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'''SB-221284''' is a ] ] ] and ] ] which is used in ].<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacivita E, Leopoldo M | title = Selective agents for serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor | journal = Curr Top Med Chem | volume = 6 | issue = 18 | pages = 1927–1970 | date = 2006 | pmid = 17017967 | doi = 10.2174/156802606778522168 | url = | quote = In particular, compounds 41 and 42 demonstrated 160- and 600-fold selectivity over 5- HT2A receptor, respectively. Compounds 41-44 were evaluated for binding at 5-HT2B receptor and displayed modest selectivity. Compound 41 was found to have negligible affinity on a total of 57 different binding sites. 41 was also characterized as a competitive antagonist (pKB= 9.8) in the 5-HT-stimulated PI hydrolysis model of h-5-HT2C receptor activation in HEK-293 cells. Compounds 25, 39-43, 47-49 potently blocked the hypoactivity in rats produced by a standard dose of mCPP after oral administration (ID50 values around 1 mg/kg po). Compounds 39, 41, 47, and 48 were further evaluated in two different models of anxiety in the rat (i.e. the Geller-Seifter Conflict Test and the Social Interaction Test) and were found to have significant anxiolytic activity with no evidence of sedative effects at doses (0.2-5 mg/ kg po) similar to those that antagonized mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. The project aimed to the discovery of a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist at GSK evolved further starting from compound 41 (SB-221284) and its methoxy analog 47 (Table 2). Compound 41 was found to be a potent inhibitor of a number of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (particularly the CYP1A2 isoform) and, therefore, further development was precluded. }}</ref><ref name="KnightMisraQuirk2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knight AR, Misra A, Quirk K, Benwell K, Revell D, Kennett G, Bickerdike M | title = Pharmacological characterisation of the agonist radioligand binding site of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors | journal = Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol | volume = 370 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–123 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15322733 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-004-0951-4 | url = }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, Ham P, Jones GE, King FD, Saunders DV, Starr S, Thewlis KM, Wyman PA, Blaney FE, Naylor CB, Bailey F, Blackburn TP, Holland V, Kennett GA, Riley GJ, Wood MD | title = Novel and selective 5-HT2C/2B receptor antagonists as potential anxiolytic agents: synthesis, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling of substituted 1-(3-pyridylcarbamoyl)indolines | journal = J Med Chem | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 1598–1612 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9572885 | doi = 10.1021/jm970741j | url = }}</ref> Its ] (K<sub>i</sub>) are 2.2 to 2.5{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor, 2.5 to 12.6{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor, and 398 to 550{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin ] (where it is also an antagonist).<ref name="KnightMisraQuirk2004" /><ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /> The drug has 160- to 250-fold ] for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor over the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> It is said to have been the first serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor ] to show 100-fold selectivity over the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="BlaneyCapelliTedesco2006">{{cite book | last1=Blaney | first1=Frank E. | last2=Capelli | first2=Anna-Maria | last3=Tedesco | first3=Giovanna | title=Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry | chapter=7TM Models in Structure-based Drug Design | publisher=Wiley | date=20 January 2006 | isbn=978-3-527-31284-9 | doi=10.1002/3527608249.ch11 | pages=205–239 | quote = This led to the synthesis of SB-221284 (4) which was the first ligand to show over 100-fold selectivity for 5-HT2C . The compound was still fairly weak as an antagonist so further elaboration was necessary. }}</ref> '''SB-221284''' is a ] ] ] and ] ] which is used in ].<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacivita E, Leopoldo M | title = Selective agents for serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 6 | issue = 18 | pages = 1927–1970 | date = 2006 | pmid = 17017967 | doi = 10.2174/156802606778522168 | quote = In particular, compounds 41 and 42 demonstrated 160- and 600-fold selectivity over 5- HT2A receptor, respectively. Compounds 41-44 were evaluated for binding at 5-HT2B receptor and displayed modest selectivity. Compound 41 was found to have negligible affinity on a total of 57 different binding sites. 41 was also characterized as a competitive antagonist (pKB= 9.8) in the 5-HT-stimulated PI hydrolysis model of h-5-HT2C receptor activation in HEK-293 cells. Compounds 25, 39-43, 47-49 potently blocked the hypoactivity in rats produced by a standard dose of mCPP after oral administration (ID50 values around 1 mg/kg po). Compounds 39, 41, 47, and 48 were further evaluated in two different models of anxiety in the rat (i.e. the Geller-Seifter Conflict Test and the Social Interaction Test) and were found to have significant anxiolytic activity with no evidence of sedative effects at doses (0.2-5 mg/ kg po) similar to those that antagonized mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. The project aimed to the discovery of a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist at GSK evolved further starting from compound 41 (SB-221284) and its methoxy analog 47 (Table 2). Compound 41 was found to be a potent inhibitor of a number of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (particularly the CYP1A2 isoform) and, therefore, further development was precluded. }}</ref><ref name="KnightMisraQuirk2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knight AR, Misra A, Quirk K, Benwell K, Revell D, Kennett G, Bickerdike M | title = Pharmacological characterisation of the agonist radioligand binding site of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 370 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–123 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15322733 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-004-0951-4 }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, Ham P, Jones GE, King FD, Saunders DV, Starr S, Thewlis KM, Wyman PA, Blaney FE, Naylor CB, Bailey F, Blackburn TP, Holland V, Kennett GA, Riley GJ, Wood MD | title = Novel and selective 5-HT2C/2B receptor antagonists as potential anxiolytic agents: synthesis, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling of substituted 1-(3-pyridylcarbamoyl)indolines | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 1598–1612 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9572885 | doi = 10.1021/jm970741j }}</ref>


Its ] (K<sub>i</sub>) are 2.2 to 2.5{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor, 2.5 to 12.6{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor, and 398 to 550{{nbsp}}nM for the serotonin ] (where it is also an antagonist).<ref name="KnightMisraQuirk2004" /><ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /> The drug has 160- to 250-fold ] for the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor over the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> It is said to have been the first serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor ] to show 100-fold selectivity over the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="BlaneyCapelliTedesco2006">{{cite book | vauthors = Blaney FE, Capelli AM, Tedesco G | veditors = Rognan D | title=Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry | chapter=7TM Models in Structure-based Drug Design | publisher=Wiley | date=20 January 2006 | isbn=978-3-527-31284-9 | doi=10.1002/3527608249.ch11 | pages=205–239 | quote = This led to the synthesis of SB-221284 (4) which was the first ligand to show over 100-fold selectivity for 5-HT2C . The compound was still fairly weak as an antagonist so further elaboration was necessary. }}</ref>
⚫ SB-221284 has shown ]-like effects in animals.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies2000" /><ref name="JenckBösWichmann1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenck F, Bös M, Wichmann J, Stadler H, Martin JR, Moreau JL | title = The role of 5-HT2C receptors in affective disorders | journal = Expert Opin Investig Drugs | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1587–1599 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 15991903 | doi = 10.1517/13543784.7.10.1587 | url = | quote = In contrast, 5-HT2C receptor antagonists such as SB-200646A or SB-221284 show signs of anxiolytic-like activity in tests for conditioned and phobic-like anxiety in rodents whereas they are inactive in tests indicative of antidepressant, anti-OCD and antipanic activity. }}</ref> Conversely, it has been said to be inactive in terms of ]-like, ]-like, ]-like, and ] effects.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="JenckBösWichmann1998" /> It also showed no ] or ] effects in animals, ]s that are notably observed with serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor ].<ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" />


⚫ SB-221284 has shown ]-like effects in animals.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies2000" /><ref name="JenckBösWichmann1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenck F, Bös M, Wichmann J, Stadler H, Martin JR, Moreau JL | title = The role of 5-HT2C receptors in affective disorders | journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1587–1599 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 15991903 | doi = 10.1517/13543784.7.10.1587 | quote = In contrast, 5-HT2C receptor antagonists such as SB-200646A or SB-221284 show signs of anxiolytic-like activity in tests for conditioned and phobic-like anxiety in rodents whereas they are inactive in tests indicative of antidepressant, anti-OCD and antipanic activity. }}</ref> Conversely, it has been said to be inactive in terms of ]-like, ]-like, ]-like, and ] effects.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="JenckBösWichmann1998" /> It also showed no ] or ] effects in animals, ]s that are notably observed with serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor ].<ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" />
⚫ The preferential serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor agonist ] (mCPP) and the ] ] have been found to acutely reduce ] in rodents.<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bristow LJ, O'Connor D, Watts R, Duxon MS, Hutson PH | title = Evidence for accelerated desensitisation of 5-HT(2C) receptors following combined treatment with fluoxetine and the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100,635, in the rat | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 1222–1236 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10760364 | doi = 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00191-4 | url = | quote = SB 221284, an antagonist which has recently been disclosed and which has improved affinity and selectivity for 5-HT2C receptors compared to SB 200646A (Ki =2.5, 12.6 and 398 nM at 5-HT2C, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors, respectively; Bromidge et al., 1998). }}</ref> SB-221284 was found to reverse the acute decreases in social interaction produced by mCPP and fluoxetine.<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /> The drug has also been found to block mCPP-induced ].<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016">{{cite journal | last1=Yang | first1=Yang | last2=An | first2=Shu | last3=Liu | first3=Ying | last4=Guo | first4=Xiao-Xi | last5=Gao | first5=Linghuan | last6=Wei | first6=Ji-Fu | last7=Xu | first7=Tian-Rui | title=Novel serotonin receptor 2 (5-HT 2 R) agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2004-2014) | journal=Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents | volume=26 | issue=1 | date=2 January 2016 | issn=1354-3776 | doi=10.1517/13543776.2016.1113257 | pages=89–106 | pmid=26609882 | quote=SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals has developed a number of useful anxiolytic agents targeting the 5-HT2C receptor, since the early 1990s. They revealed a number of bispyridyl ether compounds with selective 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptor antagonist activity (e.g., SB-242084 and SB-221284, compound 16 and 17, respectively, FIGURE 2), which exhibited significant anxiolytic activity and blocked the hypolocomotion in rats, centrally mediated by m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, compound 8, FIGURE 1), which is a hallucinogen also known as ecstasy with selective 5-HT2A/2C/2B agonist activity, an induce behavioral symptoms of anxiety in both animal models and humans.}}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Davies S, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, Gaster LM, Ham P, Jones GE, King FD, Mulholland KR, Saunders DV, Wyman PA, Blaney FE, Clarke SE, Blackburn TP, Holland V, Kennett GA, Lightowler S, Middlemiss DN, Trail B, Riley GJ, Wood MD | title = Biarylcarbamoylindolines are novel and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonists: identification of 5-methyl-1-<nowiki>- 5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindoline (SB-243213) as a potential antidepressant/anxiolytic agent | journal = J Med Chem | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 1123–1134 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10737744 | doi = 10.1021/jm990388c | url = | quote = Subsequently, we developed a number of selective 5-HT2C/B receptor antagonists, such as 1 (SB206553) and 2 (SB-221284), which block the centrally mediated mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in rats. These compounds also exhibited significant anxiolytic activity in several different animal models, lending strong support to our original hypothesis.4-6 }}</ref><ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutson PH, Barton CL, Jay M, Blurton P, Burkamp F, Clarkson R, Bristow LJ | title = Activation of mesolimbic dopamine function by phencyclidine is enhanced by 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonists: neurochemical and behavioural studies | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 2318–2328 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10974315 | doi = 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00089-7 | url = }}</ref> Both SB-221284 and the selective serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor antagonist ] have been found to enhance the ] ] release and ] induced by ]s like ] (PCP) and ] (MK-801).<ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000" /> Conversely, both drugs had no effect on ] or dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens by themselves.<ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000" /> However, another study reported that SB-221284 by itself did ].<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" />


⚫ The preferential serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor agonist ] (mCPP) and the ] ] have been found to acutely reduce ] in rodents.<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bristow LJ, O'Connor D, Watts R, Duxon MS, Hutson PH | title = Evidence for accelerated desensitisation of 5-HT(2C) receptors following combined treatment with fluoxetine and the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100,635, in the rat | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 1222–1236 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10760364 | doi = 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00191-4 | quote = SB 221284, an antagonist which has recently been disclosed and which has improved affinity and selectivity for 5-HT2C receptors compared to SB 200646A (Ki =2.5, 12.6 and 398 nM at 5-HT2C, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors, respectively; Bromidge et al., 1998). }}</ref> SB-221284 was found to reverse the acute decreases in social interaction produced by mCPP and fluoxetine.<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" /> The drug has also been found to block mCPP-induced ].<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="YangAnLiu2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang Y, An S, Liu Y, Guo XX, Gao L, Wei JF, Xu TR | title = Novel serotonin receptor 2 (5-HT2R) agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2004-2014) | journal = Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–106 | date = 2 January 2016 | pmid = 26609882 | doi = 10.1517/13543776.2016.1113257 | quote = SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals has developed a number of useful anxiolytic agents targeting the 5-HT2C receptor, since the early 1990s. They revealed a number of bispyridyl ether compounds with selective 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptor antagonist activity (e.g., SB-242084 and SB-221284, compound 16 and 17, respectively, FIGURE 2), which exhibited significant anxiolytic activity and blocked the hypolocomotion in rats, centrally mediated by m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, compound 8, FIGURE 1), which is a hallucinogen also known as ecstasy with selective 5-HT2A/2C/2B agonist activity, an induce behavioral symptoms of anxiety in both animal models and humans. }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Davies S, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, Gaster LM, Ham P, Jones GE, King FD, Mulholland KR, Saunders DV, Wyman PA, Blaney FE, Clarke SE, Blackburn TP, Holland V, Kennett GA, Lightowler S, Middlemiss DN, Trail B, Riley GJ, Wood MD | title = Biarylcarbamoylindolines are novel and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonists: identification of 5-methyl-1-<nowiki>- 5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindoline (SB-243213) as a potential antidepressant/anxiolytic agent | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 1123–1134 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10737744 | doi = 10.1021/jm990388c | quote = Subsequently, we developed a number of selective 5-HT2C/B receptor antagonists, such as 1 (SB206553) and 2 (SB-221284), which block the centrally mediated mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in rats. These compounds also exhibited significant anxiolytic activity in several different animal models, lending strong support to our original hypothesis.4-6 }}</ref><ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutson PH, Barton CL, Jay M, Blurton P, Burkamp F, Clarkson R, Bristow LJ | title = Activation of mesolimbic dopamine function by phencyclidine is enhanced by 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonists: neurochemical and behavioural studies | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 2318–2328 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10974315 | doi = 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00089-7 }}</ref> Both SB-221284 and the selective serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor antagonist ] have been found to enhance the ] ] release and ] induced by ]s like ] (PCP) and ] (MK-801).<ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000" /> Conversely, both drugs had no effect on ] or dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens by themselves.<ref name="HutsonBartonJay2000" /> However, another study reported that SB-221284 by itself did ].<ref name="BristowO'ConnorWatts2000" />
⚫ SB-221284 was first described in the ] by 1996.<ref name="Steele1996">{{cite journal | last=Steele | first=Peter | title=Meeting Highlights: 7th Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry in Eastern England | journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume=5 | issue=6 | date=1996 | issn=1354-3784 | doi=10.1517/13543784.5.6.787 | pages=787–790 | quote = The result was the optimised indoline SB-221284 (4), with 140-fold 5-HT2c selectivity, pKi = 8.6, ID50 = 1.5 mg/kg, and a minimum effective dose of 1 mg/kg in the Geller-Seifter test. SB-221284 is no longer in development because of compound-related toxicity problems, but a suitable analogue, not identified, has been located as a replacement. }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> It was researched by ] as a possible non-sedating anxiolytic and reached the ] stage of development.<ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /><ref name="Griebel1997">Griebel, G. (1997). Serotonergic drugs in animal models of anxiety: an update. Serotonin ID Res. Alert, 2, 251-257. http://perso.numericable.fr/griebguy/Pub032.pdf</ref><ref name="PauliTimmersCaceres2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pauli I, Timmers LF, Caceres RA, Soares MB, de Azevedo WF | title = In silico and in vitro: identifying new drugs | journal = Curr Drug Targets | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1054–1061 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19128215 | doi = 10.2174/138945008786949397 | url = https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/10114| quote = Compound SB 221284 was selected on the basis of its overall biological profile for further evaluation as a potential, novel, nonsedating anxiolytic agent. Unfortunately, these compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of several human cytochrome P450 enzymes which precluded their further development . }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> However, it was found to be a ] ] of a number of human ] ]s (particularly ]), which precluded further development of the drug.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="PauliTimmersCaceres2008" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> Other sources have stated that SB-221284 was not further developed due to "]"<ref name="Steele1996" /> and that other drugs were pursued instead as SB-221284 was a "fairly weak" serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="BlaneyCapelliTedesco2006" />


⚫ SB-221284 was first described in the ] by 1996.<ref name="Steele1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steele P | title=Meeting Highlights: 7th Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry in Eastern England | journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume=5 | issue=6 | date=1996 | issn=1354-3784 | doi=10.1517/13543784.5.6.787 | pages=787–790 | quote = The result was the optimised indoline SB-221284 (4), with 140-fold 5-HT2c selectivity, pKi = 8.6, ID50 = 1.5 mg/kg, and a minimum effective dose of 1 mg/kg in the Geller-Seifter test. SB-221284 is no longer in development because of compound-related toxicity problems, but a suitable analogue, not identified, has been located as a replacement. }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> It was researched by ] as a possible non-sedating anxiolytic and reached the ] stage of development.<ref name="YangAnLiu2016" /><ref name="Griebel1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griebel G | date = 1997 | title = Serotonergic drugs in animal models of anxiety: an update. | journal = Serotonin ID Res. Alert | volume = 2 | pages = 251–257 | url = http://perso.numericable.fr/griebguy/Pub032.pdf }}</ref><ref name="PauliTimmersCaceres2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pauli I, Timmers LF, Caceres RA, Soares MB, de Azevedo WF | title = In silico and in vitro: identifying new drugs | journal = Current Drug Targets | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1054–1061 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19128215 | doi = 10.2174/138945008786949397 | url = https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/10114 | quote = Compound SB 221284 was selected on the basis of its overall biological profile for further evaluation as a potential, novel, nonsedating anxiolytic agent. Unfortunately, these compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of several human cytochrome P450 enzymes which precluded their further development . }}</ref><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> However, it was found to be a ] ] of a number of human ] ]s (particularly ]), which precluded further development of the drug.<ref name="LacivitaLeopoldo2006" /><ref name="PauliTimmersCaceres2008" /><ref name="BromidgeDabbsDavies1998" /> Other sources have stated that SB-221284 was not further developed due to "]"<ref name="Steele1996" /> and that other drugs were pursued instead as SB-221284 was a "fairly weak" serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="BlaneyCapelliTedesco2006" />
⚫ ==References==
⚫ {{Reflist}}


⚫ == References ==
⚫ {{Reflist}}


{{Serotonin receptor modulators}} {{Serotonin receptor modulators}}

Latest revision as of 07:53, 24 January 2025

Pharmaceutical compound
SB-221284
Clinical data
Other namesSB221284
Drug classSerotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist; Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor antagonist
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • 5-methylsulfanyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroindole-1-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H14F3N3OS
Molar mass353.36 g·mol
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • CSC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCN2C(=O)NC3=CN=CC=C3)C(F)(F)F
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C16H14F3N3OS/c1-24-14-7-10-4-6-22(13(10)8-12(14)16(17,18)19)15(23)21-11-3-2-5-20-9-11/h2-3,5,7-9H,4,6H2,1H3,(H,21,23)
  • Key:OQZOXHCRSXYSPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SB-221284 is a selective serotonin 5-HT2C and 5-HT2B receptor antagonist which is used in scientific research.

Its affinities (Ki) are 2.2 to 2.5 nM for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, 2.5 to 12.6 nM for the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor, and 398 to 550 nM for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (where it is also an antagonist). The drug has 160- to 250-fold selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor over the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. It is said to have been the first serotonin 5-HT2C receptor ligand to show 100-fold selectivity over the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.

SB-221284 has shown anxiolytic-like effects in animals. Conversely, it has been said to be inactive in terms of antidepressant-like, antiobsessional-like, antipanic-like, and sedative effects. It also showed no proconvulsant or hyperphagic effects in animals, phenotypes that are notably observed with serotonin 5-HT2C receptor knockout.

The preferential serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine have been found to acutely reduce social interaction in rodents. SB-221284 was found to reverse the acute decreases in social interaction produced by mCPP and fluoxetine. The drug has also been found to block mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. Both SB-221284 and the selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084 have been found to enhance the nucleus accumbens dopamine release and hyperlocomotion induced by NMDA receptor antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK-801). Conversely, both drugs had no effect on locomotor activity or dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens by themselves. However, another study reported that SB-221284 by itself did enhance locomotion.

SB-221284 was first described in the scientific literature by 1996. It was researched by GlaxoSmithKline as a possible non-sedating anxiolytic and reached the preclinical research stage of development. However, it was found to be a potent inhibitor of a number of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (particularly CYP1A2), which precluded further development of the drug. Other sources have stated that SB-221284 was not further developed due to "toxicity" and that other drugs were pursued instead as SB-221284 was a "fairly weak" serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist.

References

  1. ^ Lacivita E, Leopoldo M (2006). "Selective agents for serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (18): 1927–1970. doi:10.2174/156802606778522168. PMID 17017967. In particular, compounds 41 and 42 demonstrated 160- and 600-fold selectivity over 5- HT2A receptor, respectively. Compounds 41-44 were evaluated for binding at 5-HT2B receptor and displayed modest selectivity. Compound 41 was found to have negligible affinity on a total of 57 different binding sites. 41 was also characterized as a competitive antagonist (pKB= 9.8) in the 5-HT-stimulated PI hydrolysis model of h-5-HT2C receptor activation in HEK-293 cells. Compounds 25, 39-43, 47-49 potently blocked the hypoactivity in rats produced by a standard dose of mCPP after oral administration (ID50 values around 1 mg/kg po). Compounds 39, 41, 47, and 48 were further evaluated in two different models of anxiety in the rat (i.e. the Geller-Seifter Conflict Test and the Social Interaction Test) and were found to have significant anxiolytic activity with no evidence of sedative effects at doses (0.2-5 mg/ kg po) similar to those that antagonized mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. The project aimed to the discovery of a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist at GSK evolved further starting from compound 41 (SB-221284) and its methoxy analog 47 (Table 2). Compound 41 was found to be a potent inhibitor of a number of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (particularly the CYP1A2 isoform) and, therefore, further development was precluded.
  2. ^ Knight AR, Misra A, Quirk K, Benwell K, Revell D, Kennett G, et al. (August 2004). "Pharmacological characterisation of the agonist radioligand binding site of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 370 (2): 114–123. doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0951-4. PMID 15322733.
  3. ^ Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, Ham P, et al. (May 1998). "Novel and selective 5-HT2C/2B receptor antagonists as potential anxiolytic agents: synthesis, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling of substituted 1-(3-pyridylcarbamoyl)indolines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 41 (10): 1598–1612. doi:10.1021/jm970741j. PMID 9572885.
  4. ^ Bristow LJ, O'Connor D, Watts R, Duxon MS, Hutson PH (April 2000). "Evidence for accelerated desensitisation of 5-HT(2C) receptors following combined treatment with fluoxetine and the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100,635, in the rat". Neuropharmacology. 39 (7): 1222–1236. doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00191-4. PMID 10760364. SB 221284, an antagonist which has recently been disclosed and which has improved affinity and selectivity for 5-HT2C receptors compared to SB 200646A (Ki =2.5, 12.6 and 398 nM at 5-HT2C, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors, respectively; Bromidge et al., 1998).
  5. ^ Yang Y, An S, Liu Y, Guo XX, Gao L, Wei JF, et al. (2 January 2016). "Novel serotonin receptor 2 (5-HT2R) agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2004-2014)". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 26 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1517/13543776.2016.1113257. PMID 26609882. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals has developed a number of useful anxiolytic agents targeting the 5-HT2C receptor, since the early 1990s. They revealed a number of bispyridyl ether compounds with selective 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptor antagonist activity (e.g., SB-242084 and SB-221284, compound 16 and 17, respectively, FIGURE 2), which exhibited significant anxiolytic activity and blocked the hypolocomotion in rats, centrally mediated by m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, compound 8, FIGURE 1), which is a hallucinogen also known as ecstasy with selective 5-HT2A/2C/2B agonist activity, an induce behavioral symptoms of anxiety in both animal models and humans.
  6. ^ Blaney FE, Capelli AM, Tedesco G (20 January 2006). "7TM Models in Structure-based Drug Design". In Rognan D (ed.). Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry. Wiley. pp. 205–239. doi:10.1002/3527608249.ch11. ISBN 978-3-527-31284-9. This led to the synthesis of SB-221284 (4) which was the first ligand to show over 100-fold selectivity for 5-HT2C . The compound was still fairly weak as an antagonist so further elaboration was necessary.
  7. ^ Bromidge SM, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Davies S, Duckworth DM, Forbes IT, et al. (March 2000). "Biarylcarbamoylindolines are novel and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonists: identification of 5-methyl-1-- 5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindoline (SB-243213) as a potential antidepressant/anxiolytic agent". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (6): 1123–1134. doi:10.1021/jm990388c. PMID 10737744. Subsequently, we developed a number of selective 5-HT2C/B receptor antagonists, such as 1 (SB206553) and 2 (SB-221284), which block the centrally mediated mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in rats. These compounds also exhibited significant anxiolytic activity in several different animal models, lending strong support to our original hypothesis.4-6
  8. ^ Jenck F, Bös M, Wichmann J, Stadler H, Martin JR, Moreau JL (October 1998). "The role of 5-HT2C receptors in affective disorders". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 7 (10): 1587–1599. doi:10.1517/13543784.7.10.1587. PMID 15991903. In contrast, 5-HT2C receptor antagonists such as SB-200646A or SB-221284 show signs of anxiolytic-like activity in tests for conditioned and phobic-like anxiety in rodents whereas they are inactive in tests indicative of antidepressant, anti-OCD and antipanic activity.
  9. ^ Hutson PH, Barton CL, Jay M, Blurton P, Burkamp F, Clarkson R, et al. (September 2000). "Activation of mesolimbic dopamine function by phencyclidine is enhanced by 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonists: neurochemical and behavioural studies". Neuropharmacology. 39 (12): 2318–2328. doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00089-7. PMID 10974315.
  10. ^ Steele P (1996). "Meeting Highlights: 7th Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry in Eastern England". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 5 (6): 787–790. doi:10.1517/13543784.5.6.787. ISSN 1354-3784. The result was the optimised indoline SB-221284 (4), with 140-fold 5-HT2c selectivity, pKi = 8.6, ID50 = 1.5 mg/kg, and a minimum effective dose of 1 mg/kg in the Geller-Seifter test. SB-221284 is no longer in development because of compound-related toxicity problems, but a suitable analogue, not identified, has been located as a replacement.
  11. Griebel G (1997). "Serotonergic drugs in animal models of anxiety: an update" (PDF). Serotonin ID Res. Alert. 2: 251–257.
  12. ^ Pauli I, Timmers LF, Caceres RA, Soares MB, de Azevedo WF (December 2008). "In silico and in vitro: identifying new drugs". Current Drug Targets. 9 (12): 1054–1061. doi:10.2174/138945008786949397. PMID 19128215. Compound SB 221284 was selected on the basis of its overall biological profile for further evaluation as a potential, novel, nonsedating anxiolytic agent. Unfortunately, these compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of several human cytochrome P450 enzymes which precluded their further development .
Serotonin receptor modulators
5-HT1
5-HT1A
5-HT1B
5-HT1D
5-HT1E
5-HT1F
5-HT2
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5-HT2B
5-HT2C
5-HT3–7
5-HT3
5-HT4
5-HT5A
5-HT6
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