently four lane/two-lane surface road closely following the western shore of Lake Huron generally northward through Alpena before turning west to northwest toward Mackinaw City and Interstate 75 again, where it terminates.
  • U.S. Highway 31 enters Michigan as Interstate-quality freeway at the Indiana state line just northwest of South Bend, Indiana, heads north to Interstate 196 near Benton Harbor, and follows the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to Mackinaw City, where it has its northern terminus.
  • U.S. Highway 127 enters Michigan from Ohio south of Hudson as a two-lane, undivided highway and closely follows the Michigan meridian, the principal north–south line used to survey Michigan in the early 19th century. It passes north through Jackson and Lansing before terminating south of Grayling at I-75, and is a four-lane freeway for the majority of its course.
  • U.S. Highway 131 has its southern terminus at the Indiana Toll Road roughly one mile south of the Indiana state line as a two-lane surface road. It passes through Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids as a freeway of Interstate standard and continues as such to Manton, where it reverts to two-lane surface road to its northern terminus at U.S. 31 in Petoskey.

Intercity bus services

Airports

See also: List of airports in Michigan
Aerial view of Detroit Metro Airport (DTW)

Detroit Metropolitan Airport in the western suburb of Romulus, was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Other frequently trafficked airports include Cherry Capital Airport, in Traverse City; Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport, serving the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek region; Capital Region International Airport, located outside of Lansing; and MBS International Airport serving the Midland, Bay City and Saginaw tri-city region. Additionally, smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands.

Government

See also: List of Governors of Michigan and United States congressional delegations from Michigan

State government

Main article: Government of Michigan
The Michigan State Capitol in Lansing houses the legislative branch of the government of the US state of Michigan.

Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch. The Michigan Constitution allows for the direct participation of the electorate by statutory initiative and referendum, recall, and constitutional initiative and referral (Article II, § 9, defined as "the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). Lansing is the state capital and is home to all three branches of state government.

The floor of the Michigan House of Representatives

The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer. Michigan has two official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is on Mackinac Island. The other constitutionally elected executive officers are the lieutenant governor, who is elected on a joint ticket with the governor; the secretary of state; and the attorney general. The lieutenant governor presides over the Senate (voting only in case of a tie) and is also a member of the cabinet. The secretary of state is the chief elections officer and is charged with running many licensure programs including motor vehicles, all of which are done through the branch offices of the secretary of state.

The Michigan Legislature consists of a 38-member Senate and 110-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses of the legislature are elected through first past the post elections by single-member electoral districts of near-equal population that often have boundaries which coincide with county and municipal lines. Senators serve four-year terms concurrent to those of the governor, while representatives serve two-year terms. The Michigan State Capitol was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the executive and legislative branches of the state ever since.

Governor Gretchen Whitmer speaking at a National Guard ceremony in 2019

The Michigan judiciary consists of two courts with primary jurisdiction (the Circuit Courts and the District Courts), one intermediate level appellate court (the Michigan Court of Appeals), and the Michigan Supreme Court. There are several administrative courts and specialized courts. District courts are trial courts of limited jurisdiction, handling most traffic violations, small claims, misdemeanors, and civil suits where the amount contended is below $25,000. District courts are often responsible for handling the preliminary examination and for setting bail in felony cases. District court judges are elected to terms of six years. In a few locations, municipal courts have been retained to the exclusion of the establishment of district courts. There are 57 circuit courts in the State of Michigan, which have original jurisdiction over all civil suits where the amount contended in the case exceeds $25,000 and all criminal cases involving felonies. Circuit courts are also the only trial courts in the State of Michigan which possess the power to issue equitable remedies. Circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction from district and municipal courts, as well as from decisions and decrees of state agencies. Most counties have their own circuit court, but sparsely populated counties often share them. Circuit court judges are elected to terms of six years. State appellate court judges are elected to terms of six years, but vacancies are filled by an appointment by the governor. There are four divisions of the Court of Appeals in Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Marquette. Cases are heard by the Court of Appeals by panels of three judges, who examine the application of the law and not the facts of the case unless there has been grievous error pertaining to questions of fact. The Michigan Supreme Court consists of seven members who are elected on non-partisan ballots for staggered eight-year terms. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction only in narrow circumstances but holds appellate jurisdiction over the entire state judicial system.

Law

Main article: Law of Michigan
Michigan Supreme Court at the Hall of Justice

Michigan has had four constitutions, the first of which was ratified on October 5 and 6, 1835. There were also constitutions from 1850 and 1908, in addition to the current constitution from 1963. The current document has a preamble, 11 articles, and one section consisting of a schedule and temporary provisions. Michigan, like every U.S. state except Louisiana, has a common law legal system.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Michigan

Having been a Democratic-leaning state at the presidential level since the 1990s, Michigan has evolved into a swing state after Donald Trump won the state in 2016. He then won it again in 2024, after losing it by a slim 2.8% to Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. Governors since the 1970s have alternated between the Democrats and Republicans, and statewide offices including attorney general, secretary of state, and senator have been held by members of both parties in varying proportion. Additionally, from 1994 until 2022, the governor-elect had always come from the party opposite the presidency. Following the 2024 elections, control of Michigan Legislature is split, with the Democratic Party having a slim majority of two seats in the Senate while the Republican Party holds a 58 seat majority in the House. The state's congressional delegation is commonly split, with one party or the other typically holding a narrow majority; as of 2025 Republicans have a 7-6 majority.

Michigan was the home of Gerald Ford, the 38th president of the United States. Born in Nebraska, he moved as an infant to Grand Rapids. The Gerald R. Ford Museum is in Grand Rapids, and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

In a 2020 study, Michigan was ranked as the 13th easiest state for citizens to vote in. In 2022, Michigan voters passed an amendment recognising abortion and contraceptive rights within the state's constitution.

State symbols and nicknames

Dwarf lake iris

Michigan is traditionally known as "The Wolverine State", and the University of Michigan uses the wolverine as its mascot. The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War and George Armstrong Custer, who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; it may derive from a busy trade in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may recall a disparagement intended to compare early settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, however, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near Ubly was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years. Another wolverine was found dead in 2010.

Sister regions

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. i.e., including water that is part of state territory. Georgia is the largest state by land area alone east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest.
  3. The first form is the way it is spelled in Ojibwe native syllabics.
  4. The Province included the modern states of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine.

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Bibliography

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