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'''Rick Alan Ross''' (born 1952 in ], ], ] as Ricky Alan Ross) works as a consultant, lecturer and "intervention specialist,"<ref>''Curriculum Vitae of Rick Ross." Accessed 26 February 2008 at http://www.cultinformation.org.uk/articles.html</ref> with an interest in ] or ] people from ]. He runs the CultNews.com ]<ref></ref> and in 2003 founded The Rick A. Ross Institute of ], which maintains a database about controversial groups that contains press articles, court documents, and essays.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rickross.com/sg_alpha.html|title=Information Database|publisher=www.rickross.com}}</ref> He has worked as an ] and as an analyst for the media in cases relating to such groups.<ref name="BeyondBelief"> '''Rick Alan Ross''' (born 1952 in ], ], ] as Ricky Alan Ross) works as a consultant, lecturer and "intervention specialist,"<ref>''Curriculum Vitae of Rick Ross." Accessed 26 February 2008 at http://www.cultinformation.org.uk/articles.html</ref> with an interest in ] or ] people from ]. He runs the CultNews.com ]<ref></ref> and in 2003 founded The Rick A. Ross Institute of ], which maintains a database about controversial groups that contains press articles, court documents, and essays.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rickross.com/sg_alpha.html|title=Information Database|publisher=www.rickross.com}}</ref> He has worked as an ] and as an analyst for the media in cases relating to such groups.<ref name="BeyondBelief">
{{cite web | first = Nick | last = Johnstone | title = Beyond Belief | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/dec/12/features.magazine137 | work = ] | date = 2004-12-12 | accessdate = 2008-10-24 }} {{cite web | first = Nick | last = Johnstone | title = Beyond Belief | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/dec/12/features.magazine137 | work = ] | date = 2004-12-12 | accessdate = 2008-10-24 }}
</ref> In 1995 Ross's role in the ] resulted in his bankruptcy following a civil suit award of $3 million against him, though the plaintiff later settled with Ross for $5,000 and 200 hours of professional services.
</ref>

In 1995 Ross's role in the ] resulted in his bankruptcy after a jury in a civil suit filed by Scott awarded substantial damages against him. Ross's involvement in the ill-fated ] involving the ] has drawn critical comment from a number of religious scholars and sociologists, and he has been referred to as one of the most important "hardline anticultists".<ref name=WrightRRR>Wright, Stuart A. 1997. Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths? '']'' 39, no. 2:101-115, p. 102.</ref> Groups referred to on Ross's website have sued him unsuccessfully.


== Life and work == == Early life==
=== Early life===
Paul and Ethel Ross adopted Rick Ross in 1953 in ], ]. The Ross family moved to ], ] in 1956, where Ross grew up and attended school.<ref name="RossBio" /> Ross's formal education extended through ], which he completed in 1971. He then worked for a finance company and for a bank.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> In 1974 a court convicted Ross for the attempted ] of a vacant model home and sentenced him to probation.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /> The following year he was sentenced to five years' probation for his involvement in a jewelry embezzlement scheme at a retail store in Arizona.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /><ref name="Las Vegas Sun">Willis, Stacy J. , '']'', 24 August 2001</ref> Ross has openly admitted making mistakes: "I had been in trouble as a young man, and I turned my life around ... I never again in my life made another mistake like that."<ref name="Las Vegas Sun" /> In 1983, the Maricopa County Superior Court vacated both judgments of guilt in the absence of any opposition, dismissed the charges and restored Ross's civil rights.<ref>, Superior Court ruling</ref> In 1975, Ross began work for a cousin's car-salvage business, eventually becoming company vice president.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> He continued working in this field until 1982.<ref name="RossBio" /> Paul and Ethel Ross adopted Rick Ross in 1953 in ], ]. The Ross family moved to ], ] in 1956, where Ross grew up and attended school.<ref name="RossBio" /> Ross's formal education extended through ], which he completed in 1971. He then worked for a finance company and for a bank.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> In 1974 a court convicted Ross for the attempted ] of a vacant model home and sentenced him to probation.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /> The following year he was sentenced to five years' probation for his involvement in a jewelry embezzlement scheme at a retail store in Arizona.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /><ref name="Las Vegas Sun">Willis, Stacy J. , '']'', 24 August 2001</ref> Ross has openly admitted making mistakes: "I had been in trouble as a young man, and I turned my life around ... I never again in my life made another mistake like that."<ref name="Las Vegas Sun" /> In 1983, the Maricopa County Superior Court vacated both judgments of guilt in the absence of any opposition, dismissed the charges and restored Ross's civil rights.<ref>, Superior Court ruling</ref> In 1975, Ross began work for a cousin's car-salvage business, eventually becoming company vice president.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> He continued working in this field until 1982.<ref name="RossBio" />


===Early career === ==Early career==
Ross says he first became concerned about controversial religious groups in 1982. Jewish Voice Broadcast, a missionary group founded by an ] minister named Louis Kaplan,<ref> Ross says he first became concerned about controversial religious groups in 1982. Jewish Voice Broadcast, a missionary group founded by an ] minister named Louis Kaplan,<ref>
{{cite web {{cite web
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</ref> </ref>


===Full-time private consultant and lecturer === ==Full-time private consultant and lecturer ==
In 1986 Ross left the staff of the JFCS and BJE to become a full-time private consultant and ].<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> In 1986 Ross left the staff of the JFCS and BJE to become a full-time private consultant and ].<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" />
As part of his work he undertook a number of involuntary deprogramming interventions at the request of parents whose children had joined controversial groups and movements.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" /> As part of his work he undertook a number of involuntary deprogramming interventions at the request of parents whose children had joined controversial groups and movements.<ref name="RossBio" /><ref name="BeyondBelief" />
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{{cite news | last=Ortega| first=Tony | title=Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlatans. Clients of deprogrammer Rick Ross call him a savior. Perhaps that's why people he's branded cult leaders want to crucify him. | date=]| accessdate=2006-04-27 | publisher=] | url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/162339}} {{cite news | last=Ortega| first=Tony | title=Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlatans. Clients of deprogrammer Rick Ross call him a savior. Perhaps that's why people he's branded cult leaders want to crucify him. | date=]| accessdate=2006-04-27 | publisher=] | url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/162339}}
</ref> </ref>
In 1995, Ross became bankrupt due to the substantial damages awarded against him in a civil trial related to the unsuccessful deprogramming of Jason Scott, an 18-year-old member of a ] in ]. An earlier criminal trial related to the ] had acquitted Ross. Ross settled with Scott for a far smaller amount in 1996.


==Bankruptcy following the Jason Scott case==
In 1996 Ross started a website, rickross.com, which serves as a public database about controversial groups and movements. Ross has lectured at the ], ] and ]<ref>, ], Jul 14, 2001</ref> and has testified as an expert witness in thirteen states.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /><ref>, FACT.net, 2006</ref> According to his publicly posted CV, he has worked as a paid consultant for the television networks ], ] and ] of Japan; ]/] retained him as a technical consultant ]'s film '']''.<ref name="RossBio"></ref> As a result of the legal risks involved, notably the vulnerability to criminal charges and civil trials for kidnapping and false imprisonment, Ross no longer advocates coercive deprogramming or involuntary interventions for adults, preferring instead voluntary ] without the use of force or restraint.<ref name=intervention /> He states that despite refinement of processes over the years, exit counseling and deprogramming continue to depend on the same principles.<ref name=intervention>{{cite web | author=Rick Ross| work=Intervention | title=Deprogramming | url=http://www.rickross.com/prep_faq.html#Deprogramming | accessdate=10 August | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> Ross has been referred to as one of the most important "hardline anticultists" by ].<ref name=WrightRRR />

=== Rick A. Ross Institute===<!-- ] links to this section -->
Ross moved to ] in 2001 and two years later founded the Rick A. Ross Institute for the Study of Destructive Cults and Controversial Groups and Movements, a nonprofit, ] public charity located in New Jersey, USA. It has the stated mission of "public education and research", largely accomplished through the rickross.com website. The Advisory Board of the RRI includes ], a California attorney specialized in cult-related litigation, as well as ] and ], co-authors of the books '']'' and ''Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics and Our Private Lives''. Psychologist ] also served as a board member of the Institute until her death in 2003.

==Notable cases ==
===The Jason Scott case===
{{main|Jason Scott case}} {{main|Jason Scott case}}


In January 1991, Ross attempted an involuntary deprogramming of Jason Scott, an 18-year-old member of the Life Tabernacle Church, affiliated with the ] International.<ref name=Haines /><ref name=Kent>{{Citation In 1995, Ross filed for personal bankruptcy following a substantial damages award against him in a civil trial related to the unsuccessful deprogramming of Jason Scott, an 18-year-old member of a ] in ].<ref name="goodstein"/><ref name=Shupe180-184>
| last = Kent
| first = Stephen A.
| author-link = Stephen A. Kent
| last2 = Krebs
| first2 = Theresa
| author2-link =
| title = When Scholars Know Sin. Alternative Religions and Their Academic Supporters
| journal = ]
| volume = 6
| issue = 3
| pages =
| date =
| year = 1998
| url = http://www.apologeticsindex.org/c25.html
| doi =
| id = }}</ref>
Ross was hired by Kathy Tonkin, Scott's mother, who had joined the church with her six children in 1989, but had since withdrawn from it.<ref name=Haines />
A volunteer for the Cult Awareness Network (CAN) introduced Tonkin to Ross.<ref name=Shupe180-184>
{{cite book {{cite book
| last = Shupe | last = Shupe
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| url = | url =
| doi = | doi =
| id = ISBN 0-7658-0323-2 }}. The account given in Shupe/Darnell is "based closely on court documents and testimonies, including Scott's own under-oath account of his deprogramming experience." The court documents referred to are cited on page 194 of Shupe/Darnell.</ref><ref name=Appeal>{{cite web | id = ISBN 0-7658-0323-2 }}. The account given in Shupe/Darnell is "based closely on court documents and testimonies, including Scott's own under-oath account of his deprogramming experience." The court documents referred to are cited on page 194 of Shupe/Darnell.</ref><ref>
{{cite news | last=Knapp | first=Dan | title=Group that once criticized Scientologists now owned by one | date=] | publisher=] | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9612/19/scientology/ }}</ref> The complaint alleged that Scott was ]ed, had ] placed over his mouth, and was held in a seaside cottage for five days where he was restrained and told he would only be released when the deprogramming was completed.<ref>{{cite news | last=Narinsky | first=Judy | title=Q & A Brainwashed. Rick Ross talks about deprogramming members of religious cults | date=] | publisher=Willamette Week | url= }}, as hosted on rickross.com</ref><ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Cockburn>{{cite journal
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT: JASON SCOTT, Plaintiff-Appellee v. RICK ROSS, A/K/A/ RICKEY ALLEN ROSS, MARK WORKMAN, CHARLES SIMPSON, Defendants, CULT AWARENESS NETWORK, Defendant-Appellant
| work =
| publisher = ]
| date =
| url = http://www.cesnur.org/press/Scott.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-10-13}}</ref><ref name=Cockburn /> Ross abducted Scott with the help of three associates.<ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Bromley>{{cite book
| last = Bromley
| first = David G.
| authorlink = David G. Bromley
| coauthors =
| title = The Politics of Religious Apostasy
| publisher = ]
| date = 2003
| location = Westport, CT
| pages = pp. 99–100
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0275955087 }}</ref><ref name=Cockburn>{{cite journal
| last = Cockburn | last = Cockburn
| first = Alexander | first = Alexander
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| id = | id =
| accessdate = }} | accessdate = }}
</ref><ref name=Bromley>{{cite book
</ref>
| last = Bromley
Scott was ]ed, had ] placed over his mouth, and was held in a seaside cottage where he was restrained and told he would only be released when the deprogramming was completed.<ref>
| first = David G.
{{cite news | last=Narinsky | first=Judy | title=Q & A Brainwashed. Rick Ross talks about deprogramming members of religious cults | date=] | publisher=Willamette Week | url= }}, as hosted on rickross.com</ref><ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Cockburn /><ref name=Bromley /> Scott claimed he was then subjected "to a nearly constant barrage of verbal abuse intended to force Scott to renounce his faith."<ref name=Haines /> After five days of unsuccessful deprogramming, Scott escaped and called the police, who arrested Ross.<ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Cockburn /><ref name=Haines /><ref name=Appeal /><ref name=ortega />
| authorlink = David G. Bromley
| coauthors =
| title = The Politics of Religious Apostasy
| publisher = ]
| date = 2003
| location = Westport, CT
| pages = pp. 99–100
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0275955087 }}</ref><ref name=Haines /><ref name=Appeal>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT: JASON SCOTT, Plaintiff-Appellee v. RICK ROSS, A/K/A/ RICKEY ALLEN ROSS, MARK WORKMAN, CHARLES SIMPSON, Defendants, CULT AWARENESS NETWORK, Defendant-Appellant
| work =
| publisher = ]
| date =
| url = http://www.cesnur.org/press/Scott.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-10-13}}</ref><ref name=ortega2/> The suit resulted in a judgment for Scott including an award of $5 million in compensatory and punitive damages from all defendants, $3 million of which were awarded against Ross.<ref name=ortega /> In 1996 Scott reconciled with his mother and dismissed Moxon as his lawyer. Scott then settled with Ross for $5,000 plus 200 hours of Ross's professional services.<ref name=ortega2>{{cite web | first = Tony | last = Ortega | title = What's $2.995 Million Between Former Enemies? | url = http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-12-19/news/what-s-2-995-million-between-former-enemies/ | work = ] | date = 1996-12-19 | accessdate = 2008-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="goodstein">{{cite web | first = Laurie | last = Goodstein | title = New Twist In Anti-Cult Saga: Foe Is Now Ally -- Bellevue Man Who Put Group Into Bankruptcy Fires Scientology Lawyer | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2366495&date=19961223 | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = 1996-12-23 | accessdate = 2008-10-21 }}</ref>


In 1993, Ross and two associates were criminally charged with unlawful imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web | title = Deprogrammers Plead Not Guilty To Holding A Bellevue Teenager 5 Days, Against His Will | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1716415&date=19930817&query=Scientology | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = 1993-08-17 | accessdate = 2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Haines>{{cite web | first = Thomas W. | last = Haines | title = 'Deprogrammer' Taken To Court -- Bellevue Man Claims Kidnap, Coercion | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2142801&date=19950921 | work = ] | date = 1995-09-21 | accessdate = 2008-10-14 }} Prior to the filing of the civil action, in 1993, Ross and two associates were charged with unlawful imprisonment and Ross was later acquitted.<ref>{{cite web | title = Deprogrammers Plead Not Guilty To Holding A Bellevue Teenager 5 Days, Against His Will | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1716415&date=19930817&query=Scientology | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = 1993-08-17 | accessdate = 2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Haines>{{cite web | first = Thomas W. | last = Haines | title = 'Deprogrammer' Taken To Court -- Bellevue Man Claims Kidnap, Coercion | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2142801&date=19950921 | work = ] | date = 1995-09-21 | accessdate = 2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Cultbuster /><ref name=Glad>{{cite web | title = Eastside Journal – Glad It's Over | url = http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940121&slug=1890837 | work = | publisher = ] | date = 1994-01-21 | accessdate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref><ref name=Cultbuster>{{cite web | title = "Cult Buster" Acquitted In Abduction | url = http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940119&slug=1890492 | work = | publisher = ] | date = 1994-01-19 | accessdate = 2008-11-01 }}</ref>
</ref>
Ross's defence laywer argued that Ross "was hired to deprogram Scott but that others who restrained Scott were not under Ross's control."<ref name=Cultbuster /> The jury acquitted Ross; jurors said "prosecutors had not proved Ross participated in restraining Scott."<ref name=Cultbuster /><ref name=Glad>{{cite web | title = Eastside Journal – Glad It's Over | url = http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940121&slug=1890837 | work = | publisher = ] | date = 1994-01-21 | accessdate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref>
Ross's associates pled guilty to ] and were sentenced to one-year jail terms, with all but 30 days suspended.<ref name=Cultbuster>{{cite web | title = "Cult Buster" Acquitted In Abduction | url = http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940119&slug=1890492 | work = | publisher = ] | date = 1994-01-19 | accessdate = 2008-11-01 }}
</ref><ref name=Haines /><ref name=Glad />


==Later Career==
] ] filed a ] against Ross, his associates and CAN on behalf of Scott<ref name=ortega /> to determine whether Scott's ] had been violated.<ref name=Haines /> The jury held the defendants liable for ], ] to deprive Scott of his rights, and the ].<ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=cesnur6>
In 1996 Ross started a website, rickross.com, which serves as a public database about controversial groups and movements. Ross has lectured at the ], ] and ]<ref>, ], Jul 14, 2001</ref> and has testified as an expert witness in thirteen states.<ref name="BeyondBelief" /><ref>, FACT.net, 2006</ref> According to his publicly posted CV, he has worked as a paid consultant for the television networks ], ] and ] of Japan; ]/] retained him as a technical consultant ]'s film '']''.<ref name="RossBio"></ref> As a result of the legal risks involved, notably the vulnerability to criminal charges and civil trials for kidnapping and false imprisonment, Ross no longer advocates coercive deprogramming or involuntary interventions for adults, preferring instead voluntary ] without the use of force or restraint.<ref name=intervention /> He states that despite refinement of processes over the years, exit counseling and deprogramming continue to depend on the same principles.<ref name=intervention>{{cite web | author=Rick Ross| work=Intervention | title=Deprogramming | url=http://www.rickross.com/prep_faq.html#Deprogramming | accessdate=10 August | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> Ross has been referred to as one of the most important "hardline anticultists" by ].<ref name=WrightRRR>Wright, Stuart A. 1997. Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths? '']'' 39, no. 2:101-115, p. 102.</ref>
{{cite web | title=Scott vs. Ross, Workman, Simpson, Cult Awareness Network: Verdict form (page 6)| url=http://www.cesnur.org/2001/CAN/02/Page06.jpg | publisher = ] | accessdate=21 October | accessyear=2008 }}</ref><ref name=JSvRR>JASON SCOTT, PLAINTIFF v. RICK ROSS, A/K/A/ RICKEY ALLEN ROSS, MARK WORKMAN, CHARLES SIMPSON, CULT AWARENESS NETWORK, A CALIFORNIA NONPROFIT CORPORATION AND JOHN DOE 1–JOHN DOE 20, DEFENDANTS. Case No. C94-00796. November 29, 1995</ref><ref name=cesnur /><ref name=cesnur5>{{cite web | title=Scott vs. Ross, Workman, Simpson, Cult Awareness Network: Verdict form (page 5)| url=http://www.cesnur.org/2001/CAN/02/Page05.jpg | publisher = ] | accessdate=15 October | accessyear=2008 }}

</ref>
== Rick A. Ross Institute==<!-- ] links to this section -->
The court awarded Scott $875,000 in ]. ] of $2,500,000 were awarded against Ross, $1,000,000 against CAN (for introducing Ross), and $250,000 against each of Ross's associates.<ref>
Ross moved to ] in 2001 and two years later founded the Rick A. Ross Institute for the Study of Destructive Cults and Controversial Groups and Movements, a nonprofit, ] public charity located in New Jersey, USA. It has the stated mission of "public education and research", largely accomplished through the rickross.com website. The Advisory Board of the RRI includes ], a California attorney specialized in cult-related litigation, as well as ] and ], co-authors of the books '']'' and ''Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics and Our Private Lives''. Psychologist ] also served as a board member of the Institute until her death in 2003.
Scott v. Ross ( )

</ref><ref name=cesnur>
In June 2004, ] filed a ]1 million ], claiming that the Institute's online archives damaged Landmark Education's product.<ref name="Toutant">Toutant, Charles , New Jersey Law Journal
{{cite web | title=Scott vs. Ross, Workman, Simpson, Cult Awareness Network: Verdict form| url=http://www.cesnur.org/2001/CAN/02/01.htm | publisher = ] | accessdate=12 October | accessyear=2008 }}
January 10, 2006</ref> In December 2005, Landmark Education filed to dismiss its own lawsuit ], purportedly on the grounds that a material change in caselaw after the publication of an opinion in another case, ''Donato v. Moldow'', regarding the Communications Decency Act of 1996.<ref name="Toutant"/>

The Institute was also invovled in a lawsuit with NXIVM, which offers an exclusive and costly seminar training program, "Executive Success".<ref name="nxivm">
{{cite web | first = Staff | last = | title = NXIVM Corp. v. Ross | url = http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/nxivm-corp-v-ross | work = Citizen Media Law Project | date = 2007-01-10 | accessdate = 2008-11-03 }}
</ref> NXIVM sued Ross and others for ] and other claims following Ross's websites publication of the reports by psychologist Paul Martin and psychiatrist ] quoted sections of an NXIVM course manual.<ref name="nxivm" /><ref>
{{cite web| first = John M.D. | last = Hochman | title=A Forensic Psychiatrist Evaluates ESP| url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/esp/esp4.html|publisher=www.rickross.com| date = February 2003 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}
</ref><ref> </ref><ref>
{{cite web | title = Scott vs. Ross, Workman, Simpson, Cult Awareness Network: Verdict form (page 3)| url=http://www.cesnur.org/2001/CAN/02/Page03.jpg | accessdate=16 October | accessyear=2008 | publisher = ]}} {{cite web| first = Paul | last = Martin | title=A Critical Analysis of the Executive Success Programs Inc. | url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/esp/esp10.html |publisher=www.rickross.com| date = 2003-02-12 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}
</ref> </ref><ref name="nxivm" />
The websites also contained statements which, NXIVM alleged, misled readers into thinking of the Executive Success program as a "cult".<ref name="nxivm" /> A court denied the NXIVM's injunction on the ground that the quotations constituted ].<ref name="nxivm" /> In 2004 the ] affirmed the ruling on appeal and the ] refused to review the case.<ref name="nxivm" /> NXIVM then filed an amended complaint, parts of which were dismissed; litigation continues {{as of | 2008 | lc = on}}.<ref name="nxivm" />
The judge commented that the defendants appeared unable to appreciate the maliciousness of their conduct towards Scott, preferring instead to see themselves as victims of a vendetta.<ref name=Coughenour>Scott v. Ross et al.: of Judge ], dated Nov. 29 1995
</ref><ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Bromley />
Hence the substantial damages awarded seemed necessary in order to deter similar conduct in future.<ref name=Coughenour /><ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref name=Bromley />
The judgment drove CAN and Ross into bankruptcy.<ref name=Shupe180-184 /><ref>
{{cite news | last=Knapp | first=Dan | title=Group that once criticized Scientologists now owned by one | date=] | publisher=] | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9612/19/scientology/ }}
</ref><ref>
'The Cult Awareness Network'', CBS News ''60 Minutes'' report 28 December 1997
</ref>

In 1996 Scott reconciled with his mother and dismissed Moxon as his lawyer. He settled with Ross for $5,000 plus 200 hours of Ross's professional services.<ref name=ortega2 /><ref>
{{cite web | first = Laurie | last = Goodstein | title = New Twist In Anti-Cult Saga: Foe Is Now Ally -- Bellevue Man Who Put Group Into Bankruptcy Fires Scientology Lawyer | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2366495&date=19961223 | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = 1996-12-23 | accessdate = 2008-10-21 }}
</ref><ref name=ortega /><ref name=ortega2>
{{cite web | first = Tony | last = Ortega | title = What's $2.995 Million Between Former Enemies? | url = http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-12-19/news/what-s-2-995-million-between-former-enemies/ | work = ] | date = 1996-12-19 | accessdate = 2008-10-21 }}
</ref>
Scott's new lawyer, Graham Berry, a noted opponent of Scientology, said however that "it would be a mistake to assume that Scott's decision to make use of Ross' time was a vindication of Ross or his deprogramming methods."<ref name=ortega2 />


=== Branch Davidians === == Criticism of involvement with Branch Davidian case ==
Rick Ross became involved before and during the ] between Branch Davidians and Federal Law Enforcement agencies, at ]; he had previously deprogrammed a member of the group.<ref name=Tabor>{{cite book Rick Ross became involved with opposing ] activity before and during the ] standoff between the group and Federal Law Enforcement agencies. Ross had previously deprogrammed a member of the group.<ref name=Tabor>{{cite book
| last = Tabor | last = Tabor
| first = James D. | first = James D.
Line 246: Line 205:
| doi = | doi =
| id = ISBN 0520208994 }} | id = ISBN 0520208994 }}
</ref><ref> </ref><ref name="doj">
US Department of Justice, ''Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas: Part IV, The Role of Experts During the Standoff'', 28 February to 19 April 1993. US Department of Justice, ''Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas: Part IV, The Role of Experts During the Standoff'', 28 February to 19 April 1993.
</ref> Ross also provided unsolicited advice to the FBI during the standoff.<ref name="doj"/> A later ] Report on the matter found that "the FBI did not 'rely' on Ross for advice whatsoever during the standoff."<ref name="doj"/> The FBI "politely declined his unsolicited offers of assistance throughout the standoff" and treated the information Ross supplied as it would any other unsolicited information received from the public.<ref name="doj"/>
</ref>

Scholars of ] and ] have commented unfavorably on his involvement. Professors of ] James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher, writing in ''Why Waco?'' (1997, University of California Press), saw Ross, acting as an informant for government agencies and media journalists, as instrumental in establishing a ] image of Koresh as a dangerous cult leader, using the generalized pattern of a destructive cult, and opined that Ross's activities, along with those of ]s, significantly shaped the viewpoints of government parties acting in the case.<ref name=Tabor /> Tabor and Gallagher pointed to the financial and ideological stakes anticult workers like Ross have in "cultbusting" and suggested the evaluation of his statements in this light.<ref name=Tabor /> ], a ] of ] and one of four experts commissioned to author a report to the Justice and Treasury Departments on events in Waco, similarly voiced criticism of the ] and ] for relying on Ross without taking these stakes into account.<ref name=Tabor /><ref name=Ammerman>, ], September 3, 1993, with an Addendum dated September 10, 1993
Scholars of ] and ] have commented unfavorably on his involvement. Professors of ] James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher criticized Ross for purportedly establishing a ] image of Koresh as a dangerous cult leader and opined that the activities of cult opponents, including Ross, shaped the viewpoints of government parties acting in the case.<ref name=Tabor /> Professor of ] ] criticized of the ] and ] for relying on Ross without realizing that he was a "questionable source of information."<ref name=Ammerman>, ], September 3, 1993, with an Addendum dated September 10, 1993
</ref><ref>
, ], 1993 </ref><ref>, ], 1993
</ref>] and Catherine Wessinger (]) also criticized Ross's involvement,<ref name=Chryssides>{{cite book
</ref>
] expressed the opinion that the authorities' confrontational approach led to the Waco tragedy, and that the advice they received from Ross undoubtedly exacerbated the situation.<ref name=Chryssides>{{cite book
| last = Chryssides | last = Chryssides
| first = George D. | first = George D.
Line 267: Line 224:
| doi = | doi =
| id = ISBN 0826459595 }} | id = ISBN 0826459595 }}
</ref><ref name=Newport>{{cite book
</ref>
He stated that Ross endorsed the view that the community in Waco would become another ], and that it stood ready for mass suicide.<ref name=Chryssides /> Chryssides took the view that the involvement of an academic adviser more familiar with the religious ideas preached at Waco might have led to a less tragic outcome.<ref name=Chryssides /> Similar criticisms concerning Ross's bias and lack of qualifications to act as an adviser to the BATF and FBI in Waco have come from Catherine Wessinger (]),<ref name=Newport>{{cite book
| last = Newport | last = Newport
| first = Kenneth G. C. | first = Kenneth G. C.
Line 292: Line 248:
| url = | url =
| doi = | doi =
| id = ISBN 1889119245 }}</ref> the political scientist ],<ref>{{cite book | id = ISBN 1889119245 }}</ref> as did political scientist ],<ref>{{cite book
| last = Michael | last = Michael
| first = George | first = George
Line 304: Line 260:
| url = | url =
| doi = | doi =
| id = ISBN 041531500X }}</ref> and ] in a book edited by ].<ref name=Wright>{{cite book | id = ISBN 041531500X }}</ref> and ].<ref name=Wright>{{cite book
| last = Wright | last = Wright
| first = Stuart A. (ed.) | first = Stuart A. (ed.)
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| doi = | doi =
| accessdate = 2008-11-04}}</ref> | accessdate = 2008-11-04}}</ref>

=== Landmark Education ===
''For details see ]

In June 2004, ] filed a ]1 million lawsuit against the Rick A. Ross Institute, claiming that the Institute's online archives damaged Landmark Education's product. In December 2005, Landmark Education filed to dismiss its own lawsuit ], supposedly on the grounds that a material change in caselaw regarding statements made on the ] occurred in January 2005.

===NXIVM Corp. v. Ross ===

] offers an exclusive and costly seminar training program, "Executive Success".<ref name="nxivm">
{{cite web | first = Staff | last = | title = NXIVM Corp. v. Ross | url = http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/nxivm-corp-v-ross | work = Citizen Media Law Project | date = 2007-01-10 | accessdate = 2008-11-03 }}
</ref>
Ross obtained a copy of the course manual from a former program participant, and commissioned psychologist Paul Martin and psychiatrist ] to write an analysis and critique of the manual.<ref name="nxivm" /> Ross's websites published the reports and quoted sections of the manual to support the analyses and criticisms.<ref>
{{cite web| first = John M.D. | last = Hochman | title=A Forensic Psychiatrist Evaluates ESP| url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/esp/esp4.html|publisher=www.rickross.com| date = February 2003 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web| first = Paul | last = Martin | title=A Critical Analysis of the Executive Success Programs Inc. | url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/esp/esp10.html |publisher=www.rickross.com| date = 2003-02-12 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}
</ref><ref name="nxivm" />
The websites also contained statements which, NXIVM alleged, misled readers into thinking of the Executive Success program as a "cult".<ref name="nxivm" /> In 2003, NXIVM sued Ross and a number of co-defendants for, among others, ], trademark disparagement and product disparagement, and sought an ] to have the material removed.<ref name="nxivm" /> The court denied the injunction, the judge ruling that the use of quotations constituted ].<ref name="nxivm" /> In 2004 the ] affirmed the ruling on appeal, stating that any damage to the market for NXIVM's product resulted from criticism, which weighed in favor of fair use, rather than substitution (which would have weighed against fair use).<ref name="nxivm" /> Later that year, the ] refused to review the case.<ref name="nxivm" /> NXIVM then filed an amended complaint, parts of which the court dismissed; litigation continues {{as of | 2008 | lc = on}}.<ref name="nxivm" />


== Articles and publications == == Articles and publications ==

Revision as of 01:34, 5 December 2008

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Rick Alan Ross
Born (1952-11-24) November 24, 1952 (age 72)
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Occupation(s)Founder and Executive Director,
Rick A. Ross Institute
WebsiteCult News
The Rick A. Ross Institute

Rick Alan Ross (born 1952 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States as Ricky Alan Ross) works as a consultant, lecturer and "intervention specialist," with an interest in exit counseling or deprogramming people from cults. He runs the CultNews.com blog and in 2003 founded The Rick A. Ross Institute of New Jersey, which maintains a database about controversial groups that contains press articles, court documents, and essays. He has worked as an expert court witness and as an analyst for the media in cases relating to such groups. In 1995 Ross's role in the Jason Scott "deprogramming" case resulted in his bankruptcy following a civil suit award of $3 million against him, though the plaintiff later settled with Ross for $5,000 and 200 hours of professional services.

Early life

Paul and Ethel Ross adopted Rick Ross in 1953 in Cleveland, Ohio. The Ross family moved to Phoenix, Arizona in 1956, where Ross grew up and attended school. Ross's formal education extended through high school, which he completed in 1971. He then worked for a finance company and for a bank. In 1974 a court convicted Ross for the attempted burglary of a vacant model home and sentenced him to probation. The following year he was sentenced to five years' probation for his involvement in a jewelry embezzlement scheme at a retail store in Arizona. Ross has openly admitted making mistakes: "I had been in trouble as a young man, and I turned my life around ... I never again in my life made another mistake like that." In 1983, the Maricopa County Superior Court vacated both judgments of guilt in the absence of any opposition, dismissed the charges and restored Ross's civil rights. In 1975, Ross began work for a cousin's car-salvage business, eventually becoming company vice president. He continued working in this field until 1982.

Early career

Ross says he first became concerned about controversial religious groups in 1982. Jewish Voice Broadcast, a missionary group founded by an Assembly of God minister named Louis Kaplan, specifically targeted Jews for conversion to Pentecostalism. The group infiltrated the Jewish nursing home where Ross's grandmother lived. After bringing the matter to the attention of the director and of the local Jewish community, Ross successfully campaigned to have the group's activities stopped. He then began working as a volunteer, lecturer and researcher for a variety of Jewish organizations. He worked for the Jewish Federation of Greater Phoenix, and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) appointed him to two national committees focusing on cults and interreligious affairs. During the 1980s Ross represented the Jewish community on the Religious Advisory Committee of the Arizona Department of Corrections, being elected its chairman later on, and served as chairman of the International Coalition of Jewish Prisoners Programs sponsored by B'nai Brith in Washington D.C. Ross's work within the prison system included inmate religious rights and educational efforts regarding hate groups. Ross also worked as a member of the professional staff of the Jewish Family and Children's Service (JFCS) and the Bureau of Jewish Education (BJE) in Phoenix, Arizona.

Full-time private consultant and lecturer

In 1986 Ross left the staff of the JFCS and BJE to become a full-time private consultant and deprogrammer. As part of his work he undertook a number of involuntary deprogramming interventions at the request of parents whose children had joined controversial groups and movements. One of these cases, the successful deprogramming of a 14-year-old whom his mother felt a Bible-based cult had "brainwashed", featured in an edition of 48 Hours. As of 2004, Ross had handled more than 350 deprogramming cases in various countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel and Italy, with a typical cost of around $5,000 per case (in 2008 dollars). Ross claims a success-rate of 75 per cent, and has been credited with having "rescued many people from harmful situations".

In 1992 and 1993, Ross gained a high public profile due to his involvement in the events surrounding David Koresh and the Branch Davidians at Waco, Texas; the broadcaster CBS hired him as an on-scene analyst for their coverage of the Waco siege, and he also reportedly acted as a consultant to the FBI.

Bankruptcy following the Jason Scott case

Main article: Jason Scott case

In 1995, Ross filed for personal bankruptcy following a substantial damages award against him in a civil trial related to the unsuccessful deprogramming of Jason Scott, an 18-year-old member of a United Pentecostal Church in Bellevue, Washington. The complaint alleged that Scott was handcuffed, had duct tape placed over his mouth, and was held in a seaside cottage for five days where he was restrained and told he would only be released when the deprogramming was completed. The suit resulted in a judgment for Scott including an award of $5 million in compensatory and punitive damages from all defendants, $3 million of which were awarded against Ross. In 1996 Scott reconciled with his mother and dismissed Moxon as his lawyer. Scott then settled with Ross for $5,000 plus 200 hours of Ross's professional services.

Prior to the filing of the civil action, in 1993, Ross and two associates were charged with unlawful imprisonment and Ross was later acquitted.

Later Career

In 1996 Ross started a website, rickross.com, which serves as a public database about controversial groups and movements. Ross has lectured at the University of Pennsylvania, University of Chicago and University of Arizona and has testified as an expert witness in thirteen states. According to his publicly posted CV, he has worked as a paid consultant for the television networks CBS, CBC and Nippon of Japan; Miramax/Disney retained him as a technical consultant Jane Campion's film Holy Smoke!. As a result of the legal risks involved, notably the vulnerability to criminal charges and civil trials for kidnapping and false imprisonment, Ross no longer advocates coercive deprogramming or involuntary interventions for adults, preferring instead voluntary exit counseling without the use of force or restraint. He states that despite refinement of processes over the years, exit counseling and deprogramming continue to depend on the same principles. Ross has been referred to as one of the most important "hardline anticultists" by Stuart A. Wright.

Rick A. Ross Institute

Ross moved to New Jersey in 2001 and two years later founded the Rick A. Ross Institute for the Study of Destructive Cults and Controversial Groups and Movements, a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) public charity located in New Jersey, USA. It has the stated mission of "public education and research", largely accomplished through the rickross.com website. The Advisory Board of the RRI includes Ford Greene, a California attorney specialized in cult-related litigation, as well as Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman, co-authors of the books Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change and Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics and Our Private Lives. Psychologist Margaret Singer also served as a board member of the Institute until her death in 2003.

In June 2004, Landmark Education filed a US$1 million lawsuit against the Institute, claiming that the Institute's online archives damaged Landmark Education's product. In December 2005, Landmark Education filed to dismiss its own lawsuit with prejudice, purportedly on the grounds that a material change in caselaw after the publication of an opinion in another case, Donato v. Moldow, regarding the Communications Decency Act of 1996.

The Institute was also invovled in a lawsuit with NXIVM, which offers an exclusive and costly seminar training program, "Executive Success". NXIVM sued Ross and others for copyright infringement and other claims following Ross's websites publication of the reports by psychologist Paul Martin and psychiatrist John Hochman quoted sections of an NXIVM course manual. The websites also contained statements which, NXIVM alleged, misled readers into thinking of the Executive Success program as a "cult". A court denied the NXIVM's injunction on the ground that the quotations constituted fair use. In 2004 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the ruling on appeal and the United States Supreme Court refused to review the case. NXIVM then filed an amended complaint, parts of which were dismissed; litigation continues as of 2008.

Criticism of involvement with Branch Davidian case

Rick Ross became involved with opposing Branch Davidian activity before and during the Waco Siege standoff between the group and Federal Law Enforcement agencies. Ross had previously deprogrammed a member of the group. Ross also provided unsolicited advice to the FBI during the standoff. A later Department of Justice Report on the matter found that "the FBI did not 'rely' on Ross for advice whatsoever during the standoff." The FBI "politely declined his unsolicited offers of assistance throughout the standoff" and treated the information Ross supplied as it would any other unsolicited information received from the public.

Scholars of religion and sociology have commented unfavorably on his involvement. Professors of Religious Studies James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher criticized Ross for purportedly establishing a stereotypical image of Koresh as a dangerous cult leader and opined that the activities of cult opponents, including Ross, shaped the viewpoints of government parties acting in the case. Professor of sociology of religion Nancy Ammerman criticized of the BATF and FBI for relying on Ross without realizing that he was a "questionable source of information."George D. Chryssides and Catherine Wessinger (Loyola University New Orleans) also criticized Ross's involvement, as did political scientist George Michael, and James R. Lewis.

In a 1995 letter to the editor of the Washington Post, Ross asserted that government agencies had interviewed him because of his five years' experience dealing directly with Davidians. He said the agencies failed to appreciate the cult dynamic, and had dealt with the stand-off as a terrorist hostage-rescue situation. Ross further characterized his critics as cult apologists who subscribed to the theory that cult groups "should not be held accountable for their action like others within our society".

Articles and publications

References

  1. Curriculum Vitae of Rick Ross." Accessed 26 February 2008 at http://www.cultinformation.org.uk/articles.html
  2. Cult News website
  3. "Information Database". www.rickross.com.
  4. ^ Johnstone, Nick (2004-12-12). "Beyond Belief". The Observer. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  5. ^ Rick Ross's Biography
  6. ^ Willis, Stacy J. Arrival of cult specialist in Las Vegas stirs debate, Las Vegas Sun, 24 August 2001
  7. Maricopa County, Superior Court ruling
  8. "Pastor Gil Kaplan". buildersofunity.org. Builders of Unity Ministries International. Retrieved 2008-11-15. After the Kaplan's moved to Arizona in 1953, Louis Kaplan founded and directed what became an international Messianic television and radio ministry known as the Jewish Voice Broadcast, which later became known as Jewish Voice Ministries International which continues to air in many countries today. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  9. Evans, Pete (Nov./Dec. 2004). "The Door interview with Rick Ross". The Door Magazine. Retrieved 2008-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. Taking Aim: Efforts to convert Jews draw fire from interdenominational group, The Arizona Republic, 1982, by Richard Lessner, as hosted on rickross.com
  11. Cleveland Jewish News, 29 July 2004. KABBALAH CENTRE hawks 'snake oil for the soul
  12. "Challenging Cults, Cultivating Family", The Greater Phoenix Jewish News, February, 1989, by Elaine DeRosa, as hosted on rickross.com
  13. "Ross to head religious committee for state corrections department", Greater Phoenix Jewish News, 12 March 1986, as hosted on rickross.com
  14. "Three Nation Umbrella Org. to Aid Jewish Prison Inmates, Families", National "Jewish Press", April 1986, as hosted on rickross.com
  15. Curriculum Vitae, Rick Ross web site
  16. Goodman, Walter (1989-06-01). "Review/Television; Trying to Pry a Youth Away From a Cult". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  17. Ross, Rick. "Intervention: Costs". Retrieved 2008-11-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. Johnstone, Nick (2004-12-12). "Beyond Belief". The Observer. Retrieved 2008-10-24. taking into account his claimed 75 per cent success rate for interventions (he has worked on more than 350 cases, at a typical cost of $5,000, everywhere from the US to the UK, Israel to Italy), he has rescued many people from harmful situations
  19. ^ Ortega, Tony (1995-11-30). "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlatans. Clients of deprogrammer Rick Ross call him a savior. Perhaps that's why people he's branded cult leaders want to crucify him". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2006-04-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (1996-12-23). "New Twist In Anti-Cult Saga: Foe Is Now Ally -- Bellevue Man Who Put Group Into Bankruptcy Fires Scientology Lawyer". Washington Post. Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  21. ^ Shupe, Anson (2006). Agents of Discord. New Brunswick (U.S.A.), London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers. pp. pp. 180–184. ISBN 0-7658-0323-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help). The account given in Shupe/Darnell is "based closely on court documents and testimonies, including Scott's own under-oath account of his deprogramming experience." The court documents referred to are cited on page 194 of Shupe/Darnell.
  22. Knapp, Dan (1996-12-19). "Group that once criticized Scientologists now owned by one". CNN. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. Narinsky, Judy (1995-11-01). "Q & A Brainwashed. Rick Ross talks about deprogramming members of religious cults". Willamette Week. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help), as hosted on rickross.com
  24. Cockburn, Alexander (1996-08-26). "Vindication II: That Fool Adolph". The Nation. 263 (6). The Nation Company L.P.: p. 8. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. Bromley, David G. (2003). The Politics of Religious Apostasy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0275955087. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Haines, Thomas W. (1995-09-21). "'Deprogrammer' Taken To Court -- Bellevue Man Claims Kidnap, Coercion". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  27. "UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT: JASON SCOTT, Plaintiff-Appellee v. RICK ROSS, A/K/A/ RICKEY ALLEN ROSS, MARK WORKMAN, CHARLES SIMPSON, Defendants, CULT AWARENESS NETWORK, Defendant-Appellant". CESNUR. Retrieved 2008-10-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ Ortega, Tony (1996-12-19). "What's $2.995 Million Between Former Enemies?". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  29. "Deprogrammers Plead Not Guilty To Holding A Bellevue Teenager 5 Days, Against His Will". Associated Press. Seattle Times. 1993-08-17. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  30. ^ ""Cult Buster" Acquitted In Abduction". Seattle Times. 1994-01-19. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  31. "Eastside Journal – Glad It's Over". Seattle Times. 1994-01-21. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  32. Minister Sues Cult Expert, Palm Beach Post, Jul 14, 2001
  33. Cult Experts List, FACT.net, 2006
  34. ^ Rick Ross. "Deprogramming". Intervention. Retrieved 10 August. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. Wright, Stuart A. 1997. Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths? Review of Religious Research 39, no. 2:101-115, p. 102.
  36. ^ Toutant, Charles Suits Against Anti-Cult Blogger Provide Test for Online Speech, New Jersey Law Journal January 10, 2006
  37. ^ "NXIVM Corp. v. Ross". Citizen Media Law Project. 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2008-11-03. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  38. Hochman, John M.D. (February 2003). "A Forensic Psychiatrist Evaluates ESP". www.rickross.com. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  39. Martin, Paul (2003-02-12). "A Critical Analysis of the Executive Success Programs Inc". www.rickross.com. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  40. ^ Tabor, James D. (1997). Why Waco?. University of California Press. pp. pp. 93–96, 138–139, 233. ISBN 0520208994. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ US Department of Justice, Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas: Part IV, The Role of Experts During the Standoff, 28 February to 19 April 1993. Available online
  42. Report to the Justice and Treasury Departments, Nancy Ammerman, September 3, 1993, with an Addendum dated September 10, 1993
  43. Waco, Federal Law Enforcement, and Scholars of Religion, Nancy Ammerman, 1993
  44. Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring New Religions. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0826459595. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  45. Newport, Kenneth G. C. (2006). Expecting the End. Baylor University Press. pp. pp. 154–171. ISBN 1932792384. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  46. Wessinger, Catherine Lowman (2000). How the Millennium Comes Violently. New York, NY/London, UK: Seven Bridges Press. pp. pp. 1, 60, 69, 98. ISBN 1889119245. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. Michael, George (2003). Confronting Right-wing Extremism and Terrorism. New York, NY/London, UK: Routledge. pp. p. 148. ISBN 041531500X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. Wright, Stuart A. (ed.) (1995). Armageddon in Waco. University of Chicago Press. pp. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0226908453. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ "Letters to the Editor - What Happened at Waco". The Washington Post. 1995-07-23. Retrieved 2008-11-04. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

External links

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