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National Public Radio (NPR) is a privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national syndicator to 797 public radio stations in the United States. NPR was created in 1970, following congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, which established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and also led to the creation of the Public Broadcasting Service. The network was founded in 1970 with 30 employees and 90 public radio stations as charter members.

NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced. Most public radio stations broadcast a mixture of NPR programs, content from rival providers American Public Media and Public Radio International, and locally produced programs. NPR's flagships are two drive time news broadcasts, Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered; both are carried by most NPR member stations, and from 2002–2008 they were the second and third most popular radio programs in the country. In a Harris poll conducted in 2005, NPR was voted the most trusted news source in the U.S.

NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International for Sirius XM Radio.

History

National Public Radio was founded on February 24, 1970. It replaced the National Educational Radio Network. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering the United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War. Shortly thereafter, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations. As a membership organization, NPR was now charged with providing stations with training, program promotion, and management; representing the interests of public radio before Congress; and providing content delivery mechanisms, such as satellite transmission.

NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's president, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy. In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR another three years to pay off all its debt.

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would cut its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes. The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.

In 2008, the cumulative audience for NPR's daily programs reached a record 20.9 million, a 9 percent increase over the previous year.

Governance

NPR is a membership corporation. Member stations are required to be noncommercial or educational radio stations, have at least five full-time professional employees, operate for at least 18 hours per day, and not be designed solely to further a religious philosophy or be used for classroom programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").

To oversee the day to day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a Board of Directors. This board is composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. Terms are for three years and rotate such that some stand for election every year.

The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the Board of Directors, are the following:

• Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism.
• Provide extended coverage of public events, issues and ideas, and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs.
• Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations.
• Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities, universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations.
• Develop and distribute programs for specific groups (adult education, instruction, modular units for local productions) which may meet needs of individual regions or groups, but may not have general national relevance.
• Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service.
• Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio.

As of May 2008, the Board of Directors of NPR included the following members:

NPR Member Station Managers

• Tim Eby; Radio Manager, The WOSU Stations (WOSU, WOSU-FM)
• Dave Edwards; Vice-Chair of the Board, NPR; Director/General Manager, WUWM
• Rob Gordon; President & General Manager, WPLN
• Scott Hanley; Director/General Manager, WDUQ
• Ellen Rocco; Station Manager, North Country Public Radio
• John Stark; General Manager, KNAU
• JoAnn Urofsky; General Manager, WUSF Public Broadcasting
• Mark Vogelzang; President and General Manager, Vermont Public Radio

President of NPR

• Vivian Schiller; President as of January 5, 2009

Chair of the NPR Foundation

• Antoine W. van Agtmael; Chair, NPR Foundation; Chairman and Chief Investment Officer, Emerging Markets Management, LLP

Public Members of the Board

• Carol A. Cartwright; President, Kent State University
• John A. Herrmann, Jr.; Vice Chairman, Lincoln International
• Howard H. Stevenson; Chair of the Board, NPR; Sarofim-Rock Professor of Business Administration at Harvard University
• Lyle Logan; Senior Vice President, Personal Financial Services
• Eduardo A. Hauser; Chief Executive Officer, DailyMe, Inc. Daily Me

On March 6, 2008, Ken Stern left his position as CEO by mutual agreement, after having led NPR during its most lucrative decade. He was replaced on an interim basis by Dennis L. Haarsager.

Funding

According to the 2005 financial statement, NPR makes just over half of its money from the fees and dues it charges member stations to receive programming, although some of this money originated at the CPB itself, in the form of pass-through grants to member stations. About 2% of NPR's funding comes from bidding on government grants and programs, chiefly the Corporation for Public Broadcasting; the remainder comes from member station dues, foundation grants, and corporate underwriting. Typically, NPR member stations raise funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, and grants from state governments, universities, and the CPB itself.

Over the years, the portion of the total NPR budget that comes from government has been decreasing. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were being taken during the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes. More money to fund the NPR network was raised from listeners, charitable foundations and corporations, and less from the federal government. Major donors are listed on the NPR web site.

Underwriting spots vs. commercials

In contrast with commercial radio, NPR does not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major donors, such as Allstate, Merck, and Archer Daniels Midland. These statements are called "underwriting spots", not commercials, and unlike commercials are governed by FCC restrictions; they cannot advocate a product or contain any "call to action". In 2005, corporate sponsorship made up 23% of the NPR budget. NPR is not as dependent on revenue from underwriting spots as commercial stations are on revenue from advertising.

Joan Kroc Grant

On November 6, 2003, NPR was given over US$225 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was a record—the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution. For context, the 2003 annual budget of NPR was US$101 million. In 2004 that number increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment. The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees. The 2005 budget was about US$120 million.

Production facilities and listenership

NPR's major production facilities have been based in Washington, D.C. since its creation. On November 2, 2002, a West Coast production facility, dubbed "NPR West", opened in Culver City, California. NPR opened NPR West to improve its coverage of the western United States, to expand its production capabilities (shows produced there include News & Notes and Day to Day), and to create a fully functional backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington.

According to a 2003 Washington Monthly story, about 20 million listeners tune into NPR each week. On average, they are male, 50 years old, and earn an annual income of US$78,000. Its audience is predominantly white; as of 2006, 20% were non-white. While Arbitron tracks public radio listenership, they do not include public radio in their published rankings of radio stations.

NPR stations generally do not subscribe to the Arbitron rating service, and are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. This market data is provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Aribtron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.

Programming

Programs produced by NPR

News and public affairs programs

NPR produces a morning and an afternoon news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly news briefs around the clock. NPR formerly distributed the World Radio Network, a daily compilation of news reports from international radio news, but no longer does so.

• All Things Considered, hosted by Robert Siegel, Michele Norris and Melissa Block
  • Weekend All Things Considered
• **Day to Day, a collaboration with Slate news magazine; hosted by Alex Chadwick and Madeleine Brand originating from Los Angeles in mid-morning
• Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep and Renée Montagne
  • Radio Expeditions (with the National Geographic Society)
• Weekend Edition Saturday, hosted by Scott Simon
• Weekend Edition Sunday, hosted by Liane Hansen
• Talk of the Nation: public affairs call-in (host Neal Conan)
  • Science Friday science issues call-in (host Ira Flatow)
• **News and Notes: current events and commentary from primarily Black perspectives (host Tony Cox)

**NPR announced on December 10, 2008 that these programs will go out of production by March 20, 2009.

Cultural programming

• All Songs Considered, hosted by Bob Boilen
• In 2000, NPR co-produced and distributed 2000X, a Hollywood Theater of the Ear production of science fiction radio plays, presented as part of NPR Playhouse
• Earplay: innovative radio drama anthology (1971–1981)
• Jazz Profiles (host Nancy Wilson, NPR Jazz)
• NPR World of Opera: (host Lisa Simeone)
• The Thistle & Shamrock: Celtic music (host Fiona Ritchie)
• Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!: the (humorous) NPR News quiz (with Chicago Public Radio)

Programs distributed by NPR

News and public affairs

• On Point: public affairs call-in (host Tom Ashbrook, WBUR)
• The Diane Rehm Show: public affairs call-in (host Diane Rehm, WAMU)
• Fresh Air: interviews (host Terry Gross, WHYY-FM) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the show is known for interviews with guests from literature, politics, journalism, science, music, film, and more.
• Latino USA: Latino issues (host Maria Hinojosa, KUT)
• Justice Talking: legal issues (host Margot Adler, University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg Public Policy Center)
• On the Media: media issues (hosts Brooke Gladstone and Bob Garfield, WNYC)
• American RadioWorks: provider of documentaries on Morning Edition and All Things Considered (host Ray Suarez, American Public Media)
• America Abroad: international affairs programming with host Ray Suarez (distributed in the U.S. by PRI and internationally by NPR Worldwide)

Cultural programs

• Car Talk: (hosts Tom Magliozzi and Ray Magliozzi), humorous car advice (WBUR)
• JazzSet (host Dee Dee Bridgewater, (WBGO)
• Only A Game: sports issues (host Bill Littlefield, WBUR)
• Piano Jazz (host Marian McPartland, South Carolina ETV Radio)
• Says You!: word game show (WGBH)
• Sunday Baroque: Baroque music (host Suzanne Bona (WSHU-FM)
• The Business: film industry news (host Claude Brodesser, KCRW)
• World Cafe: (host David Dye, WXPN)
• Engines of Our Ingenuity (Host John Leinhardt, KUHF)

Public radio programs not affiliated with NPR

Individual NPR stations can broadcast programming from sources that have no formal affiliation with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.

• BBC World Service: World news produced by the BBC in the UK, distributed by Public Radio International
• Earth & Sky: A clear voice for science, nature and people in a complex world, with hosts Deborah Byrd and Joel Block
• The Sound of Young America: Interviews and comedy, host Jesse Thorn, Santa Cruz, CA, and distributed by Public Radio International.
• Selected Shorts: dramatic readings (host Isaiah Sheffer, Symphony Space, WNYC) and distributed by Public Radio International
• Music from the Hearts of Space: New Age (host Stephen Hill), Sausalito, CA.
• Here and Now: news, current affairs and culture (host Robin Young, WBUR), distributed by Public Radio International
• Jazz from Lincoln Center (Wynton Marsalis, host Ed Bradley, Murray Street Productions)
• The Merrow Report: education issues (host John Merrow, Learning Matters Inc.)
• Forum: Call-in panel discussion show, wide-ranging national and local topics (host Michael Krasny), KQED-FM.
• Planetary Radio: space exploration radio show (host Mat Kaplan, The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA), KUCI, WMUH, WSDL, KAWC.
• Ask Dr. Science: nonsequitur science humor
• The Radio Reader: Long-running program featuring readings of recently released books
• WireTap: Comedy radio program with host Jonathan Goldstein of CBC Radio One and distributed by Public Radio International in the United States.
• Philosophy Talk: Everyday topics examined through a philosophical lens, hosted by Stanford philosophy professors John Perry and Ken Taylor, produced by Ben Manilla Productions.

Many shows produced or distributed by Public Radio International—such as This American Life , Living on Earth and Whad'Ya Know?—are broadcast on public radio stations, but are not affiliated with NPR. PRI and NPR are separate production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other for programming slots on public radio stations.

Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and affiliate stations of PRI at the same time. The two organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations. Other popular shows, like A Prairie Home Companion and Marketplace, are produced by American Public Media, the national programming unit of Minnesota Public Radio. These programs were distributed by Public Radio International prior to APM's founding. The Pacifica Radio Network also provides some programming to some NPR stations, notably the news program Democracy Now!. Additionally, NPR member stations distribute a series of podcast-only programs, such as On Gambling with Mike Pesca, Groove Salad, and Youthcast, which are designed for younger audiences.

Criticism

Allegations of conservative bias

In a December 2005 column run by NPR ombudsman and former Vice President Jeffrey Dvorkin denied allegations that NPR relies heavily on conservative think-tanks. In his column, Dvorkin listed the number of times NPR had cited experts from conservative and liberal think tanks in the previous year. However, according to MediaMatters, a progressive media group, the numbers he reported indicate an overwhelmingly conservative bias. His own tally showed that 63% of NPR experts from think tanks came from right-leaning organizations while only 37% came from left-leaning organizations.

In 2003, some critics accused NPR of being supportive of the invasion of Iraq.

Allegations of liberal bias

While members of NPR's audience are more likely to be college educated than those who listen to other radio outlets, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a progressive media watchdog group, disputes the claim of a liberal bias. A study conducted by researchers at UCLA and the University of Missouri found that while NPR is "often cited by conservatives as an egregious example of a liberal news outlet", "y our estimate, NPR hardly differs from the average mainstream news outlet. Its score is approximately equal to those of Time, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report and its score is slightly more conservative than The Washington Post's." It found NPR to be more liberal than the average U.S. voter of the time of the study and more conservative than the average U.S. Democrat of the time.

Allegations of bias against Israel

NPR has been criticised for perceived bias in its coverage of Israel.

The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), a pro-Israel American media monitoring organization based in Boston, has been particularly critical of NPR. CAMERA director Andrea Levin has stated, "We consider NPR to be the most seriously biased mainstream media outlet," a statement that The Boston Globe describes as having "clearly gotten under her target's skin." NPR's then-Ombudsman, Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, said in a 2002 interview that CAMERA used selective citations and subjective definitions of what it considers pro-Palestinian bias in formulating its findings, and that he felt CAMERA's campaign was "a kind of McCarthyism, frankly, that bashes us and causes people to question our commitment to doing this story fairly. And it exacerbates the legitimate anxieties of many in the Jewish community about the survival of Israel."

Censored Review of Outrage Documentary

NPR censored Nathan Lee's review of Outrage, a documentary on closeted gay politicians who actively work against lesbian, gay, transgender and qeer rights. NPR removed the names of the politicians from the review, claiming that it needed to protected the privacy of public figures. "NPR has a long-held policy of trying to respect the privacy of public figures and of not airing or publishing rumors, allegations and reports about their private lives unless there is a compelling reason to do so," said Dick Meyer, NPR’s executive director of Digital.

However, NPR did not perform such censorship in an editorial about the sexuality of American Idol frontrunner Adam Lambert, in which Linda Holmes complained about media outlets being reticent to fully acknowledge what she speculates is Lambert’s homosexuality. NPR also did not perform such censorship in November 2008, after comedian Wanda Sykes came out as a lesbian at a gay rights rally in Las Vegas, Nevada. NPR spent minutes of airtime discussing whether it would lead Queen Latifah (who’s never publicly stated that she is a lesbian) to do the same (come out).Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Noam Chomsky has criticized NPR as being biased toward ideological power and the status quo. He alleges that the parameters of debate on a given topic are very consciously curtailed. He says that since the network maintains studios in ideological centers of opinion such as Washington, the network feels the necessity to carefully consider what kinds of dissenting opinion are acceptable. Thus, political pragmatism, perhaps induced by fear of offending public officials who control some of the NPR's funding (via CPB), often determines what views are suitable for broadcast, meaning that opinions critical of the structures of national-interest-based foreign policy, capitalism, and government bureaucracies (entailed by so-called "radical" or "activist" politics) usually do not make it to air.

Defenders' rebuttals

Supporters contend that NPR does its job well. A study conducted in 2003 by the polling firm Knowledge Networks and the University of Maryland’s Program on International Policy Attitudes showed that those who get their news and information from public broadcasting (NPR and PBS) are better informed than those whose information comes from other media outlets, including cable and broadcast TV networks and the print media. In particular, 80% of Fox News viewers held at least one of three common misperceptions about the Iraq War; only 23% of NPR listeners and PBS viewers were similarly misinformed.

See also

• American Public Media
• Australian Broadcasting Corporation
• BBC Radio
• Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
• List of NPR personnel
• List of NPR stations
• Pacifica Radio
• Public Radio Satellite System
• Public Broadcasting Service
• Public Radio International

References

1. "How NPR Works: NPR's Mission Statement". NPR. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
2. ""Mandela: An Audio History" on NPR's All Things Considered Series". National Public Radio. April 9, 2004. All Things Considered, NPR's daily, afternoon newsmagazine was first broadcast in 1971, and according to recent reports is the third most listened radio show in the country, attracting a weekly audience of 11.5 million people on 605 public radio stations nationwide. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
3. Listener Supported. 2005. ISBN 0275983528. Conceived as "alternatives," Morning Edition and All Things Considered are the second and third most listened-to radio programs in the ... {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 79 (help)
4. Eggerton, John (2005-11-10). "Survey Says: Noncom News Most Trusted". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
5. Publicradiomail.org
6. "GAO statement on NPR financial crisis, 1984". Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org. 1984. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
7. "History of public broadcasting in the United States". Current.org. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
8. ^ Carney, Steve (2008-12-10), "National Public Radio to cut shows, personnel", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 2008-12-11
9. Good News for NPR: Its Most Listeners Ever, Paul Farhi, The Washington Post, March 24, 2009
10. Siemering, William (1999-11-29). "National Public Radio Purposes". Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
11. NPR Leader out After Board Clash, Washington Post, 2008-03-06
12. "Annual Reports, Audited Financial Statements, and Form 990s". NPR. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
13. NPR Supporters
14. "Treasurer's Report" (.PDF). National Public Radio, Inc. 3 May 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
15. ^ "Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated". New York Times. November 7, 2003. Retrieved 2008-07-28. National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The gift is the largest in the 33-year history of NPR, the nonprofit broadcasting corporation -- and about twice the size of NPR's annual operating budget. It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
16. "NPR Receives a Record Bequest of More Than $200 Million" (Press release). National Public Radio. 2003-11-06. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
17. Janssen, Mike (2004-05-24). "Kroc gift lets NPR expand news, lower fees". Current.org. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
18. The Listeners of National Public Radio
19. Fong-Torres, Ben (2006-03-12). "Radio Waves". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-04-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
20. Jeffrey A. Dvorkin (14 December 2005). "NPR: Mysteries of the Organization, Part I". NPR. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
21. Paul Waldman (15 December 2005). "NPR ombudsman denied tilt toward conservative think tanks". Media Matters. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
22. Arnove, Anthony (2003-03-19). "Pro-war Propaganda Machine". ZNet. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
23. Jensen, Robert (2003-03-24). "On NPR, Please Follow the Script". Dissident Voice. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
24. "Profile 2007: National Public Radio Station Audiences". Mediamark. 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
25. "What's FAIR?". FAIR. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
26. Steve Rendall; Daniel Butterworth (2004). "How Public is Public Radio?". Extra!. Retrieved 2007-06-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. Tim Groseclose (14 December 2005). "Media Bias Is Real, Find UCLA Political Scientist". UCLA. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
28. village voice > news > David Mamet: Why I Am No Longer a 'Brain-Dead Liberal' by David Mamet
29. The Ombudsman at National Public Radio
30. www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/02/12/ombudsman/
31. ^ Blaming the Messenger, Mark Jurkowitz, Boston Globe, Feb. 9, 2003
32. Camille T. Taiara. All bias considered: Bizarre attack on NPR as "anti-Israel" shows how fringe groups are pushing Mideast debate. San Francisco Bay Guardian. May 28, 2003. See also Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, "NPR's Middle East 'Problem,'", NPR: Archive of Ombudsman Columns February 22, 2002, accessed July 21, 2006.
33. "NPR Censors Outrage Revew, Sparks Outrage". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
34. "NPR's Hypocrisy: Outrage Review Censored, Gay Idol Speculation OK ..." {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
35. indieWIRE: “Outrage” Review Spiked for Naming Names
36. Secrets, Lies and Democracy (Interviews with Noam Chomsky)
37. Janssen, Mike (2003-10-20). "Pubcasting helps audience sort fact, fiction". Current.org. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
38. "Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War". WorldPublicOpinion.org. 2003-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02.

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