| Revision as of 14:08, 15 February 2009 editJaan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users17,257 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 13:35, 12 March 2009 edit undoPartisan1 (talk | contribs)228 editsNo edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| ] map of ], ].]] | |||
| ⚫ | '''Estonian resistance movement''' (] ''Eesti vastupanuliikumine'') was an ] ] to ] the ] |
||
| ⚫ | The '''Estonian resistance movement''' (] ''Eesti vastupanuliikumine'') was an ] ] ] to ] the ] (]-]) during ]. Due to the unusually lenient terms given to ] by the German ] authorities, especially in comparison to the preceding ] (]-1941), the movement had less popular support, and therefore was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries. | ||
| ==National Committee of the Republic of Estonia== | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| The '''National Committee of the Republic of Estonia''' ({{Lang-et|Eesti Vabariigi Rahvuskomitee}}) was formed by the underground resistance movements in March 1944.<ref>{{cite book |title=Estonia: Independence and European Integration |last=Smith |first=David James |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9780415267281 |pages=pp. 36 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lx-UmTnLJv0C&pg=PA36&dq }}</ref> By April 1944, a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies. <ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location= |isbn=9780810849044 |pages=pp. 21 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XKWRct15XfkC&pg=PA21&dq }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | However, by ] a number of ] were involved in underground ] ranging from producing illegal publications to ]ing to violent ]. They included, amongst others: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>The book ''Rahvatasujad'' published in ]-].</ref> | ||
| The original initiative to form the committee came from the Estonian pre-war opposition parties but it was quickly joined by ], the last constitutional pre-war Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia and his supporters. The Committee aimed to establish of a provisional government during expected German withdrawal as the Red Army had reached the border of Estonia in February 2 1944. | |||
| ⚫ | == References == | ||
| The Committee succeeded in establishing a communication network with the Estonian diplomats in Finland and Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |title=War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956 |last=Laar, |first=Mart |authorlink= |coauthors=Tiina Ets, Tonu Parming |year=1992 |publisher= |location= |isbn=9780929590080 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YxfYHYaHsdoC&pg=PA19 }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | {{reflist}} | ||
| On ], ], The National Committee selected the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia (''Vabariigi Presidendi Asetäitja Valimiskogu'', the institution specified in the Constitution for electing the Acting President of the Republic) held a clandestine meeting in Tallinn. The participants included: | |||
| *], the last Prime Minister of Estonia before the Soviet occupation, | |||
| *], the substitute for Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces , | |||
| *], the Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies, | |||
| *], the Second deputy Vice-Chairman of the National Council, | |||
| *], Justice of the ]. | |||
| The Committee determined that the Soviet-era appointment of ] as Prime Minister by Konstantin Päts had been illegal and that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from ], 1940 onwards<ref>L. Mälksoo, ''Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law'', Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000</ref>. On June 21, 1944 Jüri Uluots appointed ] as deputy prime minister.<ref name="EIHC"> at the EIHC</ref> On September 18, 1944 Uluots, suffering from cancer, named ] the Acting Prime Minister and appointed a Government which consisted of 11 members. On September 20, 1944, Uluots, in failing health, departed for Sweden. Tief assumed office in accordance with the constitution and took the opportunity with the departure of the Germans to declare the legitimate Estonian government restored. Most of members of this government left from Tallinn on ] and Tief on ]. As reported by the Royal Institute of International Affairs at the time: the Estonian national government was proclaimed in Estonia, the Estonian military units seized the government buildings in ] and ordered the German forces to leave.<ref></ref> The flag of Germany was replaced with the ] in the ]. Tief’s government, however, failed to keep control, as Estonian military units led by ] clashed with both Germans and Soviets. On ] the Soviets took control of Tallinn. Most of the members and officials , including Tief, were caught, jailed, deported, or executed by the advancing Soviets. Tief managed to survive a decade in Siberia and after return from deportation died back in Estonia in 1976. Only Kaarel Liidak, Minister of Agriculture, died in hiding on ], ]. | |||
| After Uluots died on January 9, 1945 in Sweden, ], as the most senior surviving member of the government, assumed the role of acting head of state. Rei was supported by the surviving members of the Tief's government in Sweden. Rei was the last Estonian envoy in Moscow before the Soviet annexation and had managed to escape from Moscow through Riga to Stockholm in June 1940. <ref> ISBN 0313318786</ref> | |||
| On ] ] the ] was established in ], ]. | |||
| ==Soviet resistance== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | {{reflist}} | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 13:35, 12 March 2009
The Estonian resistance movement (Estonian Eesti vastupanuliikumine) was an underground insurgency movement to resist the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany (1941-1944) during World War II. Due to the unusually lenient terms given to Estonia by the German occupation authorities, especially in comparison to the preceding Soviet occupation of Estonia (1940-1941), the movement had less popular support, and therefore was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries.
However, by 1943 a number of Estonians were involved in underground activities ranging from producing illegal publications to spying to violent sabotage. They included, amongst others: Adolf Aitsen, Rein Alasoo, Eduard Aumere, Richard Ehrlich, Mercedes-Angela Jaus, Evald Kallas, Vera Kraubner, Hendrik Kuivas, Helmi Kurs, Georgi Loik, Aleksander Looring, Johanna Lunter, Mihkel Mihkelson, Jaan Nahodsen, Irmgard Nurmhein, Leonida Parvits, Erik Paulson, Villem Pivkan, Eduard Planken, Ludvig Prints, Kaarel Raidväli, Astra Randkivi, Ireene Reinhold, Aleksei Saar, Tarmo Talvi, and Artur Vaha.
References
See also
- Belarusian resistance during World War II
- Ingria in World War II
- Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
- Latvian resistance movement
- Lithuanian resistance during World War II
- Polish resistance movement in World War II
- Anti-fascism
- Battle of Narva (1944)
- Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
- Category:Military history of Estonia during World War II
- Cold War
- Continuation War
- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Forest Brothers
- History of the Jews in Estonia
- Holocaust in Estonia
- Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
- Reichskommissariat Ostland
- Resistance during World War II
- Resistance movement
- Selbstschutz
- Soviet partisans