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{{flag|Safavid Empire}}<br>] ]<br>{{ubl {{flag|Safavid Empire}}<br>] ]<br>{{ubl
|{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg}} ] |{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg}} ]
⚫ }}] {{flagdeco|Persia|1907}} ]}}
}}] {{flagdeco|Persia|1907}} ]}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon image|Mameluke Flag.svg}} ]<br>] ]<br>{{Flag|Kingdom of Kakheti}}<br>{{Flag|Principality of Samtskhe}}<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} ]<br>{{flagicon image|علم مشعشع.png}} ]<br>]]<br>] ]<br>{{flagcountry|Russian Empire|1914}} {{small|(1914–1917)}}<br>{{flagicon|Sweden}} ]<br>{{flagicon|Sweden}} ]
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist| | combatant2 = {{Plainlist|
⚫ {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} ]}}
{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} ]}}<br>'''Suported by:'''<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of al-Muntafiq.svg}} ]<br>{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} ]<br>]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914|last = Ateş|first = Sabri|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1107245082|location = UK|pages = 106}}</ref>
| commander1 =
<br>{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} ]<ref name="978-0-385-19351-1_p61">{{Cite book |last=Boxer |first=Charles Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ARuAAAAMAAJ&q=Basra+1624+Portuguese+Ottoman |title=Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750 |date=1985 |publisher=Variorum Reprints |isbn=978-0-385-19351-1 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="978-0-415-34469-2_p313">{{Cite book |last=Andrada |first=Ruy Freyre de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNIEOKRvtssC&dq=Basra+1624+Portugal&pg=PA313 |title=Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34469-2 |pages=313 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="978-0-521-34315-2_p353">{{Cite book |last1=İnalcık |first1=Halil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWUlNdskNfIC&dq=Basra+1624+Portuguese+Ottoman&pg=PA353 |title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 |last2=Quataert |first2=Donald |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34315-2 |pages=353 |language=en}}</ref><br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of al-Muntafiq.svg}} ]<br>{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} ]<br>] ]<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} ]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of The Principality of Mingrelia (Portolan 1560).svg}} ]<br>{{flag|Principality of Samtskhe}}<br>]<br>{{flagicon image|War flag of Khanate of Bukhara.svg}} ]<ref>The Bukharans
| commander2 =
A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550-1702 Audrey Burton 1997 p.144-145</ref><br>{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} ]<br>{{flagicon image|Lezgian flag.svg}} ]<br>]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} ]<br>]]<ref name="Bruinessen 2006 18–21">{{cite book|last=Bruinessen|first=Martin|author-link=Martin van Bruinessen|editor1-last=Atabaki|editor1-first=Touraj|editor1-link=Touraj Atabaki|chapter=Chapter 5: A Kurdish warlord on the Turkish-Persian frontier in the early Twentieth century: Isma'il Aqa Simko|title=Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers|series=Library of modern Middle East studies, 43|publisher=]|location=London; New York|pages=18–21|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3555229|year=2006|isbn=9781860649646|oclc=56455579}}</ref><br />{{flagcountry|German Empire}}<br>]]<br>{{flagicon image|Bohtan_Emirate_Flag_Bedir_khan_beg_period.png}}]<br>]]
| commander1 = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= '''Ottoman-Safavid Wars'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ''']'''{{WIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}}]{{Surrender}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}}]{{Surrender}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}}]{{Surrender}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{POW}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{Surrender}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg}} ]<br>

'''Campaigns of Nader Shah'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px}} ]<br>

'''Subsequent Conflicts'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ''']'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ''']{{Natural Causes}}'''<br> ] ''']{{Natural Causes}}'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ]<br>
⚫ {{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ]{{WIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg|border|24px}} ]{{POW}}<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]<br>
⚫ ] ]<br>
}}
| commander2 = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= '''Ottoman-Safavid Wars'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{Executed}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{POW}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{Executed}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{WIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>
'''Campaigns of Nader Shah'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}Ahmad Pasha
'''Subsequent Conflicts'''<br>
{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}''']'''<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]<br>{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}}]
}}
| strength1 = | strength1 =
| strength2 = | strength2 =
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}} }}


The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of ] (also known as ]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ]. The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between the ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of ] (also known as ]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ].


{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Persian Wars}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman–Persian Wars}}

Latest revision as of 04:13, 22 January 2025

Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman wars in Asia
Date1514–1823
LocationMesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus)
Result Indecisive
Territorial
changes		 Ottomans consolidated their power in Mesopotamia (Iraq) , Persians consolidated their power in the Caucasus
Belligerents
 Safavid Empire
Afsharid Iran
Qajar Iran 		Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (also known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Ottoman–Safavid Wars
Campaigns of Nader Shah
Subsequent conflicts
Name of the war Sultan of Ottoman Empire Shah of Persian Empire Treaty at the end of the war Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Selim I Ismail I None Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555 Suleiman I Tahmasp I Treaty of Amasya (1555) Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590 Murad III Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I Treaty of Constantinople (1590) Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612
 Ahmed I Abbas I Treaty of Nasuh Pasha Persian Empire
War of 1616–1618 Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II Abbas I Treaty of Serav (1618) Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639 Murad IV Abbas I, Safi Treaty of Zuhab (1639) Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735 Mahmud I Abbas III Treaty of Constantinople (1736) Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746 Mahmud I Nader Shah Treaty of Kerden (1746) Indecisive
War of 1775–1776 Abdulhamid I Karim Khan Zand None Persian Empire
War of 1821–1823 Mahmud II Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar Treaty of Erzurum (1823) Persian Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

References

  1. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
  2. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
  3. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.

Sources

  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
  • Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.
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