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			{{Short description|Romance language}}
	{{Redirect|Español}}
			{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
	{{Redirect|Espagnol|the wine grape also known as Espagnol|Cinsaut}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
			{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
	{{Infobox Language
			{{Redirect|Castilian language|the specific variety of the language|Castilian Spanish|the broader branch of Ibero-Romance|West Iberian languages}}
	|name = Spanish, Castilian
			{{Infobox language
	|nativename = {{lang|es|Español}}, {{lang|es|Castellano}}
			| name = Spanish
	|pronunciation =/espaˈɲol/, /kast̪eˈʎano/
	|familycolor = Indo-European		| altname = Castilian
			| image =
	|script = ] (])
			| nativename = {{hlist|{{lang|es|español}}|{{lang|es|castellano}}}}
	|region = (see ])
			| pronunciation = {{IPA|es|espaˈɲol||Es-español.oga|}}<br/>{{IPA|es|kasteˈʝano||Es-Castellano.oga}}, {{IPA|es|kasteˈʎano||Es castellano 001.ogg}}
	|speakers = First language<sup>a</sup>: 329 million<br /><sup>a</sup><small> as second and first language 500 million. All numbers are approximate.</small>
			| speakers = Native: 500 million
	|rank = 2 or 3 (native speakers) 3 (total speakers)
	|fam2 = ]		| date = 2024
	|fam3 = ]		| ref = <ref name="viva18" />
			| speakers2 = Total: 601 million<ref name="viva18" />{{br}}101 million speakers with limited capacity (24 million students)<ref name="viva18" />
	|fam4 = ]
			| speakers_label = Speakers
	|fam5 = ]
			| familycolor = Indo-European
	|fam6 = ]
	|fam7 = ]		| fam2 = ]
	|script = ] (])		| fam3 = ]
	|script = ] (])		| fam4 = ]
			| fam5 = ]
	|nation = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].
			| fam6 = ]
	|agency = ] ({{lang|es|]}} and 21 other national Spanish language academies)
	|iso1 = es		| fam7 = ]
	|iso2 = spa		| fam8 = ]
	|iso3 = spa		| fam9 = ]
			| fam10 = ]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Castilic|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|editor4-first=Sebastian|editor4-last=Bank|year=2022|title=]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|ref={{sfnref|Glottolog|2022}}|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095200/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|url-status=live}}</ref>
	|map = ]
			| ancestor = ]
	{{legend|#000080|Countries where Spanish has official status.}}
			| ancestor2 = ]
	{{legend|#0000ff|States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population.}}
			| ancestor3 = ]
	{{legend|#0080ff|States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population.}}
			| script = ] (])<br />]
	{{legend|#78c0ff|States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population.}}
			| nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|20
			countries]]|
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]}}
			<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=]|
			|]}}
			<!-- This list is intended for subnational territories that do not form an integral part of a country (such as Puerto Rico), as well as integral parts of nations that are not traditionally considered Spanish-speaking. Adding Ceuta and Melilla will result in deletion as they are integral parts of Spain. This also applies to Chile and the case of Easter Island. -->
			<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=]|
			|]}}
			<!-- This list is intended for countries with limited recognition where Spanish is an official language. -->
			<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=]|
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]}}
			<!-- This list is only intended for countries and territories where Spanish is currently spoken by a significant minority of the population (~20% or more) and is used as a major working language in government and other institutions. The Philippines, Morocco, Western Sahara, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and other former historic Spanish colonies where considerably less than 20% of the population speaks standard Spanish should not be listed here. -->
			<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = ]|
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]
			|]}}
			| agency = ]<br />({{lang|es|]}} and 22 other national Spanish language academies)
			| iso1 = es
			| iso2 = spa
			| iso3 = spa
			| lingua = 51-AAA-b
			| sign = ] (using signs of the local language)
			| glotto = stan1288
			| glottorefname = Spanish
			| map = File:Map-Hispanophone World.svg
			| mapcaption = {{legend|#045a8d|Official majority language}}
			{{legend|#0674b6|Co-official or administrative language but not majority native language}}
			{{legend|#9bbae1|Secondary language (more than 20% Spanish speakers) or culturally important}}
			| notice = IPA
	}}		}}
	'''Spanish''' or '''Castilian''' (''español'' or ''castellano'') is a ] in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern ] and gradually spread in the ], evolving into the principal language of government and trade in the ].
			'''Spanish''' ({{lang|es|español}}) or '''Castilian '''({{lang|es|castellano}}) is a ] of the ] that evolved from the ] spoken on the ] of ]. Today, it is a ] with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the ] and ], and about 600 million speakers including second language speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spa/ |title=Ethnologue, 2022 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507025019/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spa/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="size" /> Spanish is the official language of ], as well as one of the ] of the ].<ref name="un1">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=Official Languages | publisher=United Nations | url=https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages | access-date=2024-01-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105190533/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages| archive-date=2024-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=In which countries of the world is this language spoken? |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_languages.htm |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629022556/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_languages.htm |archive-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> Spanish is the world's ] after ];<ref name="size">{{cite web |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |date=2022 |title=Summary by language size |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |work=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |language=en-US |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618002011/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salvador |first=Yolanda Mancebo |title=Calderón en Europa |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31819/9783964565013-007/html |chapter=Hacia una historia de la puesta en escena de La vida es sueño |publisher=Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft |year=2002 |pages=91–100 |isbn=978-3-96456-501-3 |language=es |doi=10.31819/9783964565013-007 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303220424/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31819/9783964565013-007/html |url-status=live}}</ref> the world's ] overall after ], Mandarin Chinese, and ] (]-]); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries with most Spanish speakers 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/991020/number-native-spanish-speakers-country-worldwide/ |website=] |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000420/https://www.statista.com/statistics/991020/number-native-spanish-speakers-country-worldwide/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Castilian evolved from several dialects and languages in the northern fringes of the ] during the 10th century, now collectively termed Spanish. ], the basic foundation of the Spanish language, was introduced to the ] by Romans during the ] around 210 BC. During the 5th century, Hispania was invaded by Germanic ], ], ], and ], resulting in numerous dialects of ]. After the ] in the 8th century, ] became a powerful influence in the evolution of ] including Castilian.
			Spanish is part of the ], in which the language is also known as ''Castilian'' ({{Lang|es|castellano}}). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the ] in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century,<ref>{{Citation |last=Vergaz |first=Miguel A. |title=La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano |date=7 November 2010 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/11/07/castillayleon/1289123856.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124225541/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/11/07/castillayleon/1289123856.html |place=ES |publisher=El Mundo |language=es |access-date=24 November 2010 |archive-date=24 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the first systematic written use of the language happened in ], a prominent city of the ], in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the ] spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=John |date=2010 |title=sejours linguistiques en Espagne |url=http://sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163355/http://sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com/index.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com}}</ref>
	Modern Spanish developed with the Readjustment of the Consonants (]) that began in 15th century. The language continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of other languages, as well as developing new words. Castilian was taken most notably to the ] as well as to ] and ] with the expansion of the ] between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries.
			As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Heriberto Robles |author2=Camacho Becerra |author3=Juan José Comparán Rizo |author4=Felipe Castillo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODJ7FTikTE0C&pg=PA19 |title=Manual de etimologías grecolatinas |date=1998 |publisher=Limusa |isbn=968-18-5542-6 |edition=3rd |location=Mexico |page=19 |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Manual_de_etimolog%C3%ADas_grecolatinas/ODJ7FTikTE0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA19&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Comparán Rizo |first1=Juan José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caqn_7i6tvkC&pg=PA17 |title=Raices Griegas y latinas |publisher=Ediciones Umbral |isbn=978-968-5430-01-2 |page=17 |language=es |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423162130/https://books.google.com/books?id=caqn_7i6tvkC |archive-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside English and ], it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042553/https://www.languagemagazine.com/2019/11/18/spanish-in-the-world/ |date=6 February 2021}}, ''Language Magazine'', 18 November 2019.</ref> Spanish is well represented in the ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2014 |title=El español se atasca como lengua científica |url=https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/El-espanol-se-atasca-como-lengua-cientifica |work=Servicio de Información y Noticias Científicas |language=es |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204919/https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/El-espanol-se-atasca-como-lengua-cientifica |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/internet-language |title=What Are The Most-Used Languages On The Internet? |work=+Babbel Magazine |last=Devlin |first=Thomas Moore |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206012715/https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/internet-language}}</ref> and the second most used language by number of websites after English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language |title=Usage statistics of content languages for websites |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817192928/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Today, 329 million people speak Spanish as a native language. It is the second most spoken language in the world in terms of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese.<ref>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</ref><ref>''Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition'', ed. M. Paul Lewis 2009</ref> ] contains the largest population of Spanish speakers. Spanish is one of the six official languages of the ].
			Spanish is used as an official language by ], including the ], ], ], ], ], ], among others.<ref name="un1"/>
			{{TOC limit|3}}
			== Name of the language and etymology ==
	==History==
	{{Main|History of the Spanish language}}		{{Main|Names given to the Spanish language}}
			=== Name of the language ===
	]''}}, in medieval Castilian.]]
			In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only {{lang|es|]}} but also {{lang|es|]}} (Castilian), the language from the ], contrasting it with other ] such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and other minor languages.
	]‎]]
	Spanish evolved from ] introduced to the ] by Romans during the ] around 210 BC, with some ] from ] during the ] period<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html|title=Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language|publisher=]|date=|dateformat=dmy|accessdate=24 July 2008}}</ref> and other surviving influences from ] and ], as well as ] via the ].
			The ] uses the term {{lang|es|castellano}} to define the ] of the whole of Spain, in contrast to {{lang|es|las demás lenguas españolas}} (lit. "the other ]"). Article III reads as follows:
	Castilian is thought to have evolved in the northern fringes of the ] during the 10th century along the remote crossroad strips among the ], ], ], ] and ] provinces of Northern Spain (see ]), as a strongly innovative and differing variant from its nearest cousin, ], with a higher degree of Basque influence in these regions (see ]). Modern Spanish developed in Castile with the Readjustment of the Consonants (]) during the 15th century. Typical features of Spanish diachronical ] include ] (Latin {{lang|la|''vita''}}, Spanish {{lang|es|''vida''}}), ] (Latin {{lang|la|''annum''}}, Spanish {{lang|es|''año''}}, and Latin {{lang|la|''anellum''}}, Spanish {{lang|es|''anillo''}}) and ]ation (]-changing) of short ''e'' and ''o'' from Vulgar Latin (Latin {{lang|la|''terra''}}, Spanish {{lang|es|''tierra''}}; Latin {{lang|la|''novus''}}, Spanish {{lang|es|''nuevo''}}). Similar phenomena can be found in other Romance languages as well.
			{{blockquote|{{lang|es|El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado.&nbsp;... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas...}}<br />
			Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State.&nbsp;... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...}}
			The ] ({{Lang|es|Real Academia Española}}), on the other hand, currently uses the term {{lang|es|español}} in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language {{lang|es|castellano}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Problemas de la lengua española (I): La lengua, los niveles y la norma {{!}} Fundación Juan March |url=https://www.march.es/es/madrid/conferencia/problemas-lengua-espanola-i-lengua-niveles-norma |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.march.es |language=es}}</ref>
	]
			The {{lang|es|]}} (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term {{lang|es|español}} in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms—{{lang|es|español}} and {{lang|es|castellano}}—are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.<ref>Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, 2005, p.&nbsp;271–272.</ref>
	This northern dialect from ] was carried south during the {{lang|es|'']''}}, and remains a ] in the northern coastal ].
			===Etymology===
	The first Latin-to-Spanish grammar ({{lang|es|'']''}}) was written in ], Spain, in 1492, by ]. When it was presented to ], she asked, ''"¿Para qué querría yo un trabajo como éste, si ya conozco la lengua?"'' ("What would I want a work like this for, if I already know the language?"), to which he replied, ''"Su alteza, la lengua es el instrumento del Imperio"'' ("Your highness, the language is the instrument of the Empire.") {{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
			The term {{lang|es|castellano}} is related to ] ({{lang|es|Castilla}} or archaically {{lang|osp|Castiella}}), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name ''Castile'', in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from {{lang|es|castillo}} ('castle').
			In the ], the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as {{lang|es|Romance}} and later also as {{lang|es|Lengua vulgar}}.<ref name="espania" /> Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as {{lang|es|Romance castellano}} ({{Lang|es|romanz castellano}}, {{Lang|es|romanz de Castiella}}), {{Lang|es|lenguaje de Castiella}}, and ultimately simply as {{lang|es|castellano}} (noun).<ref name="espania">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/22518?lang=es|title=De nuevo sobre los nombres medievales de la lengua de Castilla|first=Rafael|last=Cano Aguilar|doi=10.4000/e-spania.22518|journal=E-Spania|year=2013|issue=15|access-date=7 July 2022|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707205518/https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/22518?lang=es|url-status=live|doi-access=free| issn = 1951-6169}}</ref>
	From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the ] and the ] via ]. ] influence on the ] from the 17th century has been so great that Spanish is often called ''la lengua de Cervantes'' (The language of Cervantes).<ref>{{cite journal|title=La lengua de Cervantes| language =Spanish| url = http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf| publisher =Ministerio de la Presidencia de España|format=PDF| accessdate =2008-08-24}}</ref>
			Different etymologies have been suggested for the term {{lang|es|español}} (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, {{lang|es|español}} derives from the ] word {{Lang|oc|espaignol}} and that, in turn, derives from the ] *{{lang|la|hispaniolus}} ('of Hispania').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ |title=español, la |work=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=Real Academia Espańola |access-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193620/http://dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ}}</ref> ] was the Roman name for the entire ].
	In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to ] and the ], and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as ] in ]. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see ].
			There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist ] suggested that the classic {{lang|la|hispanus}} or {{lang|la|hispanicus}} took the suffix {{Lang|la|-one}} from ], as happened with other words such as {{lang|es|bretón}} (Breton) or {{lang|es|sajón}} (Saxon).
	==Geographic Distribution==
	Spanish is recognized as one of the official languages of the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ] and has legal status in the ].
			== History ==
	{| class="wikitable"
			{{Main|History of the Spanish language}}
			], written in a late form of Latin, were declared in 2010 by the Royal Spanish Academy as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian, predating those of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euskonews.com/udalak/valpuesta/cartularioshistoria.htm|title=cartularioshistoria|website=www.euskonews.com|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402124945/http://www.euskonews.com/udalak/valpuesta/cartularioshistoria.htm|archive-date=2 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
			Like the other ]s, the Spanish language evolved from ], which was brought to the ] by the ] during the ], beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called ])—some distantly related to Latin as ]s, and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included ], ], ], ] and ].
			The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the ], the most important ]s on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring ]—] (]), ], ], ], ], ], ], and later, ] and ]. Spanish also ] a considerable number of words from ], as well as a minor influence from the Germanic ] through the period of ] rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from ] through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both ] and ], the form of Latin in use at that time.
			According to the theories of ], local ]s of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of ], and this dialect was later brought to the city of ], where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.<ref name="Penny1p16">{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=16}}</ref> In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, ], and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see ]). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the {{lang|es|]}}, and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the ] of ], much of it indirectly, through the Romance ] (some 4,000 ]-derived words, make up around 8% of the language today).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html|title=Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925062202/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html|archive-date=25 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of ], in the 13th to 16th centuries, and ], from the 1570s.<ref name="Penny1p16" />
			The development of the ] from that of ] exhibits most of the changes that are typical of ], including ] of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin {{lang|la|vīta}} > Spanish {{lang|es|vida}}). The ] of Latin stressed short {{Lang|la|e}} and {{Lang|la|o}}—which occurred in ] in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table:
			<div style="overflow: auto;">
			<!-- The words in each cell are tagged with the first language whose column intersects the cell. -->
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			! Latin || Spanish || Ladino || Aragonese || Asturian || Galician || Portuguese || Catalan || Gascon / Occitan || French || Sardinian || Italian || Romanian || |English
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|petra}} || colspan="4" | {{lang|es|p'''ie'''dra}} || colspan="3" | {{lang|gl|pedra}} || {{lang|oc|pedra}}, {{lang|oc|pèira}} || {{lang|fr|p'''ie'''rre}} ||''pedra'', {{lang|sc|perda}}||{{lang|it|p'''ie'''tra}} || {{lang|ro|p'''ia'''tră}} || 'stone'
	! Country
	! Population <ref></ref>
	! Number of Spanish speakers (first language)<ref>Britannica encyclopedia </ref>
	! Number of Spanish speakers (second language) <ref>, for Europe countries</ref><ref>Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries).</ref>
	! Spanish speakers as percentage of population<ref> (page 28)</ref>
	! Total number of Spanish speakers
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|terra}} || colspan="4" | {{lang|es|t'''ie'''rra}} || colspan="3" | {{lang|gl|terra}} || {{lang|oc|tèrra}} || {{lang|fr|terre}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|sc|terra}} || {{lang|ro|țară}} || 'land'
	| ]
	| 109,610,000
	| 101,027,537
	| 6,938,313
	| 98.5%
	| 107,965,850
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|moritur}} || colspan="3" | {{lang|es|m'''ue'''re}} || {{lang|ast|m'''ue'''rre}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|gl|morre}} || {{lang|ca|mor}} || {{lang|oc|morís}} || {{lang|fr|m'''eu'''rt}} || {{lang|sc|mòrit}} || {{lang|it|m'''uo'''re}} || {{lang|ro|m'''oa'''re}} || 'dies (v.)'
	| ]
	| 304,059,724<ref name=USpopfinder>Population figure for 2008 from , U.S. Census Bureau</ref>
	| 42,859,894 <ref>34,559,894 legal immigrants ()+ 8,300,000 illegal immigrants (Pew Hispanic Center 2008, , . They aren't new generations of immigrants living in USA as many of the legal immigrants).</ref>
	| 7,140,106
	| 15.4% <ref>Significant figure about the legal Hispanic population (46,943,613 from a total US population of 304,059,724) </ref>
	| 50,000,000 <ref>I Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española (2007) - , ] - , José Ma. Ansón - , Jorge Ramos Avalos - , Vázquez Medel - .</ref>
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|mortem}} || colspan="4" | {{lang|es|m'''ue'''rte}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ast|morte}} || {{lang|ca|mort}} || {{lang|oc|mòrt}} || {{lang|fr|mort}} ||''morte, morti''||{{lang|it|morte}} || {{lang|ro|m'''oa'''rte}} || 'death'
	| ]
			|}</div>
	| 46,661,950 <ref></ref>
			]
	| 41,529,136 <ref>89.0% speak Spanish as a first language ()</ref>
			Spanish is marked by ] of the Latin double consonants (]s) {{lang|la|nn}} and {{lang|la|ll}} (thus Latin
	| 4,572,870
			{{lang|la|annum}} > Spanish {{lang|es|año}}, and Latin {{lang|la|anellum}} > Spanish
	| 98.8%
			{{lang|es|anillo}}).
	| 46,102,006
	|-
			The consonant written {{lang|la|u}} or {{lang|la|v}} in Latin and pronounced {{IPA|}} in Classical Latin had probably "]" to a bilabial fricative {{IPA|/β/}} in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written ''b'' (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is ] between the pronunciation of orthographic {{lang|es|b}} and {{lang|es|v}}.
	| ]
	| 45,140,000 <ref></ref>
			Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring ] extending as far north as the ], and found in a small area of ]), attributed by some scholars to a Basque ] was the mutation of Latin initial {{lang|la|f}} into {{lang|es|h-}} whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The {{lang|es|h-}}, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many {{lang|es|f}}-/{{lang|es|h}}- ]s in modern Spanish: {{lang|es|Fernando}} and {{lang|es|Hernando}} (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), {{lang|es|ferrero}} and {{lang|es|herrero}} (both Spanish for "smith"), {{lang|es|fierro}} and {{lang|es|hierro}} (both Spanish for "iron"), and {{lang|es|fondo}} and {{lang|es|hondo}} (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though {{lang|es|fondo}} means "bottom", while {{lang|es|hondo}} means "deep"); additionally, {{lang|es|hacer}} ("to make") is ] to the root word of {{lang|es|satisfacer}} ("to satisfy"), and {{lang|es|hecho}} ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of {{lang|es|satisfecho}} ("satisfied").
	| 44,702,142
	| 76,716
			Compare the examples in the following table:
	| 99.2%
			<div style="overflow: auto;">
	| 44,778,880
			<!-- The words in each cell are tagged with the first language whose column intersects the cell. -->
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			! Latin || Spanish || Ladino || Aragonese || Asturian || Galician || Portuguese || Catalan || Gascon / Occitan || French || Sardinian || Italian || Romanian || English
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|filium}} || {{lang|es|'''h'''ijo}} || {{lang|lad|fijo}} (or {{lang|lad|hijo}}) || {{lang|an|fillo}} || {{lang|ast|fíu}} || {{lang|gl|fillo}} || {{lang|pt|filho}} || {{lang|ca|fill}} || {{lang|oc|filh}}, {{lang|oc|'''h'''ilh}} || {{lang|fr|fils}} ||''fizu, fìgiu, fillu''||{{lang|it|figlio}} || {{lang|ro|fiu}} || 'son'
	| ]
	| 40,134,425 <ref></ref>
	| 38,866,177
	| 1,027,441
	| 99.4%
	| 39,893,618
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|facere}} || {{lang|es|'''h'''acer}} || {{lang|lad|fazer}} || {{lang|an|fer}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ast|facer}} || {{lang|pt|fazer}} || {{lang|ca|fer}} || {{lang|oc|far}}, {{lang|oc|faire}}, {{lang|oc|'''h'''ar}} (or {{lang|oc|'''h'''èr}}) || {{lang|fr|faire}} ||''fàghere, fàere, {{lang|sc|fàiri}}''||{{lang|it|fare}} || {{lang|ro|a face}} || 'to do'
	| ]
	| 28,520,000 <ref></ref>
	| 27,516,096
	| 661,441
	| 98.8%
	| 28,177,760
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|febrem}} || colspan="4" | {{lang|es|fiebre}} ''(calentura)''|| colspan="3" |{{lang|gl|febre}} || {{lang|oc|fèbre}}, {{lang|oc|frèbe}}, {{lang|oc|'''h'''rèbe}} (or<br />{{lang|oc|'''h'''erèbe}}) || {{lang|fr|fièvre}} ||{{lang|sc|calentura}}||{{lang|it|febbre}} || {{lang|ro|febră}} || 'fever'
	| ]
	| 29,165,000
	| 23,264,921
	| 1,991,969
	| 86.6%
	| 25,256,890
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|focum}} || colspan="3" | {{lang|es|fuego}} || {{lang|ast|fueu}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|gl|fogo}} || {{lang|ca|foc}} || {{lang|oc|fuòc}}, {{lang|oc|fòc}}, {{lang|oc|'''h'''uèc}} || {{lang|fr|feu}} || {{lang|sc|fogu}} || {{lang|it|fuoco}} || {{lang|ro|foc}} || 'fire'
	| ]
			|}</div>
	| 16,928,873 <ref></ref>
			Some ]s of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table:
	| 15,225,828
			<div style="overflow: auto;">
	| 1,584,543
			<!-- The words in each cell are tagged with the first language whose column intersects the cell. -->
	| 99.3%
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	| 16,810,371
			! Latin || Spanish || Ladino || Aragonese || Asturian || Galician || Portuguese || Catalan || Gascon / Occitan || French || Sardinian || Italian || Romanian || English
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|'''cl'''āvem}} || {{lang|es|'''ll'''ave}} || {{lang|lad|clave}} || {{lang|an|clau}} || {{lang|ast|'''ll'''ave}} || {{lang|gl|chave}} || {{lang|pt|chave}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|clau}} || {{lang|fr|clé}} ||''giae, crae,'' {{lang|sc|crai}}||{{lang|it|chiave}} || {{lang|ro|cheie}} || 'key'
	| ]
	| 14,065,000 <ref></ref>
	| 13,074,824
	| 722,273
	| 98.1%
	| 13,797,765
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|'''fl'''amma}} || {{lang|es|'''ll'''ama}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|lad|'''fl'''ama}} || {{lang|ast|chama}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|gl|chama}}, {{lang|gl|flama}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|flama}} || {{lang|fr|flamme}} || {{lang|sc|framma}} || {{lang|it|fiamma}} || {{lang|ro|flamă}} || 'flame'
	| ]
	| 14,027,000
	| 9,075,469
	| 3,043,859
	| 86.4%
	| 12,119,328
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|'''pl'''ēnum}} || {{lang|es|'''ll'''eno}} || {{lang|lad|pleno}} || {{lang|an|plen}} || {{lang|ast|'''ll'''enu}} || {{lang|gl|cheo}} || {{lang|pt|cheio}}, {{lang|pt|pleno}} || {{lang|ca|ple}} || {{lang|oc|plen}} || {{lang|fr|plein}} || {{lang|sc|prenu}} || {{lang|it|pieno}} || {{lang|ro|plin}} || 'plenty, full'
	| ]
	| 11,204,000
	| 11,136,776
	|
	| 99.4%
	| 11,136,776
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|o'''ct'''ō}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|es|o'''ch'''o}} || {{lang|an|güeito}} || {{lang|ast|o'''ch'''o}}, {{lang|ast|oito}} || {{lang|gl|oito}} || {{lang|pt|oito}} ({{lang|pt|oi'''t'''o}}) || {{lang|ca|vuit}}, {{lang|ca|huit}} || {{lang|oc|uè'''ch'''}}, {{lang|oc|uò'''ch'''}}, {{lang|oc|uèit}} || {{lang|fr|huit}} || {{lang|sc|oto}}||{{lang|it|otto}} || {{lang|ro|opt}} || 'eight'
	| ]
	| 10,090,000
	| 9,987,082
	| 62,558
	| 99.6%
	| 10,049,640
	|-		|-
			| {{smallcaps|mu'''lt'''um}} || {{lang|es|mu'''ch'''o}}<br />{{lang|es|mu'''y'''}} || {{lang|lad|mu'''nch'''o}}<br />{{lang|lad|mu'''y'''}} || {{lang|an|muito}}<br />{{lang|an|mu'''i'''}} || {{lang|ast|mu'''nch'''u}}<br />{{lang|ast|mu'''i'''}} || {{lang|gl|moito}}<br />{{lang|gl|mo'''i'''}} ||''muito'' ||{{lang|ca|molt}} || {{lang|oc|molt}}&nbsp;(arch.) ||{{lang|fr|très}}, {{lang|fr|beaucoup}}, {{lang|fr|moult}}
	| ]
			|{{lang|sc|meda}}||{{lang|it|molto}} || {{lang|ro|mult}} || 'much,<br />very,<br />many'
	| 10,227,299
			|}</div>
	| 4,267,851
			], author of {{lang|es|]}}, the first grammar of a modern European language<ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1105510,00.html |title=Harold Bloom on Don Quixote, the first modern novel &#124; Books &#124; The Guardian |publisher=Books.guardian.co.uk |date=12 December 2003 |access-date=18 July 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614054652/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1105510,00.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
	| 4,721,945
	| 87.9%
			In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its ], known in Spanish as the {{lang|es|]}}, which resulted in the distinctive ] {{IPA|}} pronunciation of the letter {{angle bracket|j}} and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic ] {{IPA|}} ("th-sound") for the letter {{angle bracket|z}} (and for {{angle bracket|c}} before {{angle bracket|e}} or {{angle bracket|i}}). See ] for details.
	| 8,989,796
	|-
			The {{lang|es|]}}, written in ] in 1492 by ], was the first grammar written for a modern European language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH |title=Spanish Language Facts |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522190202/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to ], she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crow |first=John A. |title=Spain: the root and the flower |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2NKy8QCxw4C&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA151 |year=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24496-2 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817150949/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2NKy8QCxw4C&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA151 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his introduction to the grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish empire, from Columbus to Magellan |page=78 |year=2005 |publisher=Random House Inc. |isbn=978-0-8129-7055-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b38f7b1WmOwC&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA78 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816174720/https://books.google.com/books?id=b38f7b1WmOwC&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA78 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
	| 7,706,441
			From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered ] and the ] via ]. ], author of '']'', is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called {{lang|es|la lengua de Cervantes}} ("the language of Cervantes").<ref>{{cite web|title=La lengua de Cervantes |language=es |url=http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf |publisher=Ministerio de la Presidencia de España |access-date=24 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083955/http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>
	| 7,146,118
	| 135,332
			In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to ] and the ], and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as ] in ]. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see ].
	| 99.0%
	| 7,281,450
			== Geographical distribution ==
	|-
			{{See also|Hispanophone}}
	| ]
			[[File:El español en el mundo 2023 (Anuario del Instituto Cervantes).svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Spanish language
	| 7,185,000
			{{legend|#ff0000ff|Official or co-official language}}
	| 7,163,445
			{{legend|#ffcd48ff|Important minority (more than 25%) or majority language, but not official}}
	|
			{{legend|#ffeeaaff|Notable minority language (less than 25% but more than 500,000 Spanish speakers)}}]]
	| 99.7%
	| 7,163,445
			Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a ], making it the second ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuario instituto Cervantes 2023 |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Centro Virtual Cervantes |language=es |archive-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222190339/https://www.bergesinstitutespanish.com/spanish-native-speakers |url-status=live}} Estimate. Corrected as Equatorial Guinea is mistakenly included (no native speakers there)</ref> An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or ], making it the fourth ] after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|title=Summary by language size|website=Ethnologue|date=3 October 2018|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040016/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish is also the third ], after English and Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm |title=Internet World Users by Language |year=2008 |publisher=Miniwatts Marketing Group |access-date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426122721/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			=== Europe ===
			{{main|Peninsular Spanish}}
			[[File:Knowledge of Spanish in European Union.svg|thumb|Percentage of people who self reportedly know enough Spanish to hold a conversation, in the EU, 2005
			{{legend|#554400|Native country}}
			{{legend|#AA8800|More than 8.99%}}
			{{legend|#E5B700|Between 4% and 8.99%}}
			{{legend|#FFDD55|Between 1% and 3.99%}}
			{{legend|#FFEEAA|Less than 1%}}]]
			Spanish is the official language of ]. Upon the emergence of the ] as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Clara|last=Mar-Molinero|title=The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World|year=2000|isbn=0-203-44372-1|location=London|publisher=]|pages=19–20}}</ref> Hard policies imposing the language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward.{{Sfn|Mar-Molinero|2000|p=21}}
			Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm |title=Background Note: Andorra |publisher=U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs |date=January 2007 |access-date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194318/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml |title=BBC Education — Languages Across Europe — Spanish |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929052158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish is an official language of the ].
			=== Americas ===
			==== Hispanic America ====
			{{main|Spanish language in the Americas}}
			Today, the majority of the Spanish speakers live in ]. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either '']'' or '']''—of ], ] (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), ], ], ] (co-official with ]),<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908185557/http://www.constitution.org/cons/paraguay.htm |date=8 September 2014}}, Article 140</ref> ] (co-official with ], ], and "the other indigenous languages"),<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517192115/http://constitucionpoliticadelperu.com/ |date=17 May 2014}}, Article 48</ref> ] (co-official with English),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fE%2fEnglish%20Language |title=Puerto Rico Elevates English |date=29 January 1993 |work=the New York Times |access-date=6 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122011853/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FE%2FEnglish%20Language |archive-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], and ].
			====United States====
			{{Main|Spanish language in the United States}}
			{{See also|Spanish language in California|New Mexican Spanish|Isleño Spanish}}
			]
			Spanish language has a long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century.{{Sfn|Lamboy|Salgado-Robles|2020|p=1}} In the wake of the ], hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States.{{Sfn|Lamboy|Salgado-Robles|2020|p=1}} The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spanish across Domains in the United States. Education, Public Space, and Social Media|editor-first=Francisco|editor-last=Salgado-Robles|editor-first2=Edwin M.|editor-last2=Lamboy|publisher=]|isbn=978-90-04-43322-9|year=2020|location=Leiden|page=1|first1=Edwin M.|last1=Lamboy|first2=Francisco|last2=Salgado-Robles|chapter=Introduction: Spanish in the United States and across Domains}}</ref>
			According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of the U.S. population were of ] or ]n by origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|title=Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|date=12 August 2021|publisher=]|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601|title=American Community Survey Explore Census Data|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017182821/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601|url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of ], where it is also an official language along with English.
			Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Más 'speak spanish' que en España|access-date=6 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111353/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=live}} (in Spanish)</ref> While English is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=John |title=Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1992 |page=62 |isbn=9780226120164 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015012/https://books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62 |url-status=live}}</ref> The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] of the ], as well as more recently, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration.
			====Rest of the Americas====
			Although Spanish has no official recognition in the former ] of ] (known until 1973 as ]) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/Languages_Infographic_2022.pdf|title=Languages spoken in Belize, 2022 Census|date=2022 |language=en |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
			Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing ] minority, ] has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched the ''Spanish as a First Foreign Language'' (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103080637/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm |archive-date=3 November 2010 |title=FAQ |work=The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish |publisher=Government of the Republic |location=Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the ] islands of ], ] and ] (]) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language and education on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435}}</ref> The local language ] (Papiamento on Aruba) is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish.
			In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of ] in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in ].{{Sfn|Valle|Villa|2006|p=376}}<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.es/&httpsredir=1&article=1082&context=gc_pubs|title=Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda|first1=José del|last1=Valle |first2=Laura|last2=Villa |journal=Language Policy |year=2006|volume=5|issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s10993-006-9035-2|pages=376–377 |s2cid=144373408|access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.es%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1082&context=gc_pubs|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, the ] approved a bill, signed into law by the ], making it mandatory for ]s to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm |title = Brazilian Law 11.161 |publisher = Presidência da República |date = 5 August 2005 |access-date = 31 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031191701/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm |archive-date = 31 October 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> In September 2016 this law was revoked by ] after the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798 |title=Novo ensino médio terá currículo flexível e mais horas de aula |newspaper=O Globo |date=23 September 2016 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923213525/http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a ] known as ] is spoken.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lipski |first=John M |year=2006 |title=Too close for comfort? the genesis of "portuñol/portunhol" |editor1-first=Timothy L |editor1-last=Face |editor2-first=Carol A |editor2-last=Klee |pages=1–22 |journal=Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium |location=Somerville, MA |publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project |url= http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf |access-date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216225441/http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			=== Africa ===
			==== Sub-Saharan Africa ====
			{{See also|Equatoguinean Spanish}}
			], capital city of ]]]
			] is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipski |first=John M. |author-link=John M. Lipski |year=2014 |title=¿Existe un dialecto "ecuatoguineano" del español? |url=https://revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/viewFile/7202/7335 |url-status=live |journal=Revista Iberoamericana |volume=80 |issue=248–249 |pages=865–882 |doi=10.5195/REVIBEROAMER.2014.7202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020919/https://revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/viewFile/7202/7335 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |quote="Se trata de Guinea Ecuatorial, único país del África subsahariana de habla española," |doi-access=free}}</ref> Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in the Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The decline of the indigenous languages of Equatorial Guinea: a manifestation of the loss of cultural identity|first1=Pedro Bayeme|last1=Bituga-Nchama|first2=Cruz Otu |last2=Nvé-Ndumu |year=2021 |journal=Revista Cátedra|volume=4|issue=3|pages=41 |url=https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CATEDRA/article/view/3147/3969 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CATEDRA/article/view/3147/3969|url-status=live}}</ref> Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish.<ref>Quilis and Casado-Fresnillo, 1995, pp. 27–35; cfr {{Harvcoltxt|Bituga-Nchama|Nvé-Ndumu|2021|p=41}}</ref> The ] estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf| title = Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes.| access-date = 7 February 2010| archive-date = 26 October 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105600/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies|volume=8|year=2004 |title=The Spanish language of Equatorial Guinea|first=John M.|last=Lipski|author-link=John M. Lipski|page=117 |doi=10.1353/hcs.2011.0376|s2cid=144501371|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2574235.pdf|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121212630/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2574235.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
			Spanish is spoken by very small communities in ] due to Cuban influence from the ] and in ] among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Radio France International |language=es |url=http://www.espanol.rfi.fr/africa/20110706-los-cubanos-la-elite-del-sudan-del-sur |title=Los cubanos, la élite de Sudán del Sur |access-date=20 December 2011 |place=FR |date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090846/http://www.espanol.rfi.fr/africa/20110706-los-cubanos-la-elite-del-sudan-del-sur |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			==== North Africa and Macaronesia ====
			{{See also|Canarian Spanish|Saharan Spanish}}
			Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of ] and ] and the ], located in the Atlantic Ocean some {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} off the northwest of the African mainland. The ] traces its origins back to the ], and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://revistes.urv.cat/index.php/utf/article/view/2332/2255|pages=175–176|first=Javier|last=Medina López|journal=Universitas Tarraconensis. Revista de Filologia|issue=14|year=1992–1993|publisher=Publicacions Universitat Rovira i Virgili|issn=2604-3432|title=Estandarización lingüística en las hablas canarias|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://revistes.urv.cat/index.php/utf/article/view/2332/2255|url-status=live}}</ref> which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lipski |first=John |author-link=John M. Lipski|date=1994 |title=Latin American Spanish |edition=1st |publisher=Longman|quote=An indisputable influence in the formation of Latin American Spanish, often overshadowed by discussion of the 'Andalusian' contribution, is the Canary Islands.|quote-page=55}}</ref> The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as a second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=]|first1=Manuel|last1=Díaz-Campos|first2=Juan M.|last2=Escalona Torres|first3=Valentyna|last3=Filimonova|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547|page=369|doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547|title=Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World|year=2020|volume=6|s2cid=210443649 |issn=2333-9683|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209021219/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547|url-status=live}}</ref>
			While far from its heyday during the ], the Spanish language has some presence in northern ], stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media.{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}} According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=]|url=https://catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf|title=The economic and commercial influence of Spanish-based languages|location=Madrid|year=2018|chapter=The endurance of Spanish in the Maghreb|pages=32–46|first=David|last=Fernández Vítores|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113155342/https://catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish,{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}} with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla.{{Sfn|Fernández Vítores|2018|pp=32–46}} Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education).{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}}
			In ], formerly ], a primarily ]-speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized ] as its secondary official language,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html |title=الوفد الصحراوي سيحضر لقاء جنيف بإرادة صادقة للتقدم نحو الحل الذي يضمن حق الشعب الصحراوي في تقرير المصير والاستقلال |trans-title=The Sahrawi delegation will attend the Geneva meeting with a sincere will to move towards a solution that guarantees the right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination and independence |date=29 November 2018 |website=] |access-date=18 December 2023 |lang=ar |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125125903/https://archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the ] (]), where the Spanish language is still taught as a second language, largely by Cuban educators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/ |website=El Independiente|date=20 October 2021 |first=Francisco |last=Carrión|title=España se desentiende de la preservación del castellano en los campamentos saharauis |access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020916/https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Martos |first1=Isabel |title=Linguistic Policy in the Camps of Sahrawi Refugees |via=researchgate.net |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698 |publisher=Universidad de Alcalá |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522172107/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698_Linguistic_Policy_in_the_Camps_of_Sahrawi_Refugees_2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf |title=El Español en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis (Tinduf, Algeria) |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226150735/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The number of Spanish speakers is unknown.{{failed verification|date=January 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Beceiro|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm |title=Como saharauis queremos conservar el español |date=3 March 2008 |access-date=15 March 2015 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115802/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2 |title=Historia de un país |access-date=15 March 2015 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103544/http://www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Spanish is also an official language of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AU languages |url=https://au.int/en/about/languages |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=African Union |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407001442/https://au.int/en/about/languages |url-status=live }}</ref>
			=== Asia ===
			{{See also|Chavacano|Philippine Spanish|Spanish language in the Philippines}}
			]'', a Spanish-language newspaper on the ] published in ] by Filipino exiles and international students]]
			Spanish was an official language of the ] from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During ], it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ('']''). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing.<ref>{{cite news|language=es |title=Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)|newspaper=BBC News Mundo|date=30 January 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887 |access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130181828/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887|url-status=live}}</ref>
			] language in various ] as well as ] in ]]]
			Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of ] after the ] but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ambeth |last=Ocampo |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=The loss of Spanish |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish |date=4 December 2007 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net) |location=Makati City, Philippines |at=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311211640/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish |archive-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and ], a standardized version of ].
			Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under the administration of ] two months later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html |title=Presidential Decree No. 155 : PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES and CODES : CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY |publisher=Chanrobles.com |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012548/http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.<ref>Article XIV, Sec 7: "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. <u>Spanish</u> and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."</ref> Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the ] shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of the country's constitution.<ref>Article XIV, Sec 8: "This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and <u>Spanish</u>."</ref> In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodríguez-Ponga |first1=Rafael |title=New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8 |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171759/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools |title=PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain's Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools |first=Amita O. |last=Legaspi |date=3 July 2012 |publisher=GMA News |access-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707011008/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools}}</ref> and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system,<ref>{{Cite news | title=Spanish Language Program in Philippine Public Secondary Schools | url=https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/ | publisher=] | access-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-date=22 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225404/https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/ | url-status=live}}</ref> with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studying – In the Philippines |url=https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas |publisher=] |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125717/https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas}}</ref> The ] has also helped boost the language's economic prospects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weedon |first=Alan |title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |publisher=] |date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212035502/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |url-status=live}}</ref> Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874|title=Spanish is an endangered Filipino language|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro |date=6 October 2020 |publisher=The Manila Times |access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118101358/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874|url-status=live}}</ref> a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Master |last=Andrés Barrenechea |first=Clarissa |title=La enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Filipinas. Estudio de caso de la Universidad Ateneo de Manila |trans-title=The Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the Philippines: Case Study of the Ateneo de Manila University |language=es |url=https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf |publisher=] |date=June 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410005950/https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language called ] developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish.<ref>Spanish creole: {{Citation |first=Antonio |last=Quilis |title=La lengua española en Filipinas |year=1996 |page=54 and 55 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher=Cervantes virtual |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806190230/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rubino|2008|p=279}}</ref> The local ] also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from ], owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through ] until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=The corpus juris |access-date=6 April 2008|at=Article XV, Section 3(3)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201402/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|archive-date=17 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Influence on Language, Culture, and Philippine History |url=http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305163610/http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html |archive-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			===Oceania===
			], welcoming visitors to ]]]
			Spanish is the official and most spoken language on ], which is geographically part of ] in Oceania and politically part of ]. However, Easter Island's traditional language is ], an ].
			As a legacy of comprising the former ], Spanish loan words are present in the local languages of ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf |title=The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean (Dissertation) |last=Engelberg |first=Stefan |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221131940/http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish language in Philippines|url=http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php|access-date=1 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318055051/http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
			In addition, in Australia and New Zealand, there are native Spanish communities, resulting from emigration from Spanish-speaking countries (mainly from the ]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_34.pdf |title=cvc.cervantes (Spanish in Australia and New Zealand) |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051405/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_34.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
			=== Spanish speakers by country ===
			20 countries and one United States territory speak Spanish officially, and the language has a significant unofficial presence in the rest of the United States along with Andorra, Belize and the territory of Gibraltar.
			{| class="wikitable sortable"<!-- If you can make the "sort" function work according to numerical values, then change "wikitable" above back to "wikitable sortable". See Talk/"Spanish speakers by country" table sort doesn't work properly -->
			|+Worldwide Spanish fluency (<span style="background:#efefef;">grey</span> and * signifies official language)
	|-		|-
			! Country
			! data-sort-type="number" |Population<ref>{{cite web| url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm| title=UN 2011 to 2100 estimate| format=MS Excel PDF| work=UN Population data| access-date=7 February 2018| archive-date=10 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051033/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>
			! style="width:23%;" data-sort-type="number" |Speakers of Spanish as a native language<ref>Ethnologue, 18th Ed.: ].</ref>
			! style="width:22%;" data-sort-type="number" | Native speakers and proficient speakers as a second language<ref name="Eurob2012">*{{Citation|title=World Population Prospects | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051033/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm| archive-date = 10 May 2015 | place = EU |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm}} *{{citation| url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 | title = Eurobarometer | year = 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf | archive-date = 29 April 2013 | url-status = live| quote = Page TS2: Population older than 15 years old of each country. page T74: Speakers who speak Spanish very well. Page T46: Speakers who speak well enough in order to be able to have a conversation.}}</ref>
			! style="width:22%;" data-sort-type="number" |Total number of Spanish speakers <small>(including limited competence speakers)</small><ref name="Eurob2012" /><ref name="DemografíaLengEsp">{{Citation | url = http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf | title = Demografía de la lengua española | page = 10 | place = ES | language = es | access-date = 23 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923081035/http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf | archive-date = 23 September 2010 | url-status = live}}, to countries with official Spanish status.</ref>
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:132274416}}<ref>{{Citation| title=2024 population estimate| publisher=CONAPO estimate| url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html| access-date=30 January 2018| place=MX| language=es| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210015237/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem/index_2.html| archive-date=10 February 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:124073402}} (93.8%)<ref name="CIAMexico">{{Citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/#people-and-society |publisher=CIA |place=USA |title=The World Factbook |contribution=MX |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico |url-status=live}}: Spanish only 92.7%</ref>
			|{{formatnum:128041635}} (96.8%)<ref name="viva18">{{cite report |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/el_espanol_en_el_mundo_anuario_instituto_cervantes_2023.pdf |title=El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2023 |last=Fernández Vítores |first=David |date=2023 |publisher=] |pages=23–142 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208152538/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/el_espanol_en_el_mundo_anuario_instituto_cervantes_2023.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:131216221}} (99.2%)<ref name="CIAMexico" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:334914895}}<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/population-trends-return-to-pre-pandemic-norms.html | place = US | publisher = Census Bureau | title = (1 July, 2023) | access-date = | archive-date = 4 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304225837/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=hispanics&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 | url-status = live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:43369734}} (13.7%)<ref>Spanish speakers older than 5 years old ({{Citation | url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=LANGUAGE%20SPOKEN%20AT%20HOME%20%20&tid=ACSST1Y2023.S1601&t=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home | place = US | publisher = Census Bureau | year = 2023 | title = Table | access-date = | archive-date = 18 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230918010418/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=LANGUAGE%20SPOKEN%20AT%20HOME%20%20&tid=ACSST1Y2022.S1601&t=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home | url-status = live}})</ref>
			|{{formatnum:43369734}} <small>(82% of U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish very well (according to a 2011 survey).<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Paul |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/iv-language-use-among-latinos/ |title=IV. Language Use among Latinos |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=pewhispanic.org |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409061050/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/iv-language-use-among-latinos/ |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are 65.1 million Hispanics in the U.S. as of 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=race&tid=ACSDP1Y2023.DP05 |title=Census Bureau (01/July/2023) |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=|archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918010418/https://data.census.gov/table?q=race&tid=ACSDP1Y2022.DP05 |url-status=live}}</ref> + 2.8 mill. non Hispanic Spanish speakers<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Ana |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most-spoken-non-english-language-in-u-s-homes-even-among-non-hispanics/ |title=Spanish is the most spoken non-English language in U.S. homes, even among non-Hispanics |publisher=pewresearch.org |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153855/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most-spoken-non-english-language-in-u-s-homes-even-among-non-hispanics/ |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>)</small>
			|{{formatnum:58869734}}<ref name="viva18" /> <small>(43.4&nbsp;million as a first language + 15.5&nbsp;million as a second language. To avoid double counting, the number does not include 8&nbsp;million Spanish students and some of the 7.7&nbsp;million undocumented Hispanics not accounted by the Census)</small>
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			|]*
			|{{formatnum:52695952}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dane.gov.co%2Ffiles%2Fcenso2018%2Fproyecciones-de-poblacion%2FNacional%2FDCD-area-proypoblacion-Nac-2020-2070.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |date=2024 |title=PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN |publisher=DANE |location=CO |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235136/https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:52168992}} (99%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.datosmundial.com/america/colombia/index.php |title=datosmundial.com (Colombia) |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212202410/https://www.datosmundial.com/america/colombia/index.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |52,274,384 (99.2%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:48797875}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177095&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981| title = Census INE estimate for 1 July 2024 | archive-date = 2022-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113005818/https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=36643| url-status = live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:41770981}} (85.6%)<ref name="INEespañol"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102180735/https://www.ine.es/prensa/ecepov_2021.pdf |date=2 November 2023}}: In Spain, 85.6% speak Spanish always or frequently in family (77.1% always and 8.5% frequently), 96% speak Spanish well, and 99.5% understand and speak, albeit with difficulty .</ref>
			| {{formatnum:46845960}} (96%)<ref name="INEespañol" />
			| {{formatnum:48553886}} (99.5%)<ref name="INEespañol" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:47067641}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls |title=Argentinian census INDEC estimate for 2024 |access-date=26 February 2014 |publisher=INDEC |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226000745/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|40,872,286 people is the census population result for 2010<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.indec.gov.ar/bajarPublicacion.asp?idc=3D2BFB85B73CA5EE01EF7C16425C4F61164ABA15860CC2C245A368C60365FEE807EA9BDED4FEDB76 |title=Estimaciones y proyecciones de población 2010–2040: Total del país |year=2013 |publisher=INDEC |access-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181001080738/https://www.indec.gov.ar/bajarPublicacion.asp?idc=3D2BFB85B73CA5EE01EF7C16425C4F61164ABA15860CC2C245A368C60365FEE807EA9BDED4FEDB76 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
			| {{formatnum:45561476}} (96.8%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.datosmundial.com/america/argentina/index.php |title=datosmundial.com (Argentina) |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417002409/https://www.datosmundial.com/america/argentina/index.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:46173356}} (98.1%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:46785235}} (99.4%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| 32,605,423<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=98&Itemid=51|title=Proyecciones de Población|work=ine.gov.ve|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113143228/http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=98&Itemid=51|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}} (2020)</ref>
			|{{formatnum:31507179}} <small>(1,098,244 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>{{Citation | quote = There are 1,098,244 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main languages: Chinese 400,000, Portuguese 254,000, Wayuu 199,000, Arabic 110,000) | contribution-url = http://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE/languages | publisher = Ethnologue | title = VE | contribution = Languages | access-date = 30 May 2013 | archive-date = 10 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130310032805/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ve/languages | url-status = live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:31725077}} (97.3%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:32214158}} (98.8%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:34102668}}<ref>{{cite web | first = Ezio | last = Quispe Fernández | url = https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro.pdf | language = es | title = Cifras | trans-title = Numbers | year = 2024 | publisher = INEI | place = ] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010220428/http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro.pdf | archive-date = 10 October 2017 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:28271112}} (82.9%)<ref>{{Citation | quote = Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% | year = 2007 | title = The World factbook | contribution = Census | url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ | publisher = CIA | place = ] | access-date = 4 October 2011 | archive-date = 19 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211119135020/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | quote = There are 5,782,260 people who speak other language as mother tongue (main languages: Quechua (among 32 Quechua's varieties) 4,773,900, Aymara (2 varieties) 661,000, Chinese 100,000). | contribution-url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pe | title = Country | contribution = PE | publisher = Ethnologue | access-date = 21 September 2011 | archive-date = 2 December 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111202105534/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pe | url-status = live}}</ref>
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:29532910}} (86.6%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:20086377}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2017.cl%2Fdescargas%2Fproyecciones%2Festimaciones-y-proyecciones-chile-1992-2050-base-2017-poblacion-e-indicacores.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | work = Census estimate for 2024 | title = Informes | trans-title = Reports | publisher = INE | place = ] | year = 2022 | language = es | access-date = 13 January 2022 | archive-date = 13 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113010958/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2017.cl%2Fdescargas%2Fproyecciones%2Festimaciones-y-proyecciones-chile-1992-2050-base-2017-poblacion-e-indicacores.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | url-status = live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:19015592}} <small>(281,600 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>{{Citation | quote = There are 281,600 people who speak another language, mainly Mapudungun (250.000) | contribution-url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL | title = Country | contribution = CL | publisher = Ethnologue | access-date = 12 October 2011 | archive-date = 3 February 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130203004338/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL | url-status = live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:19262836}} (95.9%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:19945772}} (99.3%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:18350000}}<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/ | place = ] | title = Pop. clock | publisher = INEC | contribution = Estimate | format = ] | access-date = 5 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151205221709/http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/ | archive-date = 5 December 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:17065500}} (93%)<ref>{{cite web |author=CIA Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ |title=(2019) |publisher=CIA Factbook |date=19 February 1999 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:17579300}} (95.8%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:18001350}} (98.1%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:17357886}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censopoblacion.gt%2Farchivos%2Festimaciones_y_proyecciones_de_poblacion_a_largo_plazo_1950-2050.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |title=Guatemala: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población a largo plazo 1950–2050. |language=es |website=www.oj.gob.gt |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003849/http://www.oj.gob.gt/estadisticaj/reportes/poblacion-total-por-municipio(1).pdf |archive-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:12133162}} (69.9%)<ref>{{Citation | contribution = GT | quote = Spanish (official) 69.9%, Amerindian languages 40% | title = The World factbook | contribution-url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/ | publisher = CIA | access-date = 27 January 2021 | archive-date = 15 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/ | url-status = live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:13591225}} (78.3%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:14997214}} (86.4%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:11181595}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/node/13815 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314034430/http://www.onei.gob.cu/ |archive-date=14 March 2020 |website=ONEI |title=31 December 2020 estimation}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:11159232}} (99.8%)<ref name="viva18" />
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:11159232}} (99.8%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:12006031}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/censos-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion-sociales/ |title=Census INE estimate for 2022 |publisher=INE |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115006/http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/indice.aspx?d1=0301&d2=6 |archive-date=11 October 2010}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:7287661}} (60.7%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|title=South America :: Bolivia — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041747/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			|{{formatnum:9965006}} (83%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:10553301}} (87.9%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:10621938}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.one.gob.do%2Fmedia%2Fc2bh3ckv%2Fcuadro-estimaciones-y-proyecciones-poblaci%25C3%25B3n-total-por-a%25C3%25B1o-seg%25C3%25BAn-sexo-edad-2000-2030.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114004418/https://www.one.gob.do/demograficas/proyecciones-de-poblacion/poblacion-estimada-y-proyectada |archive-date=14 November 2019 |title=Census ONE estimate for 2022 |language=es |publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadística |access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:10367011}} (97.6%)<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:10367011}} (97.6%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|{{formatnum:10473231}} (99.6%)<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:9526440}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gob.hn/V3/ |title=INE (Pop clock) |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:9318690}} <small>(207,750 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>There are 207,750 people who speak another language, mainly Garifuna (98,000).: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013214744/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=HN |date=13 October 2011}}</ref>
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:9402596}} (98.7%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:67407241}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/5015919?sommaire=5015923&action=edit&redlink=1|title=INSEE estimate to 2021|publisher=Insee.fr|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105124237/http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607|archive-date=5 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 64,057,790
			| {{formatnum:477564}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 nativespeakers"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013}} (page T40): Native speakers.</ref> of 47,756,439<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 440,106 <ref>1% of 44,010,619 (population of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006</ref>
			| {{formatnum:1910258}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013}} (page T74): Non native people who speak Spanish very well.</ref> of 47,756,439<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />) </small>
	| 5,721,380
			| {{formatnum:6685901}} <small>(14%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013}} (page T64): Non native people who speak Spanish well enough in order to be able to have a conversation.</ref> of 47,756,439<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013}} (page TS2): Population older than 15. (age scale used for the Eurobarometer survey)</ref>)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 6,161,486
			| ]*
	|-
			| {{formatnum:7453695}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.py/default.php?publicacion=2|title=Census estimate for 2022|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422222151/https://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/proyeccion%20nacional/Estimacion%20y%20proyeccion%20Nacional.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:5083420}} (61.5%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/paraguay/|title=South America :: Paraguay — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231111825/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 5,743,000
			| {{formatnum:6596520}} (68.2%)<ref name="viva18" />
	| 5,019,382
			| {{formatnum:6484714}} (87%)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://es.ripleybelieves.com/what-languages-are-spoken-in-paraguay-1238| title = es.ripleybelieves.com| access-date = 14 January 2022| archive-date = 15 January 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062719/https://es.ripleybelieves.com/what-languages-are-spoken-in-paraguay-1238| url-status = live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113033837/https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/economia/la-cobertura-del-censo-de-poblacion-ya-rondaria-90-a-nivel-pais-segun-dgeec-493535.html |date=13 January 2022}} According to DGEEC Census 2012, 7.93% is monolingual of Guarani.</ref>
	| 551,328
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 97.0%
			| ]*
	| 5,570,710
			| {{formatnum:6595674}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.inide.gob.ni/docs/Anuarios/Anuario19/Anuario_2019.pdf| title = Census estimate for 2020| access-date = 13 January 2022| archive-date = 14 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114000733/https://www.inide.gob.ni/docs/Anuarios/Anuario19/Anuario_2019.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
	|-
			| {{formatnum:6285677}} <small>(490,124 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>There are 490,124 people who speak another language, mainly Mískito (154,000).: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100732/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI |date=15 January 2013}}</ref>
	| ]
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:6404399}} (97.1%)<ref name="viva18" />
	| 34,343,219
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 20,000 <ref></ref>
			| ]*
	| 5,480,000
			| {{formatnum:6330947}}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/avisos/1022-proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y-departamental.html| title = Census estimate for 2022| access-date = 13 January 2022| archive-date = 2 January 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131415/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/avisos/1022-proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y-departamental.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
	|
			| {{formatnum:6316847}} <small>(14,100 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>There are 14,100 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main language, Kekchí with 12,300 speakers): {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044049/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/SV |date=7 February 2016}}.</ref>
	| 5,500,000 <ref>Between 4 and 7 million speakers (Ammadi, 2002)
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:6311954}} (99.7%)<ref name="viva18" />
	</ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:214100000}}<ref>{{Citation | language = pt | trans-title = The IBGE publishes the population estimates for municipalities in 2011 | url = https://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html | title = IBGE population estimations | year = 2022 | place = BR | access-date = 7 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063907/http://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html | archive-date = 16 November 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref>
	| 4,549,903
			| {{formatnum:460018}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 4,345,130
			| {{formatnum:460018}}
	| 87,126
			| {{formatnum:6056018}} <small>(460,018 immigrants native speakers + 96,000 descendants of Spanish immigrants + 5,500,000 can hold a conversation)</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2021.pdf |title=El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2021 (Pág. 11 y 13) |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015113031/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2021.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DemografíaLengEsp" />
	| 99.2%
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 4,432,256
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:60542215}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.istat.it/en/population-and-households |title=Census 2021 estimate|publisher=Istat.it |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807053109/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:255459}}<ref>]</ref>
	| 6,349,000
			| {{formatnum:1037248}} <small>(2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 51,862,391<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 3,498,299
			| {{formatnum:5704863}} <small>(11%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 51,862,391<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 914,256
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 69.5%
			| ]*
	| 4,412,555
			| {{formatnum:5262374}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documetos-biblioteca-virtual/repoblacev2011-2050-04.xlsx |title=INEC estimate for 2022 |publisher=INEC |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
	|-
			| {{formatnum:5176956}} <small>(84,310 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR|title=Costa Rica|work=Ethnologue|access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325140401/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:5225537}} (99.3%)<ref name="viva18" />
	| 3,982,000
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 3,786,882 <ref>95,10% of the population speaks Spanish ()</ref>
			| ]*
	| 147,334
			| {{formatnum:4278500}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm |date=7 October 2011}} (véase "Proyección de Población por municipio 2008–2020")</ref>
	| 98.8%
			| {{formatnum:3777457}} <small>(501,043 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>There are 501,043 people who speak another language as mother tongue: {{Citation | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PA | title = PA | publisher = Ethnologue | access-date = 17 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021142552/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PA | archive-date = 21 October 2011 | url-status = live}}</ref>
	| 3,934,216
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:3931942}} (91.9%)<ref name="viva18" />
	|-
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:3543026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/697245/Anuario+Estad%C3%ADstico+2020/5e981c54-2a50-47f8-a62e-78516edcad69 |title=2016 INE estimate for 2022 |year=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322200708/http://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/estimaciones-y-proyecciones |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:3392826}} <small>(150,200 with another mother tongue)</small><ref>There are 150,200 people who speak another language as mother tongue, {{Citation | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=UY | title = UY | publisher = Ethnologue | access-date = 17 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111116095609/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=UY | archive-date = 16 November 2011 | url-status = live}}</ref>
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:3486338}} (98.4%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:3285874}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |title=2020 US. census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223044815/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html |archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:3095293}} (94.2%)<ref>( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081747/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/municipios/totals/2011/tables/PRM-EST2011-01.xls |date=24 September 2015}})</ref>
			| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:3253015}} (99%)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:67081000}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/ |title=Annual Mid year Population Estimates: 2020 |publisher=U.K. Gov. Census |date=2020 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515170501/http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/2014-06-26 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 60,943,912
			| {{formatnum:120000}}<ref>]</ref>
	| 107,654 <ref>59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. </ref>
			| {{formatnum:518480}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 51,848,010<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 3,814,846
			| {{formatnum:3110880}} <small>(6%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 51,848,010<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 3,922,500
	|-
	| ]
	| 3,361,000
	| 3,246,726
	| 77,303
	| 98.9
	| 3,324,029
	|-
	| ]
	| 3,454,000
	| 2,652,672
	| 476,419
	| 93.1%
	| 3,129,091
	|-
	| ]
	| 96,061,683
	| 2,658
	| 3,014,115
	|
	| 3,016,773 <ref> 1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 ,
	(page 23), (page 249), , . The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in ./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" ()</ref>
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:83190556}}<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2020.html | title = German census | date = 2020 | place = DE | publisher = Destatis | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160628112855/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables/Census_SexAndCitizenship.html | archive-date = 28 June 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref>
	| 82,369,548
			| {{formatnum:375207}}<ref>Native command group (GDL): 266,955 non-nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 63,752 nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 44,500 Spanish speakers of children of immigrants (second generation). 375,207 total native speakers, but there are another 37,047 non-mother-tongue speakers with native-level skills. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134448/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf |date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
	| 140,000 <ref> Britannica Book of the Year 1998 </ref>
			| {{formatnum:644091}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 64,409,146<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 2,566,972
			| {{formatnum:2576366}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 64,409,146<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 2,706,972
	|-
	| ]
	| 58,145,321
	| 89,905 <ref>14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador </ref>
	| 1,968,320
	|
	| 2,058,225
	|-
	| ]
	| 196,342,587
	| 409,564 <ref>Immigrants from Spanish speaking countries ()</ref>
	| 1,000,000
	|
	| 1,409,564
	|-
	| ]
	| 1,153,915 <ref></ref>
	| 1,044,293
	|
	| 90.5%
	| 1,044,293
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:34605346}}<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html | title = Statcan | date = February 1995 | publisher = GC | place = CA | access-date = 7 August 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160704083932/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html | archive-date = 4 July 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref>
	| 33,212,696
			| {{formatnum:600795}} (1.6%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html |title=Mother tongue by geography, 2021 Census |date=2021 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114071602/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 909,000 <ref>PMB Statistics . Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 (, ), and currently there are near 1 million: (, ).</ref>
			| {{formatnum:1171450}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |date=2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225258/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1 |url-status=live}}</ref> (3.2%)<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922212931/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society |date=22 September 2021}} (3.2% speak Spanish in Canada)</ref>
	| 92,853
			| {{formatnum:1775000}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tln.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/spanish-speaking-canada-population_2.pdf |title=tln.ca |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207190552/https://www.tln.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/spanish-speaking-canada-population_2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allontario.ca/the-importance-of-spanish-in-canada/ |title=allontario.ca |date=14 May 2020 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927175639/https://allontario.ca/the-importance-of-spanish-in-canada/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 1,001,853
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:35601000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcp.ma/Projections-de-la-population-totale-par-groupe-d-age-et-sexe-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-l-annee-1960-2050_a676.html|title=Census estimate for 2020|publisher=HCP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archive-date=20 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:6586}}<ref name="eldiae6">{{Citation | title = El español en el mundo | url = http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2012_el_espanol_en_el_mundo.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121017230300/http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2012_el_espanol_en_el_mundo.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date = 17 October 2012 | year = 2012 | trans-title = Spanish in the world | publisher = Instituto Cervantes | place = ] | page = 6}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:6586}}
			| {{formatnum:1664823}}<ref name="viva18" /><ref>: Between 4 and 7 million people have Spanish knowledge (M. Ammadi, 2002) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106191132/http://www.slideshare.net/magdarol/el-espaol-en-el-contexto-sociolingstico-marroqui-evolucin-y-perspectivas-i |date=6 November 2013}}</ref> (10%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/RABAT/es/Noticias/Documents/LENGESPMARR.pdf |title=Euromonitor, 2012|page=32|work=exteriores.gob.es|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425134251/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/RABAT/es/Noticias/Documents/LENGESPMARR.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]*
			| {{formatnum:1505588}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inege.gq/ |title=Equatorial Guinea census estimate |year=2021 |publisher=Population statistics |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806160229/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php |archive-date=6 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|
			| {{formatnum:1114135}} (74%)<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:1320401}} (87.7%)<ref>. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227153232/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf |date=27 December 2021}}. 13.7% of the country's Spanish speakers are proficient; the remaining 74% are limited-competence speakers.</ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:10352042}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008273&selTab=tab0 |title=INE, 2019 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105115121/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008273&selTab=tab0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 10,676,910
			|
	| 9,744
			| {{formatnum:323237}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 8,080,915<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 727,282
			| {{formatnum:1089995}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_europa/espanol_portugal/demolinguistica_espanol_portugal.pdf |title=cvc.cervantes.es |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222110248/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_europa/espanol_portugal/demolinguistica_espanol_portugal.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 737,026
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:21355849}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |title=Eurostat (1/1/2012 estimate) |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161751/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|
			| {{formatnum:182467}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 18,246,731<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />) </small>
			| {{formatnum:912337}} <small>(5%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 18,246,731<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:16665900}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm |title=Netherland Census ClockPop |date=31 August 2005 |publisher=Cbs.nl |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617194723/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 16,645,313
			|
	| 19,978 <ref>Spanish (census 2001)</ref>
			| {{formatnum:133719}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 13,371,980<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 662,116
			| {{formatnum:668599}} <small>(5%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 13,371,980<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 682,094
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:21359000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ins.ci/stats/Tableaux/Tab06.htm|title=ins.ci Census, 2009|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113022857/http://www.ins.ci/stats/Tableaux/Tab06.htm|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:566178}} (students)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| 21,507,717<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0?opendocument&navpos=220 |title=2011 Census |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010101/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0?opendocument&navpos=220 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:117498}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:117498}}
			| {{formatnum:547397}} <small>(117,498 native speakers + 374,571 limited competence speakers + 55,328 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:101562305}}<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ | publisher = National Statistics Office | title = Medium projection | date = 2015 | place = PH | access-date = 8 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ | archive-date = 3 April 2019 | url-status = live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:4803}}<ref name="viva18" /><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326020302/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684016/Filipinas_mundo20.pdf |date=26 March 2023}} (363 Mexican Spanish speakers)</ref>
			| {{formatnum:4803}}
			| {{formatnum:500092}}<ref name="viva18" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_18/madrid/p01.htm |title=cvc.cervantes.es |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816002359/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_18/madrid/p01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> <small>(4,803 native + 461,689 limited competence + 33,600 students)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:9555893}}<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105201119/http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx |date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:77912}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 nativespeakers" /> of 7,791,240<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			| {{formatnum:77912}} <small>(1% of 7,791,240)</small>
			| {{formatnum:467474}} <small>(6%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 7,791,240<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />) </small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:10918405}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |title=Eurostat estimate to 1/1/2011 |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161751/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 10,403,951
			|
	| 85,990 <ref>1% of 8,598,982 (population of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006</ref>
			| {{formatnum:89395}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 8,939,546<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 515,939
			| {{formatnum:446977}} <small>(5%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 8,939,546<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 601,929
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:10008749}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insae-bj.org/|title=Accueil – INSAE |website=www.insae-bj.org|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002938/http://www.insae-bj.org/|archive-date=17 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
			|
	| 22,246,862
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:412515}} (students)<ref name="viva18" />
	| 544,531
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
			| ]
	| 544,531
			| {{formatnum:12853259}}
	|-
			|
	| ]
			|
	| 9,045,389
			| {{formatnum:356000}} (students)<ref name="viva18" />
	| 101,472 <ref>Sweden Census SCB (2002)</ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 442,601
	|
	| 544,073
	|-
	| ]
	| 21,007,310
	| 106,517 <ref>Page 32 of the . 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003</ref>
	| 374,571 <ref>Page 32 of the + 33,913 students according to </ref>
	|
	| 481,088 <ref>Page 32 of "Demogeafía de la lengua española"</ref>
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:38092000}}
	| 38,500,696
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:324137}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 32,413,735<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 316,104
			| {{formatnum:324137}} <small>(1% of 32,413,735)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 316,104
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:8205533}}
	| 8,205,533
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:70098}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 7,009,827<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 267,177
			| {{formatnum:280393}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 7,009,827<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 267,177
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:430191}}<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.sib.org.bz/ |title=Spanish in belize |date= |language=es |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204235026/http://www.sib.org.bz/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:224130}} (52.1%)<ref name="Spanish in Belize">{{Cite report |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_42.pdf |title=Spanish in Belize. 52.1% speak Spanish with very well level. 10.7% speak Spanish with intermediate level. |date=2000 |language=es |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203033222/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_42.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 20,179,602
			| {{formatnum:224130}} (52.1%)
	|
			| 270,160 (62.8%)<ref name="Spanish in Belize" />
	| 235,806 <ref>students according to </ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
	| 235,806
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:33769669}}
	| 33,769,669
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:175000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 223,000 <ref>Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf () + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of )</ref>
			| {{formatnum:223000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 223,379
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:8570146}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.gnpdetail.2019-0447.html |title=bfs.admin.ch |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920062824/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.gnpdetail.2019-0447.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:197113}} (2.3%)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html |title=Bevölkerung |first=Bundesamt für|last=Statistik|website=www.bfs.admin.ch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html|archive-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124220134/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SUIZA_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |date=24 January 2022}}. 2.3% Spanish speakers as a native language according to 2018 census.</ref>
			| {{formatnum:197113}}
			| {{formatnum:211533}} (14,420 students)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf|title=cvc.cervantes.es (annuary 2006–07)|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:21599100}}<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100619/http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/annuaire2010/chap4.pdf |date=15 January 2013}} en: ''Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun 2010''. Consultado el 23 August 2012.</ref>
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:193018}} (students)<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:5484723}}
	| 5,484,723
	|		|
			|{{formatnum:45613}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 4,561,264<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 219,003
			|{{formatnum:182450}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 4,561,264<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 219,003
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:7112359}}
	| 7,112,359
			|
	| 130,000 <ref> 50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998) + 80,000 from Iberoamerica</ref>
			| {{formatnum:130000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 45,231
			| {{formatnum:175000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 175,231 <ref>Pages 34, 35 of the .</ref>
	|-
	| ]
	| 7,581,520
	| 123,000 <ref>Britannica Book of the Year 1998 </ref>
	| 14,420
	| 1.7% <ref></ref>
	| 137,420
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:127288419}}
	| 127,288,419
			| {{formatnum:108000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 76,565 <ref>Immigrants from Spanish speaking countries </ref>
			| {{formatnum:108000}}
	| 60,000
			| {{formatnum:168000}} (60,000 students)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2020.pdf |title=El español: Una lengua Viva. Informe 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134448/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 136,565
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:1545255}}<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604184355/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm |date=4 June 2019}}. 2015 estimate</ref>
	| ]
			|
	| 7,262,675
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:167410}} (students)<ref>{{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.cedro.org/docs/default-source/otros/informe_cervantes.pdf?sfvrsn=2 | chapter = Cifras | publisher = Instituto Cervantes | title = El español: una lengua viva | number = 2015 | chapter-format = PDF | place = ES | language = es | page = 10 | access-date = 14 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224003013/http://www.cedro.org/docs/default-source/otros/informe_cervantes.pdf?sfvrsn=2 | archive-date = 24 February 2016 | url-status = live}} Students across the World.</ref>
	| 133,910
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
			| ] and ]
	| 133,910
	|-
	| ]
	| 301,270
	| 106,795 <ref>Page 32 of </ref>
	| 21,848
	| 42.7%
	| 128,643 <ref>Page 32 of </ref>
	|-
	| ]
	| 223,652		| 223,652
			| 10,006<ref name="viva18" />
	| 10,699
	| 114,835		| 10,006
			| 150,678<ref name="viva18" />
	| 56.1%
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 125,534
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:4581269}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130161432/http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Prelim%20complete.pdf|date=30 November 2011}}</ref>
	| 4,156,119
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:35220}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 3,522,000<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 123,591
			| {{formatnum:140880}} <small>(4%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 3,522,000<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 123,591
	|-
	| ]
	| 12,853,259
	|
	| 101,455
	|
	| 101,455
	|-
	| ]
	| 10,722,816
	|
	| 86,742
	|
	| 86,742
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:5244749}}
	| 5,244,749
	|		|
			|
	| 85,586
			| {{formatnum:133200}} <small>(3%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 4,440,004<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 85,586
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:7262675}}
			|
			| {{formatnum:130750}} <small>(2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 6,537,510<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			| {{formatnum:130750}} <small>(2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 6,537,510<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:5165800}}
			| {{formatnum:13000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:13000}}
			| 129,168 <small>(92,168 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:10513209}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population |title=czso.cz |language=cs |publisher=czso.cz |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331091537/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population |archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:90124}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 9,012,443<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:146171015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/ |title=Census estimate for 2021 |publisher=rosstat.gov.ru |date=1 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114054447/https://rosstat.gov.ru/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:3000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:3000}}
			| {{formatnum:87313}} <small>(84,313 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:9957731}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html |title=(2012) |publisher=ksh.hu |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116130759/https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html |archive-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 9,930,915
	|		|
			|
	| 85,034
			| {{formatnum:83206}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 8,320,614<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 85,034
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:101484}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.aw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=48&lang=pa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181117/http://www.censo2010.aw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=48&lang=pa |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2012 |title=Resultado 2010 – Persona |publisher=Censo2010.aw |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref>
	| 100,018
			| {{formatnum:13710}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 6,800
			| {{formatnum:75402}}<ref name="eldiae6" />
	| 68,602
			| {{formatnum:83064}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 75.3%
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 75,402
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:1317714}}<ref>. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040217/http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/Pages/details.aspx?category=Population%20Statistics|date=7 January 2012}}.</ref>
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:4000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 4,491,543
			| {{formatnum:4000}}
	|
			| {{formatnum:70401}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 73,656
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
			| ]
	| 73,656
	|-		|
			| {{formatnum:1201}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:1201}}
			| {{formatnum:60582}}<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:1411778724}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html |title=Census estimate for 2020 |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:5000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:5000}}
			| {{formatnum:59499}} <small>(54,499 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			|
			| {{formatnum:22000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:22000}}
			| {{formatnum:58373}} <small>(36,373 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:35194}} <small>(2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 1,759,701<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />) </small>
			| {{formatnum:52791}} <small>(3%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 1,759,701<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:1386745000}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.in/ |title=Census of India, 2022 |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
			| {{formatnum:1000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:1000}}
			| {{formatnum:50264}} <small>(49,264 students)</small><ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:84484}}
	| 84,484
			| {{formatnum:30414}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 29,907 <ref>35.4% speak Spanish as a first language </ref>
			| {{formatnum:30414}}
	| 25,356
			| {{formatnum:47271}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 68.7% <ref></ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 58,040
	|-
	| ]
	| 382,617
	| 21,720 <ref> Spanish 1970 census </ref>
	| 25,800
	|
	| 47,520
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:5455407}}
	| 5,455,407
	|		|
			|
	| 43,164
			| {{formatnum:45500}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 4,549,955<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 43,164
	|-
	| ]
	| 4,644,457
	| 12,573
	| 23,677
	|
	| 36,250
	|-
	| ]
	| 4,173,460
	| 21,645 <ref>New Zealand census (2006)</ref>
	|
	|
	| 21,645
	|-
	| ]
	| 154,805
	|
	| 19,092
	|
	| 19,092
	|-
	| ]
	| 108,612
	| 16,788
	|
	|
	| 16,788
	|-
	| ]
	| 140,702,094
	| 3,320
	| 13,122
	|
	| 16,442
	|-
	| ]
	| 3,565,205
	|
	| 13,943
	|
	| 13,943
	|-
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:29441}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/faqs |title=Statistics – FAQ's |publisher=Gibraltar.gov.gi |date=12 November 2012 |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204953/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/faqs |archive-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>
	| 27,967
			| {{formatnum:22758}} (77.3%<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626004221/http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum19/secciones/estudios-23-Gibraltar.htm |date=26 June 2014}} (5.2. Datos descriptivos de los usos de español e inglés, Gráfico 2). 77.3% of the Gibraltar population speak Spanish with their mother more, or equal than English.</ref>)
	| 13,857
	|		|
			|
	| 49.5%
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 13,857
			| ]
	|-
			| {{formatnum:2972949}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2010 |title=(2013) |publisher=db1.stat.gov.lt |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
	| ]
			|
	| 792,604
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:28297}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 2,829,740<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
			| ]
	| 11,044
			| {{formatnum:524853}}
	|-
			| {{formatnum:4049}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 nativespeakers" /> of 404,907<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:8098}} <small>(2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 goodspeakers" /> of 404,907<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 1,345,751,000
			| {{formatnum:24294}} <small>(6%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 404,907<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	| 1,699
			|- style="background:#efefef;"
	| 12,835
			| ]
	| 0.0000107%
			| {{formatnum:513000}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title = 2009 estimate | year = 2008 | access-date = 21 April 2010 | publisher = UN | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | archive-date = 18 March 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>
	| 14,534
			| N/A<ref>The 1970 Spanish census claims there were 16,648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara at the time (. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7|date=17 September 2009}}), but most of them were probably people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation.</ref>
	|-
			|
			| {{formatnum:22000}}<ref name="viva18" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:83614362}}
	| 71,892,807
			| {{formatnum:1000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 380
			| {{formatnum:1000}}
	| 8,000 <ref>Page 37 of the</ref>
			| {{formatnum:20346}}<ref name="viva18" /> <small>(4,346 students)</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |access-date=3 February 2022 |title=EL ESPAÑOL EN CIFRAS |pages=25–32 |website=cvc.cervantes.es |language=es |archive-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706025728/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 8,380
			| ]
	|-
			|
			| {{formatnum:16788}}<ref name="viva18" />
			| {{formatnum:16788}}
			| {{formatnum:16788}}
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			| {{formatnum:2209000}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |title=Population – Key Indicators &#124; Latvijas statistika |publisher=Csb.gov.lv |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:13943}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 1,447,866<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			|
			|
			|
			| 2%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 660,400<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />
			|- style="background:#fff;"
			| ]
			|
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:9457}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 945,733<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			| {{formatnum:2711476}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx |title=Jamaican Population |publisher=Statinja.gov.jm |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125038/http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| 2,804,322
			| {{formatnum:8000}}<ref name="viva18" />
	| 8,000
			| {{formatnum:8000}}
	|
			| {{formatnum:8000}}
	|
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| 8,000
			| ]
	|-
			|
	| ]
			| {{formatnum:666}}
	| 486,006
			| {{formatnum:3866}}<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302153728/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_12.pdf |date=2 March 2013}} '']''.</ref>
	| 3,000
			| {{formatnum:3866}}
	| 4,344
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	|
			| ]
	| 7,344
	|-		|
			|
			|
			| {{formatnum:3500}} (students)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |title=cvc.cervantes.es |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|- style="background:#fff;"
	| ]		| ]
			|
	| 403,532
			|
	| 6,458
	|		|
			| {{formatnum:3354}} <small>(1%<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 speakers" /> of 335,476<ref name="Eurobarometer 2012 population" />)</small>
	|
			|- style="background:#efefef;" class=sortbottom
	| 6,458
			| '''Total'''
	|-
			| {{formatnum:7626000000}} (total world population)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/ |title=International Programs – People and Households – U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=Census.gov |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819022202/http://www.census.gov/population/international/ |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref>
	| ]
	| 1,047,366
	| 4,100
	|
	|
	| 4,100
	|-
	| Other immigrants in the E.U.
	|
	| 1,399,531 <ref>There are 2,397,380 immigrants from Spain and Latin America according to the page 37 of the (997,849 already counted)</ref>
	|
	|
	| 1,399,531
	|-
	| Other students of Spanish
	|
	|
	| 12,735,080 <ref>17.8 million students in the world according to (5,064,920 already counted)</ref>
	|
	| 12,735,080
	|-
	| '''Total:'''
	|
	|'''424,594,358'''
	|'''76,261,161'''
	|
	| ''' 500,771,339 '''
	|-
	|}
			| '''480,000,000'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society |title=The World Factbook World |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA (US) |access-date=14 November 2023 |quote= |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society |url-status=live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721110755/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2017.pdf |date=21 July 2017}} – ] (2017)</ref> (6%)
	]
			|'''{{formatnum:{{#expr: 125954569 + 42032538 + 51196598 + 46406518 + 45356368 + 31725077 + 30123512 + 19015592 + 17125687 + 13591225 + 11159232 + 10367011 + 9965006 + 9402596 + 1910258 + 460018 + 6404399 + 6311954 + 1037248 + 5225537 + 5083420 + 3931942 + 3486338 + 3253015 + 518480 + 438882 + 644091 + 11342 + 1114135 + 182467 + 553495 + 323237 + 133719 + 117498 + 101472 + 89395 + 324137 + 70098 + 224130 + 175422 + 200714 + 1377 + 45613 + 95000 + 108179 + 35220 + 125534 + 6474 + 130750 + 25084 + 2495 + 75402 + 18454 + 4100 + 1201 + 22000 + 51106 + 35194 + 47300 + 5872 + 22758 + 8098 + 5235 + 16788 + 1000 + 8000 + 3870 + 227 round 0 }}}}'''<ref name="viva18" /> ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 49847451800 / 7626000000 round 1 }}}}%)
	===Hispanosphere===
	{{See also|Spanish Empire}}
			|'''595,000,000'''<ref name="viva18" /> (7.5%)
	It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the fourth most spoken language by total number of speakers (after ], ] and ]). Spanish is the second most-widely spoken language in terms of native speakers.<ref name="nationsonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/most_spoken_languages.htm|title=Most widely spoken Languages in the World|publisher=Nations Online|accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref><ref></ref> ] statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and ].
	<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm |title=Internet World Users by Language |year=2008 |publisher=Miniwatts Marketing Group}}</ref>
			|}
	===Europe===
	]
	In ], Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is also spoken in ], though English is the official language.<ref></ref> Likewise, it is the most spoken language in ], though ] is the official language.<ref name="encartaand">{{cite encyclopedia
	|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554662/Andorra.html#s3
	|title=Andorra — People
	|publisher=MSN Encarta
	|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm
	|title=Background Note: Andorra
	|publisher=U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
	|month=January
	|year=2007
	|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> It is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the ], ], and ].<ref>, Languages Across Europe — Spanish.</ref> Spanish is an official language of the ]. In ], Spanish is the ] of 1.7% of the population, representing the largest minority after the 4 official languages of the country.<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-population-languages.html
	|title=Switzerland's Four National Languages
	|publisher=all-about-switzerland.info
	|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref>
	===Spain===		== Grammar ==
	{{Main|Names given to the Spanish language}}		{{Main|Spanish grammar}}
			], considered by many the greatest author of Spanish literature, and author of '']'', widely considered the first modern European novel]]
			Most of the grammatical and ] features of Spanish are shared with the other ]. Spanish is a ]. The ] and ] systems exhibit two ] and two ]. In addition, articles and some ] and ] have a neuter gender in their singular form. There are about fifty ] forms per ], with 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 ] for past: ], ]; 4 ]: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 persons: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 ] forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. The indicative mood is the ] one, while the subjunctive mood ], and is commonly paired with the conditional, which is a mood used to express "would" (as in, "I would eat if I had food"); the imperative is a mood to express a command, commonly a one word phrase – "¡Di!" ("Talk!").
	In Spain and in some parts of the Spanish speaking world, but not all, it is rare to use the term ''{{lang|es|]}}'' (Spanish) to refer to this language, even when contrasting it with languages such as ] and ]. Rather, people call it ''{{lang|es|]}}'' (Castilian), that is, the language of the ] region, when contrasting it with other ] such as ], ], and ]. In this manner, the ] uses the term {{lang|es|''castellano''}} to define the ] of the whole Spanish State, as opposed to {{lang|es|''las demás lenguas españolas''}} (lit. ''the rest of the Spanish languages''). Article III reads as follows:
			Verbs express ] by using different persons for formal and informal addresses. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see ] and ].)
	{{quote|{{lang|es|''El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (…) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas…''}}
			Spanish ] is considered ], meaning that subordinate or ] ] tend to be placed after head words. The language uses ] (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for ]), and usually—though not always—places ]s after ]s, as do most other Romance languages.
	Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. (…) The rest of the Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities…}}
			Spanish is classified as a ] language; however, as in most Romance languages, constituent order is highly variable and governed mainly by ] and ]. It is a "]", or "]" language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are ] unnecessary. Spanish is described as a "]" language, meaning that the ''direction'' of motion is expressed in the verb while the ''mode'' of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. ''subir corriendo'' or ''salir volando''; the respective English equivalents of these examples—'to run up' and 'to fly out'—show that English is, by contrast, "satellite-framed", with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier).
	However, to some in other linguistic regions, this is considered as demeaning to them and they will therefore use the term ''castellano'' exclusively.
			== Phonology ==
	The name ''castellano'' (Castilian), which refers directly to the origins of the language and the sociopolitical context in which it was introduced in the Americas, is preferred particularly in the Spanish regions where other languages are spoken (Catalonia, Basque Country, Valencian Community, Balearic Islands and Galicia) as well as in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, instead of ''{{lang|es|español}}'', which is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole in the rest of Latin America and Spain.
			]
			{{Main|Spanish phonology}}
			The Spanish phonological system evolved from that of ]. Its development exhibits some traits in common with other ], others with the neighboring Hispanic varieties—especially ] and ]—as well as other features unique to Spanish. Spanish is alone among its immediate neighbors in having undergone frequent aspiration and eventual loss of the Latin initial {{IPA|/f/}} sound (e.g. Cast. {{lang|es|harina}} vs. Leon. and Arag. {{lang|ast|farina}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Zamora Vicente|1967|pp=117 and 222}}</ref> The Latin initial consonant sequences {{lang|la|pl-}}, {{lang|la|cl-}}, and {{lang|la|fl-}} in Spanish typically merge as {{lang|es|ll-}} (originally pronounced {{IPA|}}), while in Aragonese they are preserved in most dialects, and in Leonese they present a variety of outcomes, including {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, and {{IPA|}}. Where Latin had {{lang|la|-li-}} before a vowel (e.g. {{lang|la|filius}}) or the ending {{lang|la|-iculus}}, {{lang|la|-icula}} (e.g. {{lang|la|auricula}}), Old Spanish produced {{IPA|}}, that in Modern Spanish became the velar fricative {{IPA|}} ({{lang|es|hijo}}, {{lang|es|oreja}}), whereas neighboring languages have the palatal lateral {{IPA|}} (e.g. Portuguese {{lang|pt|filho}}, {{lang|pt|orelha}}; Catalan {{lang|ca|fill}}, {{lang|ca|orella}}).
	There is some controversy in Spain about the name of the language, which is a part of a greater controversy about Catalan, Basque and Galician nationalisms.
	===Africa===		=== Segmental phonology ===
			]
	In ], Spanish is official in ] (co-official with ] and ]), as well as an official language of the ]. Today, in ], it is a ''de facto'' official language and nearly 200,000 refugee Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish,<ref></ref> and several thousands have received ] education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly in ] and ]). In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people) are counted, while ] is the most spoken language by number of native speakers.<ref></ref><ref></ref> It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in ] (] and ]) and in the autonomous community of ] (143,000 and 1,995,833 people, respectively). Within Northern Morocco, a former ] that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish as a second language.<ref name="MRCL">, The Languages of Morocco.</ref> It is spoken by some communities of ], because of the Cuban influence from the ], and in ] by the descendants of ] ex-slaves.
			The Spanish ] inventory consists of five vowel phonemes ({{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|2014|p=39}}</ref>). The main ] variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} to glides—{{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs {{IPA|/je/}} and {{IPA|/we/}} respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as ] rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone.
			The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three ] phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) ] phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position ] and are subject to ] to a following consonant; (2) three ] ] and the ] {{IPA|/tʃ/}}; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) ] ]; (4) a set of voiced ]s—{{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, and sometimes {{IPA|/ʝ/}}—which alternate between ] and ] allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "]" and "]" ''r''-sounds (single {{angle bracket|r}} and double {{angle bracket|rr}} in orthography).
			In the following table of consonant phonemes, {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that it is preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects it has been merged with {{IPA|/ʝ/}} in the merger called {{lang|es|]}}. Similarly, {{IPA|/θ/}} is also marked with an asterisk to indicate that most dialects do not distinguish it from {{IPA|/s/}} (see {{lang|es|]}}), although this is not a true merger but an outcome of different evolution of sibilants in Southern Spain.
	===Asia===
	<!-- Before you edit this section, see the discussion at the talk page. Thanks -->
	{{See also|Spanish language in the Philippines}}
	During Spanish control, it was an official language of the ], until the change of Constitution in 1973, although only a small percentage ever spoke it. During most of the colonial period it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken mainly by Spaniards living in the islands and by Filipinos educated in their schools. However, by the mid 19th century a free public school system in Spanish was established throughout the islands, which increased the numbers of Spanish speakers. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands, the importance of Spanish fell, especially after the 1920s. The US authorities' imposition of English as the medium of instruction in schools and universities coupled with the prohibition of Spanish in media and educational institutions gradually reduced the importance of the language. After the country became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the ] administration. Under the ] administration which took office in 1986, the mandatory teaching of Spanish in colleges and universities was also stopped, and thus, younger generations of Filipinos have little or no knowledge of Spanish. The Spanish language retains a large influence in local languages, with many words coming from or being derived from European Spanish and Mexican Spanish, due to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html
	|title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
	|publisher=thecorpusjuris.com
	|accessdate=2008-04-06}} (See Article XV, Section 3(3))</ref> As of the 1990 Philippine census, only 2,660 people were reported to speak Spanish, with most speakers residing in ].<ref name="ethnologue1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH|title=Languages of the Philippines|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref>
			The phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in ]. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ʝ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} appears to the right of a ''pair'' of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the ''voiceless'' phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the ''voiced'' ones alternate ] (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and approximant pronunciations.
	Spanish has made significant contributions to various Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Cebuano and other indigenous dialects and tongues. One of the 170 languages in the Philippines is a Spanish-based creole called Chavacano, spoken in majority by people (ca.600 000)from the Zamboanga area. Though the indigenous grammatical structure of the national language was retained, over 5000 Spanish loanwords have found their way into the vocabulary of Filipino. Since 2009 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a fluent Spanish speaker and current President of the Philippines has ordered the re-establishment of Spanish in the education system plus there is now the daily programme "Filipinas Ahora Mismo" presented by Bon Vivar, produced in Spanish and broadcast on Radio Pilipinas.
			{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
	===Oceania===
			|+ Consonant phonemes<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref>
	Among the countries and territories in ], Spanish is also spoken in ], a territorial possession of Chile. The U.S. Territories of ], ], and ], and the independent associated U.S. Territory of ] and the ] all once had Spanish speakers, since the ] and the ] were Spanish colonial possessions until the late 19th century (see ]), but Spanish has since been forgotten. It now only exists as an influence on the local native languages and is spoken by ] resident populations.
			|-
			!
			! colspan=2 | ]
			! colspan=2 | ]
			! colspan=2 | ]
			! colspan=2 | ]
			! colspan=2 | ]
			|-
			! ]
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|m}}
			| colspan=2 |
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|n}}
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
			| colspan=2 |
			|-
			! ]
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|p}}||rowspan=2 style="border-left: 0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|b}}
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ʝ}}
			| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|k}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
			|-
			! ]
			|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|f}}
			|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|θ}}*
			|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|s}}
			|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPAlink|ʃ}})
			|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|x}}
			|-
			! ]
			| colspan=2 |
			| colspan=2 |
			|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l}}
			|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʎ}}*
			| colspan=2 |
			|-
			! ]
			| colspan=2 |
			| colspan=2 |
			|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
			| colspan=2 |
			| colspan=2 |
			|-
			! ]
			| colspan=2 |
			| colspan=2 |
			|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r}}
			| colspan=2 |
			| colspan=2 |
			|}
			=== Prosody ===
			Spanish is classified by its ] as a ]: each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=152}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abercrombie|1967|p=98}}</ref>
			Spanish ] varies significantly according to dialect but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.) and rising tone for ].<ref>{{cite book |author=John B. Dabor |title=Spanish Pronunciation: Theory and Practice |edition=3rd |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |year=1997 |chapter=Ch. 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html |title=John B. Dalbor's Voice Files to Accompany ''Spanish Pronunciation'' |publisher=Auburn.edu |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071525/http://www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation.
	===America ===
	====Latin America====
	Most Spanish speakers are in ]; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only ] and ] are outside the ]. ] has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either '']'' or '']''—of ], ] (co-official with ] and ]), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] , ], ], ], ] (co-official with ]<ref>. Guaraní is also the most-spoken language in Paraguay by its native speakers.</ref>), ] (co-official with ] and, in some regions, ]), ], and ]. Spanish is also the official language (co-official with ]) in the U.S. commonwealth of ].<ref>{{cite news
	|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fE%2fEnglish%20Language
	|title= Puerto Rico Elevates English
	|date=29 January 1993
	|publisher=the New York Times
	|accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref>
			Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-to-last or earlier syllables. Stress tends to occur as follows:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eddington|2000|p=96}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2021}}
	Spanish has no official recognition in the former ] of ]; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.<ref name="Belizecen">{{cite web
			* in words that end with a ], on the penultimate syllable
	|url=http://www.cso.gov.bz/publications/MF2000.pdf
			* when the word ends in a ], on the final syllable.
	|format=PDF|publisher=Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget Management, Belize
			* in words that end with a consonant, on the last syllable, with the exception of two grammatical endings: {{lang|es|-n}}, for third-person-plural of verbs, and {{lang|es|-s}}, for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs. However, even though a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with {{lang|es|-n}} are also stressed on the penult ({{lang|es|joven}}, {{lang|es|virgen}}, {{lang|es|mitin}}), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with {{lang|es|-n}} are stressed on their last syllable ({{lang|es|capitán}}, {{lang|es|almacén}}, {{lang|es|jardín}}, {{lang|es|corazón}}).
	|title=Population Census 2000, Major Findings
			* Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, only on verbs with ] pronouns attached (e.g. {{lang|es|guardándoselos}} 'saving them for him/her/them/you').
	|year=2000
	|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070621080522/http://www.cso.gov.bz/publications/MF2000.pdf
	|archivedate=2007-06-21
	|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref><ref></ref> Mainly, it is spoken by the descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the 17th century; however, English is the official language.<ref></ref>
			In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous ]s that contrast solely on stress such as {{lang|es|sábana}} ('sheet') and {{lang|es|sabana}} ('savannah'); {{lang|es|límite}} ('boundary'), {{lang|es|limite}} ('he/she limits') and {{lang|es|limité}} ('I limited'); {{lang|es|líquido}} ('liquid'), {{lang|es|liquido}} ('I sell off') and {{lang|es|liquidó}} ('he/she sold off').
	Spain colonized ] first in 1498, introducing the Spanish language to the ] people. Also the ]s, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "]" ("]") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is greatly influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1 500 inhabitants speak Spanish.<ref name="trinidadbusiness">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/30/world/fg-spanish30|title=Trinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Business|last=Williams|first=Carol J.|date=2005-08-30|accessdate=2009-09-10|publisher=]|page=A3}}</ref> In 2004, the government launched the ''Spanish as a First Foreign Language'' (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.<ref></ref> Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.<ref name="trinidadbusiness" />
			The orthographic system unambiguously reflects where the stress occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last letter is {{angle bracket|n}}, {{angle bracket|s}}, or a vowel, in which cases the stress falls on the next-to-last (penultimate) syllable. Exceptions to those rules are indicated by an acute accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable. (See ].)
	Spanish is important in ] because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors, and because of its membership in the ] trading bloc.<ref> (Portuguese)</ref> In 2005, the ] approved a bill, signed into law by the ], making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brazzilmag.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=3488|title=Brazil Wants to Pay Foreign Debt with Spanish Classes|first=Carolina|last=Pimentel|date=2005-08-08|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-10|publisher=Brazzil magazine}}</ref> In many border towns and villages (especially in the Uruguayan-Brazilian and Paraguayan-Brazilian border areas), a ] known as ] is spoken.<ref>{{cite paper | author=Lipski, John M. | title=Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol” | publisher=ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 1–22. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project | year=2006 | format=PDF | version=Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium | url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-29}}
	</ref>
			== Speaker population ==
	====United States====
	{{Main|Spanish in the United States}}
			Spanish is the official, or national language in ], ], and ]. With a population of over 410 million, ] accounts for the vast majority of Spanish speakers, of which ] is the most populous Spanish-speaking country. In the ], Spanish is the ] of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Europeans and their Languages |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Additionally, Spanish is the second most spoken language in the ] and is by far the most popular foreign language among students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html |title=Most Studied Foreign Languages in the U.S |publisher=Infoplease.com |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814042126/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html |archive-date=14 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, it was estimated that over 50 million Americans spoke Spanish, about 41 million of whom were native speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country|title=US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more|work=The Guardian|date=29 June 2015|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123045244/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country|url-status=live}}</ref> With continued immigration and increased use of the language domestically in public spheres and media, the number of Spanish speakers in the United States is expected to continue growing over the forthcoming decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2011/demo/2011-Shin-Ortman.html|title=Language Projections: 2010 to 2020|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819054204/https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2011/demo/2011-Shin-Ortman.html|archive-date=19 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
	]
	<!-- The third sentence and the last sentence in this subsection are very similar. They can be juxtaposed or even integrated, but all three footnotes can still be retained. -->
	In the 2006 census, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were ] or ] by origin;<ref> Hispanic or Latino by specific origin.</ref> 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population more than five years old speak Spanish at home.<ref name="US Spanish"> Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006, 34,044,945 People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006</ref> Spanish has a long history in the United States because many south-western states and ] were part of Mexico and Spain, and it recently has been revitalized by Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught language in the country after English.<ref>{{PDFlink||129&nbsp;KB}}, MLA Fall 2002.</ref> Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states besides English; in the U.S. state of ] for instance, 40% of the population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as ], ], ], ], and in the last decade, the language has rapidly expanded in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and other major Sun-Belt cities. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in ], a U.S. territory. With a total of 33,701,181 Spanish (Castilian) speakers, according to US Census Bureau,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_ |title=United States. S1601. Language Spoken at Home |accessdate=September 3, 2009 |author=] |date=2007 |work=2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates }}</ref> the U.S. has the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking population.<ref> {{es icon}}</ref> Spanish ranks second, behind English, as the language language spoken most widely at home.<ref>{{PDFlink||1.86&nbsp;MB}}, Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003</ref><ref>, MLA Fall 2009.</ref>
	==Dialectal variation==		== Dialectal variation ==
			]
	{{Main|Spanish dialects and varieties}}		{{Main|Spanish dialects and varieties}}
			While being mutually intelligible, there are important variations (], ], and ]) in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas.
			The national variety with the most speakers is ]. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers (more than 112&nbsp;million of the total of more than 500&nbsp;million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the ] or loss of ]s, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.<ref>Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) , pp. 154–155, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915115219/https://books.google.com/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C&pg=PA154&dq=Mexican+vowels&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=Mexican%20vowels&f=false |date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Lope Blanch, Juan M. |year=1972 |chapter=En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano |pages=53–73 |title=Estudios sobre el español de México |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |place=Mexico |language=es |url=http://www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205011128/http://www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf}}</ref>
	]
	While all Spanish dialects use the same written standard, there are important variations spoken among the regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking America. One major phonological difference between ], broadly speaking, the dialects spoken in northern Spain, and the dialects of southern Spain and all the Latin American dialects of Spanish, is the absence of a ] ({{IPA|/θ/}} as in English '''''th'''ing'') in the latter.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Harris|1969|p=538}}</ref> In Spain, the Castilian dialect is commonly regarded as the standard variety used on radio and television,<ref>{{cite book |title=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |year=2006 |publisher= Random House Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |year=2006 |edition=4th |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary |year=1998 |publisher= MICRA, Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861595345/Castilian.html |title=Encarta World English Dictionary |accessdate=2008-08-05 |year=2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. }}</ref>, although attitudes towards southern dialects have changed significantly in the last 50 years.
	In addition to variations in pronunciation, minor lexical and grammatical differences exist. For example, {{lang|es|]}} is the use of slightly different pronouns and differs from the standard.
			In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. The speech from the educated classes of Madrid is the standard variety for use on radio and television in Spain and it is indicated by many as the one that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny |2000|p=199}}: "whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard."</ref> Central (European) Spanish speech patterns have been noted to be in the process of merging with more innovative southern varieties (including Eastern Andalusian and Murcian), as an emerging interdialectal levelled ''koine'' buffered between the Madrid's traditional national standard and the Seville speech trends.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Juan Manuel|last1=Hernández Campoy|first2=Juan Andrés |last2=Villena Ponsoda |title=Standardness and nonstandardness in Spain: dialect attrition and revitalization of regional dialects of Spanish |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|year=2009 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2009.021 |issue=196–197 |pages=185–186 |s2cid=145000590 |url=https://www.academia.edu/30322624 |access-date=24 January 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124040200/https://www.academia.edu/30322624/Standardness_and_nonstandardness_in_Spain_dialect_attrition_and_revitalization_of_regional_dialects_of_Spanish}}</ref>
	The variety with the most speakers is ]. It is spoken by more than the twenty percent of the Spanish speakers (107 millions of the total 494 millions, according to the table above). One of its main features is the ] or loss of the ], mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.<ref>Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) ''Spanish in the Americas, Volumen 2'', pp.154-155, </ref><ref>Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1972) ''En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano'', pp.53 a 73, Estudios sobre el español de México, editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México .</ref> It can be the case that the words: ''pesos'', ''pesas'', and ''peces'' are pronounced the same .
	===Voseo===		=== Phonology ===
			{{See also|Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish}}
			The four main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme {{IPAslink|θ}}, (2) the ] of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}}, (3) the sound of the spelled {{angle bracket|s}}, (4) and the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʎ}}.
			* The phoneme {{IPA|/θ/}} (spelled {{lang|es|c}} before {{lang|es|e}} or {{lang|es|i}} and spelled {{angle bracket|z}} elsewhere), a ] as in English '''''th'''ing'', is maintained by a majority of Spain's population, especially in the northern and central parts of the country. In other areas (some parts of southern Spain, the ], and the Americas), {{IPA|/θ/}} does not exist and {{IPA|/s/}} occurs instead. The maintenance of phonemic contrast is called {{lang|es|]}} in Spanish, while the merger is generally called {{lang|es|]}} (in reference to the usual realization of the merged phoneme as {{IPA|}}) or, occasionally, {{lang|es|]}} (referring to its interdental realization, {{IPA|}}, in some parts of southern Spain). In most of Hispanic America, the spelled {{angle bracket|c}} before {{angle bracket|e}} or {{angle bracket|i}}, and spelled {{angle bracket|z}} is always pronounced as a ].
			* The debuccalization (pronunciation as {{IPA|}}, or loss) of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}} is associated with the southern half of Spain and lowland Americas: Central America (except central Costa Rica and Guatemala), the Caribbean, coastal areas of southern Mexico, and South America except Andean highlands. Debuccalization is frequently called "aspiration" in English, and {{lang|es|aspiración}} in Spanish. When there is no debuccalization, the syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}} is pronounced as ] or as a ] in the same fashion as in the next paragraph.
			* The sound that corresponds to the letter {{angle bracket|s}} is pronounced in northern and central Spain as a ] {{IPA|}} (also described acoustically as "]" and articulatorily as "retracted"), with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of {{lcons|retroflex}} fricatives. In ], ] and most of Hispanic America (except in the ] of Colombia) it is pronounced as a ] {{IPA|}}, much like the most frequent pronunciation of the /s/ of English.
			* The phoneme {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, spelled {{angle bracket|ll}}, a ] consonant that can be approximated by the sound of the {{angle bracket|lli}} of English ''million'', tends to be maintained in less-urbanized areas of northern Spain and in the ], as well as in ] and ]. Meanwhile, in the speech of most other Spanish speakers, it is merged with {{IPA|/ʝ/}} ("curly-tail ''j''"), a non-lateral, usually voiced, usually fricative, palatal consonant, sometimes compared to English {{IPA|/j/}} (''yod'') as in '''''y'''acht'' and spelled {{angle bracket|y}} in Spanish. As with other forms of allophony across world languages, the small difference of the spelled {{angle bracket|ll}} and the spelled {{angle bracket|y}} is usually not perceived (the difference is not heard) by people who do not produce them as different phonemes. Such a phonemic merger is called {{lang|es|]}} in Spanish. In ], the merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative, either voiced {{IPA|}} (as in English ''measure'' or the French {{angle bracket|j}}) in the central and western parts of the dialectal region ({{lang|es|zheísmo}}), or voiceless {{IPA|}} (as in the French {{angle bracket|ch}} or Portuguese {{angle bracket|x}}) in and around Buenos Aires and Montevideo ({{lang|es|sheísmo}}).<ref>Charles B. Chang, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213655/http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wss/4/paper1755.pdf |date=4 October 2013}}. Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed. Maurice Westmoreland and Juan Antonio Thomas, 54–63. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 2008.</ref>
			=== Morphology ===
			The main ] variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second ] and, to a lesser extent, the ]s of the third ].
			==== Voseo ====
	{{Main|Voseo}}		{{Main|Voseo}}
			]. The darker the area, the stronger its dominance.]]
	]''}}, in blue. The deeper the blue is, the more predominant {{lang|es|''voseo''}} is. Countries where {{lang|es|''voseo''}} is a regionalism are in green; countries without {{lang|es|''voseo''}} are in red.]]
	Spanish has three ] ] ]s: {{lang|es|''tú''}}, {{lang|es|''usted''}}, and {{lang|es|''vos''}}. The use of the pronoun {{lang|es|''vos''}} and/or its verb forms is called {{lang|es|''voseo''}}.
			Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the ] between a formal and a familiar ] in the ] ] and thus have two different ]s meaning "you": {{lang|es|usted}} in the formal and either {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}} in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}} varying from one dialect to another. The use of {{lang|es|vos}} and its verb forms is called {{lang|es|]}}. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with {{lang|es|usted}}, {{lang|es|tú}}, and {{lang|es|vos}} denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.<ref name="rae.es site">{{cite web |date=2023-06-11 |orig-date=October 2005 |url=http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/ |title=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas|trans-title=Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts |publisher=Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |language=es |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305022017/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/ |archive-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			In {{lang|es|voseo}}, {{lang|es|vos}} is the ] form ({{lang|es|vos decís}}, "you say") and the form for the object of a ] ({{lang|es|voy con vos}}, "I am going with you"), while the direct and indirect ] forms, and the ], are the same as those associated with {{lang|es|tú}}: {{lang|es|Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan}} ("You know your friends respect you").
	====Grammar====
	] in ],]]]
	{{lang|es|''Vos''}} is the subject form {{lang|es|(''vos decís'')}} and object of a preposition (''a vos digo'') , while "os" is the direct object form {{lang|es|(''os vi'')}} and indirect object without express preposition {{lang|es|(''os digo'')}} .<ref name="rae.es site"></ref>
			The verb forms of the general {{lang|es|voseo}} are the same as those used with {{lang|es|tú}} except in the present ] (] and ]) verbs. The forms for {{lang|es|vos}} generally can be derived from those of {{lang|es|vosotros}} (the traditional second-person familiar ''plural'') by deleting the ] {{IPA|}}, or {{IPA|/d/}}, where it appears in the ending: {{lang|es|vosotros pensá'''i'''s}} > {{lang|es|vos pensás}}; {{lang|es|vosotros volvé'''i'''s}} > {{lang|es|vos volvés}}, {{lang|es|pensa'''d'''!}} ({{lang|es|vosotros}}) > {{lang|es|pensá!}} ({{lang|es|vos}}), {{lang|es|volve'''d'''!}} ({{lang|es|vosotros}}) > {{lang|es|volvé!}} ({{lang|es|vos}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/voseo |title=Voseo según DPD |language=es |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222442/http://www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Since ''vose'' is historically the ] plural, verbs are conjugated as such despite the fact the word now refers to a single person: <blockquote>
			{| class="wikitable"
	{{lang|es|«Han luchado, añadió dirigiéndose a Tarradellas, por mantenerse fieles a las instituciones que vos representáis» (GaCandau Madrid-Barça )}}.
			|+ General voseo <small>(])</small>
	</blockquote>
			! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative
	The possessive form is {{lang|es|''vuestro''}}: {{lang|es|''Admiro vuestra valentía, señora''}}. Adjectives, when used in conjunction with ''vos'', do not agree with the pronoun but instead with the real referents in gender and number: {{lang|es|''Vos, don Pedro, sois caritativo; Vos, bellas damas, sois ingeniosas''}}.<ref name="rae.es site" />
			! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subjunctive
			! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative
			|-
			! Present
			! Simple past
			! Imperfect past
			! Future
			! Conditional
			! Present
			! Past
			|-
			| {{lang|es|pensás}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensabas'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensarás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensarías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pienses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensaras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
			| {{lang|es|pensá}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|volvés}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volvías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volverás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volverías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''vuelvas'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volvieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|volvé}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|dormís}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormirás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormirías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''duermas'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''durmieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|dormí}}
			|-
			| colspan=8|<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
			|}
			In Central American {{lang|es|voseo}}, the {{lang|es|tú}} and {{lang|es|vos}} forms differ in the present subjunctive as well:
	Two main types of {{lang|es|''voseo''}} may be distinguished: reverential and American dialectal. In archaic solemn usage, {{lang|es|''voseo''}} expressed special reverence and could be used to address both the second person singular and the second person plural. In contrast, the more commonly known American form of {{lang|es|''voseo''}} is always used to address only one speaker and implies closeness and familiarity.<ref name="rae.es site" /> Unlike the first type, the second one need not involve ''vos'' and may instead be expressed simply in the use of the plural form of the verb (even in combination with the pronoun ''tú'').
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Central American voseo
			! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative
			! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subjunctive
			! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative
			|-
			! Present
			! Simple past
			! Imperfect past
			! Future
			! Conditional
			! Present
			! Past
			|-
			| {{lang|es|pensás}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensabas'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensarás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensarías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|pensés}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensaras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
			| {{lang|es|pensá}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|volvés}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volvías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volverás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volverías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|volvás}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volvieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|volvé}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|dormís}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormirás'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormirías'''}}
			| {{lang|es|durmás}}
			| {{lang|es|'''durmieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|dormí}}
			|-
			| colspan=8|<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
			|}
			In Chilean {{lang|es|voseo}}, almost all {{lang|es|vos}} forms are distinct from the corresponding standard {{lang|es|tú}}-forms.
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Chilean voseo
			! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |Indicative
			! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Subjunctive
			! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Imperative
			|-
			! Present
			! Simple past
			! Imperfect past
			! Future<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baquero Velásquez |first1=Julia M. |last2=Westphal Montt |first2=Germán F. |year=2014 |title=Un análisis sincrónico del voseo verbal chileno y rioplatense |journal=Forma y Función |language=es |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=11–40 |doi=10.15446/fyf.v27n2.47558 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
			! Conditional
			! Present
			! Past
			|-
			| {{lang|es|pensái(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|pensabais}}
			| {{lang|es|pensarí(s)}}<br>{{lang|es|pensaráis}}
			| {{lang|es|pensaríai(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|pensí(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|pensarai(s)}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''piensa'''}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|volví(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|volvíai(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|volverí(s)}}<br>{{lang|es|volveráis}}
			| {{lang|es|volveríai(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|volvái(s)}}
			| {{lang|es|volvierai(s)}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''vuelve'''}}
			|-
			| {{lang|es|dormís}}
			| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
			| {{lang|es|dormíais}}
			| {{lang|es|dormirís}}<br>{{lang|es|dormiráis}}
			| {{lang|es|dormiríais}}
			| {{lang|es|durmáis}}
			| {{lang|es|durmierais}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''duerme'''}}
			|-
			| colspan="8" |<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
			|}
	The ''pronominal {{lang|es|voseo}}'' employs the use of {{lang|es|''vos''}} as a pronoun to replace {{lang|es|''tú''}} and {{lang|es|''de ti''}}, which are ] ] informal.<br /><ref name="rae.es site" />		The use of the pronoun {{lang|es|vos}} with the verb forms of {{lang|es|tú}} ({{lang|es|vos piensas}}) is called "pronominal {{lang|es|voseo}}". Conversely, the use of the verb forms of {{lang|es|vos}} with the pronoun {{lang|es|tú}} ({{lang|es|tú pensás}} or {{lang|es|tú pensái}}) is called "verbal {{lang|es|voseo}}". In Chile, for example, verbal ''voseo'' is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun ''vos'', which is usually reserved for highly informal situations.
	* As a subject {{lang|es|''vos''}} employs: {{lang|es|''«Puede que vos tengás razón»'' (Herrera Casa )}} instead of {{lang|es|''«Puede que tú tengas razón»''}}
	* As a vocative: {{lang|es|''«¿Por qué vos la tenés contra Alvaro Arzú ?»'' (Prensa 3.4.97)}} instead of {{lang|es|''«¿Por qué tú la tienes contra Alvaro Arzú?»''}}
	* As a term of preposition: {{lang|es|''«Cada vez que sale con vos, se enferma»'' (Penerini Aventura )}} instead of {{lang|es|''«Cada vez que sale contigo, se enferma»''}}
	* And as a term of comparison: {{lang|es|''«Es por lo menos tan actor como vos»'' (Cuzzani Cortés )}} instead of {{lang|es|«''Es por lo menos tan actor como tú»''}}<br /><ref name="rae.es site" />
			===== Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas =====
	However, for the {{lang|es|''pronombre átono'' }}(that which uses the pronominal verbs and its complements without preposition) and for the possessive, they employ the forms of {{lang|es|''tuteo'' (''te'', ''tu'', and ''tuyo'')}}, respectively: {{lang|es|''«Vos te acostaste con el tuerto»'' (Gené Ulf ); ''«Lugar que odio como te odio a vos»'' (Rossi María ); ''«No cerrés tus ojos»'' (Flores Siguamonta ).}} In other words, in the previous examples the authors conjugate the pronoun subject {{lang|es|''vos''}} with the pronominal verbs and its complements of {{lang|es|''tú''}}.<ref name="rae.es site" />
			Although {{lang|es|vos}} is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew|date=10 April 2018|title=A Brief Guide to Regional Variation of the Forms of Address (Tú, Vos, Usted) in Spanish|url=https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Learn Spanish with Andrew|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032144/https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2020}} Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of {{lang|es|tuteo}} (the use of {{lang|es|tú}}) in the following areas: almost all of ], the ], ], most of ], ], ] and coastal ].
			{{lang|es|Tuteo}} as a cultured form alternates with {{lang|es|voseo}} as a popular or rural form in ], in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of ]), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that {{lang|es|voseo}} can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island.<ref>Katia Salamanca de Abreu, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221132209/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf |date=21 December 2012}} (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in ''Thesaurus'', 28 (1973), 138–146.</ref>
	The verbal {{lang|es|''voseo''}} consists of the use of the second person plural, more or less modified, for the conjugated forms of the second person singular: {{lang|es|''vos vivís, vos comés''}}. The verbal paradigm of {{lang|es|''voseante''}} is characterized by its complexity. On the one hand, it affects, to a distinct extent, each verbal tense. On the other hand, it varies in functions of geographic and social factors and not all the forms are accepted in cultured norms.<ref name="rae.es site" />
			{{lang|es|Tuteo}} exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar {{lang|es|voseo}} in ], in the Venezuelan state of ], on the Caribbean coast of ], in the ] in Panama, in the Mexican state of ], and in parts of Guatemala.
	====Extension in Latin America====
	{{lang|es|''Vos''}} is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of {{lang|es|''tuteo''}} in the following areas: almost all of ], the West Indies, ], the majority of ] and ], Coastal ] and; the Atlantic coast of ].<br /> They alternate {{lang|es|''tuteo''}} as a cultured form and {{lang|es|''voseo''}} as a popular or rural form in: ], north and south of ], Andean ], small zones of the Venezuelan Andes, a great part of ], and the oriental border of ].
			Areas of generalized {{lang|es|voseo}} include ], ], eastern ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and the Colombian departments of ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="rae.es site" />
	{{lang|es|''Tuteo''}} exists as an intermediate formality of treatment and {{lang|es|''voseo''}} as a familiar treatment in: ], the Venezuelan state of ], the Pacific coast of ], ], and the Mexican states of ] and ].<br />
			==== Ustedes ====
	Areas of generalized {{lang|es|''voseo''}} include Argentina, Costa Rica, Bolivia (east), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian region of Antioquia.<br /><ref name="rae.es site" />
			{{lang|es|Ustedes}} functions as formal and informal second-person plural in all of Hispanic America, the ], and parts of ]. It agrees with verbs in the 3rd person plural. Most of Spain maintains the ] with {{lang|es|ustedes}} and {{lang|es|vosotros}} respectively. The use of {{lang|es|ustedes}} with the second person plural is sometimes heard in Andalusia, but it is non-standard.
	===Ustedes===
	Spanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. "Usted" (Ud.) was initially the written abbreviation of "vuestra merced" (your grace). The Spanish dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural for daily use, {{lang|es|''ustedes''}} (formal or familiar, as the case may be, though {{lang|es|''vosotros''}} non-formal usage can sometimes appear in poetry and rhetorical or literary style). In Spain there are two forms — {{lang|es|''ustedes''}} (formal) and {{lang|es|''vosotros''}} (familiar). The pronoun {{lang|es|''vosotros''}} is the plural form of {{lang|es|''tú''}} in most of Spain, but in the Americas (and in certain southern Spanish cities such as ] and in the ]) it is replaced with {{lang|es|''ustedes''}}. It is notable that the use of {{lang|es|''ustedes''}} for the informal plural "you" in southern Spain does not follow the usual rule for pronoun–verb ]; e.g., while the formal form for "you go", {{lang|es|''ustedes van''}}, uses the third-person plural form of the verb, in Cádiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as {{lang|es|''ustedes vais''}}, using the second-person plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronoun–verb agreement is preserved in most cases.
	===Vocabulary===		==== Usted ====
			{{lang|es|Usted}} is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a ''familiar'' context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}}. This usage is sometimes called {{lang|es|]}} in Spanish.
	Some words can be different, even significantly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish ''mantequilla'', ''aguacate'' and ''albaricoque'' (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to ''manteca'', ''palta'', and ''damasco'', respectively, in Peru (except ''manteca'' and ''damasco''), Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words ''coger'' ('to catch'), ''pisar'' ('to step on') and ''concha'' ('seashell') are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of ''coger'' and ''pisar'' is also "to have sex" and ''concha'' means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (''pinche'') is an obscenity in Mexico, but in ] simply means "stingy", and in ] refers to a ]'s helper. Other examples include '']'', which means "swearword" (among other meanings) in Spain but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish. ''Pija'' in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in ] the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby". ''Coche'', which means "car" in Spain and central Mexico, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means "baby-stroller", while ''carro'' means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain. ] is the slang term in Cuba for "vagina" therefore in Cuba when referring to the actual fruit Cubans call it ''fruta bomba'' instead.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
			In Central America, especially in Honduras, {{lang|es|usted}} is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. {{lang|es|Usted}} is also used that way between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.
	===Royal Spanish Academy===
	], ]]]
	The {{lang|es|'']''}} (Royal Spanish Academy), together with the 21 other national ones (see ]), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
	Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (]) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media. {{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
			==== Third-person object pronouns ====
	==Classification and related languages==
			Most speakers use (and the {{lang|es|]}} prefers) the pronouns {{lang|es|lo}} and {{lang|es|la}} for ] (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of ], meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and {{lang|es|le}} for ] (regardless of ] or ], meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). The usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the ] and ] pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.
	Spanish is closely related to the other ] Romance languages: ], ], ], ] and ]. ], an ] which exhibits many ] traits, is more similar to ] to the east than to Spanish or Portuguese.
			Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called "{{lang|es|]}}", "{{lang|es|]}}", or "{{lang|es|]}}", according to which respective pronoun, {{lang|es|le}}, {{lang|es|lo}}, or {{lang|es|la}}, has expanded beyond the etymological usage ({{lang|es|le}} as a direct object, or {{lang|es|lo}} or {{lang|es|la}} as an indirect object).
	Spanish and Portuguese have similar grammars and vocabularies as well as a common history of ] while a great part of the peninsula was under ] (both languages expanded over ]). Their ] has been estimated as 89%.<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa|title=Spanish|publisher=ethnologue}}</ref> See ] for further information.
	===Judaeo-Spanish===		=== Vocabulary ===
			Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish {{lang|es|mantequilla}}, {{lang|es|aguacate}} and {{lang|es|albaricoque}} (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to {{lang|es|manteca}} (word used for ] in ]), {{lang|es|palta}}, and {{lang|es|damasco}}, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except {{lang|es|manteca}}), Paraguay, Peru (except {{lang|es|manteca}} and {{lang|es|damasco}}), and Uruguay. In the healthcare context, an assessment of the Spanish translation of the ] identified some regional vocabulary choices and US-specific concepts, which cannot be successfully implemented in Spain without adaptation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congost-Maestre |first=Nereida |url=https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research |title=Sociocultural issues in adapting Spanish health survey translation: The case of the QWB-SA (Chapter 10) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research |date=2020-04-30 |publisher=RTI Press |isbn=978-1-934831-24-3 |editor-last=Sha |editor-first=Mandy |pages=203–220 |doi=10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122733/https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research |url-status=live}}</ref>
	{{further|]}}
			== Vocabulary ==
	Judaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino), which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the ] who were ]. Therefore, it has somewhat the same relationship to Spanish as ] does to ]. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively ] Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans: current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, and the United States, with a few pockets in Latin America. It lacks the ] which was influential during the ], and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Castilian, including vocabulary from ], French, Greek and ], and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.
			Around 85% of everyday Spanish vocabulary is of ]. Most of the core vocabulary and the most common words in Spanish comes from Latin. The Spanish words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly words of Latin origin. These words of Latin origin can be classified as heritage words, cultisms and semi-cultisms.
			Most of the Spanish lexicon is made up of heritage lexicon. Heritage or directly inherited words are those whose presence in the spoken language has been continued since before the differentiation of the ]. Heritage words are characterized by having undergone all the phonetic changes experienced by the language. This differentiates it from the cultisms and semi-cultisms that were no longer used in the spoken language and were later reintroduced for restricted uses. Because of this, cultisms generally have not experienced some of the phonetic changes and present a different form than they would have if they had been transmitted with heritage words.
	Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly ''olim'' (immigrants to ]) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian.
			In the philological tradition of Spanish, cultism is called a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without undergoing the changes that the evolution of the Spanish language followed from its origin in ]. The same concept also exists in other Romance languages. Reintroduced into the language for cultural, literary or scientific considerations, cultism only adapts its form to the orthographic and phonological conventions derived from linguistic evolution, but ignores the transformations that the roots and morphemes underwent in the development of the Romance language.
	A related dialect is ], the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
			In some cases, cultisms are used to introduce technical or specialized terminology that, present in the classical language, did not appear in the Romance language due to lack of use; This is the case of many of the literary, legal and philosophical terms of classical culture, such as ''ataraxia'' (from the Greek ἀταραξία, "dispassion") or ''legislar'' (built from the Latin ''legislator''). In other cases, they construct neologisms, such as the name of most scientific disciplines.
	===Vocabulary comparison===
	<!-- The expression "the same as English" is ambiguous in this context. Does it refer to comprehension of Spanish by English speakers, or to comprehension of English by French speakers? -->
	Spanish and ] share a very similar phonological system. At present, the ] with Italian is estimated at 82%.<ref name="ethnologue"/> As a result, Spanish and Italian are mutually intelligible to various degrees. The lexical similarity with ] is greater, 89%, but the vagaries of Portuguese pronunciation make it less easily understood by Hispanophones than Italian is {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. ] between Spanish and ] or ] is even lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%<ref name="ethnologue"/>): comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is low at an estimated 45% – the same as English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would.
			A semi-cultism is a word that did not evolve in the expected way, in the vernacular language (Romance language), unlike heritage words; its evolution is incomplete. Many times interrupted by cultural influences (ecclesiastical, legal, administrative, etc.). For the same reason, they maintain some features of the language of origin. ''Dios'' is a clear example of semi-cultism, where it came from the Latin ''Deus''. It is a semi-cultism, because it maintains (without fully adapting to Castilianization, in this case) some characteristics of the Latin language—the ending in -s—, but, at the same time, it undergoes slight phonetic modifications (change of eu for io). ''Deus'' > ''Dios'' (instead of remaining cultist: ''Deus'' > ''*Deus'', or becoming a heritage word: ''Deus'' > ''*Dío''). The ] influenced by stopping the natural evolution of this word, and, in this way, converted this word into a semi-cultism and unconsciously prevented it from becoming a heritage word.
	{| class="wikitable" border="1"
			Spanish vocabulary has been influenced by several languages. As in other European languages, ] words (Hellenisms) are abundant in the terminologies of several fields, including ], ], ], ], etc.<ref>Bergua Cavero, J., ''Los helenismos del español : historia y sistema'', Madrid (Gredos) 2004, {{ISBN|9788424927103}}</ref> Its vocabulary has also been ], having developed during the ] era in the ], with around 8% of its vocabulary having ] lexical roots.<ref>{{cite book|last=Versteegh |first=Kees |title=The Arabic language|year=2003 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh|isbn=0-7486-1436-2|page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228|edition=Repr.|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183745/http://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lapesa |first=Raphael|title=Historia de la lengua española|year=1960|publisher=|location=<!--Madrid-->|page=97}}<br/>—OR—<br/>{{cite book |last=Castro |first=Américo |title=The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History |year=1985 |translator1=Willard F. King |translator2=Selma Margaretten |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05469-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255 |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185157/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live}}{{vn|date=November 2023|reason=Which one? The original cite was mixed}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintana|first1=Lucía |last2=Mora |first2=Juan Pablo |title=Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española |journal=ASELE. Actas XIII|year=2002 |page=705 |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528020256/http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live}}: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total"</ref><ref name="Dworkin83">{{cite book |last=Dworkin|first=Steven N.|title=A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective|year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954114-0|page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915153824/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83 |archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}},{{cite book|last=Macpherson|first=I. R.|title=Spanish phonology |year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0-7190-0788-7|page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223094503/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 |archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live}},{{cite book |last=Martínez Egido|first=José Joaquín |title=Constitución del léxico español|year=2007 |page=15|publisher=Liceus, Servicios de Gestió |isbn=978-84-9822-653-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15|access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183748/http://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been influenced by ], ], ], ], and other neighboring Ibero-Romance languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=La época visigoda / Susana Rodríguez Rosique |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html|language=es|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208133217/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dworkin83" /> Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly other Romance languages such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], as well as from ], ], and ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|1991|pp=224–236}}</ref> In the 18th century, words taken from French referring above all to fashion, cooking and bureaucracy were added to the Spanish lexicon. In the 19th century, new loanwords were incorporated, especially from English and German, but also from Italian in areas related to music, particularly opera and cooking. In the 20th century, the pressure of English in the fields of technology, computing, science and sports was greatly accentuated.
			In general, ] is more susceptible to loanwords from English or Anglicisms. For example: ] (computer mouse) is used in Latin America, in Spain ''ratón'' is used. This happens largely due to closer contact with the ]. For its part, ] is known by the use of Gallicisms or words taken from neighboring ] (such as the Gallicism ''ordenador'' in European Spanish, in contrast to the Anglicism ''computador'' or ''computadora'' in American Spanish).
			== Relation to other languages ==
			{{further|Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish}}
			Spanish is closely related to the other ], including ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. It is somewhat less similar, to varying degrees, from other members of the ] family.
			It is generally acknowledged that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate in written form, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jensen|1989}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dalby|1998|p=501}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ginsburgh|Weber|2011|p=90}}</ref> ] of the ''written'' Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. '']'' gives estimates of the ] between related languages in terms of precise percentages. For Spanish and Portuguese, that figure is 89%, although phonologically the two languages are quite dissimilar. Italian on the other hand, is phonologically similar to Spanish, while sharing lower lexical and grammatical similarity of 82%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and ] or between Spanish and ] is lower still, given lexical similarity ratings of 75% and 71% respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa|title=Spanish|work=Ethnologue|access-date=19 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100707/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa|title=Similar languages to Spanish|work=EZGlot|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621191245/http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is much lower, at an estimated 45%. In general, thanks to the common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages, interlingual comprehension of the written word is greater than that of oral communication.
			The following table compares the forms of some common words in several Romance languages:
			<div style="overflow:auto;">
			{| class="wikitable"
	|-		|-
	! ]		! ]
Line 761:		Line 1,094:
	! ]		! ]
	! ]		! ]
	! ]		! ]
			! ]
	! ]		! ]
	! ]
	! ]		! ]
			! ]
	! ]		! ]
	! ]		! ]
	|-
	| {{lang|la|''nos''}} (''alterum'')
	| {{lang|es|''nosotros''}}
	| {{lang|gl|''nós''}}
	| {{lang|pt|''nós''}} (''outros'')<sup>¹</sup>
	| {{lang|ll|''nós''}}
	| {{lang|ca|''nosaltres''}}
	| {{lang|it|''noi''}} (''altri'')<sup>²</sup>
	| {{lang|fr|''nous''}} (''autres'')<sup>³</sup>
	| {{lang|ro|''noi''}}
	| we
	|-
	| {{lang|la|''fratrem germānum'' (acc.)}} (lit. "true brother", i.e. not a cousin)
	| {{lang|es|''hermano''}}
	| {{lang|gl|''irmán''}}
	| {{lang|pt|''irmão''}}
	| {{lang|ll|''harmanu''}}
	| {{lang|ca|''germà''}}
	| {{lang|it|''fratello''}}
	| {{lang|fr|''frère''}}
	| {{lang|ro|''frate''}}
	| brother
	|-
	| {{lang|la|''dies Martis''}} (])
	{{lang|la|''feria tertia''}} (])
	| {{lang|es|''martes''}}
	| {{lang|gl|''martes''}}
	| {{lang|pt|''terça-feira''}}
	| {{lang|ll|''martes''}}
	| {{lang|ca|''dimarts''}}
	| {{lang|it|''martedì''}}
	| {{lang|fr|''mardi''}}
	| {{lang|ro|''marţi''}}
	| Tuesday
	|-		|-
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|nōs (alterōs)}}|italic=no}}<sup>1,2</sup><br />"we (others)"
	| {{lang|la|''cantiō'' (''nem'', acc.), ''canticum''}}
	| {{lang|es|''canción''}}		| {{lang|es|'''nosotros'''}}
	| {{lang|gl|''canción''}}/''cançóm''<sup><small>4</small></sup>		| {{lang|gl|'''nós''', '''nosoutros'''}}<sup>3</sup>
	| {{lang|pt|''canção''}}		| {{lang|pt|nós, nós outros}}<sup>3</sup>
	| {{lang|ll|''cantar''}}		| {{lang|ast|'''nós'''}}, {{lang|ast|'''nosotros'''}}
	| {{lang|ca|''cançó''}}		| {{lang|an|'''nusatros'''}}
	| {{lang|it|''canzone''}}		| {{lang|ca|'''nosaltres'''}}<br />(arch. {{lang|ca|'''nós'''}})
	| {{lang|fr|''chanson''}}		| {{lang|fr|nous}}<sup>4</sup>
	| {{lang|ro|''cântec''}}		| {{lang|it|noi, noialtri}}<sup>5</sup>
			| {{lang|ro|noi}}
	| song
	|-		| 'we'
			|-
	| {{lang|la|''magis''}} or {{lang|la|''plus''}}
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|frātre(m) germānu(m)}}|italic=no}}<br />"true brother"
	| {{lang|es|''más''}} <br /> (archaically also {{lang|es|''plus''}})
	| {{lang|gl|''máis''}}		| {{lang|es|'''hermano'''}}
	| {{lang|pt|''mais''}} <br /> (archaically also {{lang|pt|''chus/plus''}})		| {{lang|gl|'''irmán'''}}
	| {{lang|ll|''más''}}		| {{lang|pt|irmão}}
	| {{lang|ca|''més''}} <br /> (archaically also {{lang|ca|''pus''}})		| {{lang|ast|'''hermanu'''}}
	| {{lang|it|''più''}}		| {{lang|an|'''chirmán'''}}
	| {{lang|fr|''plus''}}		| {{lang|ca|'''germà'''}}<br />(arch. {{lang|ca|'''frare'''}})<sup>6</sup>
	| {{lang|ro|''mai/plus''}}		| {{lang|fr|frère}}
			| {{lang|it|fratello}}
	| more
			| {{lang|ro|frate}}
	|-
			| 'brother'
	| {{lang|la|''manum sinistram'' (acc.)}}
			|-
	| {{lang|es|''mano izquierda''}} <br /> (also {{lang|es|''mano siniestra''}})
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|die(m)&nbsp;mārtis}}|italic=no}}&nbsp;(])<br />"day of Mars"<br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|tertia(m)&nbsp;fēria(m)}}|italic=no}} (])<br />"third (holi)day"
	| {{lang|gl|''man esquerda''}}
			| {{lang|es|'''martes'''}}
	| {{lang|pt|''mão esquerda''}} <br /> (also {{lang|pt|''sinistra''}} and archaically also {{lang|pt|''sẽestra''}})
	| {{lang|ll|''manu esquierda''}}		| {{lang|gl|'''Martes''', '''Terza&nbsp;Feira'''}}
	| {{lang|ca|''mà esquerra''}}		| {{lang|pt|Terça-Feira}}
	| {{lang|it|''mano sinistra''}}		| {{lang|ast|'''Martes'''}}
	| {{lang|fr|''main gauche''}}		| {{lang|an|'''Martes'''}}
	| {{lang|ro|''mâna stângă''}}		| {{lang|ca|'''Dimarts'''}}
			| {{lang|fr|Mardi}}
	| left hand
			| {{lang|it|Martedì}}
	|-
			| {{lang|ro|Marți}}
	| {{lang|la|''nihil''}} or {{lang|la|''nullam rem natam'' (acc.)}} <br /> (lit. "no thing born")
			| 'Tuesday'
	| {{lang|es|''nada''}}
			|-
	| {{lang|gl|''nada''}}/{{lang|gl|''ren''}}
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|cantiōne(m)}}<br />{{smallcaps|canticu(m)}}|italic=no}}
	| {{lang|pt|''nada''}} <br /> (''neca'' and ''nula rés'' in some expressions; archaically also {{lang|pt|''rem''}})
	| {{lang|ll|''nada''}}		| {{lang|es|'''canción'''}}<sup>7</sup><br />(arch. {{lang|es|'''cançón'''}})
	| {{lang|ca|''res''}}		| {{lang|gl|'''canción''', '''cançom'''}}<sup>8</sup>
	| {{lang|it|''niente''}}/{{lang|it|''nulla''}}		| {{lang|pt|canção}}
	| {{lang|fr|''rien''}}/{{lang|fr|''nul''}}		| {{lang|ast|'''canción'''}}<br />(also {{lang|ast|'''canciu'''}})
	| {{lang|ro|''nimic/nul''}}		| {{lang|an|'''canta'''}}
			| {{lang|ca|'''cançó'''}}
	| nothing
			| {{lang|fr|chanson}}
	|}
			| {{lang|it|canzone}}
			| {{lang|ro|cântec}}
			| 'song'
			|-
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|magis}}|italic=no}}<br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|plūs}}|italic=no}}
			| {{lang|es|'''más'''}}<br />(arch. {{lang|es|'''plus'''}})
			| {{lang|gl|'''máis'''}}
			| {{lang|pt|mais}}
			| {{lang|ast|'''más'''}}
			| {{lang|an|'''más'''}}<br />(also {{lang|an|'''més'''}})
			| {{lang|ca|'''més'''}}<br />(arch. {{lang|ca|'''pus'''}} or {{lang|ca|'''plus'''}})
			| {{lang|fr|plus}}
			| {{lang|it|più}}
			| {{lang|ro|mai}}
			| 'more'
			|-
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|manu(m)&nbsp;sinistra(m)}}|italic=no}}
			| {{lang|es|'''mano&nbsp;izquierda'''}}<sup>9</sup><br />(arch.&nbsp;{{lang|es|'''mano&nbsp;siniestra'''}})
			| {{lang|gl|'''man&nbsp;esquerda'''}}<sup>9</sup>
			| {{lang|pt|mão&nbsp;esquerda}}<sup>9</sup><br />(arch.&nbsp;{{lang|pt|mão&nbsp;sẽestra}})
			| {{lang|ast|'''manu&nbsp;izquierda'''}}<sup>9</sup><br />(or&nbsp;{{lang|ast|'''esquierda'''}};<br />also {{lang|ast|'''manzorga'''}})
			| {{lang|an|'''man&nbsp;cucha'''}}
			| {{lang|ca|'''mà&nbsp;esquerra'''}}<sup>9</sup><br />(arch.&nbsp;{{lang|ca|'''mà&nbsp;sinistra'''}})
			| {{lang|fr|main&nbsp;gauche}}
			| {{lang|it|mano&nbsp;sinistra}}
			| {{lang|ro|mâna&nbsp;stângă}}
			| 'left&nbsp;hand'
			|-
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|rēs, rĕm}}|italic=no}}&nbsp;"thing"<br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|nūlla(m)&nbsp;rem nāta(m)}}|italic=no}}<br />"no born thing"<br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|mīca(m)}}|italic=no}}&nbsp;"crumb"
			| {{lang|es|'''nada'''}}
			| {{lang|gl|'''nada'''}}<br />(also {{lang|gl|'''ren'''}} and {{lang|gl|'''res'''}})
			| {{lang|pt|nada (arch. rés)}}
			| {{lang|ast|'''nada'''}}<br />(also {{lang|ast|'''un res'''}})
			| {{lang|an|'''cosa'''}}
			| {{lang|ca|'''res'''}}
			| {{lang|fr|rien, nul}}
			| {{lang|it|niente, nulla}}<br />{{lang|it|mica}} (negative particle)
			| {{lang|ro|nimic, nul}}
			| 'nothing'
			|-
			| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|cāseu(m) fōrmāticu(m)}}|italic=no}}<br />"form-cheese"
			| {{lang|es|'''queso'''}}
			| {{lang|gl|'''queixo'''}}
			| {{lang|pt|queijo}}
			| {{lang|ast|'''quesu'''}}
			| {{lang|an|'''queso'''}}
			| {{lang|ca|'''formatge'''}}
			| {{lang|fr|fromage}}
			| {{lang|it|formaggio/cacio}}
			| {{lang|ro|caș}}<sup>10</sup>
			| 'cheese'
			|}</div>
	<small>		<small>
			1. In Romance etymology, Latin terms are given in the Accusative since most forms derive from this case.<br />
	1. also {{lang|pt|''nós outros''}} in early modern Portuguese (e.g. '']'')<br />
			2. As in "us very selves", an emphatic expression.<br />
	2. {{lang|it|''noi '''altri'''''}} in Southern ]<br />
			3. Also {{lang|pt|nós outros}} in early modern Portuguese (e.g. '']''), and {{lang|gl|nosoutros}} in Galician.<br />
	3. Alternatively {{lang|fr|''nous '''autres'''''}}<br />
			4. Alternatively {{lang|fr|nous autres}} in ].<br />
	4. Depending on the written norm used. See ]
			5. {{lang|it|noialtri}} in many Southern ].<br />
			6. Medieval Catalan (e.g. '']'').<br />
			7. Modified with the learned suffix ''-ción''.<br />
			8. Depending on the written norm used (see ]).<br />
			9. From ] ''esku'', "hand" + ''erdi'', "half, incomplete". This negative meaning also applies for Latin ''sinistra(m)'' ("dark, unfortunate").<br />
			10. Romanian ''caș'' (from Latin {{smallcaps|cāsevs}}) means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is ''brânză'' (from unknown etymology).<ref>Often considered to be a substratum word. Other theories suggest, on the basis of what is used to make cheese, a derivation from Latin ''brandeum'' (originally meaning a linen covering, later a thin cloth for relic storage) through an intermediate root *''brandea''. For the development of the meaning, cf. Spanish ''manteca'', Portuguese ''manteiga'', probably from Latin ''mantica'' ('sack'), Italian ''formaggio'' and French ''fromage'' from ''formaticus''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134722/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/br%C3%A2nz%C4%83 |date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
	</small>		</small>
			=== Judaeo-Spanish ===
			{{Further|Judaeo-Spanish}}
			], originally used to print Judaeo-Spanish]]
			]
			Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino,<ref name="Ladino">{{cite web |last=Alfassa |first=Shelomo |title=Ladinokomunita |url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html |date=December 1999 |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture |access-date=4 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402055529/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a variety of Spanish which preserves many features of medieval Spanish and some old Portuguese and is spoken by descendants of the ] who were ].<ref name="Ladino" /> While in Portugal the conversion of Jews occurred earlier and the assimilation of ] was overwhelming, in Spain the Jews kept their language and identity. The relationship of Ladino and Spanish is therefore comparable with that of the ] to ]. Ladino speakers today are almost exclusively ] Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and living mostly in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with a few communities in Hispanic America.<ref name="Ladino" /> Judaeo-Spanish lacks the ] which was acquired by standard Spanish during the ], and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from ], French, Greek and ], and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.
	===Characterization===
	A defining feature of Spanish was the ]ization of the Latin short vowels ''e'' and ''o'' into ''ie'' and ''ue'', respectively, when they were stressed. Similar ] are found in other Romance languages, but in Spanish, they were significant. Some examples:
	* Lat. {{lang|la|''petram''}} > Sp. {{lang|es|''piedra''}}, It. {{lang|it|''pietra''}}, Fr. {{lang|fr|''pierre''}}, Rom. {{lang|ro|''piatrǎ''}}, Port./Gal. {{lang|pt|''pedra''}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|''pedra''}} "stone".
	* Lat. {{lang|la|''moritur''}} > Sp. {{lang|es|''muere''}}, It. {{lang|it|''muore''}}, Fr. {{lang|fr|''meurt''}} / {{lang|fr|''muert''}}, Rom. {{lang|ro|''moare''}}, Port./Gal. {{lang|pt|''morre''}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|''mor''}} "die".
			Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly ''olim'' (immigrants to ]) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to assimilation by modern Spanish.
	Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the ] dialect of Occitan, and possibly due to a Basque ]) was the mutation of Latin initial ''f-'' into ''h-'' whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongate. Compare for instance:
	* Lat. {{lang|la|''filium''}} > It. {{lang|it|''figlio''}}, Port. {{lang|pt|''filho''}}, Gal. {{lang|gl|''fillo''}}, Fr. {{lang|fr|''fils''}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|''fill''}}, Occitan {{lang|oc|''filh''}} (but Gascon {{lang|gsc|''hilh''}}) Sp. {{lang|es|''hijo''}} (but Ladino {{lang|lad|''fijo''}});
	* Lat. {{lang|la|''fabulari''}} > Lad. {{lang|lad|''favlar''}}, Port./Gal. {{lang|pt|''falar''}}, Sp. {{lang|es|''hablar''}};
	* but Lat. {{lang|la|''focum''}} > It. {{lang|it|''fuoco''}}, Port./Gal. {{lang|pt|''fogo''}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|''foc''}}, Sp./Lad. {{lang|es|''fuego''}}.
			A related dialect is ], the Judaeo-Spanish of northern ]. This too, tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
	Some ]s of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, for example:
	* Lat. {{lang|la|''clamare''}}, acc. {{lang|la|''flammam''}}, {{lang|la|''plenum''}} > Lad. {{lang|lad|''lyamar''}}, {{lang|lad|''flama''}}, {{lang|lad|''pleno''}}; Sp. {{lang|es|''llamar''}}, {{lang|es|''llama''}}, {{lang|es|''lleno''}}. However, in Spanish there are also the forms {{lang|la|''clamar''}}, {{lang|lad|''flama''}}, {{lang|lad|''pleno''}}; Port. {{lang|pt|''chamar''}}, {{lang|pt|''chama''}}, {{lang|pt|''cheio''}}; Gal. {{lang|gl|''chamar''}}, {{lang|gl|''chama''}}, {{lang|gl|''cheo''}}.
	* Lat. acc. {{lang|la|''octo''}}, {{lang|la|''noctem''}}, {{lang|la|''multum''}} > Lad. {{lang|lad|''ocho''}}, {{lang|lad|''noche''}}, {{lang|lad|''muncho''}}; Sp. {{lang|es|''ocho''}}, {{lang|es|''noche''}}, {{lang|es|''mucho''}}; Port. {{lang|pt|''oito''}}, {{lang|pt|''noite''}}, {{lang|pt|''muito''}}; Gal. {{lang|gl|''oito''}}, {{lang|gl|''noite''}}, {{lang|gl|''moito''}}.
			== Writing system ==
	By the 16th century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from ] such as ] and ]:
	* Initial {{IPA|/f/}}, when it had evolved into a vacillating {{IPA|/h/}}, was lost in most words (although this etymological ''h-'' is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still aspirated in some words).
	* The consonant written ‹u› or ‹v› (in Latin, this was {{IPA|}}, at the time of the merger it may have been a bilabial fricative {{IPA|/β/}}) merged with the consonant written ‹b› (a ], {{IPA|/b/}}). In contemporary Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic ‹b› and ‹v›, excepting emphatic pronunciations that cannot be considered standard or natural.
	* The ] {{IPA|/z/}} which existed as a separate phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/s/}}. The phoneme which resulted from this merger is currently spelled ''s''.
	* The ] {{IPA|/ʒ/}} merged with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, which evolved into the modern velar sound {{IPA|/x/}} by the 17th century, now written with ''j'', or ''g'' before ''e, i''. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in Uruguay, ''y'' and ''ll'' have both evolved to {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.
	* The ] {{IPA|/d͡z/}} merged with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, which then developed into the interdental {{IPA|/θ/}}, now written ''z'', or ''c'' before ''e, i''. But in ], the ] and the Americas this sound merged with {{IPA|/s/}} as well. See '']'', for further information.
	The consonant system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in ] and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts
	==Writing system==
	{{Main|Spanish orthography}}		{{Main|Spanish orthography}}
	{{Spanish}}		{{Spanish language}}
			Spanish is written in the ], with the addition of the character {{angle bracket|]}} ({{lang|es|eñe}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/]/}}, a letter distinct from {{angle bracket|n}}, although typographically composed of an {{angle bracket|n}} with a ]). Formerly the ] {{angle bracket|ch}} ({{lang|es|che}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) and {{angle bracket|ll}} ({{lang|es|elle}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/]/}} or {{IPA|/ʝ/}}), were also considered single letters. However, the digraph {{angle bracket|rr}} ({{lang|es|erre fuerte}}, 'strong r', {{lang|es|erre doble}}, 'double r', or simply {{lang|es|erre}}), which also represents a distinct phoneme {{IPA|/r/}}, was not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 {{angle bracket|ch}} and {{angle bracket|ll}} have been treated as letter pairs for ] purposes, though they remained a part of the alphabet until 2010. Words with {{angle bracket|ch}} are now alphabetically sorted between those with {{angle bracket|cg}} and {{angle bracket|ci}}, instead of following {{angle bracket|cz}} as they used to. The situation is similar for {{angle bracket|ll}}.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416180544/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch |date=16 April 2008}}, 1st ed.</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012019/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&LEMA=cedilla |date=11 October 2017}}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906105503/https://www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/spanishalphabet.html |date=6 September 2007}} at {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914002335/https://www.spanishpronto.com/ |date=14 September 2007}} {{in lang|es|en}}</ref>
	Spanish is written in the ], with the addition of the character ‹]› ({{lang|es|''eñe''}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, a letter distinct from ‹n›, although typographically composed of an ‹n› with a ]) and the ] ‹ch› ({{lang|es|''che''}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) and ‹ll› ({{lang|es|''elle''}}, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/ʎ/}}). However, the digraph ‹rr› ({{lang|es|''erre fuerte''}}, 'strong r", {{lang|es|''erre doble''}}, 'double r', or simply {{lang|es|''erre''}}), which also represents a distinct phoneme {{IPA|/r/}}, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ‹ch› and ‹ll› have been treated as letter pairs for ] purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with ‹ch› are now alphabetically sorted between those with ‹ce› and ‹ci› , instead of following ‹cz› as they used to. The situation is similar for ‹ll›.<ref>, 1st ed.</ref><ref>, at {{es icon}}, {{en icon}}</ref>
	Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 29 letters:		Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters:
	:a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, <!-- but not rr See previous paragraph. --> s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=abecedario |title=Abecedario |accessdate=2008-06-23 |year=2005 |work=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |publisher=Real Academia Española |language={{es icon}} }}</ref>
			:{{lang|es|A, B, C,<!-- ch considered digraph - see next references. --> D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L,<!-- ll considered digraph - see next references. --> M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, <!-- but not rr See previous paragraph. --> S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.}}
	The letters "k" and "w" are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whiskey, William, etc.).
			Since 2010, none of the digraphs ({{lang|es|ch, ll, rr, gu, qu}}) are considered letters by the Royal Spanish Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario|title=Exclusión de ch y ll del abecedario &#124; Real Academia Española|website=www.rae.es|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205219/https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario|archive-date=28 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
	With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as ''México'' (see ]), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the ] before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ‹y›) or with a vowel followed by ‹n› or ‹s›; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an ] on the ].
			The letters {{lang|es|k}} and {{lang|es|w}} are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages ({{lang|es|kilo, folklore, whisky, kiwi}}, etc.).
	The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain ]s, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a ]: compare {{lang|es|''el''}} ('the', masculine singular definite article) with {{lang|es|''él''}} ('he' or 'it'), or {{lang|es|''te''}} ('you', object pronoun), {{lang|es|''de''}} (preposition 'of'), and {{lang|es|''se''}} (reflexive pronoun) with {{lang|es|''té''}} ('tea'), {{lang|es|''dé''}} ('give' ) and {{lang|es|''sé''}} ('I know' or imperative
	'be').
			With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as {{lang|es|México}} (see ]), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the ] before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including {{angle bracket|y}}) or with a vowel followed by {{angle bracket|n}} or an {{angle bracket|s}}; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an ] on the ].
	The interrogative pronouns ({{lang|es|''qué''}}, {{lang|es|''cuál''}}, {{lang|es|''dónde''}}, {{lang|es|''quién''}}, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives ({{lang|es|''ése''}}, {{lang|es|''éste''}}, {{lang|es|''aquél''}}, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction {{lang|es|''o''}} ('or') is written with an accent between numerals so as not to be confused with a zero: e.g., {{lang|es|''10 ó 20''}} should be read as {{lang|es|''diez o veinte''}} rather than {{lang|es|''diez mil veinte''}} ('10.020'). Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of ]s and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the ] advises against this.
			The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain ]s, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a ]: compare {{lang|es|el}} ('the', masculine singular definite article) with {{lang|es|él}} ('he' or 'it'), or {{lang|es|te}} ('you', object pronoun) with {{lang|es|té}} ('tea'), {{lang|es|de}} (preposition 'of') versus {{lang|es|dé}} ('give' ), and {{lang|es|se}} (reflexive pronoun) versus {{lang|es|sé}} ('I know' or imperative 'be').
	When ‹u› is written between ‹g› and a front vowel (‹e i›), it indicates a "hard g" pronunciation. A ] (‹ü›) indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., ''cigüeña'', 'stork', is pronounced {{IPA|}}; if it were written ‹cigueña›, it would be pronounced {{IPA|}}.
			The interrogative pronouns ({{lang|es|qué}}, {{lang|es|cuál}}, {{lang|es|dónde}}, {{lang|es|quién}}, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives ({{lang|es|ése}}, {{lang|es|éste}}, {{lang|es|aquél}}, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. Accent marks used to be omitted on capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of ]s and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the {{lang|es|Real Academia Española}} advises against this and the orthographic conventions taught at schools enforce the use of the accent.
	Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with ] (‹¿› and ‹¡›, respectively).
			When {{lang|es|u}} is written between {{lang|es|g}} and a front vowel {{lang|es|e}} or {{lang|es|i}}, it indicates a "]" pronunciation. A ] {{lang|es|ü}} indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., {{lang|es|cigüeña}}, 'stork', is pronounced {{IPA|}}; if it were written *{{lang|es|cigueña}}, it would be pronounced *{{IPA|}}).
	==Phonology==
	{{Main|Spanish phonology}}
			Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with ] ({{lang|es|¿}} and {{lang|es|¡}}, respectively) and closed by the usual question and exclamation marks.
	The phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes ]s that are preserved only in some dialects, other dialects having merged them (such as '']''); these are marked with an asterisk (*). Sounds in parentheses are ]s. Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol to the right represents a ].
			== Organizations ==
	{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto:; margin:auto;"
			=== Royal Spanish Academy ===
	|+caption | '''Table of Spanish consonants'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al.|2003|p=255}}</ref>
			{{main|Royal Spanish Academy}}
	|-
	!
	! ]
	! ]
	! ]
	! ]
	! ]
	! ]
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	| {{IPA|m}}
	|
	|
	| {{IPA|n}}
	|{{IPA|ɲ}}
	|
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	| {{IPA|p &nbsp; b}}
	|
	| colspan=2|{{IPA|t̪ &nbsp; d̪}}
	| {{IPA|t͡ʃ &nbsp; ɟ͡ʝ}}
	| {{IPA|k &nbsp; ɡ}}
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	| {{IPA|&nbsp; &nbsp; (β̞)}}
	| {{IPA|f &nbsp; (v)}}
	| {{IPA|*θ &nbsp; (ð̞)}}
	| {{IPA|s &nbsp; (z)}}
	| {{IPA|&nbsp; &nbsp; (ʝ)}}
	| {{IPA|x &nbsp; (ɣ˕)}}
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	|
	|
	|
	| {{IPA|r}}
	|
	|
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	|
	|
	|
	| {{IPA|ɾ}}
	|
	|
	|- style="text-align:center;"
	! ]
	|
	|
	|
	|{{IPA|l}}
	| {{IPA|*ʎ}}
	|
	|}
			The Royal Spanish Academy ({{lang|es|Real Academia Española}}), founded in 1713,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html |title=Scholarly Societies Project |publisher=Lib.uwaterloo.ca |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923234545/http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> together with the 21 other national ones (see ]), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batchelor|first=Ronald Ernest |title=Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage|year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-26987-3|page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815154930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Lexical stress===
			Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (]) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.
	Spanish is a ], so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=152}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abercrombie|1967|p=98}}</ref> Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last or earlier syllables. The ''tendencies'' of stress assignment are as follows:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eddington|2000|p=96}}</ref>
	* In words ending in vowels and {{IPA|/s/}},<!-- please do not add /n/ before discussing it in the talk page --> stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
	* In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the last syllable.
	* Preantepenultimate {{neo}} stress occurs rarely and only in words like ''guardándoselos'' ('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.
			=== Association of Spanish Language Academies ===
	In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous ]s which contrast solely on stress such as ''sábana'' ('sheet') and ''sabana'' ('savannah'), as well as ''límite'' ('boundary'), ''limite'' (' he/she limits') and ''limité'' ('I limited').
			{{main|Association of Spanish Language Academies}}
			]
			The Association of Spanish Language Academies ({{lang|es|Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española}}, or {{lang|es|ASALE}}) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It comprises the academies of 23 countries, ordered by date of academy foundation: ] (1713),<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Academia Española |publisher=RAE |location=Spain |url=http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0 |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929155935/http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0 |archive-date=29 September 2010}}</ref> ] (1871),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2 |title=Presentación de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua |publisher=Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |language=es |location=Colombia |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034313/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2 |archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> ] (1874),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2 |title=Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua |language=es |location=Ecuador |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527091026/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2 |archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ] (1875),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academia.org.mx/historia.php |title=Esbozo Histórico de la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua |publisher=Academia Mexicana de la Lengua |location=Mexico |date=22 September 2010 |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915092057/http://academia.org.mx/historia.php |archive-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=dead |language=es}}</ref> ] (1876),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm |title=Informacion institucional |publisher=Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua |location=El Salvador |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904125413/http://www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm |archive-date=4 September 2011 |language=es}}</ref> ] (1883),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2 |title=Academia Venezolana de la Lengua |language=es |location=Venezuela |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090728/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2 |archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ] (1885),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm |title=Academia Chilena de la Lengua |location=Chile |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905085434/http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm |archive-date=5 September 2010}}</ref> ] (1887),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia |title= Academia Peruana de la Lengua |location= Peru |access-date= 6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101012010318/http://academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia |archive-date= 12 October 2010 |df= dmy-all}}</ref> ] (1887),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2 |title=Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua |language=es |location=Guatemala |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804011930/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2 |archive-date=4 August 2008}}</ref> ] (1923),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php |title=Academia Costarricense de la Lengua |location=Costa Rica |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323194028/http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] (1924),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2 |title=Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española |language=es |publisher=Philippines |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090616/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2 |archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ] (1926),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apalengua.apalengua.org/historia |title=Academia Panameña de la Lengua |location=Panama |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129171943/http://apalengua.apalengua.org/historia |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] (1926),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acul.ohc.cu/ |title=Academia Cubana de la Lengua |location=Cuba |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219083212/http://www.acul.ohc.cu/ |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			] (1927),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aparle.org/origenes.asp |title=Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española |location=Paraguay |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150336/http://www.aparle.org/origenes.asp |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> ] (1927),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/ |title=Academia Dominicana de la Lengua |location=República Dominicana |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222161225/http://www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/ |archive-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> ] (1927),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abolen.org/Historia.html |title=Academia Boliviana de la Lengua |location=Bolivia |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129201058/http://www.abolen.org/Historia.html |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> ] (1928),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2 |title=Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua |language=es |publisher=Nicaragua |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090719/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2 |archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ] (1931),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letras.edu.ar/ |title=Academia Argentina de Letras |location=Argentina |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728121808/http://www.letras.edu.ar/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] (1943),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm |title=Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay |location=Uruguay |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319235222/http://www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm |archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref> ] (1949),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2 |title=Academia Hondureña de la Lengua |language=es |location=Honduras |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527085850/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2 |archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ] (1955),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61 |title=Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española |location=Puerto Rico |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824060727/http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61 |archive-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] (1973)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anle.us/ |title=Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española |location=United States |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212025419/http://anle.us/ |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ] (2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola |title=Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española |location=Equatorial Guinea |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331073309/http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			{{clear left}}
			=== Cervantes Institute ===
	An amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase ''{{lang|es|¿Cómo como como? ¡Como como como!}}'' (What do you mean, how do I eat? I eat the way I eat!).
			{{main|Instituto Cervantes}}
			The {{lang|es|Instituto Cervantes|italic=no}} ('Cervantes Institute') is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branches in 45 countries, with 88 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures and Spanish language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Información sobre el Instituto Cervantes. Quiénes somos: qué es el Instituto Cervantes |url=https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.cervantes.es |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222035/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The goals of the Institute are to promote universally the education, the study, and the use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that help the process of Spanish-language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures in non-Spanish-speaking countries. The institute's 2015 report "El español, una lengua viva" (Spanish, a living language) estimated that there were 559&nbsp;million Spanish speakers worldwide. Its latest annual report "El español en el mundo 2018" (Spanish in the world 2018) counts 577&nbsp;million Spanish speakers worldwide. Among the sources cited in the report is the ], which estimates that the U.S. will have 138&nbsp;million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.<ref>Stephen Burgen, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123045244/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country |date=23 November 2018}}, US News, 29 June 2015.</ref>
			=== Official use by international organizations ===
	==Grammar==
			{{Main list|List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International organizations}}
	{{Main|Spanish grammar}}
			Spanish is one of the official languages of the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and numerous other international organizations.
	Spanish is a relatively ] language, with a two-] system and about fifty ] forms per ], but limited inflection of ]s, ]s, and ]s. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see ] and ].)
			{{clear right}}
	It is ], uses ]s, and usually, though not always, places ]s after ]s - as most other Romance languages. Its ] is generally ], though variations are common. It is a ] (or ]), that is, it allows the deletion of pronouns which are pragmatically unnecessary, and is ].
	==Samples==		== Sample text ==
			Article 1 of the '']'' in Spanish:
	{{wikt|Category:Spanish language}}
			:{{Lang|es|Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|website=ohchr.org|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155322/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn|url-status=live}}</ref>
	{| class="wikitable" border="1"
	|-
	!English
	!Spanish
	!IPA phonemic transcription<br />(abstract phonemes) <sup>1</sup>
	!IPA phonetic transcription<br />(actual sounds) <sup>2</sup>
	|-
	|| Spanish<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Español''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/es.paˈɲol/}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br /> {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| (Castilian) Spanish<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''castellano''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/kas.teˈʎa.no/}}<br />&nbsp;<br />{{IPA|/kas.teˈʝa.no/}} || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Yes<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Sí''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈsi/}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| No || {{lang|es|''No''}} || {{IPA|/ˈno/}} || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Hello || {{lang|es|''Hola''}} || {{IPA|/ˈo.la/}} || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| How are you? || {{lang|es|''¿Cómo estás (tú)?''}} <small>(informal)</small><br />{{lang|es|''¿Cómo está (usted)?''}} <small>(formal)</small><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈko.mo esˈtas/}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Good morning<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Buenos días''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈbue.nos ˈdi.as/}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Good afternoon/evening<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Buenas tardes''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈbue.nas ˈtar.des/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Good night<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Buenas noches''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈbue.nas ˈno.tʃes/}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Goodbye<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Adiós''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/aˈdios/}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Please || {{lang|es|''Por favor''}} || {{IPA|/por faˈbor/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Thank you<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Gracias''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈɡra.θias/}} <sup>3</sup><br />{{IPA|/ˈɡra.sias/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Excuse me<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Perdón''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/perˈdon/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| I am sorry<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Lo siento''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/lo ˈsien.to/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Hurry! <small>(informal)</small><br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''¡Date prisa!''}}|| {{IPA|/ˈda.te ˈpri.sa/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Because || {{lang|es|''Porque''}} || {{IPA|/ˈpor.ke/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Why? || {{lang|es|''¿Por qué?''}} || {{IPA|/por ˈke/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Who?<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''¿Quién?''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈkien/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| What? || {{lang|es|''¿Qué?''}} || {{IPA|/ˈke/}} || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| When? || {{lang|es|''¿Cuándo?''}} || {{IPA|/ˈkuan.do/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Where? || {{lang|es|''¿Dónde?''}} || {{IPA|/ˈdon.de/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| How? || {{lang|es|''¿Cómo?''}} || {{IPA|/ˈko.mo/}} || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| How much? || {{lang|es|''¿Cuánto(-a)?''}} || {{IPA|/ˈkuan.to/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| I do not understand || {{lang|es|''No entiendo''}} || {{IPA|/no enˈtien.do/}} <sup>3</sup> || {{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Help me (please) <small>(formal)</small><br />&nbsp;<br />Help me! <small>(informal)</small><br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''Ayúde(n)me''<br />&nbsp;<br />''¡Ayúdame!''<br />&nbsp;}}|| {{IPA|/aˈʝu.de.me/}}<br>{{IPA|/aˈʝu.da.me/}} || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Where is the bathroom?<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''¿Dónde está el baño?''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈdon.de esˈta el ˈba.ɲo/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Do you speak English? <small>(informal)</small><br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''¿Hablas inglés?''}}<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/ˈa.blas inˈɡles/}} <sup>3</sup><br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|-
	|| Cheers! <br />&nbsp; || {{lang|es|''¡Salud!''}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|/saˈlud/}}<br />&nbsp; || {{IPA|}}<br />{{IPA|}}
	|}
			Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:
	<small>1 Phonemic representation of the abstract phonological entities (phonemes), 2 phonetic representation of the actual sounds pronounced (phones). In both cases, when several representations are given, the first one corresponds to the dialect in the recording (Castilian with ''yeísmo'') and the rest to several other dialects not in the recording.<br />3 The nasal and rhotic sounds undergo a certain degree of neutralization and are represented as {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} in phonemic transcription even when the phonetic realization differs from {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}}.</small>
			:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|newspaper=United Nations |access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==See also==		== See also ==
			{{Portal|Language}}
	<div class="references" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
	{{col-start}}		{{col-start}}
	{{col-2}}		{{col-break}}
	* ]
			===Spanish words and phrases===
	* ]
			* ]
	* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			===Spanish-speaking world===
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{col-break}}
			===Influences on the Spanish language===
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			===Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish===
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	{{col-2}}
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
			{{col-break}}
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	{{col-end}}
	</div>
	===Local varieties===		===Spanish dialects and varieties===
			* ]
	{{col-start}}
			* European Spanish
	{{col-2}}
	]		** ]
	* ]		*** ]
			**** ]
	* ]
	* ]		*** ]
	* ] (Galician Spanish)		*** ] (Galician Spanish)
			*** ] (Extremaduran Spanish)
	* ]
			*** ]
	]		** ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		** ]
	* ]		** ]
	* ]		** ]
			** ]
	{{col-2}}
			** ]
	]		* Spanish in Africa
	* ]		** ]
	* ]		** ]
			* Spanish in Asia
			** ]
	Asia
	* ]
	{{col-end}}		{{col-end}}
	==References==		== References ==
			=== Citations ===
	{{reflist|2}}
			{{reflist|1=2}}
	==Bibliography==		=== Sources ===
			{{refbegin}}
	*{{citation
			* {{Cite book
	|last = Abercrombie
			|last = Abercrombie
	|first= David
			|first = David
	|year= 1967
	|title=Elements of General Phonetics		|year = 1967
			|title = Elements of General Phonetics
	|place=Edinburgh		|place = Edinburgh
	|publisher=]		|publisher = ]
			|isbn = 978-0-85224-451-7
	}}		}}
	*{{citation		* {{cite book
			|last1=Eberhard
	|last = Cressey
			|first1=David M.
	|first= William Whitney
			|last2=Simons
	|year= 1978
			|first2=Gary F.
	|title=Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View
			|last3=Fennig
	|publisher=]
			|first3=Charles D.
	|isbn=0878400451
			|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World
			|url=http://www.ethnologue.com
			|year=2020
			|publisher=SIL International
			|location=Dallas, Texas
			|edition=23rd
			|access-date=22 June 2002
			|archive-date=6 April 2006
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406012854/http://www.ethnologue.com/
			|url-status=live
	}}		}}
	*{{citation		* {{cite book
			|last1=Butt
	|last = Eddington
			|first1=John
	|first= David
			|last2=Benjamin
	|year= 2000
			|first2=Carmen
	|title=Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language
			|title=A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish
			|url=https://archive.org/details/newreferencegram0000butt
			|url-access=registration
			|year=2011
			|publisher=Oxford University Press
			|location=Oxford
			|isbn=978-1-4441-3769-9
			|edition=5th
			}}
			* {{cite book
			|last=Cressey
			|first=William Whitney
			|year=1978
			|title=Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View
			|location=Washington, D.C.
			|publisher=Georgetown University Press
			|isbn=0-87840-045-1
			}}
			* {{cite book
			|last=Dalby
			|first=Andrew
			|year=1998
			|title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
			|publisher=Columbia University Press
			|isbn=0-231-11568-7
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501
			|access-date=28 October 2020
			|archive-date=17 August 2021
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817044903/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501
			|url-status=live
			}}
			* {{cite journal
			|last=Eddington
			|first=David
			|year=2000
			|title=Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language
	|journal=Language		|journal=Language
	|volume=76		|volume=76
	|issue=1		|issue=1
	|pages=92–109		|pages=92–109
	|url= http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf		|url=http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf
	|doi = 10.2307/417394		|doi=10.2307/417394
			|jstor=417394
			|access-date=7 April 2010
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708183631/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf
			|archive-date=8 July 2013
			|url-status=dead
	}}		}}
	*{{citation		* {{Cite book
	|last = Harris		|last1 = Ginsburgh
			|first1 = Victor
	|first= James
	|year= 1967		|last2 = Weber
			|first2 = Shlomo
	|title=Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness
			|year = 2011
	|journal=Language
			|title = How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity
	|volume=45
			|publisher = Princeton University Press
	|issue=3
			|isbn = 978-0-691-13689-9
	|pages=538–552
			|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90
			|access-date = 28 October 2020
			|archive-date = 16 August 2021
			|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90
			|url-status = live
	}}		}}
			* {{Cite journal |last = Harris
	*{{citation
			|first = James
	|last = Martínez-Celdrán
			|year = 1967
	|first= Eugenio
			|title = Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness
	|last2 = Fernández-Planas
			|journal = Language
	|first2= Ana Ma.
			|volume = 45
	|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
			|issue = 3
	|first3 = Josefina
			|pages = 538–52
	|year= 2003
			|doi = 10.2307/411438
	|title=Castilian Spanish
			|jstor = 411438
	|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
	|volume=33
	|issue=2
	|pages=255–259
	|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
	}}		}}
			* {{Cite book
	==External links==
			|last=Hualde
	{{InterWiki|code=es}}
			|first=José Ignacio
	{{Wiktionary|Category:Spanish Language}}
			|year=2014
	{{Wiktionarylang|code=es}}
			|title=Los sonidos del español
	{{Wikibooks|Subject:Spanish language}}
			|publisher=Cambridge University Press
	{{Wikisourceinlang|code=es}}
			|isbn=978-0-521-16823-6
	{{Wikiversity|Spanish}}
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14
	<!-- ==============={{NoMoreLinks}} (modified)=========================-->
			|access-date=28 October 2020
	<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE.[REDACTED] IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS. |-->
			|archive-date=10 December 2020
	<!-- If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |-->
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210143921/https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14
	<!-- but put it on this article's discussion page first for others to discuss |-->
			|url-status=live
	<!-- or submit your link |-->
			}}
	<!-- to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) |-->
			* {{Cite journal |last = Jensen
	<!-- and link back here to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |-->
			|first = John B.
	<!-- |-->
			|year = 1989
	<!-- Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |-->
			|title = On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese
	<!-- See ] and ] for details |-->
			|journal = Hispania
	<!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:External_links |-->
			|volume = 72
	<!--==============={{NoMoreLinks}} (modified)==========================-->
			|issue = 4
	<!-- -->
			|pages = 848–852
	<!-- EVEN A USEFUL SITE MAY NOT MEET OUR RULES! -->
			|jstor = 343562
	<!-- As an encyclopedia we have to be picky! -->
			|doi = 10.2307/343562
	<!-- BLOGS & FORUMS: NEVER LINKABLE! -->
			}}
	<!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources -->
			* {{Citation
	* {{es icon}} ]'s official Spanish language dictionary
			|last1=Ladefoged
	* – ] Languages
			|first1=Peter
	* - altogether 260348 entries.
			|last2=Johnson
	*
			|first2=Keith
	* ] on ]
			|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
	* by ] and ].
			|year=2010
	{{Official UN languages}}
			|title=A Course in Phonetics
	{{Official EU languages}}
			|edition=6th
	{{Romance languages}}
			|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing
	{{Languages of Europe}}
			|place=Boston, Massachusetts
	{{Languages of South America}}
			|isbn=978-1-4282-3126-9
	{{Spanish variants by continent}}
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC
			|access-date=17 June 2015
			|archive-date=24 March 2019
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324222411/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC
			|url-status=live
			}}
			* {{Cite journal |last1 = Martínez-Celdrán
			|first1 = Eugenio
			|last2 = Fernández-Planas
			|first2 = Ana Ma.
			|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
			|first3 = Josefina
			|year = 2003
			|title = Castilian Spanish
			|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
			|volume = 33
			|issue = 2
			|pages = 255–59
			|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
			|doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024
			|doi-access = free
			}}
			* {{Citation
			|last1=Moreno Fernández
			|first1=Francisco
			|last2=Otero Roth
			|first2=Jaime
			|author-link=Francisco Moreno Fernández
			|year=2008
			|title=Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo
			|place=Barcelona
			|publisher=Ariel
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrUSulWCJxUC
			|isbn=9788408084358
			|access-date=4 December 2023
			|archive-date=22 January 2024
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225405/https://books.google.com/books?id=yrUSulWCJxUC
			|url-status=live
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			|last=Penny
			|first=Ralph
			|year=1991
			|title=A History of the Spanish Language
			|publisher=Cambridge University Press
			|isbn=0-521-39784-7
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres
			|access-date=28 October 2020
			|archive-date=14 August 2021
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814152615/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres
			|url-status=live
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			|last=Penny
			|first=Ralph
			|year=2000
			|title=Variation and Change in Spanish
			|publisher=Cambridge University Press
			|isbn=0-521-78045-4
			|url=https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000penn
			|url-access=registration
			}}
			* {{Citation | url = http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS | publisher = UN | title = Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012 | format = XLS | ref = {{harvid | UN | 2011}} | access-date = 11 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100615/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS | archive-date = 15 January 2013 | url-status = dead }}
			* {{citation
			|last=Rubino
			|first=Carl
			|chapter=Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode.
			|year=2008
			|title=Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates
			|editor-last=Michaelis
			|editor-first=Susanne
			|publisher=Benjamins
			|place=Amsterdam
			|pages=279–299
			|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino
			|isbn=978-90-272-5255-5
			|access-date=28 October 2020
			|archive-date=19 December 2020
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219223029/https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino
			|url-status=live
			}}
			* {{Cite journal |first=Ángeles |year=2011 |last=Vicente |title=La presencia de la lengua española en el Norte de África y su interacción con el árabe marroquí |url=https://www.academia.edu/2535550 |journal=Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana |volume=9 |issue=2 |jstor=41678471 |page=62 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225403/https://www.academia.edu/2535550 |url-status=live }}
			* {{Citation
			|last = Zamora Vicente
			|first = Alonso
			|year = 1967
			|title = Dialectología española
			|place = Madrid
			|publisher = Gredos
			|url = https://archive.org/details/dialectologiaesp0000alon/mode/2up
			|url-access = registration
			|isbn = 978-8-424-91115-7
			}}
			{{refend}}
			== External links ==
	{{Latinunion}}
			; Organizations
			* , Royal Spanish Academy. Spain's official institution, with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language
			* , Cervantes Institute. A Spanish government agency, responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of the Spanish language and culture.
			* , Foundation of Emerging Spanish. A non-profit organization with collaboration of the RAE which mission is to clarify doubts and ambiguities of Spanish.
			; Educational websites
			* , Exercises targeted toward Spanish language teachers (ELE)
			* , Spanish activities and material
			{{Sister bar |auto=1|wikt=Category:Spanish language|d=y|iw=es}}
			{{Spanish variants by continent}}
			{{Romance languages|state=collapsed}}
			{{Authority control}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish Language}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish Language}}
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Romance language

"Castilian language" redirects here. For the specific variety of the language, see Castilian Spanish. For the broader branch of Ibero-Romance, see West Iberian languages.

Spanish
Castilian
español castellano
Pronunciation	[espaˈɲol] [kasteˈʝano] , [kasteˈʎano]
Speakers	Native: 500 million (2024) Total: 601 million 101 million speakers with limited capacity (24 million students)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Ibero-Romance West Iberian Castilian Spanish
Early forms	Vulgar Latin Old Spanish Early Modern Spanish
Writing system	Latin script (Spanish alphabet) Spanish Braille
Signed forms	Signed Spanish (using signs of the local language)
Official status
Official language in	20 countries Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Spain Uruguay Venezuela Dependent territories Puerto Rico Partially recognized country Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Significant minority Andorra Belize Gibraltar United States International organizations African Union Andean Community Association of Caribbean States Caribbean Community CELAC European Union ALADI Latin American Parliament Mercosur OSCE Organization of American States United Nations Union of South American Nations Organization of Ibero-American States
Regulated by	Association of Spanish Language Academies (Real Academia Española and 22 other national Spanish language academies)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	es
ISO 639-2	spa
ISO 639-3	spa
Glottolog	stan1288
Linguasphere	51-AAA-b
Official majority language   Co-official or administrative language but not majority native language   Secondary language (more than 20% Spanish speakers) or culturally important
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 600 million speakers including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico.

Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group, in which the language is also known as Castilian (castellano). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo, a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile, in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas.

As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French, it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences. Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English.

Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations, including the United Nations, European Union, Organization of American States, Union of South American Nations, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, African Union, among others.

Name of the language and etymology

Main article: Names given to the Spanish language

Name of the language

In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile, contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, Asturian, Catalan/Valencian, Aragonese, Occitan and other minor languages.

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages"). Article III reads as follows:

El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas...
Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...

The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española), on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano.

The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms—español and castellano—are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.

Etymology

The term castellano is related to Castile (Castilla or archaically Castiella), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile, in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle').

In the Middle Ages, the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar. Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano (romanz castellano, romanz de Castiella), lenguaje de Castiella, and ultimately simply as castellano (noun).

Different etymologies have been suggested for the term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin *hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula.

There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that the classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin, as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon).

History

Main article: History of the Spanish language

Like the other Romance languages, the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War, beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages)—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages, and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque, Iberian, Lusitanian, Celtiberian and Gallaecian.

The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages—Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance), Navarro-Aragonese, Leonese, Catalan/Valencian, Portuguese, Galician, Occitan, and later, French and Italian. Spanish also borrowed a considerable number of words from Arabic, as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin, the form of Latin in use at that time.

According to the theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal, local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos, and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo, where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista, and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic-derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid, from the 1570s.

The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages, including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o—which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table:

Latin	Spanish	Ladino	Aragonese	Asturian	Galician	Portuguese	Catalan	Gascon / Occitan	French	Sardinian	Italian	Romanian	English
petra	piedra				pedra			pedra, pèira	pierre	pedra, perda	pietra	piatră	'stone'
terra	tierra				terra			tèrra	terre	terra		țară	'land'
moritur	muere			muerre	morre		mor	morís	meurt	mòrit	muore	moare	'dies (v.)'
mortem	muerte				morte		mort	mòrt	mort	morte, morti	morte	moarte	'death'

Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants (geminates) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año, and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo).

The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced in Classical Latin had probably "fortified" to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v.

Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary, and found in a small area of Calabria), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h-, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f-/h- doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make") is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied").

Compare the examples in the following table:

Latin	Spanish	Ladino	Aragonese	Asturian	Galician	Portuguese	Catalan	Gascon / Occitan	French	Sardinian	Italian	Romanian	English
filium	hijo	fijo (or hijo)	fillo	fíu	fillo	filho	fill	filh, hilh	fils	fizu, fìgiu, fillu	figlio	fiu	'son'
facere	hacer	fazer	fer	facer		fazer	fer	far, faire, har (or hèr)	faire	fàghere, fàere, fàiri	fare	a face	'to do'
febrem	fiebre (calentura)				febre			fèbre, frèbe, hrèbe (or herèbe)	fièvre	calentura	febbre	febră	'fever'
focum	fuego			fueu	fogo		foc	fuòc, fòc, huèc	feu	fogu	fuoco	foc	'fire'

Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table:

Latin	Spanish	Ladino	Aragonese	Asturian	Galician	Portuguese	Catalan	Gascon / Occitan	French	Sardinian	Italian	Romanian	English
clāvem	llave	clave	clau	llave	chave	chave	clau		clé	giae, crae, crai	chiave	cheie	'key'
flamma	llama	flama		chama	chama, flama		flama		flamme	framma	fiamma	flamă	'flame'
plēnum	lleno	pleno	plen	llenu	cheo	cheio, pleno	ple	plen	plein	prenu	pieno	plin	'plenty, full'
octō	ocho		güeito	ocho, oito	oito	oito (oito)	vuit, huit	uèch, uòch, uèit	huit	oto	otto	opt	'eight'
multum	mucho muy	muncho muy	muito mui	munchu mui	moito moi	muito	molt	molt (arch.)	très, beaucoup, moult	meda	molto	mult	'much, very, many'

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants, known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes, which resulted in the distinctive velar pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩). See History of Spanish (Modern development of the Old Spanish sibilants) for details.

The Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to the grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."

From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America. Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").

In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language.

Geographical distribution

See also: Hispanophone

Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers. An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language, making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also the third most used language on the Internet, after English and Chinese.

Europe

Main article: Peninsular Spanish

Spanish is the official language of Spain. Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing the language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward.

Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra.

Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. Spanish is an official language of the European Union.

Americas

Hispanic America

Main article: Spanish language in the Americas

Today, the majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure—of Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní), Peru (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay, and Venezuela.

United States

Main article: Spanish language in the United States See also: Spanish language in California, New Mexican Spanish, and Isleño Spanish

Spanish language has a long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce.

According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of the U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico, where it is also an official language along with English.

Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico. The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York, San Francisco, Dallas, Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor, as well as more recently, Chicago, Las Vegas, Boston, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Atlanta, Nashville, Orlando, Tampa, Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration.

Rest of the Americas

Although Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language.

Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.

Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (ABC Islands) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba) is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish.

In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil. In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.

Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

See also: Equatoguinean Spanish

Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in the Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages.

Spanish is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence.

North Africa and Macaronesia

See also: Canarian Spanish and Saharan Spanish

Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off the northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century, and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as a second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system.

While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco, stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of the population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education).

In Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, a primarily Hassaniya Arabic-speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria), where the Spanish language is still taught as a second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown.

Spanish is also an official language of the African Union.

Asia

See also: Chavacano, Philippine Spanish, and Spanish language in the Philippines

Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization, it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos (Ilustrados). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing.

Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after the Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog.

Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of the country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely.

Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish, owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898.

Oceania

Spanish is the official and most spoken language on Easter Island, which is geographically part of Polynesia in Oceania and politically part of Chile. However, Easter Island's traditional language is Rapa Nui, an Eastern Polynesian language.

As a legacy of comprising the former Spanish East Indies, Spanish loan words are present in the local languages of Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Marshall Islands and Micronesia.

In addition, in Australia and New Zealand, there are native Spanish communities, resulting from emigration from Spanish-speaking countries (mainly from the Southern Cone).

Spanish speakers by country

20 countries and one United States territory speak Spanish officially, and the language has a significant unofficial presence in the rest of the United States along with Andorra, Belize and the territory of Gibraltar.

Worldwide Spanish fluency (grey and * signifies official language)

Country	Population	Speakers of Spanish as a native language	Native speakers and proficient speakers as a second language	Total number of Spanish speakers (including limited competence speakers)
Mexico*	132,274,416	124,073,402 (93.8%)	128,041,635 (96.8%)	131,216,221 (99.2%)
United States	334,914,895	43,369,734 (13.7%)	43,369,734 (82% of U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish very well (according to a 2011 survey). There are 65.1 million Hispanics in the U.S. as of 2023 + 2.8 mill. non Hispanic Spanish speakers)	58,869,734 (43.4 million as a first language + 15.5 million as a second language. To avoid double counting, the number does not include 8 million Spanish students and some of the 7.7 million undocumented Hispanics not accounted by the Census)
Colombia*	52,695,952	52,168,992 (99%)	52,274,384 (99.2%)
Spain*	48,797,875	41,770,981 (85.6%)	46,845,960 (96%)	48,553,886 (99.5%)
Argentina*	47,067,641	45,561,476 (96.8%)	46,173,356 (98.1%)	46,785,235 (99.4%)
Venezuela*	32,605,423	31,507,179 (1,098,244 with another mother tongue)	31,725,077 (97.3%)	32,214,158 (98.8%)
Peru*	34,102,668	28,271,112 (82.9%)	29,532,910 (86.6%)
Chile*	20,086,377	19,015,592 (281,600 with another mother tongue)	19,262,836 (95.9%)	19,945,772 (99.3%)
Ecuador*	18,350,000	17,065,500 (93%)	17,579,300 (95.8%)	18,001,350 (98.1%)
Guatemala*	17,357,886	12,133,162 (69.9%)	13,591,225 (78.3%)	14,997,214 (86.4%)
Cuba*	11,181,595	11,159,232 (99.8%)	11,159,232 (99.8%)
Bolivia*	12,006,031	7,287,661 (60.7%)	9,965,006 (83%)	10,553,301 (87.9%)
Dominican Republic*	10,621,938	10,367,011 (97.6%)	10,367,011 (97.6%)	10,473,231 (99.6%)
Honduras*	9,526,440	9,318,690 (207,750 with another mother tongue)	9,402,596 (98.7%)
France	67,407,241	477,564 (1% of 47,756,439)	1,910,258 (4% of 47,756,439)	6,685,901 (14% of 47,756,439)
Paraguay*	7,453,695	5,083,420 (61.5%)	6,596,520 (68.2%)	6,484,714 (87%)
Nicaragua*	6,595,674	6,285,677 (490,124 with another mother tongue)	6,404,399 (97.1%)
El Salvador*	6,330,947	6,316,847 (14,100 with another mother tongue)	6,311,954 (99.7%)
Brazil	214,100,000	460,018	460,018	6,056,018 (460,018 immigrants native speakers + 96,000 descendants of Spanish immigrants + 5,500,000 can hold a conversation)
Italy	60,542,215	255,459	1,037,248 (2% of 51,862,391)	5,704,863 (11% of 51,862,391)
Costa Rica*	5,262,374	5,176,956 (84,310 with another mother tongue)	5,225,537 (99.3%)
Panama*	4,278,500	3,777,457 (501,043 with another mother tongue)	3,931,942 (91.9%)
Uruguay*	3,543,026	3,392,826 (150,200 with another mother tongue)	3,486,338 (98.4%)
Puerto Rico*	3,285,874	3,095,293 (94.2%)	3,253,015 (99%)
United Kingdom	67,081,000	120,000	518,480 (1% of 51,848,010)	3,110,880 (6% of 51,848,010)
Germany	83,190,556	375,207	644,091 (1% of 64,409,146)	2,576,366 (4% of 64,409,146)
Canada	34,605,346	600,795 (1.6%)	1,171,450 (3.2%)	1,775,000
Morocco	35,601,000	6,586	6,586	1,664,823 (10%)
Equatorial Guinea*	1,505,588		1,114,135 (74%)	1,320,401 (87.7%)
Portugal	10,352,042		323,237 (4% of 8,080,915)	1,089,995
Romania	21,355,849		182,467 (1% of 18,246,731)	912,337 (5% of 18,246,731)
Netherlands	16,665,900		133,719 (1% of 13,371,980)	668,599 (5% of 13,371,980)
Ivory Coast	21,359,000			566,178 (students)
Australia	21,507,717	117,498	117,498	547,397 (117,498 native speakers + 374,571 limited competence speakers + 55,328 students)
Philippines	101,562,305	4,803	4,803	500,092 (4,803 native + 461,689 limited competence + 33,600 students)
Sweden	9,555,893	77,912 (1% of 7,791,240)	77,912 (1% of 7,791,240)	467,474 (6% of 7,791,240)
Belgium	10,918,405		89,395 (1% of 8,939,546)	446,977 (5% of 8,939,546)
Benin	10,008,749			412,515 (students)
Senegal	12,853,259			356,000 (students)
Poland	38,092,000		324,137 (1% of 32,413,735)	324,137 (1% of 32,413,735)
Austria	8,205,533		70,098 (1% of 7,009,827)	280,393 (4% of 7,009,827)
Belize	430,191	224,130 (52.1%)	224,130 (52.1%)	270,160 (62.8%)
Algeria	33,769,669		175,000	223,000
Switzerland	8,570,146	197,113 (2.3%)	197,113	211,533 (14,420 students)
Cameroon	21,599,100			193,018 (students)
Denmark	5,484,723		45,613 (1% of 4,561,264)	182,450 (4% of 4,561,264)
Israel	7,112,359		130,000	175,000
Japan	127,288,419	108,000	108,000	168,000 (60,000 students)
Gabon	1,545,255			167,410 (students)
Bonaire and Curaçao	223,652	10,006	10,006	150,678
Ireland	4,581,269		35,220 (1% of 3,522,000)	140,880 (4% of 3,522,000)
Finland	5,244,749			133,200 (3% of 4,440,004)
Bulgaria	7,262,675		130,750 (2% of 6,537,510)	130,750 (2% of 6,537,510)
Norway	5,165,800	13,000	13,000	129,168 (92,168 students)
Czech Republic	10,513,209			90,124 (1% of 9,012,443)
Russia	146,171,015	3,000	3,000	87,313 (84,313 students)
Hungary	9,957,731			83,206 (1% of 8,320,614)
Aruba	101,484	13,710	75,402	83,064
Trinidad and Tobago	1,317,714	4,000	4,000	70,401
Guam		1,201	1,201	60,582
China	1,411,778,724	5,000	5,000	59,499 (54,499 students)
New Zealand		22,000	22,000	58,373 (36,373 students)
Slovenia			35,194 (2% of 1,759,701)	52,791 (3% of 1,759,701)
India	1,386,745,000	1,000	1,000	50,264 (49,264 students)
Andorra	84,484	30,414	30,414	47,271
Slovakia	5,455,407			45,500 (1% of 4,549,955)
Gibraltar	29,441	22,758 (77.3%)
Lithuania	2,972,949			28,297 (1% of 2,829,740)
Luxembourg	524,853	4,049 (1% of 404,907)	8,098 (2% of 404,907)	24,294 (6% of 404,907)
Western Sahara	513,000	N/A		22,000
Turkey	83,614,362	1,000	1,000	20,346 (4,346 students)
US Virgin Islands		16,788	16,788	16,788
Latvia	2,209,000			13,943 (1% of 1,447,866)
Cyprus				2% of 660,400
Estonia				9,457 (1% of 945,733)
Jamaica	2,711,476	8,000	8,000	8,000
Namibia		666	3,866	3,866
Egypt				3,500 (students)
Malta				3,354 (1% of 335,476)
Total	7,626,000,000 (total world population)	480,000,000 (6%)	506,650,703 (6.5%)	595,000,000 (7.5%)

Grammar

Main article: Spanish grammar

Most of the grammatical and typological features of Spanish are shared with the other Romance languages. Spanish is a fusional language. The noun and adjective systems exhibit two genders and two numbers. In addition, articles and some pronouns and determiners have a neuter gender in their singular form. There are about fifty conjugated forms per verb, with 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 aspects for past: perfective, imperfective; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 persons: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 verboid forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. The indicative mood is the unmarked one, while the subjunctive mood expresses uncertainty or indetermination, and is commonly paired with the conditional, which is a mood used to express "would" (as in, "I would eat if I had food"); the imperative is a mood to express a command, commonly a one word phrase – "¡Di!" ("Talk!").

Verbs express T-V distinction by using different persons for formal and informal addresses. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.)

Spanish syntax is considered right-branching, meaning that subordinate or modifying constituents tend to be placed after head words. The language uses prepositions (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for case), and usually—though not always—places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Romance languages.

Spanish is classified as a subject–verb–object language; however, as in most Romance languages, constituent order is highly variable and governed mainly by topicalization and focus. It is a "pro-drop", or "null-subject" language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are pragmatically unnecessary. Spanish is described as a "verb-framed" language, meaning that the direction of motion is expressed in the verb while the mode of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. subir corriendo or salir volando; the respective English equivalents of these examples—'to run up' and 'to fly out'—show that English is, by contrast, "satellite-framed", with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier).

Phonology

Main article: Spanish phonology

The Spanish phonological system evolved from that of Vulgar Latin. Its development exhibits some traits in common with other Western Romance languages, others with the neighboring Hispanic varieties—especially Leonese and Aragonese—as well as other features unique to Spanish. Spanish is alone among its immediate neighbors in having undergone frequent aspiration and eventual loss of the Latin initial /f/ sound (e.g. Cast. harina vs. Leon. and Arag. farina). The Latin initial consonant sequences pl-, cl-, and fl- in Spanish typically merge as ll- (originally pronounced ), while in Aragonese they are preserved in most dialects, and in Leonese they present a variety of outcomes, including , , and . Where Latin had -li- before a vowel (e.g. filius) or the ending -iculus, -icula (e.g. auricula), Old Spanish produced , that in Modern Spanish became the velar fricative (hijo, oreja), whereas neighboring languages have the palatal lateral (e.g. Portuguese filho, orelha; Catalan fill, orella).

Segmental phonology

The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect). The main allophonic variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels /i/ and /u/ to glides— and respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels /e/ and /o/, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs /je/ and /we/ respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as morphophonemic rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone.

The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three nasal phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) lateral phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position lose their contrast and are subject to assimilation to a following consonant; (2) three voiceless stops and the affricate /tʃ/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) voiceless fricatives; (4) a set of voiced obstruents—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "tapped" and "trilled" r-sounds (single ⟨r⟩ and double ⟨rr⟩ in orthography).

In the following table of consonant phonemes, /ʎ/ is marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that it is preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects it has been merged with /ʝ/ in the merger called yeísmo. Similarly, /θ/ is also marked with an asterisk to indicate that most dialects do not distinguish it from /s/ (see seseo), although this is not a true merger but an outcome of different evolution of sibilants in Southern Spain.

The phoneme /ʃ/ is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in loanwords. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes /b/, /d/, /ʝ/, and /ɡ/ appears to the right of a pair of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the voiceless phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate allophonically (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and approximant pronunciations.

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Nasal		m				n		ɲ
Stop	p	b	t	d			tʃ	ʝ	k	ɡ
Continuant	f		θ*		s		(ʃ)		x
Lateral						l		ʎ*
Flap						ɾ
Trill						r

Prosody

Spanish is classified by its rhythm as a syllable-timed language: each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.

Spanish intonation varies significantly according to dialect but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.) and rising tone for yes/no questions. There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation.

Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-to-last or earlier syllables. Stress tends to occur as follows:

• in words that end with a monophthong, on the penultimate syllable
• when the word ends in a diphthong, on the final syllable.
• in words that end with a consonant, on the last syllable, with the exception of two grammatical endings: -n, for third-person-plural of verbs, and -s, for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs. However, even though a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are also stressed on the penult (joven, virgen, mitin), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are stressed on their last syllable (capitán, almacén, jardín, corazón).
• Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, only on verbs with clitic pronouns attached (e.g. guardándoselos 'saving them for him/her/them/you').

In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs that contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'); límite ('boundary'), limite ('he/she limits') and limité ('I limited'); líquido ('liquid'), liquido ('I sell off') and liquidó ('he/she sold off').

The orthographic system unambiguously reflects where the stress occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last letter is ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or a vowel, in which cases the stress falls on the next-to-last (penultimate) syllable. Exceptions to those rules are indicated by an acute accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable. (See Spanish orthography.)

Speaker population

Spanish is the official, or national language in 18 countries and one territory in the Americas, Spain, and Equatorial Guinea. With a population of over 410 million, Hispanophone America accounts for the vast majority of Spanish speakers, of which Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country. In the European Union, Spanish is the mother tongue of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language. Additionally, Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States and is by far the most popular foreign language among students. In 2015, it was estimated that over 50 million Americans spoke Spanish, about 41 million of whom were native speakers. With continued immigration and increased use of the language domestically in public spheres and media, the number of Spanish speakers in the United States is expected to continue growing over the forthcoming decades.

Dialectal variation

Main article: Spanish dialects and varieties

While being mutually intelligible, there are important variations (phonological, grammatical, and lexical) in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas.

The national variety with the most speakers is Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers (more than 112 million of the total of more than 500 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the reduction or loss of unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.

In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. The speech from the educated classes of Madrid is the standard variety for use on radio and television in Spain and it is indicated by many as the one that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish. Central (European) Spanish speech patterns have been noted to be in the process of merging with more innovative southern varieties (including Eastern Andalusian and Murcian), as an emerging interdialectal levelled koine buffered between the Madrid's traditional national standard and the Seville speech trends.

Phonology

See also: Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish

The four main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme /θ/, (2) the debuccalization of syllable-final /s/, (3) the sound of the spelled ⟨s⟩, (4) and the phoneme /ʎ/.

• The phoneme /θ/ (spelled c before e or i and spelled ⟨z⟩ elsewhere), a voiceless dental fricative as in English thing, is maintained by a majority of Spain's population, especially in the northern and central parts of the country. In other areas (some parts of southern Spain, the Canary Islands, and the Americas), /θ/ does not exist and /s/ occurs instead. The maintenance of phonemic contrast is called distinción in Spanish, while the merger is generally called seseo (in reference to the usual realization of the merged phoneme as ) or, occasionally, ceceo (referring to its interdental realization, , in some parts of southern Spain). In most of Hispanic America, the spelled ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and spelled ⟨z⟩ is always pronounced as a voiceless dental sibilant.
• The debuccalization (pronunciation as , or loss) of syllable-final /s/ is associated with the southern half of Spain and lowland Americas: Central America (except central Costa Rica and Guatemala), the Caribbean, coastal areas of southern Mexico, and South America except Andean highlands. Debuccalization is frequently called "aspiration" in English, and aspiración in Spanish. When there is no debuccalization, the syllable-final /s/ is pronounced as voiceless "apico-alveolar" sibilant or as a voiceless dental sibilant in the same fashion as in the next paragraph.
• The sound that corresponds to the letter ⟨s⟩ is pronounced in northern and central Spain as a voiceless "apico-alveolar" sibilant (also described acoustically as "grave" and articulatorily as "retracted"), with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of retroflex fricatives. In Andalusia, Canary Islands and most of Hispanic America (except in the Paisa region of Colombia) it is pronounced as a voiceless dental sibilant , much like the most frequent pronunciation of the /s/ of English.
• The phoneme /ʎ/, spelled ⟨ll⟩, a palatal lateral consonant that can be approximated by the sound of the ⟨lli⟩ of English million, tends to be maintained in less-urbanized areas of northern Spain and in the highland areas of South America, as well as in Paraguay and lowland Bolivia. Meanwhile, in the speech of most other Spanish speakers, it is merged with /ʝ/ ("curly-tail j"), a non-lateral, usually voiced, usually fricative, palatal consonant, sometimes compared to English /j/ (yod) as in yacht and spelled ⟨y⟩ in Spanish. As with other forms of allophony across world languages, the small difference of the spelled ⟨ll⟩ and the spelled ⟨y⟩ is usually not perceived (the difference is not heard) by people who do not produce them as different phonemes. Such a phonemic merger is called yeísmo in Spanish. In Rioplatense Spanish, the merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative, either voiced (as in English measure or the French ⟨j⟩) in the central and western parts of the dialectal region (zheísmo), or voiceless (as in the French ⟨ch⟩ or Portuguese ⟨x⟩) in and around Buenos Aires and Montevideo (sheísmo).

Morphology

The main morphological variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second person and, to a lesser extent, the object pronouns of the third person.

Voseo

Main article: Voseo

Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the distinction between a formal and a familiar register in the second-person singular and thus have two different pronouns meaning "you": usted in the formal and either tú or vos in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of tú or vos varying from one dialect to another. The use of vos and its verb forms is called voseo. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with usted, tú, and vos denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.

In voseo, vos is the subject form (vos decís, "you say") and the form for the object of a preposition (voy con vos, "I am going with you"), while the direct and indirect object forms, and the possessives, are the same as those associated with tú: Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan ("You know your friends respect you").

The verb forms of the general voseo are the same as those used with tú except in the present tense (indicative and imperative) verbs. The forms for vos generally can be derived from those of vosotros (the traditional second-person familiar plural) by deleting the glide , or /d/, where it appears in the ending: vosotros pensáis > vos pensás; vosotros volvéis > vos volvés, pensad! (vosotros) > pensá! (vos), volved! (vosotros) > volvé! (vos).

General voseo (River Plate Spanish)

Indicative					Subjunctive		Imperative
Present	Simple past	Imperfect past	Future	Conditional	Present	Past
pensás	pensaste	pensabas	pensarás	pensarías	pienses	pensaras pensases	pensá
volvés	volviste	volvías	volverás	volverías	vuelvas	volvieras volvieses	volvé
dormís	dormiste	dormías	dormirás	dormirías	duermas	durmieras durmieses	dormí
The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation.

In Central American voseo, the tú and vos forms differ in the present subjunctive as well:

Central American voseo

Indicative					Subjunctive		Imperative
Present	Simple past	Imperfect past	Future	Conditional	Present	Past
pensás	pensaste	pensabas	pensarás	pensarías	pensés	pensaras pensases	pensá
volvés	volviste	volvías	volverás	volverías	volvás	volvieras volvieses	volvé
dormís	dormiste	dormías	dormirás	dormirías	durmás	durmieras durmieses	dormí
The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation.

In Chilean voseo, almost all vos forms are distinct from the corresponding standard tú-forms.

Chilean voseo

Indicative					Subjunctive		Imperative
Present	Simple past	Imperfect past	Future	Conditional	Present	Past
pensái(s)	pensaste	pensabais	pensarí(s) pensaráis	pensaríai(s)	pensí(s)	pensarai(s) pensases	piensa
volví(s)	volviste	volvíai(s)	volverí(s) volveráis	volveríai(s)	volvái(s)	volvierai(s) volvieses	vuelve
dormís	dormiste	dormíais	dormirís dormiráis	dormiríais	durmáis	durmierais durmieses	duerme
The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation.

The use of the pronoun vos with the verb forms of tú (vos piensas) is called "pronominal voseo". Conversely, the use of the verb forms of vos with the pronoun tú (tú pensás or tú pensái) is called "verbal voseo". In Chile, for example, verbal voseo is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun vos, which is usually reserved for highly informal situations.

Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas

Although vos is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo (the use of tú) in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, most of Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and coastal Ecuador.

Tuteo as a cultured form alternates with voseo as a popular or rural form in Bolivia, in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of Zulia), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that voseo can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island.

Tuteo exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar voseo in Chile, in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, in the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and in parts of Guatemala.

Areas of generalized voseo include Argentina, Nicaragua, eastern Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio and Valle del Cauca.

Ustedes

Ustedes functions as formal and informal second-person plural in all of Hispanic America, the Canary Islands, and parts of Andalusia. It agrees with verbs in the 3rd person plural. Most of Spain maintains the formal/familiar distinction with ustedes and vosotros respectively. The use of ustedes with the second person plural is sometimes heard in Andalusia, but it is non-standard.

Usted

Usted is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tú or vos. This usage is sometimes called ustedeo in Spanish.

In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. Usted is also used that way between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.

Third-person object pronouns

Most speakers use (and the Real Academia Española prefers) the pronouns lo and la for direct objects (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of animacy, meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and le for indirect objects (regardless of gender or animacy, meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). The usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the accusative and dative pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.

Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called "leísmo", "loísmo", or "laísmo", according to which respective pronoun, le, lo, or la, has expanded beyond the etymological usage (le as a direct object, or lo or la as an indirect object).

Vocabulary

Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca (word used for lard in Peninsular Spanish), palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco), and Uruguay. In the healthcare context, an assessment of the Spanish translation of the QWB-SA identified some regional vocabulary choices and US-specific concepts, which cannot be successfully implemented in Spain without adaptation.

Vocabulary

Around 85% of everyday Spanish vocabulary is of Latin origin. Most of the core vocabulary and the most common words in Spanish comes from Latin. The Spanish words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly words of Latin origin. These words of Latin origin can be classified as heritage words, cultisms and semi-cultisms.

Most of the Spanish lexicon is made up of heritage lexicon. Heritage or directly inherited words are those whose presence in the spoken language has been continued since before the differentiation of the Romance languages. Heritage words are characterized by having undergone all the phonetic changes experienced by the language. This differentiates it from the cultisms and semi-cultisms that were no longer used in the spoken language and were later reintroduced for restricted uses. Because of this, cultisms generally have not experienced some of the phonetic changes and present a different form than they would have if they had been transmitted with heritage words.

In the philological tradition of Spanish, cultism is called a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without undergoing the changes that the evolution of the Spanish language followed from its origin in Vulgar Latin. The same concept also exists in other Romance languages. Reintroduced into the language for cultural, literary or scientific considerations, cultism only adapts its form to the orthographic and phonological conventions derived from linguistic evolution, but ignores the transformations that the roots and morphemes underwent in the development of the Romance language.

In some cases, cultisms are used to introduce technical or specialized terminology that, present in the classical language, did not appear in the Romance language due to lack of use; This is the case of many of the literary, legal and philosophical terms of classical culture, such as ataraxia (from the Greek ἀταραξία, "dispassion") or legislar (built from the Latin legislator). In other cases, they construct neologisms, such as the name of most scientific disciplines.

A semi-cultism is a word that did not evolve in the expected way, in the vernacular language (Romance language), unlike heritage words; its evolution is incomplete. Many times interrupted by cultural influences (ecclesiastical, legal, administrative, etc.). For the same reason, they maintain some features of the language of origin. Dios is a clear example of semi-cultism, where it came from the Latin Deus. It is a semi-cultism, because it maintains (without fully adapting to Castilianization, in this case) some characteristics of the Latin language—the ending in -s—, but, at the same time, it undergoes slight phonetic modifications (change of eu for io). Deus > Dios (instead of remaining cultist: Deus > *Deus, or becoming a heritage word: Deus > *Dío). The Catholic Church influenced by stopping the natural evolution of this word, and, in this way, converted this word into a semi-cultism and unconsciously prevented it from becoming a heritage word.

Spanish vocabulary has been influenced by several languages. As in other European languages, Classical Greek words (Hellenisms) are abundant in the terminologies of several fields, including art, science, politics, nature, etc. Its vocabulary has also been influenced by Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula, with around 8% of its vocabulary having Arabic lexical roots. It has also been influenced by Basque, Iberian, Celtiberian, Visigothic, and other neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly other Romance languages such as French, Mozarabic, Portuguese, Galician, Catalan, Occitan, and Sardinian, as well as from Quechua, Nahuatl, and other indigenous languages of the Americas. In the 18th century, words taken from French referring above all to fashion, cooking and bureaucracy were added to the Spanish lexicon. In the 19th century, new loanwords were incorporated, especially from English and German, but also from Italian in areas related to music, particularly opera and cooking. In the 20th century, the pressure of English in the fields of technology, computing, science and sports was greatly accentuated.

In general, Latin America is more susceptible to loanwords from English or Anglicisms. For example: mouse (computer mouse) is used in Latin America, in Spain ratón is used. This happens largely due to closer contact with the United States. For its part, Spain is known by the use of Gallicisms or words taken from neighboring France (such as the Gallicism ordenador in European Spanish, in contrast to the Anglicism computador or computadora in American Spanish).

Relation to other languages

Further information: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

Spanish is closely related to the other West Iberian Romance languages, including Asturian, Aragonese, Galician, Ladino, Leonese, Mirandese and Portuguese. It is somewhat less similar, to varying degrees, from other members of the Romance language family.

It is generally acknowledged that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate in written form, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. Mutual intelligibility of the written Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. Ethnologue gives estimates of the lexical similarity between related languages in terms of precise percentages. For Spanish and Portuguese, that figure is 89%, although phonologically the two languages are quite dissimilar. Italian on the other hand, is phonologically similar to Spanish, while sharing lower lexical and grammatical similarity of 82%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and French or between Spanish and Romanian is lower still, given lexical similarity ratings of 75% and 71% respectively. Comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is much lower, at an estimated 45%. In general, thanks to the common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages, interlingual comprehension of the written word is greater than that of oral communication.

The following table compares the forms of some common words in several Romance languages:

Latin	Spanish	Galician	Portuguese	Astur-Leonese	Aragonese	Catalan	French	Italian	Romanian	English
nōs (alterōs) "we (others)"	nosotros	nós, nosoutros	nós, nós outros	nós, nosotros	nusatros	nosaltres (arch. nós)	nous	noi, noialtri	noi	'we'
frātre(m) germānu(m) "true brother"	hermano	irmán	irmão	hermanu	chirmán	germà (arch. frare)	frère	fratello	frate	'brother'
die(m) mārtis (Classical) "day of Mars" tertia(m) fēria(m) (Late Latin) "third (holi)day"	martes	Martes, Terza Feira	Terça-Feira	Martes	Martes	Dimarts	Mardi	Martedì	Marți	'Tuesday'
cantiōne(m) canticu(m)	canción (arch. cançón)	canción, cançom	canção	canción (also canciu)	canta	cançó	chanson	canzone	cântec	'song'
magis plūs	más (arch. plus)	máis	mais	más	más (also més)	més (arch. pus or plus)	plus	più	mai	'more'
manu(m) sinistra(m)	mano izquierda (arch. mano siniestra)	man esquerda	mão esquerda (arch. mão sẽestra)	manu izquierda (or esquierda; also manzorga)	man cucha	mà esquerra (arch. mà sinistra)	main gauche	mano sinistra	mâna stângă	'left hand'
rēs, rĕm "thing" nūlla(m) rem nāta(m) "no born thing" mīca(m) "crumb"	nada	nada (also ren and res)	nada (arch. rés)	nada (also un res)	cosa	res	rien, nul	niente, nulla mica (negative particle)	nimic, nul	'nothing'
cāseu(m) fōrmāticu(m) "form-cheese"	queso	queixo	queijo	quesu	queso	formatge	fromage	formaggio/cacio	caș	'cheese'

1. In Romance etymology, Latin terms are given in the Accusative since most forms derive from this case.
2. As in "us very selves", an emphatic expression.
3. Also nós outros in early modern Portuguese (e.g. The Lusiads), and nosoutros in Galician.
4. Alternatively nous autres in French.
5. noialtri in many Southern Italian dialects and languages.
6. Medieval Catalan (e.g. Llibre dels fets).
7. Modified with the learned suffix -ción.
8. Depending on the written norm used (see Reintegrationism).
9. From Basque esku, "hand" + erdi, "half, incomplete". This negative meaning also applies for Latin sinistra(m) ("dark, unfortunate").
10. Romanian caș (from Latin cāsevs) means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brânză (from unknown etymology).

Judaeo-Spanish

Further information: Judaeo-Spanish

Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a variety of Spanish which preserves many features of medieval Spanish and some old Portuguese and is spoken by descendants of the Sephardi Jews who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century. While in Portugal the conversion of Jews occurred earlier and the assimilation of New Christians was overwhelming, in Spain the Jews kept their language and identity. The relationship of Ladino and Spanish is therefore comparable with that of the Yiddish language to German. Ladino speakers today are almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and living mostly in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with a few communities in Hispanic America. Judaeo-Spanish lacks the Native American vocabulary which was acquired by standard Spanish during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.

Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to assimilation by modern Spanish.

A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too, tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.

Writing system

Main article: Spanish orthography

Spanish language
A manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid, 13th century
Overview
Pronunciation stress Orthography Names
History
Old Middle Influences
Grammar
Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions Verbs conjugation irregular verbs
Dialects
Andalusian Andean Argentine Belizean Bolivian Canarian Caribbean Central American Chilean Colombian Costa Rican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Equatoguinean Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Murcian New Mexican Nicaraguan Paraguay Panamanian Peninsular Peruvian Philippine status Puerto Rican Rioplatense Saharan Salvadoran Standard Uruguayan Venezuelan
Dialectology
Seseo Yeísmo Voseo Leísmo Loísmo
Interlanguages
Llanito Jopara Judaeo-Spanish Portuñol Spanglish Castrapo Creoles Roquetas Pidgin Chavacano or Chabacano Palenquero or Palenque
Teaching
Hispanism RAE Instituto Cervantes
v t e

Spanish is written in the Latin script, with the addition of the character ⟨ñ⟩ (eñe, representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from ⟨n⟩, although typographically composed of an ⟨n⟩ with a tilde). Formerly the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ (che, representing the phoneme /t͡ʃ/) and ⟨ll⟩ (elle, representing the phoneme /ʎ/ or /ʝ/), were also considered single letters. However, the digraph ⟨rr⟩ (erre fuerte, 'strong r', erre doble, 'double r', or simply erre), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, was not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remained a part of the alphabet until 2010. Words with ⟨ch⟩ are now alphabetically sorted between those with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, instead of following ⟨cz⟩ as they used to. The situation is similar for ⟨ll⟩.

Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Since 2010, none of the digraphs (ch, ll, rr, gu, qu) are considered letters by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The letters k and w are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whisky, kiwi, etc.).

With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as México (see Toponymy of Mexico), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ⟨y⟩) or with a vowel followed by ⟨n⟩ or an ⟨s⟩; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the stressed vowel.

The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic: compare el ('the', masculine singular definite article) with él ('he' or 'it'), or te ('you', object pronoun) with té ('tea'), de (preposition 'of') versus dé ('give' ), and se (reflexive pronoun) versus sé ('I know' or imperative 'be').

The interrogative pronouns (qué, cuál, dónde, quién, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives (ése, éste, aquél, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. Accent marks used to be omitted on capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of typewriters and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the Real Academia Española advises against this and the orthographic conventions taught at schools enforce the use of the accent.

When u is written between g and a front vowel e or i, it indicates a "hard g" pronunciation. A diaeresis ü indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, 'stork', is pronounced ; if it were written *cigueña, it would be pronounced *).

Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with inverted question and exclamation marks (¿ and ¡, respectively) and closed by the usual question and exclamation marks.

Organizations

Royal Spanish Academy

Main article: Royal Spanish Academy

The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española), founded in 1713, together with the 21 other national ones (see Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides. Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.

Association of Spanish Language Academies

Main article: Association of Spanish Language Academies

The Association of Spanish Language Academies (Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It comprises the academies of 23 countries, ordered by date of academy foundation: Spain (1713), Colombia (1871), Ecuador (1874), Mexico (1875), El Salvador (1876), Venezuela (1883), Chile (1885), Peru (1887), Guatemala (1887), Costa Rica (1923), Philippines (1924), Panama (1926), Cuba (1926), Paraguay (1927), Dominican Republic (1927), Bolivia (1927), Nicaragua (1928), Argentina (1931), Uruguay (1943), Honduras (1949), Puerto Rico (1955), United States (1973) and Equatorial Guinea (2016).

Cervantes Institute

Main article: Instituto Cervantes

The Instituto Cervantes ('Cervantes Institute') is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branches in 45 countries, with 88 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures and Spanish language. The goals of the Institute are to promote universally the education, the study, and the use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that help the process of Spanish-language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures in non-Spanish-speaking countries. The institute's 2015 report "El español, una lengua viva" (Spanish, a living language) estimated that there were 559 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Its latest annual report "El español en el mundo 2018" (Spanish in the world 2018) counts 577 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Among the sources cited in the report is the U.S. Census Bureau, which estimates that the U.S. will have 138 million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.

Official use by international organizations

For a more comprehensive list, see List of countries where Spanish is an official language § International organizations.

Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, the Latin Union, the Caricom, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Inter-American Development Bank, and numerous other international organizations.

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish:

Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

Spanish words and phrases Cuento List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs Longest word in Spanish Most common words in Spanish Spanish profanity Spanish proverbs Vale un Perú Spanish-speaking world Association of Academies of the Spanish Language Countries where Spanish is an official language Hispanic culture Hispanicization Hispanidad Hispanism Fundéu BBVA Instituto Cervantes International Conference of the Spanish Language List of Spanish-language poets Panhispanism Royal Spanish Academy Spanish-language literature Spanish-language music

Influences on the Spanish language Arabic influence on the Spanish language List of Spanish words of Germanic origin List of Spanish words of Philippine origin Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish Caló Chamorro Chavacano Frespañol Jopara Judaeo-Spanish List of English words of Spanish origin Llanito Media Lengua Palenquero Papiamento Philippine languages Portuñol Spanglish

Spanish dialects and varieties Spanish dialects and varieties European Spanish Peninsular Spanish Andalusian Spanish Andalusian language movement Castilian Spanish Castrapo (Galician Spanish) Castúo (Extremaduran Spanish) Murcian Spanish Canarian Spanish Spanish language in the Americas North American Spanish Central American Spanish Caribbean Spanish South American Spanish Spanish in the United States Spanish in Africa Equatoguinean Spanish Saharan Spanish Spanish in Asia Spanish in the Philippines

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External links

Organizations

• Real Academia Española (RAE), Royal Spanish Academy. Spain's official institution, with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language
• Instituto Cervantes, Cervantes Institute. A Spanish government agency, responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of the Spanish language and culture.
• FundéuRAE, Foundation of Emerging Spanish. A non-profit organization with collaboration of the RAE which mission is to clarify doubts and ambiguities of Spanish.

Educational websites

• ProfeDeEle, Exercises targeted toward Spanish language teachers (ELE)
• AprenderEspanol, Spanish activities and material

Spanish language at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:

• [REDACTED] Definitions from Wiktionary
• [REDACTED] Media from Commons
• [REDACTED] Quotations from Wikiquote
• [REDACTED] Textbooks from Wikibooks
• Phrasebook from Wikivoyage
• [REDACTED] Spanish edition of Misplaced Pages
• [REDACTED] Data from Wikidata

v t e Dialects and varieties of Spanish by continent
Africa and Asia	Canarian Equatoguinean Philippine Saharan
Americas (Interamerican)	Caribbean Cuban Dominican Panamanian Puerto Rican Trinidadian Central America Belizean Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Pachuco Salvadoran North America United States Caló (Chicano) Californian Isleño New Mexican Sabine River Mexican South America Amazonic Andean Bolivian Chilean Chilote Chiloé Archipelago Colombian Cordobés Central Argentina Cuyano Central western Argentina Ecuadorian Equatorial Coastal Ecuador Llanero Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela Maracucho Zulia State Paisa Paisa Region Paraguayan Pastuso Colombia-Ecuador border Peruvian Ribereño Coastal Peru Rioplatense Coastal Argentina Uruguayan Venezuelan
Europe (Peninsular)	Andalusian Canarian Castilian Castrapo (Galicia) Castúo (Extremadura) Murcian spoken by Catalan speakers
Other	Standard Llanito Judaeo-Spanish Haketia Tetuani Ladino Caló (Para-Romani) Spanglish Palenquero (creole) Chavacano (creole) Media Lengua (mixed language) Papiamento (Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
Extinct	Cocoliche and Lunfardo Coastal Argentina, Uruguay Malespín Central America Bozal

v t e Romance languages (classification)
Major branches	Eastern Italo-Western Italo-Dalmatian Western Southern
Eastern	Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Daco-Romanian dialects Banat Bukovinian Crișana Maramureș Moldavian Oltenian Transylvanian Wallachian Common Romanian
Italo- Dalmatian	Central Central Italian Central Marchigiano Ancona Fabriano Macerata Central−Northern Latian Romanesco Sabino Corsican Gallurese Italian Italo-Australian Maltese Italian Regional Italian Swiss Italian Sassarese Tuscan Florentine Southern Extreme Southern Italian Central−Southern Calabrian Salentino Manduriano Sicilian Pantesco Neapolitan–Calabrese Neapolitan Barese Benevento Castelmezzano Cilentan Irpinian Arianese Molisan Southern Latian Tarantino Vastese Northern Calabrian Others Dalmatian Romance Dalmatian Istriot Judeo-Italian
Western	Gallo-Italic Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Romagnol Forlivese Old Romagnol Sammarinese Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Gallo-Italic of Sicily Gallo-Picene Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Royasc Tabarchino Judeo-Italian Lombard Eastern Bergamasque Cremish Western Brianzöö Canzés Bustocco–Legnanese Comasco–Lecchese Comasco Laghée Lecchese Vallassinese Milanese Ossolano Southwestern Cremunés Novarese Pavese Ticinese Varesino Old Lombard Old Romagnol Piedmontese Judeo-Piedmontese Gallo- Romance Langues d'oïl Angevin Berrichon Bourbonnais Burgundian Champenois Ardennais Rémois Frainc-Comtou Gallo French Jersey Legal Meridional North American dialects Canadian Acadian Chiac St. Marys Bay French Brayon Newfoundland Quebec Joual Magoua Franco-Ontarian Métis Muskrat New England Frenchville Louisiana Houma Missouri Creoles Lorrain Gaumais Vosgien Welche Mayennais Moselle Romance Norman Anglo-Norman Auregnais Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Law French Augeron Cauchois Cotentinais Orléanais Paydret Picard Poitevin–Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon West Walloon Wisconsin Walloon Franco-Provençal/Arpitan Faetar Savoyard Valdôtain Old Gallo-Romance Ibero- Romance (West Iberian) Asturleonese Asturian Eastern Western Cantabrian Leonese Bercian Paḷḷuezu Palra Riberan Riunorese Mirandese Old Leonese Galician–Portuguese Fala Galician Galician–Asturian/Eonavian Portuguese dialects African Asian Brazilian Mineiro European Alentejan Oliventine Estremenho Minderico Northern Uruguayan Creoles Portugis Judeo-Portuguese Castilian Extremaduran Judeo-Spanish Haketia Tetuani Spanish dialects Equatoguinean Latin American Chilean Chilote Peruvian Peruvian Ribereño Rioplatense Peninsular Andalusian Llanito Castilian Castrapo Castúo Murcian Philippine Saharan Creoles Old Spanish Pyrenean–Mozarabic Andalusi Romance Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Central Eastern Ribagorçan Benasquese Judeo-Aragonese Southern Somontanés Navalese Western Aisinian Ansó Aragüés Hecho Navarrese Old Navarrese Others Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish) Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) Occitano- Romance Catalan dialects Eastern Algherese Balearic Mallorcan Menorcan Central Northern Judeo-Catalan Patuet Western Ribagorçan Valencian Occitan Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Béarnese Aas whistled Landese Judeo-Gascon Judeo-Provençal Languedocien Limousin Provençal Niçard Vivaro-Alpine Gardiol Mentonasc Old Occitan Old Catalan Rhaeto- Romance Friulian Fornes Ladin Cadorino Nones Romansh Jauer Putèr Surmiran Sursilvan Vallader Others Franco-Italian Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin) Venetian (unknown further classification) Chipilo Fiuman Talian Triestine
Others	African Romance British Latin Pannonian Latin Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese
Reconstructed	Proto-Romance
Italics indicate extinct languages Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Categories:

• Spanish language
• Fusional languages
• Languages of Argentina
• Languages of Bolivia
• Languages of Chile
• Languages of Colombia
• Languages of Costa Rica
• Languages of Cuba
• Languages of the Dominican Republic
• Languages of Ecuador
• Languages of El Salvador
• Languages of Equatorial Guinea
• Languages of Guatemala
• Languages of Honduras
• Languages of Mexico
• Languages of Nicaragua
• Languages of Panama
• Languages of Paraguay
• Languages of Peru
• Languages of Puerto Rico
• Languages of Spain
• Languages of the United States
• Languages of Uruguay
• Languages of Venezuela
• Lingua francas
• Subject–verb–object languages
• Syllable-timed languages