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{{Short description|Machine for recycling bottles and cans}}
{{merge from|Reverse Vending Machine|discuss=Talk:Reverse vending machine#Merger proposal|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
] supermarket in ], Germany]] ] supermarket in ], Germany]]
A '''reverse vending machine''' (RVM) is a ] that allows a person to insert a used or empty ] or ] in exchange for a reward. After inserting the ] item, it is then compacted, sorted, and analyzed according to the number of ounces, materials, and brand using the ] on the bottle.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Reverse Vending History|url=https://rvmsystems.co.uk/reverse-vending-history|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Reverse Vending Machines – RVM Systems|language=en-US}}</ref> Once the item has been scanned and approved, it is then crushed and sorted into the proper storage space for the classified material.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Amantayeva|first=A.|last2=Alkuatova|first2=A.|last3=Kanafin|first3=I.|last4=Tokbolat|first4=S.|last5=Shehab|first5=E.|date=2021-05-01|title=A systems engineering study of integration reverse vending machines into the waste management system of Kazakhstan|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01161-9|journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=872–884|doi=10.1007/s10163-020-01161-9|issn=1611-8227}}</ref> Upon processing the item, the machine rewards people with incentives, such as cash or coupons.<ref name=":3" />The first ] of a reverse vending machine was established in 1972 by ].<ref name=":2" /> With ] increasingly adopting policies concerning ] and ], reverse vending machines have become the standard in areas with stringent recycling policies.<ref name=":2" /> To date, there are more than one hundred thousand RVMs spread globally, located in countries including the ], ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref name=":2" /> A '''reverse vending machine''' (RVM) is a ] that allows a person to insert a used or empty ], ], or ] in exchange for a reward. After inserting the ] item, it is then compacted, sorted, and analyzed according to the number of ounces, materials, and brand using the ] on the bottle or can.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Reverse Vending History |url=https://rvmsystems.co.uk/reverse-vending-history |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=Reverse Vending Machines – RVM Systems |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027102617/https://rvmsystems.co.uk/reverse-vending-history |url-status=live }}</ref> Once the item has been scanned and approved, it is then crushed and sorted into the proper storage space for the classified material.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Amantayeva |first1=A. |last2=Alkuatova |first2=A. |last3=Kanafin |first3=I. |last4=Tokbolat |first4=S. |last5=Shehab |first5=E. |date=2021-05-01 |title=A systems engineering study of integration reverse vending machines into the waste management system of Kazakhstan |journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=872–884 |doi=10.1007/s10163-020-01161-9 |s2cid=233961474 |issn=1611-8227 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021JMCWM..23..872A }}</ref> Upon processing the item, the machine rewards people with incentives, such as cash or coupons.<ref name=":3" />
The first ] of a reverse vending machine was established in 1972 by ].<ref name=":2" /> With ]s increasingly adopting policies concerning ] and ], reverse vending machines have become the standard in areas with stringent recycling policies.<ref name=":2" /> To date, there are more than one hundred thousand RVMs spread globally, located in countries including the ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref name=":2" />


== History == == History ==
On 13 September 1920, the first ] for an ‘Empty Container Return and Handling Machine’ was registered in America using a coin return as compensation by Elmer Jones and Sue Walker.<ref name=":2" /> This machine was referred to as a "Bottle Return Machine" (BRM) during that time.<ref name=":2" /> The first working BRM took approximately thirty years from the first patent to be invented and ].<ref name=":2" /> This whole process was conducted by "Wicanders from Sweden," with the machine being used throughout the 1950s.<ref name=":2" /> In 1962, an evolved "Automatic Bottle Return Machine" was established by Aage Tveitan.<ref name=":2" /> After the invention, the machine was manufactured en-masse by the innovator’s firm Arthur Tveitan ASA in Norway and distributed worldwide.<ref name=":2" /> On 13 September 1920, the first ] for an 'Empty Container Return and Handling Machine' was registered in America using a coin return as compensation by Elmer Jones and Sue Walker.<ref name=":2" /> This machine was referred to as a "Bottle Return Machine" (BRM) during that time.<ref name=":2" /> The first working BRM took approximately thirty years from the first patent to be invented and ].<ref name=":2" /> This whole process was conducted by "Wicanders from Sweden," with the machine being used throughout the 1950s.<ref name=":2" /> In 1962, an evolved "Automatic Bottle Return Machine" was established by Aage Tveitan.<ref name=":2" /> After the invention, the machine was manufactured en-masse by the innovator's firm Arthur Tveitan ASA in Norway and distributed worldwide.<ref name=":2" />


In 1994, a three-in-one machine focused on ] was conceived by Kansmacker and is still being used today in some states within the U.S.<ref name=":2" /> In the ], the Reverse Vending Corporation established the first independent return ready Reverse Vending Machines.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, RVM Systems paid for the ] and ] of the United Kingdom’s top reverse vending company, Reverse Vending Corporation.<ref name=":2" /> Now these machines are standard across the United Kingdom.<ref name=":2" /> In 1994, a three-in-one machine focused on ] was conceived by Kansmacker and is still being used today in some states within the U.S.<ref name=":2" /> In the ], the Reverse Vending Corporation established the first independent return ready Reverse Vending Machines.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, RVM Systems paid for the ]s and ]s of the United Kingdom's top reverse vending company, Reverse Vending Corporation.<ref name=":2" /> Now these machines are standard across the United Kingdom.<ref name=":2" />


== Operation == == Operation ==
] ]
The operations of the reverse vending machine (RVM) are relatively straightforward in that when the recycler brings the used ] to the machine, a "receiving opening" is designed precisely to accept the bottles.<ref name=":3" /> The opening ensures that the device can take only one container at a time.<ref name=":3" /> However, on older systems of the RVM, the recycler has to open a small door on the machine placing the container in a pan before the door closes, with the process being repeated all over again.<ref name=":3" /> After that, the recycled bottle automatically turns and is then scanned by a ] scanner.<ref name=":3" /> The scanner’s primary purpose is to scan the UPC located within the recycled container.<ref name=":3" /> The UPC system is different from the previous methods RVMs used which analyzed the shape and form of the item while using other identification constraints to ensure the container is matched against the system’s database substituting the ].<ref name=":3" /> The operations of the reverse vending machine (RVM) are relatively straightforward in that when the recycler brings the used ] to the machine, a "receiving opening" is designed precisely to accept the bottles.<ref name=":3" /> The opening ensures that the device can take only one container at a time.<ref name=":3" /> However, on older systems of the RVM, the recycler has to open a small door on the machine placing the container in a pan before the door closes, with the process being repeated all over again.<ref name=":3" /> After that, the recycled bottle automatically turns and is then scanned by a ] scanner.<ref name=":3" /> The scanner's primary purpose is to scan the UPC located within the recycled container.<ref name=":3" /> The UPC system is different from the previous methods RVMs used which analyzed the shape and form of the item while using other identification constraints to ensure the container is matched against the system's database substituting the ].<ref name=":3" />

] ]
Up-to-date machines utilize ] as the contemporary "recognition layer" rather than other identification segments.<ref name=":3" /> Aco Recycling is the first company to develop AI Recognition Module for Reverse Vending Machines, machines has been already deployed to deposit and non deposit countries. After the recycled item is scanned and matched to the system’s database, it is then considered an approved item.<ref name=":3" /> Recyclable items are quickly processed and crushed to ensure size reduction, to prevent leaks of any liquids inside the bottles, and finally, to boost the machine’s storage ].<ref name=":3" />In addition, refillable containers are manually handled and returned to the bottling firms.<ref name=":3" /> According to a study by the ] participants reported that the reverse vending machine was a more flexible option for recycling and convenience purposes.<ref name=":3" /> Furthermore, these machines are seen as a contributor to the ] as people are motivated to participate in recycling initiatives due to monetary benefits.<ref name=":3" /> Up-to-date machines utilize ] as the contemporary "recognition layer" rather than other identification segments.<ref name=":3" /> Aco Recycling is the first company to develop AI Recognition Module for Reverse Vending Machines, machines has been already deployed to deposit and non deposit countries. After the recycled item is scanned and matched to the system's database, it is then considered an approved item.<ref name=":3" /> Recyclable items are quickly processed and crushed to ensure size reduction, to prevent leaks of any liquids inside the bottles, and finally, to boost the machine's storage ].<ref name=":3" /> In addition, refillable containers are manually handled and returned to the bottling firms.<ref name=":3" /> According to a study by the ], participants reported that the reverse vending machine was a more flexible option for recycling and convenience purposes.<ref name=":3" /> Furthermore, these machines are seen as a contributor to the ] as people are motivated to participate in recycling initiatives due to monetary benefits.<ref name=":3" />


== Mechanics == == Mechanics ==
The reverse vending machine attempts to solve the ] problem of sorting waste to enhance the recycling process.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Watanyulertsakul|first=Egkarin|date=2019-10-09|title=The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340693659_The_Accuracy_of_Sorting_Beverage_Cans_and_Bottles_for_a_Reverse_Vending_Machine|journal=ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT)|volume=13|pages=71–80|doi=10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066}}</ref> Reverse vending machines work by permitting the user to insert the recycled containers within a specific ] inside the machine.<ref name=":4" /> Consequently, the machine compresses the bottle to reduce its size and allow more of them to be stored within it before they are collected and returned to the ].<ref name=":4" /> After the machine compresses the items, it sorts them for storage purposes, after which they will be delivered to companies responsible for recycling them.<ref name=":4" /> The reverse vending machine attempts to solve the ] problem of sorting waste to enhance the recycling process.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Watanyulertsakul |first=Egkarin |date=2019-10-09 |title=The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340693659 |journal=ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology |volume=13 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066 |s2cid=216652651 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071932/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340693659_The_Accuracy_of_Sorting_Beverage_Cans_and_Bottles_for_a_Reverse_Vending_Machine |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> Reverse vending machines work by permitting the user to insert the recycled containers within a specific ] inside the machine.<ref name=":4" /> Consequently, the machine compresses the bottle to reduce its size and allow more of them to be stored within it before they are collected and returned to the ].<ref name=":4" /> After the machine compresses the items, it sorts them for storage purposes, after which they will be delivered to companies responsible for recycling them.<ref name=":4" />

] ]
When the machine receives a container from the user, the item is placed in the "loading pad," usually in various forms, including a pan form or a wheel.<ref name=":4" /> In the pan form, containers are sorted through the use of the barcode scanner.<ref name=":4" /> A particular section of the RVM utilizes software to match the container to the database.<ref name=":4" /> There is also hardware that entails an implanted sensor that works hand in hand with other parts to ensure the machine works effectively.<ref name=":4" /> Considering the RVM entails an intelligent device that constantly interacts with recyclers, ] support hand in hand with ] is usually necessary to ensure ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Research|first=Q. Y.|date=2019-04-04|title=Global Reverse Vending Machine Market to Reach US$685.1 mn by 2025, Reports QY Research, Inc.|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2019/04/04/1797151/0/en/Global-Reverse-Vending-Machine-Market-to-Reach-US-685-1-mn-by-2025-Reports-QY-Research-Inc.html|access-date=2021-11-03|website=GlobeNewswire News Room|language=en}}</ref> When the machine receives a container from the user, the item is placed in the "loading pad," usually in various forms, including a pan form or a wheel.<ref name=":4" /> In the pan form, containers are sorted through the use of the barcode scanner.<ref name=":4" /> A particular section of the RVM utilizes software to match the container to the database.<ref name=":4" /> There is also hardware that entails an implanted sensor that works hand in hand with other parts to ensure the machine works effectively.<ref name=":4" /> Considering the RVM entails an intelligent device that constantly interacts with recyclers, ] support hand in hand with ] is usually necessary to ensure ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite press release |last=Research |first=Q. Y. |date=2019-04-04 |title=Global Reverse Vending Machine Market to Reach US$685.1 mn by 2025, Reports QY Research, Inc. |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2019/04/04/1797151/0/en/Global-Reverse-Vending-Machine-Market-to-Reach-US-685-1-mn-by-2025-Reports-QY-Research-Inc.html |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106052505/https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2019/04/04/1797151/0/en/Global-Reverse-Vending-Machine-Market-to-Reach-US-685-1-mn-by-2025-Reports-QY-Research-Inc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Demand == == Demand ==
] is being accumulated at a growing pace all over the world, causing the need for new recycling solutions like reverse vending machines.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India|last2=S.K|first2=Pramita|last3=S.V|first3=Mamatha|last4=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India|last5=Mhatre|first5=Prathamesh|last6=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India|last7=S|first7=Abhishek Gowda|last8=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India|last9=R|first9=Deeksha|last10=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India|last11=U|first11=Srikanth|date=2019-10-23|title=A Study on Challenges for Adoption of Reverse Vending Machine: A Case of North Bengaluru, India|url=http://tiikmpublishing.com/data/conferences/doi/wcwm/26510251.2019.1202.pdf|pages=15–29|doi=10.17501/26510251.2019.1202}}</ref>In 2016 alone, over four hundred billion bottles were dispersed globally to consumers, with a little less than half of those bottles being amassed for recycling.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change|access-date=2021-11-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> With product-focused collection and recycling programs outperforming traditional recycling methods, in states like ] or ], governments are increasingly looking to ] in the sector by adopting ] grant programs to help supply more machines throughout ].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=How to close the loop on a quarter-trillion plastic bottles a year {{!}} Greenbiz|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-close-loop-quarter-trillion-plastic-bottles-year|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.greenbiz.com|language=en}}</ref> ] is being accumulated at a growing pace all over the world, causing the need for new recycling solutions like reverse vending machines.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India |last2=S.K |first2=Pramita |last3=S.V |first3=Mamatha |last4=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India |last5=Mhatre |first5=Prathamesh |last6=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India |last7=S |first7=Abhishek Gowda |last8=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India |last9=R |first9=Deeksha |last10=Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India |last11=U |first11=Srikanth |date=2019-10-23 |title=A Study on Challenges for Adoption of Reverse Vending Machine: A Case of North Bengaluru, India |series=World Conference on Waste Management |url=http://tiikmpublishing.com/data/conferences/doi/wcwm/26510251.2019.1202.pdf |pages=15–29 |doi=10.17501/26510251.2019.1202 |s2cid=211753334 |journal= |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027121612/http://tiikmpublishing.com/data/conferences/doi/wcwm/26510251.2019.1202.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016 alone, over four hundred billion bottles were dispersed globally to consumers, with a little less than half of those bottles being amassed for recycling.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107170839/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> With product-focused collection and recycling programs outperforming traditional recycling methods, in states like ] or ], governments are increasingly looking to ] in the sector by adopting ] grant programs to help supply more machines throughout ]s.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web|title=How to close the loop on a quarter-trillion plastic bottles a year {{!}} Greenbiz|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-close-loop-quarter-trillion-plastic-bottles-year|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.greenbiz.com|date=8 November 2018 |language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105230337/https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-close-loop-quarter-trillion-plastic-bottles-year|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Locations == == Locations ==


=== North America === === North America ===
In North America, the adoption of recycling is relatively low; only 9.2% of the plastics manufactured in the United States were recycled.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title=How to close the loop on a quarter-trillion plastic bottles a year {{!}} Greenbiz|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-close-loop-quarter-trillion-plastic-bottles-year|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.greenbiz.com|language=en}}</ref> Product-focused recycling and collection programs are being implemented in states like ] and ], where reverse vending machines are starting to be implemented.<ref name=":62" /> In North America, the adoption of recycling is relatively low; only 9.2% of the plastics manufactured in the United States were recycled.<ref name=":63"/> Product-focused recycling and collection programs are being implemented in states like ] and ], where reverse vending machines are starting to be implemented.<ref name=":63"/> Reverse vending machines have been implemented in various entertainment venues in the region as well, including ], ], ], and ]. They were also deployed at the ].<ref>https://www.recyclingtoday.com/news/anheuser-busch-bringing-reverse-vending-machine-to-super-bowl-57/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>


=== Europe === === Europe ===
] ]
] for empty ]s and bottles in an ] in Finland.]]
] with a "pour-all-in" function, capable of handling bulk amounts of PET bottles and cans in a single go.]]
In Europe, ] is among the leading countries in recycling.<ref name=":3" /> In Norway alone, there exists over three thousand seven hundred reverse vending machines and more than ten thousand stations where the trash, including bottles, could be received.<ref name=":3" /> Norway offers relatively high monetary incentives for the returned bottles, thus resulting in high recycling rates.<ref name=":3" /> ] is another country with high recycling rates based on the ] for ] generated.<ref name=":3" /> In Europe, ] is among the leading countries in recycling.<ref name=":3" /> In Norway alone, there exists over three thousand seven hundred reverse vending machines and more than ten thousand stations where the trash, including bottles, could be received.<ref name=":3" /> Norway offers relatively high monetary incentives for the returned bottles, thus resulting in high recycling rates.<ref name=":3" /> ] is another country with high recycling rates based on the ] for ] generated.<ref name=":3" />


Another country getting involved in RVMs is ], as over one hundred and forty grocery stores owned by UK-based retailer ] are planning to add RVMs.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web|title=How to close the loop on a quarter-trillion plastic bottles a year {{!}} Greenbiz|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-close-loop-quarter-trillion-plastic-bottles-year|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.greenbiz.com|language=en}}</ref> Moreover, ] has committed to making all of its branded products 100% recyclable by 2025 and spearheaded an RVM campaign set to debut in early 2022.<ref name=":63" /> More than one hundred and forty grocery stores owned by UK-based retailer ] are planning to add RVMs.<ref name=":63"/> Moreover, ] has committed to making all of its branded products 100% recyclable by 2025 and spearheaded an RVM campaign set to debut in early 2022.<ref name=":63" />


Moreover, new ]s{{dn|date=November 2021}} are increasingly being implemented in Europe.<ref name=":63" /> In October of 2021, ] and ] partnered with ] to launch the multi-feeding RVM, the TOMRA R1, enabling recyclers to deposit more than one hundred used ] into RVMs in one go.<ref name=":63" /> Moreover, ] is expanding its reach as a global RVM leader in ] and has committed to donating five ] cents to raise money for vital ] in ], with ] first publicly available R1.<ref name=":63" /> TOMRA’s R1 machine exhibits higher recycling deposit return rates, achieving 98% returns in ] and 92% in ].<ref name=":63" /> Moreover, new technological development are increasingly being implemented in Europe.<ref name=":63" /> In October 2021, ] and ] partnered with ] to launch the multi-feeding RVM, the TOMRA R1, enabling recyclers to deposit more than one hundred used ] into RVMs in one go.<ref name=":63" /> Moreover, ] is expanding its reach as a global RVM leader in ] and has committed to donating five ] cents to raise money for vital ] in ], with ] first publicly available R1.<ref name=":63" /> TOMRA's R1 machine exhibits higher recycling deposit return rates, achieving 98% returns in ] and 92% in ].<ref name=":63" />


Other parts of Europe are continuing to adopt RVMs through the use of both public and private joint ventures.<ref name=":63" /> For example, the Russian food ], X5 Group, initiated a partnership with ] in ], to supply RVMs in neighborhood areas with high foot traffic.<ref name=":63" /> ] has also supported the use of RVMs in Moscow in 2019, where they installed seven in ] and three in Moscow, through a pilot project to promote plastic collection and recycling initiatives, by issuing 10% coupons for ] products in the respective storefronts.<ref name=":63" /> Other parts of Europe are continuing to adopt RVMs through the use of both public and private joint ventures.<ref name=":63" /> For example, the Russian food ]er, X5 Group, initiated a partnership with ] in ], to supply RVMs in neighborhood areas with high foot traffic.<ref name=":63" /> ] has also supported the use of RVMs in Moscow in 2019, where they installed seven in ] and three in Moscow, through a pilot project to promote plastic collection and recycling initiatives, by issuing 10% coupons for ] products in the respective storefronts.<ref name=":63" />


As a result, these respective countries’ public and private sectors have partnered to partake in the recycling effort to forego paying extra taxes and contributing to RVM supply and direct investment in the space to get other entrepreneurs involved in the space despite its cost constraints.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Athukorala|first=S.C.|last2=Hennayaka|first2=H.M.A.L.|last3=Rathnayake|first3=S.M.L.P.|last4=Hariluxman|first4=M.|last5=Gamage|first5=J.R.|last6=Gopura|first6=R.A.R.C.|date=2021-07-27|title=A Reverse Vending Machine for Sorting Yoghurt Cups and PET Bottles|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525682|journal=2021 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525682}}</ref> As a result, these respective countries' public and private sectors have partnered to partake in the recycling effort to forego paying extra taxes and contributing to RVM supply and direct investment in the space to get other entrepreneurs involved in the space despite its cost constraints.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Athukorala |first1=S.C. |last2=Hennayaka |first2=H.M.A.L. |last3=Rathnayake |first3=S.M.L.P. |last4=Hariluxman |first4=M. |last5=Gamage |first5=J.R. |last6=Gopura |first6=R.A.R.C. |title=2021 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) |chapter=A Reverse Vending Machine for Sorting Yoghurt Cups and PET Bottles |date=2021-07-27 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525682 |pages=333–338 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525682 |isbn=978-1-6654-3753-0 |s2cid=237520679 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072040/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9525682/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2022, an ] store in Ireland set up a RVM in ], County Cork.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/aldi-launches-first-reverse-vending-26263321 | title=Aldi launches 'reverse vending machine' in Ireland in charity recycling drive | date=17 February 2022 }}</ref>


=== Asia === === Asia ===
In Asia, Russia has illustrated a focus on RVMs with one of its most significant food retailers joining forces with a global beverage producer to enact RVMs in numerous shops across Russia with a discount coupon of 15% to reduce waste in Russia.<ref name=":3" /> Russia’s neighbor ] has also recently embraced the idea of using reverse vending machines to help in their waste management processes.<ref name=":3" /> Finally, ] first introduced the RVMs to help recycle containers in 2016.<ref name=":3" /> With India's adoption of RVMs, its municipalities identified the top locations for RVMs and broke them into five categories.<ref name=":3" /> The first category was close to ], while the second category was in ].<ref name=":3" /> The third category was in ], the fourth category in ], while the final category was in ].<ref name=":3" /> Having implemented the deposit return system in 2018, ] was able to collect 77% of the recyclable waste by returning the deposit fee to the end user. Thanks to this system, Israel encourages people to recycle, which is a sustainable project. {{cite web |url=https://www.acorecycling.com/ |title= The G-1 Smart Reverse Vending Machine |website= www.acorecycling.com }} produced by Aco Recycling constitutes the majority of the machines used in Israel. The fact that it is preferred more with crusher systems and artificial intelligence increases the recycling rate. In Asia, Russia has illustrated a focus on RVMs with one of its most significant food retailers joining forces with a global beverage producer to enact RVMs in numerous shops across Russia with a discount coupon of 15% to reduce waste in Russia.<ref name=":3" /> Russia's neighbor ] has also recently embraced the idea of using reverse vending machines to help in their waste management processes.<ref name=":3" /> Finally, ] first introduced the RVMs to help recycle containers in 2016.<ref name=":3" /> With India's adoption of RVMs, its identified the top locations for RVMs and broke them into five categories.<ref name=":3" /> The first category was close to ], while the second category was in ]s.<ref name=":3" /> The third category was in ]s, the fourth category in ], while the final category was in ]s.<ref name=":3" /> Having implemented the deposit return system in 2018, ] was able to collect 77% of the recyclable waste by returning the deposit fee to the end user. Thanks to this system, Israel encourages people to recycle, which is a sustainable project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acorecycling.com/ |title=The G-1 Smart Reverse Vending Machine |website=www.acorecycling.com |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929135111/https://www.acorecycling.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> produced by Aco Recycling constitutes the majority of the machines used in Israel. The fact that it is preferred more with crusher systems and artificial intelligence increases the recycling rate.


== Advantages == == Advantages ==
The reverse vending machine has several environmental and economic benefits. A person can be rewarded a monetary gain or other rewards by ] of their ], such as ].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Sambhi|first=Shilpa|last2=Dahiya|first2=Preeti|date=2020-03-13|title=Reverse vending machine for managing plastic waste|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-00967-y|journal=International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management|volume=11|issue=3|pages=635–640|doi=10.1007/s13198-020-00967-y|issn=0975-6809}}</ref> This economic benefit is an incentive for people to dispose of their waste correctly.<ref name=":10" /> With ] receiving 27 million tons of ] in 2018, the RVM attempts to combat this by providing a ] proper disposal method.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OLEM|date=2017-09-12|title=Plastics: Material-Specific Data|url=https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data|access-date=2021-11-04|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> The machine’s design allows the user to only insert the item in, and no other action is required.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watanyulertsakul|first=Egkarin|date=2019-10-09|title=The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066|journal=ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT)|volume=13|issue=1|pages=71–80|doi=10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066|issn=2286-9131}}</ref> This added convenience benefit enables the RVM to correctly sort the waste, so it does not end up dumped in the environment.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter 6. Greening the RVM|date=2019-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813550879-008|work=Making a Green Machine|pages=94–116|publisher=Rutgers University Press|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref> One of the focal points of having an RVM rather than a traditional recycling bin is the use of a ] which allows for a larger capacity of storing waste.<ref name=":10" /> The reverse vending machine has several environmental and economic benefits. A person can be rewarded a monetary gain or other rewards by ] of their ], such as ]s.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Sambhi |first1=Shilpa |last2=Dahiya |first2=Preeti |date=2020-03-13 |title=Reverse vending machine for managing plastic waste |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-00967-y |journal=International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=635–640 |doi=10.1007/s13198-020-00967-y |s2cid=216480601 |issn=0975-6809 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071938/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13198-020-00967-y |url-status=live }}</ref> This economic benefit is an incentive for people to dispose of their waste correctly.<ref name=":10" /> With ]s receiving 27 million tons of ] in 2018, the RVM attempts to combat this by providing a ] proper disposal method.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OLEM |date=2017-09-12 |title=Plastics: Material-Specific Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105050719/https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data |url-status=live }}</ref> The machine's design allows the user to only insert the item in, and no other action is required.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watanyulertsakul |first=Egkarin |date=2019-10-09 |title=The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine |journal=ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066 |s2cid=216652651 |issn=2286-9131 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This added convenience benefit enables the RVM to correctly sort the waste, so it does not end up dumped in the environment.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chapter 6. Greening the RVM |date=2019-12-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813550879-008 |work=Making a Green Machine |pages=94–116 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |doi=10.36019/9780813550879-008 |isbn=9780813550879 |s2cid=242507787 |access-date=2021-11-04 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071922/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.36019/9780813550879-008/html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the focal points of having an RVM rather than a traditional recycling bin is the use of a ] which allows for a larger capacity of storing waste.<ref name=":10" />


== Disadvantages == == Disadvantages ==
] ]
Despite the efficiencies found in reverse vending machines, their high acquisition costs are a disadvantage, as machines typically cost more than $6,000.<ref name=":0">https://www.businesspost.ie/smes/making-it-work-dublin-start-ups-reverse-vending-machine-uses-ai-to-reward-recycling-3f1c49ee</ref> Due to these costs, private business owners typically cannot afford to acquire and manage the machines.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, government-affiliated and ] ] have worked with companies like ] to initiate policies and ] programs to promote the use of reverse vending machines to the public.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Reverse Vending facts: Governments’ policies, economics and materials management {{!}} Global C Store Focus|url=https://www.globalconveniencestorefocus.co.uk/features/reverse-vending-facts-governments-policies-economics-and-materials-management/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=www.globalconveniencestorefocus.co.uk}}</ref> As more ] and private businesses begin to enter the RVM market, costs are expected to decrease and become a more common alternative to ].<ref name=":7" /> Despite the efficiencies found in reverse vending machines, their high acquisition costs are a disadvantage, as machines typically cost more than $6,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesspost.ie/smes/making-it-work-dublin-start-ups-reverse-vending-machine-uses-ai-to-reward-recycling-3f1c49ee |title=Making It Work: Dublin start-up's reverse vending machine uses AI to reward recycling |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121009/https://www.businesspost.ie/smes/making-it-work-dublin-start-ups-reverse-vending-machine-uses-ai-to-reward-recycling-3f1c49ee |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to these costs, private business owners typically cannot afford to acquire and manage the machines.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, government-affiliated and ] ] have worked with companies like ] to initiate policies and ] programs to promote the use of reverse vending machines to the public.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Reverse Vending facts: Governments' policies, economics and materials management {{!}} Global C Store Focus |url=https://www.globalconveniencestorefocus.co.uk/features/reverse-vending-facts-governments-policies-economics-and-materials-management/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=www.globalconveniencestorefocus.co.uk |date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071925/https://www.globalconveniencestorefocus.co.uk/features/reverse-vending-facts-governments-policies-economics-and-materials-management/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As more ]s and private businesses begin to enter the RVM market, costs are expected to decrease and become a more common alternative to ].<ref name=":7" />


Aside from an economic perspective, RVMs are subject to constant checkups, updates, and ] procedures which enable the ] software to continue scanning and collecting data on the recyclable bottles.<ref name=":12" /> Despite the convenience that reverse vending machines offer their users, the monetary rewards may be perceived as too insignificant to ] recycling from the general ].<ref name=":12" /> Aside from an economic perspective, RVMs are subject to constant checkups, updates, and ] procedures which enable the ] software to continue scanning and collecting data on the recyclable bottles.<ref name=":12" /> Despite the convenience that reverse vending machines offer their users, the monetary rewards may be perceived as too insignificant to ] recycling from the general ].<ref name=":12" />


== Future developments == == Future developments ==
Researchers at the ] have created a machine that takes both cans and plastic bottles. The device will have an "] and push-button installed as well as a commercial beverages database holding a daily log of recycling activity.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last=Sinaga|first=Erikson|last2=Irawan|first2=Richard|date=2020-03-18|title=Developing barcode scan system of a small-scaled reverse vending machine to sorting waste of beverage containers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342125987_Developing_barcode_scan_system_of_a_small-scaled_reverse_vending_machine_to_sorting_waste_of_beverage_containers|journal=TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control)|volume=18|pages=2087|doi=10.12928/telkomnika.v18i4.14776}}</ref> Researchers at the ] have created a machine that takes both cans and plastic bottles. The device will have an "] and push-button installed as well as a commercial beverages database holding a daily log of recycling activity.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last1=Sinaga |first1=Erikson |last2=Irawan |first2=Richard |date=2020-03-18 |title=Developing barcode scan system of a small-scaled reverse vending machine to sorting waste of beverage containers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342125987 |journal=TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=2087 |doi=10.12928/telkomnika.v18i4.14776 |s2cid=216467020 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071938/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342125987_Developing_barcode_scan_system_of_a_small-scaled_reverse_vending_machine_to_sorting_waste_of_beverage_containers |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>


The RVM market is expected to grow from $343.6 million in 2018 to over $685.1 million by 2025 as countries embrace ] initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reverse vending is the way to increase plastic bottle recycling rates|url=https://www.recyclingproductnews.com/article/35464/reverse-vending-is-the-way-to-increase-plastic-bottle-recycling-rates|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Recycling Product News|language=en}}</ref> The RVM market is expected to grow from $343.6 million in 2018 to over $685.1 million by 2025 as countries embrace ] initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reverse vending is the way to increase plastic bottle recycling rates |url=https://www.recyclingproductnews.com/article/35464/reverse-vending-is-the-way-to-increase-plastic-bottle-recycling-rates |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Recycling Product News |date=9 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106080440/https://www.recyclingproductnews.com/article/35464/reverse-vending-is-the-way-to-increase-plastic-bottle-recycling-rates |url-status=live }}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal
| first =Graham
| last =Butler
| date=2025
| title =Deposit return schemes of EU Member States and the EU's internal market
| journal =Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
| volume =34
| issue =
| pages =
| doi =10.1111/reel.12591
| url= https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12591
}}


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 14:16, 23 January 2025

Machine for recycling bottles and cans

Reverse vending machine in an Aldi supermarket in Munich, Germany

A reverse vending machine (RVM) is a machine that allows a person to insert a used or empty glass bottle, plastic bottle, or aluminum can in exchange for a reward. After inserting the recyclable item, it is then compacted, sorted, and analyzed according to the number of ounces, materials, and brand using the universal product code on the bottle or can. Once the item has been scanned and approved, it is then crushed and sorted into the proper storage space for the classified material. Upon processing the item, the machine rewards people with incentives, such as cash or coupons.

The first prototype of a reverse vending machine was established in 1972 by TOMRA. With nations increasingly adopting policies concerning recycling and sustainability, reverse vending machines have become the standard in areas with stringent recycling policies. To date, there are more than one hundred thousand RVMs spread globally, located in countries including the United Kingdom, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Australia, Canada, and the United States.

History

On 13 September 1920, the first patent for an 'Empty Container Return and Handling Machine' was registered in America using a coin return as compensation by Elmer Jones and Sue Walker. This machine was referred to as a "Bottle Return Machine" (BRM) during that time. The first working BRM took approximately thirty years from the first patent to be invented and manufactured. This whole process was conducted by "Wicanders from Sweden," with the machine being used throughout the 1950s. In 1962, an evolved "Automatic Bottle Return Machine" was established by Aage Tveitan. After the invention, the machine was manufactured en-masse by the innovator's firm Arthur Tveitan ASA in Norway and distributed worldwide.

In 1994, a three-in-one machine focused on bottle recycling was conceived by Kansmacker and is still being used today in some states within the U.S. In the United Kingdom, the Reverse Vending Corporation established the first independent return ready Reverse Vending Machines. In 2018, RVM Systems paid for the assets and trademarks of the United Kingdom's top reverse vending company, Reverse Vending Corporation. Now these machines are standard across the United Kingdom.

Operation

Video of a reverse vending machine in operation in Norway

The operations of the reverse vending machine (RVM) are relatively straightforward in that when the recycler brings the used beverage bottle to the machine, a "receiving opening" is designed precisely to accept the bottles. The opening ensures that the device can take only one container at a time. However, on older systems of the RVM, the recycler has to open a small door on the machine placing the container in a pan before the door closes, with the process being repeated all over again. After that, the recycled bottle automatically turns and is then scanned by a UPC ("Universal Product Code") scanner. The scanner's primary purpose is to scan the UPC located within the recycled container. The UPC system is different from the previous methods RVMs used which analyzed the shape and form of the item while using other identification constraints to ensure the container is matched against the system's database substituting the barcode.

Reverse vending machine receipt

Up-to-date machines utilize artificial intelligence as the contemporary "recognition layer" rather than other identification segments. Aco Recycling is the first company to develop AI Recognition Module for Reverse Vending Machines, machines has been already deployed to deposit and non deposit countries. After the recycled item is scanned and matched to the system's database, it is then considered an approved item. Recyclable items are quickly processed and crushed to ensure size reduction, to prevent leaks of any liquids inside the bottles, and finally, to boost the machine's storage volume. In addition, refillable containers are manually handled and returned to the bottling firms. According to a study by the New York City Housing Authority, participants reported that the reverse vending machine was a more flexible option for recycling and convenience purposes. Furthermore, these machines are seen as a contributor to the circular economy as people are motivated to participate in recycling initiatives due to monetary benefits.

Mechanics

The reverse vending machine attempts to solve the efficiency problem of sorting waste to enhance the recycling process. Reverse vending machines work by permitting the user to insert the recycled containers within a specific aperture inside the machine. Consequently, the machine compresses the bottle to reduce its size and allow more of them to be stored within it before they are collected and returned to the bottling company. After the machine compresses the items, it sorts them for storage purposes, after which they will be delivered to companies responsible for recycling them.

User scanning plastic bottles in a reverse vending machine in Moscow

When the machine receives a container from the user, the item is placed in the "loading pad," usually in various forms, including a pan form or a wheel. In the pan form, containers are sorted through the use of the barcode scanner. A particular section of the RVM utilizes software to match the container to the database. There is also hardware that entails an implanted sensor that works hand in hand with other parts to ensure the machine works effectively. Considering the RVM entails an intelligent device that constantly interacts with recyclers, information technology support hand in hand with technical maintenance is usually necessary to ensure efficiency.

Demand

Waste is being accumulated at a growing pace all over the world, causing the need for new recycling solutions like reverse vending machines. In 2016 alone, over four hundred billion bottles were dispersed globally to consumers, with a little less than half of those bottles being amassed for recycling. With product-focused collection and recycling programs outperforming traditional recycling methods, in states like California or Michigan, governments are increasingly looking to innovate in the sector by adopting government funding grant programs to help supply more machines throughout urban areas.

Locations

North America

In North America, the adoption of recycling is relatively low; only 9.2% of the plastics manufactured in the United States were recycled. Product-focused recycling and collection programs are being implemented in states like Michigan and California, where reverse vending machines are starting to be implemented. Reverse vending machines have been implemented in various entertainment venues in the region as well, including Lincoln Financial Field, Javits Center, Nationals Park, and Red Rocks Amphitheater. They were also deployed at the Super Bowl.

Europe

Bottle reverse vending machines in an Albert Heijn supermarket, Netherlands
Reverse vending machine for empty beverage cans and bottles in an K-Citymarket in Finland.
A machine in Sweden with a "pour-all-in" function, capable of handling bulk amounts of PET bottles and cans in a single go.

In Europe, Norway is among the leading countries in recycling. In Norway alone, there exists over three thousand seven hundred reverse vending machines and more than ten thousand stations where the trash, including bottles, could be received. Norway offers relatively high monetary incentives for the returned bottles, thus resulting in high recycling rates. Finland is another country with high recycling rates based on the tax for liters generated.

More than one hundred and forty grocery stores owned by UK-based retailer Tesco are planning to add RVMs. Moreover, Tesco has committed to making all of its branded products 100% recyclable by 2025 and spearheaded an RVM campaign set to debut in early 2022.

Moreover, new technological development are increasingly being implemented in Europe. In October 2021, Germany and Denmark partnered with TOMRA to launch the multi-feeding RVM, the TOMRA R1, enabling recyclers to deposit more than one hundred used beverage containers into RVMs in one go. Moreover, TOMRA is expanding its reach as a global RVM leader in Europe and has committed to donating five Euro cents to raise money for vital medical equipment in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, with TOMRA's first publicly available R1. TOMRA's R1 machine exhibits higher recycling deposit return rates, achieving 98% returns in Germany and 92% in Denmark.

Other parts of Europe are continuing to adopt RVMs through the use of both public and private joint ventures. For example, the Russian food retailer, X5 Group, initiated a partnership with Coca-Cola in Pyaterochka, Moscow, to supply RVMs in neighborhood areas with high foot traffic. Unilever has also supported the use of RVMs in Moscow in 2019, where they installed seven in Perekrestok and three in Moscow, through a pilot project to promote plastic collection and recycling initiatives, by issuing 10% coupons for Unilever products in the respective storefronts.

As a result, these respective countries' public and private sectors have partnered to partake in the recycling effort to forego paying extra taxes and contributing to RVM supply and direct investment in the space to get other entrepreneurs involved in the space despite its cost constraints.

In February 2022, an Aldi store in Ireland set up a RVM in Mitchelstown, County Cork.

Asia

In Asia, Russia has illustrated a focus on RVMs with one of its most significant food retailers joining forces with a global beverage producer to enact RVMs in numerous shops across Russia with a discount coupon of 15% to reduce waste in Russia. Russia's neighbor Kazakhstan has also recently embraced the idea of using reverse vending machines to help in their waste management processes. Finally, India first introduced the RVMs to help recycle containers in 2016. With India's adoption of RVMs, its identified the top locations for RVMs and broke them into five categories. The first category was close to neighborhoods, while the second category was in supermarkets. The third category was in bus stops, the fourth category in public areas, while the final category was in shopping malls. Having implemented the deposit return system in 2018, Israel was able to collect 77% of the recyclable waste by returning the deposit fee to the end user. Thanks to this system, Israel encourages people to recycle, which is a sustainable project. produced by Aco Recycling constitutes the majority of the machines used in Israel. The fact that it is preferred more with crusher systems and artificial intelligence increases the recycling rate.

Advantages

The reverse vending machine has several environmental and economic benefits. A person can be rewarded a monetary gain or other rewards by disposing of their waste, such as plastic bottles. This economic benefit is an incentive for people to dispose of their waste correctly. With landfills receiving 27 million tons of plastic in 2018, the RVM attempts to combat this by providing a convenient proper disposal method. The machine's design allows the user to only insert the item in, and no other action is required. This added convenience benefit enables the RVM to correctly sort the waste, so it does not end up dumped in the environment. One of the focal points of having an RVM rather than a traditional recycling bin is the use of a crusher which allows for a larger capacity of storing waste.

Disadvantages

Reverse vending machine in Engadine, NSW, Australia that rewards 10 cents for each returned bottle

Despite the efficiencies found in reverse vending machines, their high acquisition costs are a disadvantage, as machines typically cost more than $6,000. Due to these costs, private business owners typically cannot afford to acquire and manage the machines. As a result, government-affiliated and non-profit interest groups have worked with companies like TOMRA to initiate policies and joint venture programs to promote the use of reverse vending machines to the public. As more corporations and private businesses begin to enter the RVM market, costs are expected to decrease and become a more common alternative to traditional recycling methods.

Aside from an economic perspective, RVMs are subject to constant checkups, updates, and maintenance procedures which enable the artificial intelligence software to continue scanning and collecting data on the recyclable bottles. Despite the convenience that reverse vending machines offer their users, the monetary rewards may be perceived as too insignificant to incentivize recycling from the general public.

Future developments

Researchers at the Swiss-German University have created a machine that takes both cans and plastic bottles. The device will have an "LCD and push-button installed as well as a commercial beverages database holding a daily log of recycling activity.

The RVM market is expected to grow from $343.6 million in 2018 to over $685.1 million by 2025 as countries embrace waste management initiatives.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "Reverse Vending History". Reverse Vending Machines – RVM Systems. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  2. ^ Amantayeva, A.; Alkuatova, A.; Kanafin, I.; Tokbolat, S.; Shehab, E. (1 May 2021). "A systems engineering study of integration reverse vending machines into the waste management system of Kazakhstan". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 23 (3): 872–884. Bibcode:2021JMCWM..23..872A. doi:10.1007/s10163-020-01161-9. ISSN 1611-8227. S2CID 233961474.
  3. ^ Watanyulertsakul, Egkarin (9 October 2019). "The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine". ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology. 13: 71–80. doi:10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066. S2CID 216652651. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  4. ^ Research, Q. Y. (4 April 2019). "Global Reverse Vending Machine Market to Reach US$685.1 mn by 2025, Reports QY Research, Inc". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  5. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India; S.K, Pramita; S.V, Mamatha; Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India; Mhatre, Prathamesh; Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India; S, Abhishek Gowda; Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India; R, Deeksha; Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India; U, Srikanth (23 October 2019). "A Study on Challenges for Adoption of Reverse Vending Machine: A Case of North Bengaluru, India" (PDF). World Conference on Waste Management: 15–29. doi:10.17501/26510251.2019.1202. S2CID 211753334. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. "A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change'". the Guardian. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  7. ^ "How to close the loop on a quarter-trillion plastic bottles a year | Greenbiz". www.greenbiz.com. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  8. https://www.recyclingtoday.com/news/anheuser-busch-bringing-reverse-vending-machine-to-super-bowl-57/
  9. Athukorala, S.C.; Hennayaka, H.M.A.L.; Rathnayake, S.M.L.P.; Hariluxman, M.; Gamage, J.R.; Gopura, R.A.R.C. (27 July 2021). "A Reverse Vending Machine for Sorting Yoghurt Cups and PET Bottles". 2021 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE. pp. 333–338. doi:10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525682. ISBN 978-1-6654-3753-0. S2CID 237520679. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  10. "Aldi launches 'reverse vending machine' in Ireland in charity recycling drive". 17 February 2022.
  11. "The G-1 Smart Reverse Vending Machine". www.acorecycling.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  12. ^ Sambhi, Shilpa; Dahiya, Preeti (13 March 2020). "Reverse vending machine for managing plastic waste". International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. 11 (3): 635–640. doi:10.1007/s13198-020-00967-y. ISSN 0975-6809. S2CID 216480601. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
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