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{{WikiProject Military history|class=C|b1=no|b2=yes|b3=yes|b4=yes|b5=yes|US=y}}
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{{Image requested|in=Oklahoma|of=Contemporary photo of the Greenwood district and an additional photo of the memorial for the victims of the Tulsa Race Riot}}
{{Old moves
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* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Race Massacre of 1919, '''No move''', ]
* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, '''Move reverted''', ]
* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, '''No consensus''', ].
* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Race Massacre, '''Request declined''', ]
* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Massacre of 1921, '''Request declined''', ]
* RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, '''Moved''', ]
}}


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== KKK and ABB ==
This article has a checkered past when it comes to ] issues and ]. The result of this activity was an irretrievably damaged article that needed to be nearly completely replaced.


Three links which are of historical relevance are:
The result of this overhaul left the article as it reads now, minus a handful of typographic corrections. The entire current article is based on a single piece of source material: . This article is therefore accurate based on the source cited, but needs additional material with ] sources to fill in the gaps and to assure neutrality.


<s>Because this article has proven to have subject matter that is very sensitive to some contributors (and rightfully so), and because of the contentious history of the article itself, virtually all new material added will need ] cited. For details on cited sources, please review ]. Please review ]. Also, please reframe from deleting or overwriting existing material without first posting your intentions on this discussion page. Any deletion without discussion and consensus to delete will result in an immediate ]. Thank you for being ], and happy editing. Thanks, ] 05:06, 13 January 2006 (UTC)</s>


https://en.wikipedia.org/Tulsa_Benevolent_Association
:You have no authority to make this declaration, Scott. ] 02:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)


----


Why is EVERY massacre in the US against Black people called a Riot? This is a massacre, plain and simple. Mass Graves, Government coverups, and rounding up people to be shot. MASSACRE. -Unsigned


https://en.wikipedia.org/African_Blood_Brotherhood
The mass graves are a pure urban legend. In fact, this whole article is pretty biased towards the more sensational and rumor-laden aspects of the riot. Government coverups, psh. Next you're going to spout that idiotic old wives' tale that there were bombers flying over the city. -] 04:54, 12 December 2005 (UTC)


I am framilar with the subject and I assure you that there are no mass graves and there is a consensus among black and white survivors of the riot that the "aerial bombers" legend is a hoax. ] 21:49, 4 May 2006 (UTC)


https://revolutionsnewsstand.com/2023/02/10/the-tulsa-riot-by-commander-tulsa-post-african-blood-brotherhood-from-the-crusader-vol-4-no-5-july-1921/
== So-Called Vandalism ==


So. I see ] has brought his POV-based edit war over here, along with accusations of vandalism. Very well, I will not touch the article further, save to add the markers that it is not of proper quality and is not NPOV. -] 21:07, 18 December 2005 (UTC)


The first link confirms that the KKK chapter in Tulsa was only founded in January 1922, seven months ''after'' the Tulsa riot/massacre.
And there we go. Now, if someone cares to start sourcing the claims of mass graves to any sort of evidence, hopefully credible evidence, and clean it up to use less sensationalist language, maybe it will become a Misplaced Pages-quality article. -] 21:14, 18 December 2005 (UTC)


The second two links concern the largely forgotten activities of the militant African Blood Brotherhood and its presence in Tulsa in 1921.
== Tulsa Race Riot overhaul ==


Buck Franklin in his autobiography confirms the presence of political agitators in Greenwood although he does not expressly identify them as ABB activists. ] (]) 13:25, 5 January 2025 (UTC)
I have made a very honest attempt to turn this article into a solid and hopefully neutral encyclopedic piece. In the process, I am certain that many facts and figures have been missed. I hope that other contributors will continued to add, in good faith, additional factual, ] information to this important article. I have added a 'Controversy' section to facilitate other points of view, and encourage contributors to use the Talk/Discussion page to work out differences and conflicts of opinion. This article has the potential to become a significantly educational article and a great asset to the worldwide readers and users of Misplaced Pages.


== New 123-page DOJ report. Can this PDF be embedded and made accessible? ==
I pulled most of the facts and figures directly from the . I realize that there are many differing points of view on this subject, but I used what appeared to be the most neutral source available to build a basic structure for this article - to provide a framework for future changes and additions. I am not attempting to establish this source as the only source for credible facts on this sensitive subject.


News articles:<br>
I also invite those who excel at writing scripts and templates to add the appropriate citations to this article. This is another reason I tried to stick with a single source this early on - to make it easier to cite sources.
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/11/us/tulsa-race-massacre-report.html<br>
https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/10/tulsa-massacre-report/<br>
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/10/tulsa-race-massacre-report-doj<br>
https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2025-01-10/doj-credible-reports-that-law-enforcement-participated-in-murder-during-race-massacre<br>
https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/5080213-tulsa-race-massacre-justice-report/


Official links to the Department of Justice report:<br>
Thanks --] 22:37, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-results-review-and-evaluation-tulsa-race-massacre<br>
https://www.justice.gov/crt/case/ac-jackson


The 123-page report (PDF document):<br>
== Unknown user: 68.0.119.82 ==
https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1383756/dl


Can this file be embedded and directly included for viewing to the side of the Misplaced Pages article text? ] (]) 16:43, 11 January 2025 (UTC)
Thank you for your contribution to this article. Based on the points made in the ] at the top of this discussion page, your contributions can not stand as is. The edit concerning Dick Rowland after the riot will be reverted. You may replace this material without overwriting existing material if you are able to provide a cited source. The edit concerning the dumping of bodies will stand pending citaion of ]. If no sources are provided within a reasonable amount of time, this edit will be reverted as well.
:I've added the report to '''Further reading'''. I don't know of a way to embed it and question whether that's even appropriate. ]&nbsp;] 17:05, 11 January 2025 (UTC)

:Embedding it here would be inappropriate. But it could live at ? ]<sup><small>]</small></sup> 18:19, 11 January 2025 (UTC)
Note: I have heard these details mentioned, and don't doubt their validity. But in order to develop and maintain the credibility of this article and Misplaced Pages in general, all material must come from reliable sources and be verifiable. Thank you, ] 05:13, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
I recommend that the article note that the report released on January 10, 2025, was amended and improved, according to the January 17, 2025 memorandum approved by the Chief, Criminal Section, Civil Rights Division. https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1383756/dl.] (]) 17:32, 21 January 2025 (UTC)

:'''Follow-up''': The edits made by User:68.0.119.82 have been reverted based on reasons discussed above. Thanks, ] | ] 04:23, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

== Unknown User:128.32.14.36 ==

]: Thank you for your interest in contributing to this article. As has been stated above, due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter in this article, and its long history of ] and POV complications, any ] or otherwise altering of existing content will be reverted unless first discussed on this talk page and a consensus reached with fellow contributing editors. This, coupled with your of questionable edits, makes the motivations behind your most recent edits highly suspicious. Based on these points, your recent edits will be reverted. If you do not agree with this action, please discuss it here.

Perhaps, if you wish to change this editor's suspicion about the motivations behind your editing habits, you could consider contributing quality content (in other words, ''adding'' new, ], ] information) to this and other articles instead of strategically deleting/modifying/quasi-vandalizing content in an apparent effort distort its intended purpose. Another step toward gaining general acceptance and credibility would be to ] and ]. Thanks, ] | <small>]</small> 15:53, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

== poorly cited ==


one citation at the end of this article is not sufficient. citations are needed ''throughout'' the article.

] 02:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
*What purpose would it serve to have ... peppered all through the article, when they all point to the same source? I think Mr. Hall's explanation at the top of the talk page -- the one you struck-thru -- is valid and appropriate. On the other hand, it probably *is* appropriate to add the "cite sources" template to the top of the article. --] 17:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

:The etc would show what really appears in the sources and what doesn't. I am new to this article and when I see questionable statements have no option but to read the whole cited report. ] 05:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

== NPOV claim ==

An anonymous IP address added a NPOV tag to the "Looting and burning" section. I don't see why, and they didn't bother to tell us here. Does describing a defense as "valiant" constitute a pro-defender POV? Are "countless" and "many" too unclear? Maybe so, but if there are no concrete suggestions on how to make it more NPOV, then I think it would be appropriate to remove the tag. --] 16:29, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

== Subtle POV shift? ==

The tone of the article was changed, in a rather subtle way, by an anonymous user's recent edits. The descriptions of the whites seemed to change from "mob" to "community" -- and the blacks changed from a "community" to a "mob". I would be tempted to chalk it up to a difference in wording, except for this change:

Before:

<blockquote>In the most generally accepted account, Rowland tripped upon entering the elevator and, in an effort to prevent himself from falling, grabbed the arm of Page, who subsequently let out a startled gasp or scream. In a less-accepted account, among others, it has been suggested that the two had had a lover's quarrel, but very few, on either side of the debate believe that any kind of actual assault occurred.</blockquote>

After:

<blockquote>It has been suggested that the two had a quarrel, and it is believed that the young lady was assaulted.</blockquote>

This incident, the spark that ignited the entire event, has been changed from saying that "few believe there was an assault" to "she was assaulted". To me, this shows the other edits in a different light altogether. With that in mind, I am reverting all the changes by 72.185.200.99 (whose only recent edits are to this article). Please note any objections here, as I am only trying to revert possible vandalism, not inject my own POV. --] 18:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

:* What's the deal? There are at least two recent reverts where the paragraph above has been changed to:
:<blockquote>It has been suggested that the two had had a lover's quarrel, and few believe that any kind of actual assault occurred.</blockquote>
: As before, the change is accompanied by several other, more subtle POV shifts. Why the need to move blame to the victims? It's been almost a century, folks. I think we white folks should be able to accept by now that people the same color as us did some awful things back then. On the other hand, I guess it ]. --] 15:15, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

::*And again! With almost the same revisions. It seems there is one person out there who has a vendetta against this article. Keep spittin' in the wind, dude. Keep on spittin' in the wind. --] 13:30, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

"I think we white folks should be able to accept by now that people the same color as us did some awful things back then."
- Robertb, I would not ascribe the most neutral point of view to you, especially given this statement. Validate your claims, then make revisions. By the way, I can guarantee you there is more than one person that has a problem with the article as you write it. I can swear to you that I only use one IP address (believe this if you choose, I do not care), and have no affiliation with the reasonable others that feel these revisions are more reflective of a neutral POV.] 04:26, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

* Thank you for stepping up and acknowledging the changes! I respectfully disagree, however, with your assertion that you are making the article "more reflective of a neutral POV". Let's start with an example that is far closer to the borderline than many of the others:

'''Before:''' Whether or not an actual assault had occurred, Dick Rowland had reason to be fearful. Such an accusation, rightful or not, in those days was enough to incite ''certain segments of the white public'' to forgo due process and take such matters into their own hands. Upon realizing the gravity of the situation, he fled to his mother's house in the Greenwood neighborhood.

'''After:''' Whether or not an actual assault had occurred, Dick Rowland had reason to be fearful. Such an accusation, rightful or not, in those days was enough to incite ''certain segments of the public'' to forgo due process and take such matters into their own hands. Upon realizing the gravity of the situation, he fled to his mother's house in the Greenwood neighborhood.

Removing the word "white" from the paragraph below makes it less accurate, not more neutral. Although if you have evidence of black mobs lynching whites for alleged offences, it would be very interesting to read. NPOV does not mean making everyone look like the good guys.

I would also very much like to know what is wrong with my talk page statement. It clearly upsets you, and I'm curious why? --] 20:36, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

To respond: http://en.wikipedia.org/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876. There you go -evidence of black mobs lynching whites, with a link. There are plenty more instances. Mob violence went both ways, although that is beside the point here, or should be. The talk page statement did not so much upset me as it did reveal your own bias. Your talk page statement, while I agree, makes it seem that we through this article we (as humans, whoever reading this, whatever their color may be) should accept that whites did awful things to blacks, and you wish to convey that through this article. This is not what Misplaced Pages stands for. Misplaced Pages strives for historical objectivity, not a push for a modern agenda, however admirable it may be. A historically objective article allows the reader to make his or her own decisions about the occurances of the past; your article, as written, serves to make these judgments for them, and that right there is the main source of my disagreement. Hope this clears things up. Respectfully, <small>—The preceding ] comment was added by ] (] • ]){{#if:{{{2|}}}|&#32;{{{2}}}|}}.</small><!-- Template:Unsigned -->

* It's not '''my''' article. In that spirit, let's see what the rest of the community has to say about the issue. Meanwhile, thanks for the link! Also, may I suggest creating an account? You're able to address me by name, but I can't extend the same courtesy to you. I would also suggest you learn more about Wiki formatting standards, like using '''<nowiki>]</nowiki>''' instead of creating an external link. Your knowledge of what makes Misplaced Pages work on a technical basis has no bearing on this discussion, of course, but some might think it implies a lack of familiarity with other Misplaced Pages ]. --] 14:22, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

== Upmost Importance ==
This article is listed under Oklahoma pages of "unknown importance". This is a critical turning point in race relations in this state. It is of highest importance, IMO. ] 03:17, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

== Now it makes sense ==

I wondered why this article had been subject to so much revisionism (as detailed above), but it makes sense now. As detailed in , the parties to the lawsuit against the state, asking for the reparations recommended in 2001, were recently before the US Congress in an attempt to extend the Statute of Limitations for the case. This, apparently, brought out the worst in some editors, making edits like the ones detailed above, changing "very few, on either side of the debate believe that any kind of actual assault occurred" to "it is believed that the young lady was assaulted", along with other more subtle changes. Reparations are always a touchy issue, so I guess it's inevitable that the Misplaced Pages article would become embroiled in the fight. At least now we have a better idea of the reason behind the POV shift. --] 19:08, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
==Sources==
Are there still no other sources to be found for this article? I would say it fails NPOV and encyclopedic style miserably. I came here because I followed a link from ], however that case is not mentioned in this article. Also, I certainly ] the "statement" at the top of the page is meant to help, but it comes across as ]. ] <small>]</small> 09:59, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
==Problems with revision==
There are plenty of sources for the riot and the ensuing looting and burning. Unfortunately, this is a highly politicized topic that has become even more divisive since the Race Riot Commission shifted its focus from looking for the truth to reparations. The Commission report is a true compromise since it seems none of the groups really agrees with it. There are a variety of arguments with it, from the unpublished manuscripts like William O'Brien's Who speaks for us? : The responsible citizens of Tulsa in 1921. Jenks (Okla.) : William M. O'Brien, 2002 and Norris, Robert D. The Oklahoma National Guard and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 : a historical, tactical and legal analysis. Tulsa : , , and Gates, Eddie Faye. Riot on Greenwood: The Total Destruction of Black Wall Street. Sunbelt Eakin, 2003. None of these agree with the others. However, Commission's report is the version of events that was accepted by the Legislature.

Among the major issues still under dispute are whether the Klan was directly involved; the number of people killed in the Riot; the presence of mass graves; if there was an active conspiracy to destroy the Greenwood district, to keep the African American victims from rebuilding, and to cover up the events; and the disagreement between "white evidence" and "black evidence".

It is generally believed that the Klan was behind the burning and looting even though there is no provable Klan presence in the state until a few months later (according to the late Danny Goble in the latest edition of the Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (2007), the first official incident of Klan related violence was in Muskogee, in July). People tend to point out that Tulsa had a huge Klan presence in the 20s, but overlook that the Tulsa Klavern (no.2 in the State) was created at the end of August, 1921, with the induction of 300 members. Is it possible that there were Klan members operating behind the scenes at the Riot? Sure, but if they were there it can't be proven.

Oklahoma was definitely racist during this period, and there were a large number of lynchings that took place, including that of the above mentioned Roy Belton, a white man. There were also a lot of other incidents of a similar nature, such as the assaults on a number of people accused of being members of the IWW.

The disagreement about the number of people killed, I believe, confuses the number of people who were directly killed, and those who died as a result of the riot, but that's my opinion.

If there were hundreds to thousands of people killed, that leads us to the question of mass graves. Several sites were identified in the folklore as being grave sites, and while Clyde Snow had originally received authorization to dig those sites, that authorization was pulled when several of the Race Riot Commission objected to digging (according to several witnesses at the meeting in question, the reason for the objection was the realization that if the sites were dug and no bodies were found, it might hurt the case for repercussions).

There has been a long standing belief that there was an active conspiracy, particularly among the white elites to destroy the Greenwood district, to keep the African American victims from rebuilding, and to cover up the events. I doubt there was any active conspiracy, but I have no doubts that the there were those who were willing to take advantage of the situation. Tulsa, going into the 20s still had a strong reputation of lawlessness. For example, a federal report made in 1921, before the riot, listed a number of brothels on both sides of the tracks centered on the area where the shooting took place all night long after the initial riot. One thing that is not often discussed is that the Commission examined the property records and discovered that while many people lost their property in the looting and burning, the majority of those properties were white owned rental properties. It is also frequently obscured that the African American citizens rebuilt bigger and better than before. The final demise of the Greenwood District (as did the decline and demise of many Black communities in Oklahoma) eventually came about after desegregation. The current vacant district was cleared during "urban renewal" in the late 60s and early 70s.

Finally, one of the arguments that were sparked during the Race Riot Commission was between "white evidence" (written documentation) and "black evidence" (oral traditions).

It's a messy topic, and it may take many more years before there is any true consensus.--] 06:01, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

== Out of the Ashes ==

The Tulsa based dance and youth arts group, Nubian Heritage Arts, based in Apache Circle in North Tulsa, is launching a year of art pieces, spoken work, dance, sculpture, and more as a commemoration and awareness of the
1921 riot. The mission statement of Nubian Heritage Arts is to educate and empower underserved youth, through arts education. NHA is currently planning entertainment, workshops, and outreach to public schools in this vein. NHA is a 501c3 non profit organization. Find out more by emailing nubianheritagearts.com. ] 02:43, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Latest revision as of 17:32, 21 January 2025

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This article has previously been nominated to be moved. Please review the prior discussions if you are considering re-nomination.

Discussions:

  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Race Massacre of 1919, No move, April 28, 2017
  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, Move reverted, November 20, 2018
  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, No consensus, August 8, 2019.
  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Race Massacre, Request declined, October 15, 2019
  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa Massacre of 1921, Request declined, January 5, 2020
  • RM, Tulsa race riot → Tulsa race massacre, Moved, February 7, 2020
This article has been viewed enough times in a single week to appear in the Top 25 Report 4 times. The weeks in which this happened:
Section sizes
Section size for Tulsa race massacre (56 sections)
Section name Byte
count		 Section
total
(Top) 15,520 15,520
Background 8,169 8,169
Monday, May 30 (Memorial Day) 35 3,481
Encounter in the elevator 2,141 2,141
Brief investigation 1,305 1,305
Tuesday, May 31 21 17,621
Arrest of Rowland 1,756 1,756
Newspaper coverage 3,512 3,512
Stand-off at the courthouse 4,803 4,803
Taking up arms 4,831 4,831
Outbursts of violence 2,698 2,698
Wednesday, June 1 1,360 15,841
Fires begin 2,944 2,944
Daybreak 1,371 1,371
Attack by air 5,406 5,406
Arrival of National Guard troops 4,760 4,760
Aftermath 15 36,824
Casualties 9,899 9,899
Property losses 954 954
Identities of the African American victims 3,424 3,424
Public Safety Committee 856 856
Rebuilding 4,793 4,793
Tulsa Union Depot 4,917 4,917
1921 grand jury investigation 37 6,454
Allegations of corruption 1,476 1,476
John A. Gustafson 4,941 4,941
Breaking the silence 5,512 5,512
Survivors 269 17,088
Olivia Hooker 2,442 2,442
Eldoris McCondichie 2,193 2,193
George Monroe 1,254 1,254
Mary E. Jones Parrish 2,456 2,456
Lessie Benningfield ("Mother Randle") 1,785 1,785
Hal Singer 2,053 2,053
Essie Lee Johnson Beck 1,550 1,550
Vernice Simms 1,543 1,543
Lena Eloise Taylor Butler 1,543 1,543
Tulsa Race Massacre Commission 2,243 2,243
Post-commission actions 29 27,989
Search for mass graves 12,476 12,476
Reconciliation 3,331 3,331
Survivors' lawsuit 2,526 2,526
John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park 1,474 1,474
Renewed calls for restitution 8,153 8,153
President Biden's 2021 visit 1,249 1,249
Tulsa Historical Society and Museum 1,135 1,135
Present-day Black Wall Street 1,428 1,428
In popular culture 63 13,876
Literature 3,747 3,747
Film and television 7,674 7,674
Music and art 2,392 2,392
See also 797 797
References 289 289
Bibliography 4,909 4,909
Further reading 3,450 3,450
External links 2,778 2,778
Total 174,687 174,687

KKK and ABB

Three links which are of historical relevance are:


https://en.wikipedia.org/Tulsa_Benevolent_Association


https://en.wikipedia.org/African_Blood_Brotherhood


https://revolutionsnewsstand.com/2023/02/10/the-tulsa-riot-by-commander-tulsa-post-african-blood-brotherhood-from-the-crusader-vol-4-no-5-july-1921/


The first link confirms that the KKK chapter in Tulsa was only founded in January 1922, seven months after the Tulsa riot/massacre.

The second two links concern the largely forgotten activities of the militant African Blood Brotherhood and its presence in Tulsa in 1921.

Buck Franklin in his autobiography confirms the presence of political agitators in Greenwood although he does not expressly identify them as ABB activists. 89.243.78.236 (talk) 13:25, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

New 123-page DOJ report. Can this PDF be embedded and made accessible?

News articles:
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/11/us/tulsa-race-massacre-report.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/10/tulsa-massacre-report/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/10/tulsa-race-massacre-report-doj
https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2025-01-10/doj-credible-reports-that-law-enforcement-participated-in-murder-during-race-massacre
https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/5080213-tulsa-race-massacre-justice-report/

Official links to the Department of Justice report:
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-results-review-and-evaluation-tulsa-race-massacre
https://www.justice.gov/crt/case/ac-jackson

The 123-page report (PDF document):
https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1383756/dl

Can this file be embedded and directly included for viewing to the side of the Misplaced Pages article text? 172.56.12.167 (talk) 16:43, 11 January 2025 (UTC)

I've added the report to Further reading. I don't know of a way to embed it and question whether that's even appropriate. Schazjmd (talk) 17:05, 11 January 2025 (UTC)
Embedding it here would be inappropriate. But it could live at Wikisource? --jpgordon 18:19, 11 January 2025 (UTC)

I recommend that the article note that the report released on January 10, 2025, was amended and improved, according to the January 17, 2025 memorandum approved by the Chief, Criminal Section, Civil Rights Division. https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1383756/dl.Mahoopes (talk) 17:32, 21 January 2025 (UTC)

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