Misplaced Pages

Bukovina: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from[REDACTED] with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 20:05, 23 December 2005 editCALR (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users16,048 editsm Popups-assisted disambiguation from Ukrainian to Ukrainians← Previous edit Revision as of 05:52, 26 December 2005 edit undoVasile (talk | contribs)2,256 edits →External linksNext edit →
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:

{{totallydisputed}}
'''Bukovina''' is the territory on the slopes of the northeastern ] and the adjoining plains. It comprises a historic province now split between ] and ]. '''Bukovina''' is the territory on the slopes of the northeastern ] and the adjoining plains. It comprises a historic province now split between ] and ].


Line 8: Line 8:
The name ''Bukovina'' came into official use in ] with the region's annexation to the Austrian ] possessions, later known as the ], and ]. The name has a ] origin and is derived from the word for ] tree; the ] equivalent, ''das Buchenland'', mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". Its pronounced and written similarly in several European languages, ]: ''Bucovina''; ]: Буковина, ''Bukovyna''; ]: das ''Buchenland''' or die ''Bukowina'', etc. The name ''Bukovina'' came into official use in ] with the region's annexation to the Austrian ] possessions, later known as the ], and ]. The name has a ] origin and is derived from the word for ] tree; the ] equivalent, ''das Buchenland'', mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". Its pronounced and written similarly in several European languages, ]: ''Bucovina''; ]: Буковина, ''Bukovyna''; ]: das ''Buchenland''' or die ''Bukowina'', etc.


The standard German name, ''die Bukowina'', which was the official German-language name for the province under Austrian rule, is derived from the Slavic original, via the ] form of the name which is exactly the same. This was due to the fact that, for roughly the first half of the ], and for some years prior, Austrian Bukovina was adminstered as an integral part of neighbouring ], whose internal government was, by active Austrian policy, controlled by Polish bureaucrats and nobles (]) who had also traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory before the Habsburg acquired it for Austria under the ] in the last quarter of the ]. In English, an alternate name is ''The Bukovina'', increasingly an archaism, which, however, is to be found in older literature, The standard German name, ''die Bukowina'', which was the official German-language name for the province under Austrian rule, is derived from the Slavic original, via the ] form of the name which is exactly the same.


==History==
One explanation for the reason why this part of ] was referred to as Bukovina unofficially even before the Habsburgs wrested it from the Russians, as the price for their continued neutrality in a dispute between the ] and ], was due the region's having been the site of an ancient battle between the Hungarians and the Moldavian Romanians.


⚫ From the mid-], this region became the nucleus of the Romanian Principality of ], with the city of ] as its capital from ]. In the ], parts of the region became the subject of disputes between the Moldavian state and the ]. In this period, the patronage of ] and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted Monasteries of ], ], ] and ]. With their renowned exterior frescoes, these ] remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of modern ].
On the field of battle littered with the corpses of the fallen, a forest of beech trees grew up, nourished by the blood of both sides - admittedly a rather gruesome, poetical, and, likely apocryphal, image.
⚫ ]


In the ], Bukovina came under the control of the ], after which it was occupied by the ] in ], and then by the Austrian Habsburgs in ]. It remained under ]n administration until ], first as a closed military district (] - ]), then as the largest district, ], of the Austrian constituent ] (] - ]), and, finally, in ], becoming an Austrian crownland, ], and duchy, as ].
Thus, despite the fact that the stories of ] popularised by ] have made the ] count's homeland more famous outside the region than Bukovina, the latter territory can claim a great compliment, and subtle one-upmanship, in having its more famous neighbour named after it.
During the period of the Dual Monarchy, Bukovina remained part of the ]n or ]n territories of the Empire. Ethnically, Bukovina remained mixed under the Austrian rule: predominantly ] in the south, ] in the north, a few Hungarian ] and in the towns ], ] and ] being added to the mix.


In spite of some frictions between Romanian and Ukrainian populations at the time over the influences in the ] hierarchy, the interethnical conflicts did not reach a significant level and both cultures developed in educational and public life. Morevoer, in the end of the ], the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed most of the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities being developed on the ground.
==History== ] (1919) in ].]]

From Roman times, ] peoples (the alleged ancestors of the present-day Romanians) inhabited the territory. In the ], the territory came under the rule of the ]. Around the ], ] populations settled in the region.

⚫ In the ] to early ] centuries the territory was a part of ] and one of its ]s, ]. From the mid-], this region became the nucleus of the Romanian Principality of ], with the city of ] as its capital from ]. In the ], parts of the region became the subject of disputes between the Moldavian state and the ]. In this period, the patronage of ] and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted Monasteries of ], ], ] and ]. With their renowned exterior frescoes, these ] remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of modern ].

In the ], Bukovina came under the control of the ], after which it was occupied by the ] in ], and then by the Austrian Habsburgs in ]. It remained under ]n administration until ], first as a closed military district (] - ]), then as the largest district, ], of the Austrian constituent ] (] - ]), and, finally, in ], becoming an Austrian crownland, ], and duchy, as ]. During the period of the Dual Monarchy, Bukovina remained part of the ]n or ]n territories of the Empire. Ethnically, Bukovina remained mixed under the Austrian rule: predominantly ] in the south, ] in the north, a few Hungarian ] and in the towns ], ] and ] being added to the mix. In spite of some frictions between Romanian and Ukrainian populations at the time over the influences in the ] hierarchy, the interethnical conflicts did not reach a significant level and both cultures developed in educational and public life. Morevoer, in the end of the ], the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed most of the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities being developed on the ground.

Since Romania's gaining of independence in ], it became the country's important priority to incorporate an entire historic province which, as a core of Moldavian principality, was of a great historic significance to Romanian history and containied many prominent monuments of the Romanian art and architecture.

⚫ ]


In ], several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies and the Russian army was finally driven out in ]. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 the province was occupied by Romania. Although local Ukrainians have unsuccesfully attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short living ], the Romanian control of the province was finally formalized in the ] in ] and the policies of Rumanization were carried in the interwar period. In ], several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies and the Russian army was finally driven out in ]. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 the province was occupied by Romania.
] (1919) in ].]]
Although local Ukrainians have unsuccesfully attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short living ], the Romanian control of the province was finally formalized in the ] in ].


On ], ], northern Bukovina, centred on the capital, ], was occupied by ] as a consequence of the ] between ] and ]. Almost the entire German population of northern Bukovina established during Austrian rule emigrated to the ]. Northern Bukovina changed hands twice more during the course of ], notably when ] led the ] into the North, and later when the Soviet Army retook the territory for the ]. After Soviet ultimatum of ], ], northern Bukovina, centred on the capital, ], was occupied by ] as a consequence of the ] between ] and ]. Almost the entire German population of northern Bukovina established during Austrian rule emigrated to the ]. Northern Bukovina changed hands twice more during the course of ], notably when General ] led the ] into the North, and later when the Soviet Army retook the territory for the ].


During World War II, Bukovina's Jewish community was destroyed by the deportations over the ] and ] rivers. In the end, a then-Communist Romania was forced to cede the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR by the ] peace treaty. The territory, now known as the ] (]), became part of the ] and the southern part of the province surrounding Suceava became part of the ]. This division of the region, now between the modern states of ] and ], is still in place today. During World War II, Bukovina's Jewish community was destroyed by the deportations over the ] and at ] rivers. Romania was forced to cede the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR by the ] peace treaty of Paris. That territory, now known as the ] (]), became part of the ].


==Demographic History== ==Demographic History==
Line 104: Line 98:
==External links== ==External links==


{{Wikisourcelang|ro|La Bucovina| La Bucovina -poem of Mihai Eminescu }}
* *


Revision as of 05:52, 26 December 2005

Bukovina is the territory on the slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. It comprises a historic province now split between Romania and Ukraine.

Name

The original name of the region in Romanian during the rule of the Principality of Moldova was "Ţara de Sus" (Upper Country), refering as opposed to the lower plains called "Ţara de Jos" (Lower Country).

The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation to the Austrian Habsburg possessions, later known as the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. The name has a Slavic origin and is derived from the word for beech tree; the German equivalent, das Buchenland, mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". Its pronounced and written similarly in several European languages, Romanian: Bucovina; Ukrainian: Буковина, Bukovyna; German: das Buchenland' or die Bukowina, etc.

The standard German name, die Bukowina, which was the official German-language name for the province under Austrian rule, is derived from the Slavic original, via the Polish form of the name which is exactly the same.

History

From the mid-14th century, this region became the nucleus of the Romanian Principality of Moldova, with the city of Suceava as its capital from 1388. In the 15th century, parts of the region became the subject of disputes between the Moldavian state and the Polish kingdom. In this period, the patronage of Ştefan cel Mare and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted Monasteries of Moldoviţa, Putna, Suceviţa and Voroneţ. With their renowned exterior frescoes, these monasteries remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of modern Romania.

File:Bukovina 1910.jpg
Map of the Austrian province

In the 16th century, Bukovina came under the control of the Ottoman Turks, after which it was occupied by the Russian Empire in 1769, and then by the Austrian Habsburgs in 1774. It remained under Austrian administration until 1918, first as a closed military district (1775 - 1786), then as the largest district, Kreis, of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1787 - 1849), and, finally, in 1849, becoming an Austrian crownland, Kronland, and duchy, as Herzogtum Bukowina. During the period of the Dual Monarchy, Bukovina remained part of the Cisleithanian or Austrian territories of the Empire. Ethnically, Bukovina remained mixed under the Austrian rule: predominantly Romanian in the south, Ukrainian in the north, a few Hungarian Székely and in the towns Germans, Poles and Jews being added to the mix.

In spite of some frictions between Romanian and Ukrainian populations at the time over the influences in the Orthodox hierarchy, the interethnical conflicts did not reach a significant level and both cultures developed in educational and public life. Morevoer, in the end of the 19th century, the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed most of the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities being developed on the ground.

In World War I, several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies and the Russian army was finally driven out in 1917. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 the province was occupied by Romania.

File:Present to bogdangiusca.jpg
Monument to the Ukrainian victims of the Uprising of Khotin (1919) in Chernivtsi.

Although local Ukrainians have unsuccesfully attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short living West Ukrainian National Republic, the Romanian control of the province was finally formalized in the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919.

After Soviet ultimatum of 28 June, 1940, northern Bukovina, centred on the capital, Chernivtsi, was occupied by Soviet troops as a consequence of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact between Hitler and Stalin. Almost the entire German population of northern Bukovina established during Austrian rule emigrated to the Reich. Northern Bukovina changed hands twice more during the course of World War II, notably when General Petre Dumitrescu led the Romanian Third Army into the North, and later when the Soviet Army retook the territory for the Soviet Union.

During World War II, Bukovina's Jewish community was destroyed by the deportations over the Dniester and at Bug rivers. Romania was forced to cede the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR by the 1947 peace treaty of Paris. That territory, now known as the Chernivtsi Oblast (province), became part of the Ukrainian SSR.

Demographic History

In 1775, the Romanian population was about 86% of the total population of Bukovina. During the 19th Century, however, the Austro-Hungarian Empire encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews and Hungarians but especially Ruthenian (Ukrainian) immigrants from Galicia.

Despite this influx, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province, until 1880 when Ukrainians outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239.690 Ukrainians or roughly 41.5 % of the region while Romanians came in second with 190.005 people or 33% of the region, a ratio that remained unchanged until WWI.

In the 1930 census, Romanians made up almost 45% of the total population of Bukovina and Ukrainians 29.2%. However in the northern region and Hertsa which subsequently were surrendered to the USSR, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, while Ukrainians slightly outnumbered Romanians.

Bukovina should not be confused with Chernivtsi Oblast, as the later included not only northern Bukovina and Hertsa but also the northern part of the Khotin county, thus totaling a population of circa 805.000 in 1940, out of which 47.5% were Ukrainians in 1940 and 28.3 were Romanians, Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians and Russians comprising the rest.

During WWII, major demographic changes occurred, most Jews and Poles being deported, while most Germans returned to Germany. Moreover, the Soviet government deported or killed about 41.000 Romanians while at the same time further encouraging an influx of Ukrainians from the Ukrainian SSR.

The present demographic situation hardly resembles that before WWII.

Ukrainians represent about 70% of the population of northern Bukovina, while Romanians have fallen to just under 20% or 181900 people. Only 171300 of the remaining Romanian population declared Romanian as their mother tongue however. Russians are the third largest ethnic group with 6%, while Jews and Poles comprise the rest.


Current Population

A compact Romanian minority inhabits the southern part of Chernivtsi region. The Romanian percentage of the population in the following districts preponderates or forms a significant segment as indicated by these recent census figures (Romanian-speakers are marked in brakets), viz.:

In every other part of northern Bukovina, including the city of Chernivtsi, Ukrainians are in the majority.

Cities and towns

Northern Bukovina

Southern Bukovina

See also

External links

Historical regions in Romania
Banat Banat (1918–)
  • Banat
Dobruja Dobruja (1878–)
Moldavia Moldavia (1859–)
Transylvania Transylvania (1918–)
Wallachia Wallachia (1859–)
Category:
Bukovina: Difference between revisions Add topic