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| {{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Kolar}} | {{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Kolar, Karnataka}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} | ||
| {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} | ||
| {{More citations needed|date=July 2007}} | {{More citations needed|date=July 2007}} | ||
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| | name |
| name = Kolar district | ||
| | native_name |
| native_name = | ||
| | native_name_lang |
| native_name_lang = kn | ||
| | other_name |
| other_name = | ||
| | settlement_type |
| settlement_type = ] of ] | ||
| | image_skyline |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | ||
| |size = 250 | |size = 250 | ||
| |photo1a = Someshvara temple in Kolar (rear view).JPG | |photo1a = Someshvara temple in Kolar (rear view).JPG | ||
| |photo1b = |
|photo1b = Tomb of Haider Ali Father 01.JPG | ||
| |photo2a = View of open entrance mantapa in the Kolarmma Temple at Kolar.jpg | |photo2a = View of open entrance mantapa in the Kolarmma Temple at Kolar.jpg | ||
| |photo2b = Ramalingeshwara group of temples (rear view of shrines) at Avani.JPG | |photo2b = Ramalingeshwara group of temples (rear view of shrines) at Avani.JPG | ||
| |photo3a = Kolar mine waste pano.jpg | |photo3a = Kolar mine waste pano.jpg | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| | image_alt |
| image_alt = Ornate, tan pyramidal stone temple | ||
| | image_caption |
| image_caption = ] in ], Tomb of ] father, ] at ], Mine waste in ], Kolaramma Temple at Kolar | ||
| | nickname |
| nickname = | ||
| | image_map |
| image_map = Karnataka Kolar locator map.svg | ||
| | image_map1 |
| image_map1 = | ||
| | map_alt |
| map_alt = | ||
| | map_caption |
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka | ||
| | subdivision_type |
| subdivision_type = Country | ||
| | subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| | subdivision_type1 |
| subdivision_type1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name1 |
| subdivision_name1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_type2 |
| subdivision_type2 = Division | ||
| | subdivision_name2 |
| subdivision_name2 = ] | ||
| | established_title |
| established_title = <!-- Established --> | ||
| | established_date |
| established_date = | ||
| | founder |
| founder = | ||
| | named_for |
| named_for = | ||
| | seat_type |
| seat_type = Headquarters | ||
| | seat |
| seat = ] | ||
| | |
| largestcity = ] | ||
| | |
| government_type = | ||
| | governing_body = | |||
| | leader_title |
| leader_title = District Commissioner | ||
| | leader_name |
| leader_name = Akram Pasha<br>{{small|(])}} | ||
| | unit_pref = Metric | |||
| | |
| unit_pref = Metric | ||
| ⚫ | | area_footnotes = <sup>'''†'''</sup> | ||
| | area_rank = | |||
| | |
| area_rank = | ||
| | |
| area_total_km2 = 4,012 | ||
| | elevation_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_m = | |||
| | |
| elevation_m = | ||
| | population_total = 1,536,401 | |||
| | population_as_of = 2011 | |||
| | |
| population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| | population_rank = | |||
| | population_density_km2 |
| population_density_km2 = 384 | ||
| | population_demonym |
| population_demonym = | ||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | population_footnotes = <sup>'''†'''</sup> | |||
| | demographics_type1 |
| demographics_type1 = Languages | ||
| | demographics1_title1 |
| demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| | demographics1_info1 |
| demographics1_info1 = ] | ||
| | timezone1 = ] | |||
| | |
| timezone1 = ] | ||
| | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | |||
| | postal_code_type |
| postal_code_type = <!-- ] --> | ||
| | postal_code = | |||
| | |
| postal_code = | ||
| | iso_code = ] | |||
| | registration_plate |
| registration_plate = KA-07, KA-08 | ||
| | blank1_name_sec1 |
| blank1_name_sec1 = ] | ||
| | blank1_info_sec1 |
| blank1_info_sec1 = 976 ] / 1000] | ||
| | blank2_name_sec1 |
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy | ||
| | blank2_info_sec1 |
| blank2_info_sec1 = 74.33% | ||
| | blank3_name_sec1 |
| blank3_name_sec1 = ] constituency | ||
| | blank3_info_sec1 |
| blank3_info_sec1 = ] | ||
| | blank1_name_sec2 |
| blank1_name_sec2 = ] | ||
| | blank1_info_sec2 |
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|724|mm|in}} | ||
| | website |
| website = {{URL|kolar.nic.in}} | ||
| | footnotes |
| footnotes = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Kolar district''' {{audio|Kolar.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a district in the state of ], ]. | '''Kolar district''' ({{audio|Kolar.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a district in the state of ], ]. | ||
| ] ( |
] (ಕೋಲಾರ) is the district headquarters. Located in southern Karnataka, it is the state's easternmost district. The district is surrounded by the ] on the west, ] on the north, the ] and ] of ] on the east and the ] of ] on the south. | ||
| On 10 September 2007, it was bifurcated to form the new district of Chikballapur.<ref name="HanBokKar">{{cite web|title=A Handbook of Karnataka - Administration |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=16 November 2010 |pages=354, 355 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008073453/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |archive-date= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> Due to the discovery of the ], the district has become known as the "Golden Land" of India. | On 10 September 2007, it was bifurcated to form the new district of Chikballapur.<ref name="HanBokKar">{{cite web|title=A Handbook of Karnataka - Administration |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=16 November 2010 |pages=354, 355 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008073453/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |archive-date= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> Due to the discovery of the ], the district has become known as the "Golden Land" of India. | ||
| People are citing that still ] is present in ] mines abundantly and also exists in ], |
People are citing that still ] is present in ] mines abundantly and also exists in ], Kolar, ], ], ] taluks of ]. However it must have to be confirmed by the state and as well central government authorities. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] Ramalingeshvara group of temples in ]|left]] | ] Ramalingeshvara group of temples in ]|left]] | ||
| Kolar, formerly known as Kolahala, Kuvalala and Kolala, was called Kolahalapura during the Middle Ages. In ], ''kolahalapura'' means "violent city" and it was the battlefield for the warring ] in the north and the ] in the south. In 1004 AD, the Cholas annexed Kolar until 1116. ] (1108-1142) freed Gangavadi from the Cholas and, to commemorate his victory, built the ] at ]. | Kolar, formerly known as Kolahala, Kuvalala and Kolala, was called Kolahalapura during the Middle Ages. In ], ''kolahalapura'' means "violent city" and it was the battlefield for the warring ] in the north and the ] in the south. In 1004 AD, the Cholas annexed Kolar until 1116. ] (1108-1142) freed Gangavadi from the Cholas and, to commemorate his victory, built the ] at ]. | ||
| ] and ] are notable temples in Kolar. The Kolaramma temple, built in Dravida ] style during the |
] and ] are notable temples in Kolar. The Kolaramma temple, built in Dravida ] style during the second century, is dedicated to ]. It underwent renovations under ] in the 10th century and the ] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=A green view |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/11/stories/2006031101910100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823030956/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/11/stories/2006031101910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2006|access-date=23 December 2010|date=11 March 2006|newspaper=] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Temples of Karnataka - Kolar|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kolar.html|publisher=templenet.com|access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> Someswara Temple is an example of 14th-century ] art. | ||
| Kolar's early history was compiled by ], superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil mission in ] and the Kolar Gold Fields, and his studies have been published in a number of journals.<ref name=Mythic>{{cite journal|title=Nandiroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9|page=298}}</ref><ref name=Mystic-Nandi>{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=Nandidroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9–10|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mlk4AQAAMAAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mining Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=The Religious and Military Story of Nudydurga|journal=KGF Mining and Metallurgical Society|date=1921|issue=5|ref=Mining Journal}}</ref> Older than Bangalore, Kolar dates back to the second century. The ] made Kolar their capital, ruling ], ], and ]. During the 13th century Bhavanandi composed '']'', his treatise on Tamil grammar. | Kolar's early history was compiled by ], superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil mission in ] and the Kolar Gold Fields, and his studies have been published in a number of journals.<ref name=Mythic>{{cite journal|title=Nandiroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9|page=298}}</ref><ref name=Mystic-Nandi>{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=Nandidroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9–10|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mlk4AQAAMAAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mining Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=The Religious and Military Story of Nudydurga|journal=KGF Mining and Metallurgical Society|date=1921|issue=5|ref=Mining Journal}}</ref> Older than Bangalore, Kolar dates back to the second century. The ] made Kolar their capital, ruling ], ], and ]. During the 13th century Bhavanandi composed '']'', his treatise on Tamil grammar. | ||
| Line 95: | Line 96: | ||
| For 50 years in the 17th century Kolar was under ] rule as part of the ] of ], followed by 70 years of Muslim rule. In 1720 it became part of the ], with ] (the father of ]) the province's ]. Kolar was then ruled by the ], the Nawab of ], the ] and Hyder Ali. It was under ] from 1768 to 1770 before a brief Maratha rule followed by Hyder Ali. In 1791 ] conquered Kolar and returned it to the ] in the ]. | For 50 years in the 17th century Kolar was under ] rule as part of the ] of ], followed by 70 years of Muslim rule. In 1720 it became part of the ], with ] (the father of ]) the province's ]. Kolar was then ruled by the ], the Nawab of ], the ] and Hyder Ali. It was under ] from 1768 to 1770 before a brief Maratha rule followed by Hyder Ali. In 1791 ] conquered Kolar and returned it to the ] in the ]. | ||
| In the Kolar region, inscriptions document the reigns of the Mahavalis (Baanaas), the ] and the Vaidumbaas.<ref name=Mythic /><ref name=Mystic-Nandi /><ref name="Mining Journal" /><ref name=KGF>{{cite book|last1=Srikumar|first1=S|title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)|date=2014|publisher=Partridge India |isbn=9781482815078|pages=40–46|edition=International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore&pg=PA40|access-date=27 August 2014}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gayatri">{{cite book|last1=Chandrashekar|first1=Gayatri|title=Grit and Gold|date=2015|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482855845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV50CgAAQBAJ&q=Rev+Goodwill+Tamil&pg=PT22|access-date=11 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> ] recorded 1,347 inscriptions in the Kolar District, in the 10th volume of his '']'', of the inscriptions, 422 are in ], 211 in ]. But the oldest are in ]. This |
In the Kolar region, inscriptions document the reigns of the Mahavalis (Baanaas), the ] and the Vaidumbaas.<ref name=Mythic /><ref name=Mystic-Nandi /><ref name="Mining Journal" /><ref name=KGF>{{cite book|last1=Srikumar|first1=S|title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)|date=2014|publisher=Partridge India |isbn=9781482815078|pages=40–46|edition=International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore&pg=PA40|access-date=27 August 2014}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gayatri">{{cite book|last1=Chandrashekar|first1=Gayatri|title=Grit and Gold|date=2015|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482855845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV50CgAAQBAJ&q=Rev+Goodwill+Tamil&pg=PT22|access-date=11 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> ] recorded 1,347 inscriptions in the Kolar District, in the 10th volume of his '']'', of the inscriptions, 422 are in ], 211 in ]. But the oldest are in ]. This was the original language. Tamil came in with the Cholas in the 11th century, and Telugu with Vijayanagar kings after the 15th. The period covered by the inscriptions is from 4th to the 18th century.<ref name=RiceX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District|date=1994|publisher=Department of Archeology, Mysore State|location=Mangalore, British India|url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiacarnat10myso#page/n7/mode/2up|access-date=4 August 2015|page=20}}</ref> | ||
| ==List of tourist attractions in Kolar district == | ==List of tourist attractions in Kolar district == | ||
| Line 101: | Line 102: | ||
| =={{anchor|Kolar|Engineering and medical institutions|Horticultural Sciences|Bangarpet|Malur|Mulbagal|District administration|Srinivaspura}}Taluks== | =={{anchor|Kolar|Engineering and medical institutions|Horticultural Sciences|Bangarpet|Malur|Mulbagal|District administration|Srinivaspura}}Taluks== | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| Line 111: | Line 112: | ||
| {{Historical population | {{Historical population | ||
| | source = District website<ref name=glance>{{cite web |title=Kolar district at a glance |url=http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312084801/http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> | | source = District website<ref name=glance>{{cite web |title=Kolar district at a glance |url=http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312084801/http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> | ||
| | align = center | |||
| | percentages = pagr | |||
| | 1901 | 392651 | | 1901 | 392651 | ||
| | 1911 | 429193 | | 1911 | 429193 | ||
| Line 122: | Line 125: | ||
| | 1991 | 1211858 | | 1991 | 1211858 | ||
| | 2001 | 1387062 | | 2001 | 1387062 | ||
| | 2011 | 1536401 | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | In the ], the district had a ] of 1,536,401<ref name=districtcensus>{{ |
||
| }}</ref> or ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
| ⚫ | |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | ||
| ⚫ | |title=2010 Resident Population Data | ||
| ⚫ | |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau | ||
| ⚫ | |access-date=2011-09-30 | ||
| ⚫ | |quote=Hawaii 1,360,301 | ||
| ⚫ | |url-status=dead | ||
| ⚫ | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809223036/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | ||
| ⚫ | |archive-date=9 August 2011 | ||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> It ranked 324th of India's 640 ]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| |
||
| {{bar box | {{bar box | ||
| |title=Religions in Kolar district (2011)<ref name=" |
|title=Religions in Kolar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref> | ||
| |titlebar=#Fcd116 | |titlebar=#Fcd116 | ||
| |left1=Religion | |left1=Religion | ||
| Line 147: | Line 140: | ||
| {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}} | {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | In the ], the district had a ] of 1,536,401<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kolar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/620/download/2128/DH_2011_2927_PART_A_DCHB_KOLAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref>—roughly equal to that of ]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Gabon 1,576,665}}</ref> or ].<ref>{{cite web | ||
| ⚫ | |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | ||
| ⚫ | |title=2010 Resident Population Data | ||
| ⚫ | |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau | ||
| ⚫ | |access-date=2011-09-30 | ||
| ⚫ | |quote=Hawaii 1,360,301 | ||
| ⚫ | |url-status=dead | ||
| ⚫ | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809223036/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | ||
| ⚫ | |archive-date=9 August 2011 | ||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> It ranked 324th of India's 640 ]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|384|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}},<ref name=districtcensus/> with a ] of 11.04 percent from 2001 to 2011.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kolar's ] is 976 ] per 1,000 males.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its ] is 74.33 percent. 31.25% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 30.32% and 5.13% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has 15 towns and a total of 3,321 villages (2,889 inhabited villages and 432 uninhabited). | ||
| {{Pie chart | {{Pie chart | ||
| |caption = Languages of Kolar district (2011) | |caption = Languages of Kolar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/> | ||
| |label1 = ] |value1 = 51.51 |color1 = darkslateblue | |label1 = ] |value1 = 51.51 |color1 = darkslateblue | ||
| |label2 = ] |value2 = 22.67 |color2 = steelblue | |label2 = ] |value2 = 22.67 |color2 = steelblue | ||
| |label3 = ] |value3 = 12.88 |color3 = green | |label3 = ] |value3 = 12.88 |color3 = green | ||
| |label4 = ] |value4 = 10.99 |color4 = |
|label4 = ] |value4 = 10.99 |color4 = royalblue | ||
| |label5 = Others |value5 = 1.95 |color5 = |
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.95 |color5 = grey | ||
| |thumb=left | |thumb=left | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| At the time of the 2011 census, 51.51% of the population spoke ], 22.67% ], 12.88% ] and 10.99% ] as their first language.<ref name=" |
At the time of the 2011 census, 51.51% of the population spoke ], 22.67% ], 12.88% ] and 10.99% ] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref> | ||
| =={{anchor|Festivals|Malur Karaga}}Culture== | =={{anchor|Festivals|Malur Karaga}}Culture== | ||
| The district's primary language is ]; Urdu, Tamil and Telugu are spoken by large minorities. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) has an ] population. Festivals include the 13-day summer ], celebrated in |
The district's primary language is ]; Urdu, Tamil and Telugu are spoken by large minorities. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) has an ] population. Festivals include the 13-day summer ], celebrated in Kolar District, Kolar being one of the oldest Karaga traditions then followed in different regions of the district and usually beginning the first Friday after ]; the water festival ] (]), and Dyavara. | ||
| ==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
| * ] - noted writer in Kannada | * ] - noted writer in Kannada | ||
| * ] - Bharat Ratna and First Engineer of India | * ] - Bharat Ratna and First Engineer of India | ||
| * ] - Kannada poet | * ] - Kannada poet | ||
| * ] - first Chief Minister of Karnataka | * ] - first Chief Minister of Karnataka | ||
| * ] - Kannada writer and ] recipient | * ] - Kannada writer and ] recipient | ||
| * ] - Former ] of state for ]; represented Kolar in the ] for six terms | * ] - Former ] of state for ]; represented Kolar in the ] for six terms | ||
| * ] - Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys Technologies Limited | * ] - Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys Technologies Limited | ||
Latest revision as of 15:33, 22 January 2025
This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Kolar, Karnataka.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kolar district" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Kolar district | |
|---|---|
| District of Karnataka | |
.JPG)   _at_Avani.JPG)  Someshwara Temple in Kolar, Tomb of Hyder Ali father, Ramalingeshwara Temple at Avani, Mine waste in Kolar Gold Fields, Kolaramma Temple at Kolar | |
 Location in Karnataka | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Karnataka |
| Division | Bengaluru |
| Headquarters | Kolar |
| Government | |
| • District Commissioner | Akram Pasha (IAS) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 4,012 km (1,549 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,536,401 |
| • Density | 384/km (990/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA-KL |
| Vehicle registration | KA-07, KA-08 |
| Sex ratio | 976 ♀ / 1000♂ |
| Literacy | 74.33% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Kolar Lok Sabha constituency |
| Precipitation | 724 millimetres (28.5 in) |
| Website | kolar |
Kolar district (pronunciation) is a district in the state of Karnataka, India.
Kolar (ಕೋಲಾರ) is the district headquarters. Located in southern Karnataka, it is the state's easternmost district. The district is surrounded by the Bangalore Rural district on the west, Chikballapur district on the north, the Chittoor district and Annamayya district of Andhra Pradesh on the east and the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu on the south.
On 10 September 2007, it was bifurcated to form the new district of Chikballapur. Due to the discovery of the Kolar Gold Fields, the district has become known as the "Golden Land" of India.
People are citing that still gold is present in Kolar Gold Fields mines abundantly and also exists in Mulbagal, Kolar, Bangarapet, Malur, Srinivasapura taluks of Kolar District. However it must have to be confirmed by the state and as well central government authorities.
History
Kolar, formerly known as Kolahala, Kuvalala and Kolala, was called Kolahalapura during the Middle Ages. In Kannada, kolahalapura means "violent city" and it was the battlefield for the warring Chalukyas in the north and the Cholas in the south. In 1004 AD, the Cholas annexed Kolar until 1116. Vishnuvardhana (1108-1142) freed Gangavadi from the Cholas and, to commemorate his victory, built the Chennakesava Temple at Belur.
Kolaramma and Someshwara are notable temples in Kolar. The Kolaramma temple, built in Dravida Vimana style during the second century, is dedicated to Shakti. It underwent renovations under Rajendra Chola I in the 10th century and the Vijayanagara kings in the 15th century. Someswara Temple is an example of 14th-century Vijayanagara art.
Kolar's early history was compiled by Fred Goodwill, superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil mission in Bangalore and the Kolar Gold Fields, and his studies have been published in a number of journals. Older than Bangalore, Kolar dates back to the second century. The Western Gangas made Kolar their capital, ruling Mysore, Coimbatore, and Salem. During the 13th century Bhavanandi composed Nannool, his treatise on Tamil grammar.
Under the Cholas, King Sridhar kora (ruled 970–985) reportedly built the temple for Renuka and founded the city of Kolaahalapuram. Veera Chola, Vikrama Chola and Rajendra Chola I built stone structures with inscriptions at Avani, Mulbagal, Sitti Bettta and elsewhere. Chola inscriptions, which document the rule of Adithya Chola I (871-907), Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I of Kolar, refer to Kolar as Nikarili Cholamandalam and Jayam Konda Chola Manadalam. Inscriptions from Rajendra Chola I also appear on the Kolaramma Temple. Many Siva temples were built in Kolar during the reign of the Cholas, including the Someshwarar and Sri Uddhandeshwari Temples at Maarikuppam Village, the Eswaran Temple at Oorugaumpet and the Sivan Temple at Madivala Village. Chola rule of Kolar lasted until 1116. The inscriptions are neglected, and some have been vandalised.
In 1117 Kolar became part of the Hoysala Empire; in 1254 it was bestowed to Ramanatha, one of King Someshwara's two sons. The Hoysala were defeated by the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled Kolar from 1336 to 1664. During this period, the Sri Someshwara Temple at Kolar was built.
For 50 years in the 17th century Kolar was under Maratha rule as part of the Jagir of Shahaji, followed by 70 years of Muslim rule. In 1720 it became part of the Province of Sira, with Fateh Mohammed (the father of Hyder Ali) the province's Faujdar. Kolar was then ruled by the Marathas, the Nawab of Cuddapah, the Nizam of Hyderabad and Hyder Ali. It was under British rule from 1768 to 1770 before a brief Maratha rule followed by Hyder Ali. In 1791 Lord Cornwallis conquered Kolar and returned it to the Kingdom of Mysore in the peace treaty of 1792.
In the Kolar region, inscriptions document the reigns of the Mahavalis (Baanaas), the Pallavas and the Vaidumbaas. Benjamin Lewis Rice recorded 1,347 inscriptions in the Kolar District, in the 10th volume of his Epigraphia Carnatica, of the inscriptions, 422 are in Tamil, 211 in Telugu. But the oldest are in Kannada. This was the original language. Tamil came in with the Cholas in the 11th century, and Telugu with Vijayanagar kings after the 15th. The period covered by the inscriptions is from 4th to the 18th century.
List of tourist attractions in Kolar district
List of tourist attractions in Kolar district important temple and tourist attractions details are provided here
Taluks
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 392,651 | — |
| 1911 | 429,193 | +0.89% |
| 1921 | 436,066 | +0.16% |
| 1931 | 469,811 | +0.75% |
| 1941 | 555,545 | +1.69% |
| 1951 | 650,807 | +1.60% |
| 1961 | 721,822 | +1.04% |
| 1971 | 826,563 | +1.36% |
| 1981 | 1,044,394 | +2.37% |
| 1991 | 1,211,858 | +1.50% |
| 2001 | 1,387,062 | +1.36% |
| 2011 | 1,536,401 | +1.03% |
| Source: District website | ||
| Religions in Kolar district (2011) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism | 84.97% | |||
| Islam | 13.01% | |||
| Christianity | 1.74% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.28% | |||
In the 2011 census, the district had a population of 1,536,401—roughly equal to that of Gabon or Hawaii. It ranked 324th of India's 640 districts). The district has a population density of 384 inhabitants per square kilometre (990/sq mi), with a growth rate of 11.04 percent from 2001 to 2011. Kolar's sex ratio is 976 females per 1,000 males. Its literacy rate is 74.33 percent. 31.25% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 30.32% and 5.13% of the population respectively. The district has 15 towns and a total of 3,321 villages (2,889 inhabited villages and 432 uninhabited).
Languages of Kolar district (2011)
Kannada (51.51%) Telugu (22.67%) Urdu (12.88%) Tamil (10.99%) Others (1.95%)At the time of the 2011 census, 51.51% of the population spoke Kannada, 22.67% Telugu, 12.88% Urdu and 10.99% Tamil as their first language.
Culture
The district's primary language is Kannada; Urdu, Tamil and Telugu are spoken by large minorities. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) has an Anglo-Indian population. Festivals include the 13-day summer Karaga, celebrated in Kolar District, Kolar being one of the oldest Karaga traditions then followed in different regions of the district and usually beginning the first Friday after Ugadi; the water festival Theppothsava (Kolar Theppothsava), and Dyavara.
Notable people
- L. Basavaraju - noted writer in Kannada
- Sir M. Visvesvaraya - Bharat Ratna and First Engineer of India
- D. V. Gundappa - Kannada poet
- K. C. Reddy - first Chief Minister of Karnataka
- Masti Venkatesh Ayengar - Kannada writer and Jnanpith Award recipient
- K. H. Muniyappa - Former Union Minister of state for Indian Railways; represented Kolar in the Parliament of India for six terms
- N. R. Narayana Murthy - Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys Technologies Limited
- Soundarya - South Indian film actress
- A. N. Prahlada Rao - author and crossword
- B. K. S. Iyengar - the founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "Iyengar Yoga" and was considered one of the foremost yoga teachers in the world.
- Picchalli Srinivas - popular singer and theatre personality
Media
- Kolara Patrike - first Kannada daily newspaper
- Kolaravani - Kannada daily newspaper
- Kannada Thilaka – Kannada daily newspaper
See also
References
- "A Handbook of Karnataka - Administration" (PDF). Government of Karnataka. pp. 354, 355. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- "A green view". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 March 2006. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- "Temples of Karnataka - Kolar". templenet.com. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ "Nandiroog". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 9: 298. 1918.
- ^ Goodwill, Fred (1918). "Nandidroog". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 9–10: 300. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ Goodwill, Fred (1921). "The Religious and Military Story of Nudydurga". KGF Mining and Metallurgical Society (5).
- Srikumar, S (2014). Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold) (International ed.). Partridge India. pp. 40–46. ISBN 9781482815078. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- Chandrashekar, Gayatri (2015). Grit and Gold. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482855845. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
- Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1994). Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District. Mangalore, British India: Department of Archeology, Mysore State. p. 20. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- "Kolar district at a glance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "District Census Handbook: Kolar" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Gabon 1,576,665
- "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Hawaii 1,360,301
- ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- Kolaravani
- Kannada Thilaka
