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| '''Communist terrorism''' (or '''Communist terror''') is ] committed by Communist organizations or ]s against ] to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear <ref>"The notion of terrorism is fairly straightforward — it is ideologically or politically motivated violence directed against civilian targets." said Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University." Humphreys, Adrian. , ''],'' ], ].</ref> After Islamic groups, ] groups are the largest number of organizations on the ]. The term is also widely used to describe indiscriminate ]s conducted by the Communist governments against their own civilian populations to incite fear, as for example, ] and ] in the ] <ref name="black book"> Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, ], '']: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', ], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7 </ref> Some scholars also treated a man-made hunger as a form of terror <ref name="Conquest"> ], ] New York (1986) ISBN 0-195-04054-6 </ref> <ref name="black book"/> | |||
| '''Communist terrorism''' (or '''Communist terror''') is ] committed by Communist organizations or ]s against ] to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear{{cn}} After Islamic groups, ] groups are the largest number of organizations on the ].{{cn}} | |||
| ==History of Communist terrorism== | ==History of Communist terrorism== | ||
| ===Origin of Communist terror=== | ===Origin of Communist terror=== | ||
| The Russian revolutionary movements of 19th century, and especially ] ("people's will") and the ] which included several thousand followers and successfully assassinated many governmental figures and even the Emperor of Russia ] who is known for his liberal reforms and especially ] have played a role in the origin of the use of terror to advance communism.{{cn}} | |||
| Important ideologists of these groups were ] and ], who was described in novel ] by famous writer ]. Nechaev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror in not to gain a support of masses, but to the contrary, inflict misery and fear on the people. He said: | Important ideologists of these groups were ] and ], who was described in novel ] by famous writer ].{{cn}} Nechaev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror in not to gain a support of masses, but to the contrary, inflict misery and fear on the people. He said: | ||
| :''A revolutionary "must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".'' <ref name="Radzinsky"> ] ''Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9 </ref> '' |
:''A revolutionary "must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".'' <ref name="Radzinsky"> ] ''Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9 </ref> | ||
| :''The Revolutionmanners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to ist ... has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good destroy it.'' | |||
| ===Terror campaigns within the Soviet Union=== | ===Terror campaigns within the Soviet Union=== | ||
| After the ] ] began the campaign of ]. |
After the ] ] began the campaign of ]. The repressions were called "terror" because they have been indiscriminate and intended to frighten the civilian population. People were executed simply for who they were, not for their deeds. Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian ] organization which conducted the political repressions, explained in newspaper ''"Red Terror"'': | ||
| <ref> "Communism and terrorism", Chapter VII, ''The terror'' </ref> | |||
| He used words "terrorism" and "terror" because ] was intended to frighten the civilian population and included taking and executing ]. People were executed simply for who they were, not for their deeds. Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian ] organization which conducted the political repressions, explained in newspaper ''"Red Terror"'': | |||
| :''"Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which ] he belongs, what is his background, his ], his ]. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror"'' <ref name="State"> ] and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future''. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.</ref> | :''"Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which ] he belongs, what is his background, his ], his ]. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror"'' <ref name="State"> ] and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future''. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.</ref> | ||
| The term "terror" was a normal working term, since the dictatorship of the proletariat was supposed to suppress the resistance of other ]es which Marxism considered antagonistic to the class of ]. The entire "]es" have been exterminated, including "rich people", and a significant part of ] and peasantry labeled as ]. The numerous victims of ] were called the ]. The punishment by the state included ]s, ], sending innocent people to ], ], and ]. Usually, all members of a family, including children, were punished simultaneously as "]". The repressions have been conducted by ], ] and ] in several consecutive waves known as ], ], ], ], and others. | The term "terror" was a normal working term, since the dictatorship of the proletariat was supposed to suppress the resistance of other ]es which Marxism considered antagonistic to the class of ]. The entire "]es" have been exterminated, including "rich people", and a significant part of ] and peasantry labeled as ]. The numerous victims of ] were called the ]. The punishment by the state included ]s, ], sending innocent people to ], ], and ]. Usually, all members of a family, including children, were punished simultaneously as "]". The repressions have been conducted by ], ] and ] in several consecutive waves known as ], ], ], ], and others. | ||
| Russian writer and historian ] noted that ] himself wrote a '']'' "Terror is the quickest way to new society" beside the following passage in a book by Marx: "There is only one way to shorten and ease the convulsions of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new - revolutionary terror" <ref name="Radzinsky"/> | |||
| ===Promotion of terrorist organizations worldwide by Communist states=== | ===Promotion of terrorist organizations worldwide by Communist states=== | ||
| {{NPOV-section}} | |||
| Later on, Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist ]s and have been described as the primary |
Later on, Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist ]s and have been described as "the primary instructors of terrorists worldwide" <ref name="Lunev"> ]. ''Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev'', Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 </ref> <ref> ] ''Inside Soviet Military Intelligence'', 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9 </ref> <ref> ] ''Spetsnaz'', 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8 </ref> According to ], General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from ] of the ] once said: :''"In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."'' <ref name="Pacep2"> - by ], National Review Online, ] ] </ref> | ||
| He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In ] alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the |
He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In ] alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the ], which Pacepa claims was financed by the KGB. <ref name="Pacep2"/> ], who ] claims worked under KGB guidance <ref name="Mitrokhin"> ], ], (2000). The ]: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7. </ref>, has stated: ''"Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention."'' <ref name="Pacep2"/> | ||
| Lt. General ] described operation "SIG" (“] Governments”) that was devised in ], to turn the whole Islamic world against ] and the ]. KGB chairman ] allegedly explained to Pacepa that ''"a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a ]-style hatred for the ] throughout the ], and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against ] and its main supporter, the ]."'' | Lt. General ] described operation "SIG" (“] Governments”) that was devised in ], to turn the whole Islamic world against ] and the ]. KGB chairman ] allegedly explained to Pacepa that ''"a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a ]-style hatred for the ] throughout the ], and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against ] and its main supporter, the ]."'' | ||
| Pacepa alleges that the following liberation organizations were established by the KGB: ], ] (created in ] with help from ]); ] (created in ] with help from ]), ] in ], and the ] in ]. <ref name="pacepa4"> , ], interview with ], ] ] </ref> A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the ]. Among them are the following: | |||
| *Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Irish terrorist organization ] by the Soviet intelligence vessel "''Reduktor''" (operation SPLASH) in ] to fulfill a personal request of arms from ] <ref> KGB in Europe, page 502</ref> | *Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Irish terrorist organization ] by the Soviet intelligence vessel "''Reduktor''" (operation SPLASH) in ] to fulfill a personal request of arms from ] <ref> KGB in Europe, page 502</ref> | ||
| * Transfer of anti-tank grenade ] launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to ] through ] who was recruited as a KGB agent in ] (operation VOSTOK, "East") <ref> Operation was sanctioned personally by ] in ]. The weapons were delivered by KGB vessel ''Kursograf'' - KGB in Europe, pages 495-498 </ref> | * Transfer of anti-tank grenade ] launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to ] through ] who was recruited as a KGB agent in ] (operation VOSTOK, "East") <ref> Operation was sanctioned personally by ] in ]. The weapons were delivered by KGB vessel ''Kursograf'' - KGB in Europe, pages 495-498 </ref> | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
| * A plan for sabotage of ] in ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | * A plan for sabotage of ] in ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | ||
| * A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most volunerable points of the port were marked at maps.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | * A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most volunerable points of the port were marked at maps.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | ||
| *Large arms caches were hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with ]. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near ]. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 475-476 </ref> | *Large arms caches were hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with ]. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near ]. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 475-476 </ref> Some of the hidden caches can contain portable ] known as RA-115 "]s" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to Lunev.<ref name="Lunev"> ]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 </ref> | ||
| ⚫ | *Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been reveled by KGB defector ] in ], including plan to flood the ] underground and deliver poison capsules to ], which triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London <ref> KGB in Europe, page 499-500 </ref> | ||
| *Preparations for ]. Some of the hidden caches can contain portable ] known as RA-115 "]s" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to ] defector ].<ref name="Lunev"> ]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. “In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a ] post at a Russian embassy or consulate.” </ref>. Lunev was personally looking for hiding places for weapons caches in the ] area. <ref name="Lunev"/> He said that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane <ref name="Lunev"/> | |||
| ⚫ | *Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been reveled by KGB defector ] in ], including plan to flood the ] underground and deliver poison capsules to ] |
||
| *] leader ] was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 472-473 </ref> | *] leader ] was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 472-473 </ref> | ||
| *Disruption of the power supply in the entire ] by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the ], in the ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | *Disruption of the power supply in the entire ] by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the ], in the ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref> | ||
Revision as of 07:24, 30 September 2007
Communist terrorism (or Communist terror) is terrorism committed by Communist organizations or Communist states against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear After Islamic groups, Communist groups are the largest number of organizations on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.
History of Communist terrorism
Origin of Communist terror
The Russian revolutionary movements of 19th century, and especially Narodnaya Volya ("people's will") and the Nihilist movement which included several thousand followers and successfully assassinated many governmental figures and even the Emperor of Russia Alexander II who is known for his liberal reforms and especially emancipation of the serfs have played a role in the origin of the use of terror to advance communism.
Important ideologists of these groups were Mikhail Bakunin and Sergey Nechayev, who was described in novel "The possessed" by famous writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. Nechaev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror in not to gain a support of masses, but to the contrary, inflict misery and fear on the people. He said:
- A revolutionary "must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".
- The Revolutionmanners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to ist ... has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good destroy it.
Terror campaigns within the Soviet Union
After the October Revolution Bolsheviks began the campaign of Red Terror. The repressions were called "terror" because they have been indiscriminate and intended to frighten the civilian population. People were executed simply for who they were, not for their deeds. Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian Cheka organization which conducted the political repressions, explained in newspaper "Red Terror":
- "Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which class he belongs, what is his background, his education, his profession. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror"
The term "terror" was a normal working term, since the dictatorship of the proletariat was supposed to suppress the resistance of other social classes which Marxism considered antagonistic to the class of proletariat. The entire "ruling classes" have been exterminated, including "rich people", and a significant part of intelligentsia and peasantry labeled as kulaks. The numerous victims of extrajudicial punishment were called the enemies of the people. The punishment by the state included summary executions, torture, sending innocent people to Gulag, involunatry settlement, and stripping of citizen's rights. Usually, all members of a family, including children, were punished simultaneously as "traitor of Motherland family members". The repressions have been conducted by Cheka, OGPU and NKVD in several consecutive waves known as Red Terror, Collectivisation, Great Purge, Doctor's Plot, and others.
Promotion of terrorist organizations worldwide by Communist states
 | The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Later on, Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist front organizations and have been described as "the primary instructors of terrorists worldwide" According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from First Chief Directorate of the KGB once said: :"In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."
He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In 1969 alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the PLO, which Pacepa claims was financed by the KGB. George Habash, who Vasili Mitrokhin claims worked under KGB guidance , has stated: "Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention."
Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa described operation "SIG" (“Zionist Governments”) that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against Israel and the United States. KGB chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States."
Pacepa alleges that the following liberation organizations were established by the KGB: PLO, National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help from Ernesto Che Guevara); the National Liberation Army of Colombia (created in 1965 with help from Cuba), Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1969, and the Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975. A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the Soviet Communist Party. Among them are the following:
- Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Irish terrorist organization IRA by the Soviet intelligence vessel "Reduktor" (operation SPLASH) in 1972 to fulfill a personal request of arms from Michael O'Riordan
- Transfer of anti-tank grenade RPG-7 launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to PFLP through Wadi Haddad who was recruited as a KGB agent in 1970 (operation VOSTOK, "East")
- Support of Sandinista movement. The leading role here belonged to the General Intelligence Directorate of Communist Cuba.
Preparations for terrorist operations against the United States and Canada
Large-scale sabotage operations have been prepared by the KGB and GRU against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to Mitrokhin Archive, and GRU defectors, Victor Suvorov and Stanislav Lunev. Among the planned operations were the following:
- A plan for sabotage of Hungry Horse Dam in Montana.
- A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most volunerable points of the port were marked at maps.
- Large arms caches were hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near Berne. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully. Some of the hidden caches can contain portable tactical nuclear weapons known as RA-115 "suitcase bombs" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to Lunev.
- Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been reveled by KGB defector Oleg Lyalin in 1971, including plan to flood the London underground and deliver poison capsules to Whitehall, which triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London
- FSLN leader Carlos Fonseca Amador was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".
- Disruption of the power supply in the entire New York State by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the Delaware river, in the Big Spring Park.
- An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "oil refineries and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from British Columbia to Montreal" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.
Lunev also suggested that a probable scenario in the event of war would be poisoning of Potomac River with chemical or biological weapons, "targeting the residents of Washington DC" He also noted that it is "likely" that GRU operatives have placed already "poison supplies near the tributaries to major US reservoirs." .
Shining Path
The Communist Party of Peru more commonly known as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. Widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against peasants, trade union organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population, Shining Path is on the U.S. Department of State's "Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations" list. Peru, the European Union, and Canada likewise regard Shining Path as a terrorist group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support.
FARC
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) is a Marxist/Leninist organization in Colombia which has employed vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion, hijacking, as well as guerrilla and conventional military. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union. FARC has It funds itself principally through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the illegal drug trade. Many of their fronts have also overrun and massacred small communities in order to silence and intimidate those who do not support their activities, enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and, more importantly, to pillage local banks. Businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay "vaccines" (monthly payments) which "protected" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. An additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. An estimated 20-30 percent of FARC combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children. ), Children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union.
Communist Party of the Philippines
The Communist Party of the Philippines and it's armed wing, the New People's Army (CPP/NPA)is a paramilitary group fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. It was formed on March 29, 1969. The Maoist NPA fights a "protracted people's war" as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). The NPA is classified as a terrorist organization by the Philippine Government, the US, EU and other countries. The NPA's targets often include politicians, military, police, criminals, landlords, business owners and occasionally U.S. agents in the Philippines. In its Second Rectification Movement the group conducted a purge killing thousands of partisans and members on accusations of being deep penetration agent by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine intelligence community. Former NPA fighter Robert Francis Garcia chronicled the wild murders in his book To Suffer Thy Comrades and organized the Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice (PATH), a group composed of survivors of the "purges" and the families of victims and their friends and supporters.
Kurdistan Workers Party
The Kurdistan Workers Party is a Marxist-Leninist nationalist group which uses force and the threat of force against both civilians and the military, including the use of suicide bombing. It is recognized as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including the USA, NATO and the EU.
November 17
Revolutionary Organization 17 November(also known as 17N or N17) is Marxist terrorist organization formed in 1973 and believed by many to be have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members. During its heyday, the urban guerrilla group assassinated 23 people in 103 attacks on U.S., diplomatic and Greek targets. Greek authorities believe spin-off terror groups are still in operation, including Revolutionary Struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the U.S. Embassy in Athens in January 2007.
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front
The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front, is a militant Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. It is in the terrorist organization lists in the U.S., the UK and the EU.
ETA
ETA is a Marxist-Leninist paramilitary Basque nationalist organization. ETA has committed approximately 900 killings and dozens of kidnappings. More than 500 ETA militants are held in prison in Spain and France. On March 22, 2006 the organization declared a "permanent ceasefire." ETA broke the ceasefire with a car bomb attack on December 30, 2006 at Barajas International Airport, Madrid killing two Ecuadorians.
Revolutionary Nuclei
Revolutionary Nuclei is a Marxist-Leninist group in Greece, formed in 1995. The group is on the U.S.Department of State's list of designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations and appears on the list of terror organisations of the European Union.
May 19th Communist Movement
The May 19 Communist Organization, also referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by splintered-off members of the Weather Underground. The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground. Its name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985.
In 1981 Kathy Boudin, together with several members of the Black Liberation Army, participated in a robbery of a Brinks armored car at the Nanuet Mall, near Nyack, New York. Upon her arrest Boudin was identified as a member of the May 19 Communist Organization. From 1982 to 1985 a series of bombings were ascribed to the group.
By May 23, 1985 all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of Elizabeth Duke, who remains a fugitive. At a 1986 trial, six group members were tried and convicted of multiple counts of domestic terrorism.
Red Army Faction (RAF)
The Red Army Faction, was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group. The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard M?ller and others.
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn". It was responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.
Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist
The CPN-M has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets. After the UPF's Maoist wing (CPN-M) performed poorly in elections and excluded from the election in 1994. The Maoists then turned to insurgency to overthrowing Nepal's parliamentary democracy and change Nepalese society. Including a purge of the nation's elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture.
References
- Edvard Radzinsky Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9
- Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
- ^ Stanislav Lunev. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 Cite error: The named reference "Lunev" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Viktor Suvorov Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
- Viktor Suvorov Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
- ^ Russian Footprints - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, August 24 2006
- Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin, (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7.
- From Russia With Terror, FrontPageMagazine.com, interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, March 1 2004
- KGB in Europe, page 502
- Operation was sanctioned personally by Leonid Brezhnev in 1970. The weapons were delivered by KGB vessel Kursograf - KGB in Europe, pages 495-498
- KGB in Europe, pages 503-505
- Mitrokhin Archive, The KGB in Europe, page 472-476
- Victor Suvorov, Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
- The KGB in Europe, page 473
- The KGB in Europe, page 473
- The KGB in Europe, page 475-476
- KGB in Europe, page 499-500
- The KGB in Europe, page 472-473
- The KGB in Europe, page 473
- The KGB in Europe, page 473-474
- Lunev, pages 29-30
- Burt, Jo-Marie (2006). "'Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru." Latin American Research Review 41 (3) 32-62.
- US Department of State, "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)" October 11 2005. Available online Accessed 1 February 2006.
- Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. March 14, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 27, 2006.
- Government of Canada. "Listed Entities". Available online. Accessed September 27, 2006.
- BBC News. "Colombia's Most Powerful Rebels." September 19, 2003. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
- International Crisis Group. "War and Drugs in Colombia." January 27, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. "Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War." February 22, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
- Human Rights Watch. "'You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia." September 2003. Avaliable online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
- http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3531
- http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/index.html