Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 18:50, 1 March 2009

Lawrence Mark Sanger
Larry Sanger
Born	(1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 56) Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
Occupation	Editor-in-Chief of Citizendium
Website	Larry Sanger

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is the American co-founder of Misplaced Pages and creator and editor-in-chief of Citizendium, two freely-available online encyclopedia which use wiki technology to enable collaborative editing. Sanger holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from The Ohio State University, and most of his philosophical work has focused on epistemology, the theory of knowledge.

Sanger is also a critic of Misplaced Pages, arguing that despite the project's merits, the encyclopedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, its lack of respect for expertise.

Sanger currently serves full-time as the volunteer editor-in-chief of Citizendium, and earns an income from part-time writing, speaking, and consulting on the topic of collaborative online communities.

Early life and education

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, and raised in Anchorage, Alaska. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom. At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics. In high school, Sanger was asked, "What are you ever going to do with philosophy?" He said, "Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing." He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy. As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia. He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting." He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list. The Association for Systematic Philosophy, managed by Sanger, published a journal. Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening manifesto:

"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears."

He received a B.A. in philosophy from Reed College in 1991, an M.A. from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 2000; his doctoral thesis is titled Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification. From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for Y2K watchers.

Nupedia and Misplaced Pages

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief. He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors. Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia, in January 2001 Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development, and the result of this proposal was Misplaced Pages, officially launched on January 15, 2001. By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules" and "Neutral point of view." Sanger was the only paid editor of Misplaced Pages, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Misplaced Pages projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002; Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Misplaced Pages on March 1. Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Misplaced Pages and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer. Nupedia shut down the following year.

Wales, who is the current de facto leader of Misplaced Pages, attempted to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project after Sanger left Misplaced Pages. Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages at least as early as September 2001. Sanger was introduced to wikis at a January 2, 2001 dinner with Ben Kovitz, a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki. Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis. Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it. After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki" and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia." Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia that "non-experts" could contribute to, i.e., the Nupedia. Wales mentioned that he heard of the wiki concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, though he said earlier, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software." In fact, Sanger "came up with the name 'Misplaced Pages', a silly name for what was at first a very silly project." In response to Wales' view of his role in Misplaced Pages, Sanger posted on his personal webpage a collection of links which seemingly confirms his co-founder honorary appellation. For example, Sanger provided evidence, to the best of his knowledge, that he is a co-founder of Misplaced Pages, by referencing earlier versions of Misplaced Pages pages, citing press releases from Misplaced Pages in the years of 2002 - 2004, and asserting that early media coverage articles described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders. In review, Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year. During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder. Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a co-founder. Misplaced Pages became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia, originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.

After Misplaced Pages

Sanger, a philosophy instructor, began work as a lecturer at Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005. His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics. In his spare time, he plays and teaches Irish traditional music on the fiddle in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and also manages a site about the Donegal fiddle tradition.

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs. He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006. The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the Encyclopedia of Earth, an electronic reference about the Earth.

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Misplaced Pages, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.

Criticism of Misplaced Pages

In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure. While claiming "to appreciate the merits of Misplaced Pages fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Misplaced Pages very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems, he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise." The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.

Sanger summarized some of these concerns in an interview with CNET News in 2007:

"...Misplaced Pages lacks credibility, unfortunately. It's a good starting place, as people say--on some subjects anyway--but it isn't really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don't think that the Misplaced Pages community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Misplaced Pages into something that's really reliable."

Sanger has consistently argued that Misplaced Pages is "broken beyond repair," and suffers from a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals." Sanger stated in part:

"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Misplaced Pages's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Misplaced Pages and many avoid Misplaced Pages altogether. We may take Misplaced Pages as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content."

Citizendium

Sanger's criticisms of Misplaced Pages led him to conclude that another encyclopedia project would be worthwhile:

"I think there is a need for a more reliable and free encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and 💕, particularly if we adopt a different system than Misplaced Pages's, then we should."

In 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium, an attempt to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia. Like Misplaced Pages, Citizendium is wiki-based, however prospective contributors to Citizendium are required to apply for membership under their real names while Misplaced Pages consists largely of anonymous editing. Sanger has argued that this offers some protection from vandals and trolls while also providing confidence as to the encyclopedia's reliability; Misplaced Pages has been prone to disruption and sometimes misinformation. According to Sanger, "Where Misplaced Pages shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility." Citizendium also incorporates a form of peer review based on oversight by experts. More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.

Citizendium was announced at the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006 as a fork of Misplaced Pages. The initial fork is of the English language Misplaced Pages.Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles. On September 27, 2006 Sanger announced that he would take a leave of absence from Digital Universe "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase. The launch coincided with an Associated Press feature story that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Misplaced Pages." Unlike Jimmy Wales, who has compared his role in Misplaced Pages with that of a British monarch, Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and in 2007 announced his intention to step off the leadership team in two or three years.

Sanger commented in late October 2007 about Citizendium's one-year anniversary from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006. According to Sanger, the Citizendium's readers have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:

"Simply put, we've pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet. The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."

In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students." When asked in an interview with The Minnesota Daily: Do you see a role for Citizendium anywhere in academia? He responded: "Of course. The idea is it will be good enough for professors to be able to send their students and students to get reliable information from. I know a lot of students use Misplaced Pages as a place to start to learn about a subject. For that purpose it's fine. I actually think, as a place to start to get some information, it's a fine resource. Approved articles on Citizendium hopefully will be more reliable than articles on Misplaced Pages."

Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:

Academic work

• Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.
• Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.

Essays

• The Fate of Expertise after Misplaced Pages (160k PDF). Episteme - Edinburgh University Press, February 2009.
• Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge. Edge Foundation - Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
• Education 2.0. The Focus Online, June 2007.
• Why the Citizendium Will (Probably) Succeed. Citizendium, March 2007.
• Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge. Citizendium, September 2006.
• Humanity's Coming Enlightenment. Edge Foundation - World Question Center, 2007.
• The Future of Free Information. The Digital Universe Journal, 2006.

Presentations

• What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of Society for Scholarly Publishing, San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
• How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals. Keynote at the Handelsblatt IT Congress, Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
• Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?. Opening keynote at the SDForum, The Business of New Media, Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.

References

1. Sanger, Larry (2000). "Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification". Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
2. ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-25."I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Misplaced Pages with Mr. Wales.
3. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Larry Sanger". Retrieved 2009-02-05.
4. ^ "Next Misplaced Pages, take a right". Misplaced Pages, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger. Dossier Open Source. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
5. ^ Tiwari, Neha (April 5, 2007). "Misplaced Pages today, Citizendium tomorrow". CNET. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
6. ^ Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). "Misplaced Pages 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder". Information World Review. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
7. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
8. ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
9. LeClaire, Jennifer (March 27, 2007). "Misplaced Pages Cofounder Launches Citizendium". NewsFactor Network. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
10. Blakely, Rhys (September 7, 2007). "Misplaced Pages amateurs face backlash from the experts". The Times. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
11. Sanger, Larry. "Consulting". Larry Sanger. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
12. Chillingworth, Mark (November 27, 2006). "Expert edition". Information World Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Misplaced Pages co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
13. ^ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
14. ^ Roush, Wade (January 2005). "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All". Technology Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
15. ^ Boraas, Alan (September 2, 2006). "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
16. Sanger, Larry (August 30, 1995). "Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities". Tutor-L. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
17. Sanger, Larry (March 22, 1994). "Association for Systematic Philosophy". Association for Systematic Philosophy. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
18. Sanger, Larry. "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports". sangersreview.com. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
19. ^ Gouthro, Liane (March 14, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PCWorld. CNN. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
20. Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
21. Betz, Lindsay (June 1, 2007). "Misplaced Pages formed by former Buckeye". The Lantern. The Ohio State University. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
22. Cite error: The named reference lets_make_a_wiki was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
23. ^ Wales, Jimmy (October 30, 2001). "LinkBacks?" (Email). wikipedia-l archives. Bomis. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
24. ^ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Misplaced Pages." Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Misplaced Pages as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Misplaced Pages to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me," he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes." And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Misplaced Pages outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Misplaced Pages discussion list (Misplaced Pages-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
25. Cohen, Noam (October 18, 2007). "Misplaced Pages". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
26. Walker, Leslie (September 9, 2004). "Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
27. Long, Tony (January 15, 2008). "Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Misplaced Pages, for Better and Worse". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
28. "Rules To Consider". Ignore all rules. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
29. "History of NPOV". Neutral point of view. Misplaced Pages. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
30. ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know It All". Can Misplaced Pages conquer expertise?. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
31. ^ Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2002). "My resignation--Larry Sanger". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
32. Youngwood, Susan (April 1, 2007). "Misplaced Pages: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?". Vermont Sunday Magazine. Rutland Herald. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
33. Frith, Holden (March 26, 2007). "Misplaced Pages founder launches rival online encyclopaedia". The Times. Retrieved 2007-03-27. Misplaced Pages's de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format.
34. ^ Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Misplaced Pages". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-03-25. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.
35. Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "Insider Editing at Misplaced Pages". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |quotes= (help)
36. Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). "Misplaced Pages Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |quotes= (help)"I must say I am amused," Sanger wrote in a posting on Misplaced Pages on Monday. "Having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out."
37. Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Misplaced Pages written by experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Misplaced Pages, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Misplaced Pages.
38. Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). "Misplaced Pages co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-25. The origins of Misplaced Pages date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.
39. "Ben Kovitz". WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved 2007-03-25.Ben Kovitz wrote on his Misplaced Pages user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Misplaced Pages, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias and make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost never happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."
40. ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's make a wiki" (Email). Nupedia-l mailing list. Nupedia. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
41. "WikiPedia". WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
42. Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 3. Retrieved 2007-03-25.Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."
43. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved 2007-03-25. The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.—Larry Sanger.
     • Sanger, Larry (April 19, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages, Part II". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
44. "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired. Wired News. May 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
45. ^ Sanger, Larry. "My role in Misplaced Pages (links)". larrysanger.org. Larry Sanger. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
46. "History Version of the 'Misplaced Pages' Article". Misplaced Pages. June 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
47. "History Version of the 'History of Misplaced Pages' Article". Misplaced Pages. August 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
48. "History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article". Misplaced Pages. August 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
49. "History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article". Misplaced Pages. September 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
50. "💕 Project, Misplaced Pages, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Misplaced Pages 2002 Press release)". describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders". Misplaced Pages. January 15, 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
51. "Misplaced Pages, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article (Misplaced Pages 2003 Press release)". stating Sanger and Wales founded the site. Misplaced Pages. January 21, 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
52. "Misplaced Pages publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Misplaced Pages 2004 Press release)". describes Sanger as a founder. Misplaced Pages. February 25, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
53. Heim, Judy (September 4, 2001). "Free the Encyclopedias!". Technology Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
54. Mayfield, Kendra (January 28, 2003). "Not Your Father's Encyclopedia". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
55. Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). "💕 Project Celebrates Year One". Jupitermedia. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.
56. Hammersley, Ben (January 30, 2003). "Common knowledge". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Olsen, Stefanie (October 16, 2006). "Misplaced Pages co-founder plans 'expert' rival". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Tally, Steve (March 20, 2006). "Misplaced Pages co-founder to speak on campus". Purdue University News Service. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Del Conte, Natali T (October 20, 2006). "Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Tiwari, Neha (April 5, 2007). "Misplaced Pages today, Citizendium tomorrow". CNET. Retrieved 2007-04-05. Sanger now believes that the world deserves something better than his former start-up when it comes to online research.
57. Boran, Marie (July 16, 2007). "Misplaced Pages disrespects experts says co-founder". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2007-07-16. Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Misplaced Pages in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Misplaced Pages which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.
58. Blundo, Joe (April 26, 2007). "Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
59. Aviv, Rachel (January 10, 2006). "Mondo Misplaced Pages". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
60. "An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle". GeoCities. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
61. "Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs". Digital Universe. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
62. "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'". PR Newswire. Digital Universe. January 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
63. "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger". Digital Universe. Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
64. Terdiman, Daniel (December 19, 2005). "Misplaced Pages alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
65. "About the EoE". Digital Universe. Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
66. Sanger, Larry (April 2006). "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project". The Text Outline Project. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
67. Pink, Daniel H (March 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
68. Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Misplaced Pages's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
69. ^ Dawson, Christopher (February 23, 2007). "Citizendium seeks to be the Misplaced Pages you can cite". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
70. ^ Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). "Citizendium: building a better Misplaced Pages". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Citizendium currently has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50-75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Misplaced Pages.
71. ^ Sanger, Larry. "CZ:We aren't Misplaced Pages". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
72. Lombardi, Candace (March 26, 2007). "Misplaced Pages rival makes its debut". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
73. Thompson, Bill (December 16, 2005). "What is it with Misplaced Pages?". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
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75. Vallely, Paul (October 18, 2006). "The Big Question: Do we need a more reliable online encyclopedia than Misplaced Pages?". The Independent. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
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77. Kleeman, Jenny (March 25, 2007). "Wiki wars". The Observer. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
78. Kleeman, Jenny (March 28, 2007). "Misplaced Pages braces itself for April Fools' Day". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-04. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
79. Davis, Jim (May 14, 2007). "Left in Control of Misplaced Pages". NewsMax. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
     • Miliard, Mike (December 12, 2007). "Misplaced Pages Rules". The Phoenix. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
80. Heater, Brian (January 26, 2007). "Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger". AppScout. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
81. Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages". More experts, less fiddling?. The Register. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.
82. "Use with caution: The perils of Misplaced Pages". Associated Press. CNN. November 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
83. "Citizendium FAQ". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
84. Fisher, Ken (September 19, 2006). "New Citizendium to correct Misplaced Pages's wrongs?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
85. "Citizendium". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
86. Sanger, Larry (September 27, 2006). "Citizendium launch plan as of September 26". Citizendium-l mail list. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
87. Sanger, Larry (March 25, 2007). "We have launched". Citizendium Blog. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
88. Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Citizendium aims to be better Misplaced Pages". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-03-25. This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Misplaced Pages alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Misplaced Pages's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.
89. McNichol, Tom (March 1, 2007). "Building a Wiki World". Business 2.0. CNN. Retrieved 2007-03-25."I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.
90. Waters, Richard (November 5, 2007). "Citizendium vs Misplaced Pages". Financial Times. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
91. "Citizendium After One Year". Slashdot. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
92. ^ "Citizendium Wiki Celebrates One Year Online New Knowledge Society Takes Root, Flourishes". Citizendium Press Release — October 30, 2007. Citizendium. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.It has been one year since the private launch of the Citizendium (http://www.citizendium.org/) wiki, an online reference source aiming to create "the world's most trusted knowledge base." The innovative non-profit project combines free-wheeling, open wiki collaboration with real names and guidance by expert editors.
93. Sanger, Larry (October 30, 2007). "The Citizendium one year on: a strong start and an amazing future". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
94. Sanger, Larry (October 30, 2007). "The coming explosion of growth". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
95. Sanger, Larry (June 2007). "Education 2.0". Egon Zehnder International. The Focus Online. Retrieved 2007-06-01. The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet.
96. Leider, JP (October 17, 2006). "Wiki and the U student". The Minnesota Daily. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
97. Sanger, Larry. "Larry Sanger". Welcome to my personal site!. Larry Sanger. Retrieved 2007-10-04.

External links

• Larry Sanger - Sanger's personal website.
• User:Larry Sanger - Sanger's account on the English Misplaced Pages.
• User:Larry Sanger - An essay discussing the origins of Misplaced Pages.
• User:Larry Sanger - Meta-Wikimedia - "Possibly outdated," he says.
• Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - index.
• Introductory philosophy lectures - From Sanger's 1998 course at Ohio State University which have been greatly edited.
• Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Misplaced Pages and his plans with Citizendium - Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.

• 1968 births
• American businesspeople
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• American philosophers
• History of Misplaced Pages
• Living people
• Ohio State University alumni
• People from Bellevue, Washington
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• Reed College alumni
• Misplaced Pages people
• Critics of Misplaced Pages