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Benjamin Netanyahu בנימין נתניהו
Prime Minister of Israel
Incumbent
Assumed office 31 March 2009
President	Shimon Peres
Preceded by	Ehud Olmert
In office 18 June 1996 – 6 July 1999
President	Ezer Weizman
Preceded by	Shimon Peres
Succeeded by	Ehud Barak
Personal details
Born	(1949-10-21) 21 October 1949 (age 75) Tel Aviv, Israel
Political party	Likud
Alma mater	Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management

Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין "בִּיבִּי" נְתַנְיָהוּ‎, also Binyamin Netanyahu born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who has been the Prime Minister of Israel since March 2009. He previously held the same position from June 1996 to July 1999 and is currently the Chairman of the Likud Party.

Netanyahu is the first (and, to date, only) Israeli prime minister born after the State of Israel's foundation. Netanyahu was Foreign Minister (2002–2003) and Finance Minister (2003–August 2005) in Ariel Sharon's governments, but he departed over disagreements regarding the Gaza Disengagement Plan. He retook the Likud leadership on 20 December 2005. In the 2006 election, Likud did poorly, winning twelve seats. In December 2006, Netanyahu became the official Opposition Leader in the Knesset and Chairman of the Likud Party. In August 2007, he retained the Likud leadership by beating Moshe Feiglin in party elections. Following the 10 February 2009 parliamentary election, in which Likud placed second and right-wing parties won a majority, Netanyahu formed a coalition government.

Family, education, and personal background

Netanyahu was born in Tel Aviv, to Cela (Tsilah) (née Segal) and Benzion Netanyahu (original name Mileikowsky). His mother was born in 1912 in Petah Tikva, part of the future British Mandate of Palestine that would eventually become Israel. Though all his grandparents were born in Russia, his mother's parents emigrated to Minneapolis in the United States. Netanyahu's father is a former professor of Jewish history at Cornell University (although the elder Netanyahu has remained active into his 90s in research and writing), a former editor of the Hebrew Encyclopedia, and a former senior aide to Zeev Jabotinsky. When he was 14 years old, Netanyahu's family moved to the United States and settled in Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he graduated from Cheltenham High School. His Paternal Grandfather was Rabbi Shmuel Mileikowsky, a leading Polish-born American Religious Zionist Rabbi and JNF Fundraiser .

Netanyahu's older brother, Yonatan, was killed in Uganda during Operation Entebbe in 1976. His younger brother, Iddo, is a radiologist and writer. All three brothers served in the Sayeret Matkal reconnaissance unit of the Israeli Defense Force - Benjamin from 1967 to 1972 as a captain. He earned a B.S. degree in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975, an M.S. degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1977, and studied political science at Harvard and MIT. After graduate school, Netanyahu worked at the Boston Consulting Group in Boston, Massachusetts and eventually returned to Israel.

Following a brief career as a furniture company's chief marketing officer, Netanyahu was appointed by Moshe Arens as his Deputy Chief of Mission at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C. in 1982. Subsequently, he became Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations, serving from 1984 to 1988. He was elected to the Knesset in 1988 and served in the governments led by Yitzhak Shamir from 1988 to 1992. Shamir retired from politics shortly after Likud's defeat in the 1992 elections. In 1993, for the first time, the party held a primary election to select its leader, and Netanyahu was victorious, defeating Benny Begin, son of the late Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and veteran politician David Levy (Ariel Sharon initially sought Likud party leadership as well, but quickly withdrew when it was evident that he was attracting minimal support).

Netanyahu has authored several books including two on fighting terrorism. He has a daughter, Noa, from his first marriage to Micki Weizman. His second marriage was to Fleur Cates, who converted to Judaism though her father was a Jew. He is now married to his third wife, Sara, with whom he has two sons: Yair and Avner.

Prime minister (1996–1999)

In 1996 Israelis elected their Prime Minister directly for the first time. Netanyahu hired American Republican political operative Arthur Finkelstein to run his campaign, and although the American style of sound bites and sharp attacks elicited harsh criticism from inside Israel, it proved effective. (The method was later copied by Ehud Barak during the 1999 election campaign in which he beat Netanyahu.) Netanyahu won the election, surprising many by beating the pre-election favorite Shimon Peres. The main catalyst in the downfall of the latter was a wave of suicide bombings shortly before the elections; on 3 and 4 March 1996, Palestinians carried out two suicide bombings, killing 32 Israelis, with Peres seemingly unable to stop the attacks. Unlike Peres, Netanyahu did not trust Yasser Arafat and conditioned any progress at the peace process on the Palestinian Authority fulfilling its obligations - mainly fighting terrorism, and ran with the campaign slogan "Netanyahu - making a safe peace". However, although Netanyahu won the election for Prime Minister, Labor won the Knesset elections, beating the Likud-Gesher-Tzomet alliance, meaning Netanyahu had to rely on a coalition with the Ultra-orthodox parties, Shas and UTJ (whose social welfare policies flew in the face of his capitalistic outlook) in order to govern.

Upon his election, Netanyahu was the youngest person in the history of the position. He had a rocky relationship with American President Bill Clinton, who made some very unflattering remarks about him in the presence of Aaron David Miller. The White House spokesman at the time was Joe Lockhart, who described Netanyahu in an interview as "one of the most obnoxious individuals you're going to come into - just a liar and a cheat. He could open his mouth and you could have no confidence that anything that came out of it was the truth."

As Prime Minister, Netanyahu negotiated with Yasser Arafat in the form of the 1998 Wye River Accords. No progress was made regarding negotiations with the Palestinians, and although they failed to implement agreed-upon steps of the Oslo Accords, Netanyahu turned over most of Hebron to Palestinian jurisdiction. In 1996, Netanyahu and Jerusalem's mayor Ehud Olmert decided to open an exit for the Western Wall Tunnel. This sparked three days of rioting by Palestinians, resulting in both Israelis and Palestinians being killed.

As Prime Minister Netanyahu emphasized a policy of "three no(s)": no withdrawal from the Golan Heights, no discussion of the case of Jerusalem, no negotiations under any preconditions.

Netanyahu was opposed by the political left wing in Israel and also lost support from the right because of his concessions to the Palestinians in Hebron and elsewhere, and due to his negotiations with Arafat generally. After a long chain of scandals (including gossip regarding his marriage) and an investigation opened against him on charges of corruption (later acquitted), Netanyahu lost favor with the Israeli public.

After being defeated by Ehud Barak in the 1999 election for Prime Minister, Netanyahu temporarily retired from politics.

Political activity after 2000

In 2001, Netanyahu missed the opportunity to return to power since he refused to run unless there were general elections, a move that facilitated Sharon's entry into the race for Prime Minister.

In 2002, after the Labor Party left the coalition and vacated the position of foreign minister, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon appointed Netanyahu as Foreign Minister. Netanyahu challenged Sharon for the leadership of the Likud party, but failed to oust Sharon.

Finance Minister, 2003–2005

After the 2003 elections, in what many observers regarded as a surprise move, Sharon offered the Foreign Ministry to Silvan Shalom and offered Netanyahu the Finance Ministry. Some pundits speculated that Sharon made the move because he deemed Netanyahu a political threat given his demonstrated effectiveness as Foreign Minister and that by placing him in the Finance Ministry during a time of economic uncertainty, he could diminish Netanyahu's popularity. Netanyahu accepted the new appointment after Sharon agreed to provide him with an unprecedented level of independence in running the ministry.

As Finance Minister, Netanyahu undertook an economic plan in order to restore Israel's economy from its low point during the al-Aqsa Intifada. The plan involved a move toward more liberalized markets, although it was not without its critics. Netanyahu succeeded in passing several long-in-the-queue reforms, including an important reform in the banking system. However, opponents in the Labor party (and a few even with his own Likud) viewed Netanyahu's policies as "Thatcherite" attacks on the venerated Israeli social safety net. Likud's defeat in the 2006 elections is seen by many observers as a collective Israeli rejection of these policies.

Netanyahu threatened to resign in 2004 unless the Gaza pullout plan was put to a referendum, but later lifted the ultimatum and voted for the program in the Knesset. He submitted his resignation letter on 7 August 2005, shortly before the Israeli cabinet voted 17 to 5 to approve the initial phase of withdrawal from Gaza. Netanyahu's resignation went into effect 9 August 2005, two days after he submitted his letter. Shortly thereafter he said he had rejected an invitation to serve as Italy's finance minister, allegedly extended to him by Italian billionaire businessman Carlo De Benedetti, who later said it was a joke.

Party leader, Likud

Following the withdrawal of Ariel Sharon from the Likud, Netanyahu was one of several candidates who vied for the Likud leadership. His most recent attempt prior to this was in September 2005 when he tried to hold early primaries for the position of the head of the Likud party, while the party held the office of Prime Minister - thus effectively pushing Ariel Sharon out of office. The party rejected this initiative. Netanyahu retook the leadership on 20 December 2005, with 47% of the primary vote. In the March 2006 Knesset elections, Likud took the third place behind Kadima and Labor and Netanyahu served as Leader of the Opposition.

On 14 August 2007, Netanyahu was reelected as chairman of the Likud and its candidate to the post of Prime Minister with 73% of the vote against far-right candidate Moshe Feiglin and World Likud Chairman Danny Danon. He opposed the 2008 Israel-Gaza cease-fire, like others in the Knesset opposition. Specifically, Netanyahu said, "This is not a relaxation, it's an Israeli agreement to the rearming of Hamas... What are we getting for this?"

Following Livni's election to head Kadima and Olmert's resignation from the prime minister post, Netanyahu declined to join the coalition Livni was trying to form and preferred new elections, which were held in February 2009.

Likud candidate, 2009 elections

Netanyahu was the Likud's candidate for Prime Minister in the Israeli elections that took place on 10 February 2009, as Tzipi Livni, the previous Designated Acting Prime Minister under the Olmert government, had been unable to form a viable governing coalition. During the race, Netanyahu's campaign website was noted for its strong resemblance to that used the previous year by United States President Barack Obama to reach his supporters during his campaign, including colors, fonts, icons, the use of embedded video, and social networking options such as Twitter. Opinion polls showed Likud in the lead, but with as many as a third of Israeli voters undecided. In the election itself, Likud won the second highest number of seats, Livni's party having outnumbered the Likud by one seat. A possible explanation for Likud's relatively poor showing is that some Likud supporters defected to Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu party. Netanyahu, however, claimed victory on the basis that right wing parties won the majority of the vote, and on 20 February 2009, Netanyahu was designated by Israeli President Shimon Peres to succeed Ehud Olmert as Prime Minister, and began his negotiations to form a coalition government.

Despite right wing parties winning a majority of 65 seats in the Knesset, Netanyahu preferred a broader centrist coalition and turned to his Kadima rivals, chaired by Tzipi Livni, to join his government. This time it was Livni's turn to decline to join, with a difference of opinion on how to pursue the peace process being the stumbling block. Netanyahu did manage to entice a smaller rival, the Labour party, chaired by Ehud Barak, to join his government, giving him a certain amount of centrist tone.

Netayahu presented his cabinet for a Knesset "Vote of Confidence" on 31 March 2009. The 32nd Government was approved that day by a majority of 69 lawmakers and the members were sworn in.

Second term as Prime Minister

Upon the arrival of President Obama administration's special envoy, George Mitchell, Netanyahu said that any furtherance of negotiations with the Palestinians will be conditioned on the Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state, as this issue had not been sufficiently clarified. The Palestinian position is to have a two state solution with no Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria, while insisting that Israel accept large numbers of Palestinian refugees.

Political views

Peace process

Netanyahu has called U.S. backed peace talks a waste of time while at the same time refusing to commit to the same two state solution that other Israeli leaders have. He has repeatedly made public statements which advocated an "economic peace" approach, meaning an approach based on economic cooperation and joint effort rather than continuous contention over political and diplomatic issues. This is in line with many significant ideas from the Peace Valley plan. He raised these ideas during discussions with former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Netanyahu continued to advocate these ideas as the Israeli elections got nearer.

Netanyahu has said:

Right now, the peace talks are based only one thing, only on peace talks. It makes no sense at this point to talk about the most contractible issue. It's Jerusalem or bust, or right of return or bust. That has led to failure and is likely to lead to failure again....We must weave an economic peace alongside a political process. That means that we have to strengthen the moderate parts of the Palestinian economy by handing rapid growth in those area, rapid economic growth that gives a stake for peace for the ordinary Palestinians."

In January 2009, prior to the February 2009 Israeli elections Netanyahu informed Middle East envoy Tony Blair that he would continue the policy of the Israeli governments of Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert by expanding settlements in the West Bank, in contravention of the Road Map, but not building new ones.

Remarks comparing Iran to Nazi Germany

Strongly against Iran's pursuit of uranium enrichment, Netanyahu said "It’s 1938, and Iran is Germany, and Iran is racing to arm itself with atomic bombs”. In an 8 March 2007 interview with CNN, he asserted that there is only one difference between Nazi Germany and the Islamic Republic of Iran, namely that the first entered a worldwide conflict and then sought atomic weapons, while the latter is first seeking atomic weapons and, once it has them, will then start a world war.

Netanyahu repeated these remarks at a news conference in April 2008. Explaining that "where that regime embarked on a global conflict before it developed nuclear weapons," he said, "This regime is developing nuclear weapons before it embarks on a global conflict."

June 2009 peace address

On 14 June 2009, Netanyahu delivered a seminal address at Bar-Ilan University, broadcast live in Israel and across parts of the Arab world, on the topic of the Middle East peace process. He endorsed for the first time the notion of a Palestinian state alongside Israel. He demanded the full demilitarization of the proposed state as well, with no army, rockets, missiles, or control of its airspace, and said that Jerusalem would be undivided Israel territory. He stated that the Palestinians should recognize Israel as the Jewish national state, which means ending claims about the right of return. He also stated that a complete stop to settlement building in the West Bank would not occur but the expansions will be limited based on the natural growth of the population with no new territories taken in. He did not discuss whether or not they should be part of Israel after peace negotiations, simply saying that the "question will be discussed".

In a challenge to U.S. President Barack Obama's statements in his ‎Cairo speech, Netanyahu remarked, "here are those who say that if the Holocaust had not occurred, the State of Israel would never have been established. But I say that if the State of Israel would have been established earlier, the Holocaust would not have occurred." He also said, "this is the homeland of the Jewish people, this is where our identity was forged." He stated that he would be willing to meet with any "Arab leader" for negotiations without preconditions, specifically mentioning Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon. In general, the address represented a complete turnaround for his previously hawkish positions against the peace process.

The Palestinian Authority rejected the conditions to a Palestinian State given by Netanyahu. Senior official Saeb Erekat said, "Netanyahu's speech closed the door to permanent status negotiations". Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri labeled the speech "racist" and called on Arab nations to "form stronger opposition". According to The Jerusalem Post, some leaders advocated a third intifada in response to the speech. Some right-wing members of Netanyahu's governing coalition criticized his remarks. Likud MK Danny Danon said that Netanyahu went "against the Likud platform" while MK Uri Orbach of Habayit Hayehudi said that it had "dangerous implications". In the United States, Obama's Press Secretary Robert Gibbs praised the overall speech, viewing it as an explicit endorsement of the two state solution.

Books and articles

Books:

• The Jerusalem Alternative (Balfour Books, 2003) ISBN 978-0892215928
• A Durable Peace: Israel and Its Place Among the Nations (Warner Books, 2000) ISBN 0-446-52306-2
• Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic And International Terrorism (Diane Pub Co, 1995) ISBN 0-7881-5514-8
• A Place Among the Nations (Bantam, 1993) ISBN 0-553-08974-9
• Terrorism: How the West Can Win (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1986) ISBN 0-374-27342-1

Articles:

• "On Terrorism"

References

1. "Netanyahu asked to form government". Globe and Mail. Reuters. 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
2. Ronn, Michoel, The Dworskys of Lazdei: The History of a Lithuanian Jewish family from the mid-1700s until the Present, Brooklyn, NY 1900
3. http://www.news.cornell.edu/features/BTR/BTR_cover.html Lehman leads CU group into the desert to promote education – and peace
4. ^ Eldar, Akiva (2009-02-11). "Perfect English or not, Netanyahu shares no common language with Obama". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
5. Hawas, Akram T. The new alliance: Turkey and Israel. The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world. Oslo, 13-16 August 1998.
7. Olmert: Truce with Hamas 'fragile'. By Joshua Mitnick. The Washington Times. Published June 20, 2008.
8. guardian.co.uk, Netanyahu calls for new Israeli elections
9. Bronner, Ethan (November 14, 2008). "In Israel, 'Yes we can, too'". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-15. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
10. Colvin, Marie (2009-02-08). "Netanyahu stokes fears to take poll lead". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
11. http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/873/026.html?hp=1&loc=101&tmp=7175
12. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Netanyahu-government-to-be-sworn-in-on-March-31-/articleshow/4328872.cms
13. http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3695323,00.html
14. Israel demands Palestinians recognize "Jewish state", Thu Apr 16, 2009, REUTERS
15. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/20/AR2009032000694_pf.html
16. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1067553.html
17. ^ Economics, not politics, is the key to peace By Raphael Ahren, Haaretz, November 21, 2008.
18. Netanyahu offers new peace vision, Roni Sofer, 11/7/08, Israel News.
19. Netanyahu Holds Big Lead in Prime Minister Race Polls, By Leslie Susser, The Jewish Journal, February 2, 2009.
20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7851140.stm
21. "Netanyahu: Iran Preparing Another Holocaust" Newsmax.com, 16 November 2006. Accessed 1 November 2007
22. Iran the next Nazi Germany Video of 13 November 2006 address in Los Angeles. Accessed 1 November 2007
23. Report: Netanyahu says 9/11 terror attacks good for Israel, Haaretz, 16 April 2008.
24. "Full text of Binyamin Netanyahu's Bar Ilan speech". The Jerusalem Post. June 15, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-15. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
25. ^ Herb Keinon; Khaled Abu Toameh; Tovah Lazaroff; Rebecca Anna Stoil (June 14, 2009). "PM lays down conditions for peace in foreign policy address". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
26. ^ Federman, Josef (June 14, 2009). "Netanyahu Peace Speech: Israeli Prime Minister Appeals To Arab Leaders For Peace". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

External links

• Official website (Hebrew), English, Russian
• Biography of Benjamin Netanyahu at Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Section
• Website of supporters of Benjamin Netanyahu: Hebrew
• Benjamin Netanyahu on the definition of terror (BBC)(5 min.)
• Benjamin Netanyahu Profile on Israeli Lexicon (Ynetnews | Yedioth Aharonoth)
• Netanyahu: Pullout will worsen Israel's security The Jerusalem Post, 5 August 2005
• Cheltenham High School Hall of Fame Biography
• Netanyahu’s Fortification Plan
• The 32nd Government, official Knesset website
• Sara Netanyahu, Sara Netanyahu biography and photos

v t e Prime ministers of Israel
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v t e Ministers of construction and housing of Israel
Yoseftal (1961–62) Almogi (1962–65) Eshkol (1965–66) Bentov (1966–69) Sherf (1969–74) Rabinovitz (1974) Ofer (1974–77) Rosen (1977) Patt (1977–79) D. Levy (1979–90) Sharon (1990–92) Ben-Eliezer (1992–96) Netanyahu (1996–99) Y. Levy (1999–2000) Ben-Eliezer (2000–01) Sharansky (2001–03) Eitam (2003–04) Livni (2004–05) Herzog (2005) Boim (2006) Sheetrit (2006–07) Boim (2007–09) Atias (2009–13) Ariel (2013–15) Gallant (2015–19) Shasha-Biton (2019–20) Litzman (2020) Cohen (2020) Litzman (2020–21) Elkin (2021–22) Goldknopf (2022–)

v t e Justice ministers of Israel
Rosen (1948-51) Yosef (1951-52) Cohn (1952) Rosen (1952-56) Ben-Gurion (1956) Rosen (1956-61) Yosef (1961-66) Shapira (1966-72) Meir (1972) Shapira (1972-73) Meir (1973-74) Zadok (1974-77) Begin (1977) Tamir (1977-80) Nissim (1980-86) Moda'i (1986) Sharir (1986-88) Meridor (1988-92) Libai (1992-96) Ne'eman (1996) Netanyahu (1996) Hanegbi (1996-99) Beilin (1999-2001) Sheetrit (2001-03) Lapid (2003-04) Livni* (2004-06) Ramon (2006) Sheetrit* (2006) Olmert* (2006) Livni (2006-07) Friedmann (2007-09) Ne'eman (2009-13) Livni (2013-14) Shaked (2015-19) Ohana (2019-20) Nissenkorn (2020-21) Gantz* (2021) Sa'ar (2021-22) Levin (2022–)
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v t e Religious services ministers of Israel
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v t e Science, technology and space ministers of Israel
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