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| '''Immersion baptism''' (also known as '''baptism by immersion''' or '''baptism by submersion''') is a method of ] whereby a person is submerged in water, rather than having water simply poured or sprinkled on the head while the rest of the body remains dry. ''Immersion'' is the noun form of the ] Verb ''immergere'' (''in''- "into" + ''mergere'' "dip")<ref> |
'''Immersion baptism''' (also known as '''baptism by immersion''' or '''baptism by submersion''') is a method of ] whereby a person is submerged in water, rather than having water simply poured or sprinkled on the head while the rest of the body remains dry. ''Immersion'' is the noun form of the ] Verb ''immergere'' (''in''- "into" + ''mergere'' "dip")<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=immersion</ref>. | ||
| One |
One example of immersion baptism is that required by the 1689 ]: | ||
| {{cquote|Baptism is rightly administered by immersion, or dipping the whole body of the person in water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit<ref>{{cite web | {{cquote|Baptism is rightly administered by immersion, or dipping the whole body of the person in water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit<ref>{{cite web | ||
| | title= 1689 Baptist Catechism | | title= 1689 Baptist Catechism | ||
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| | accessdate= 3 February 2010}}</ref>}} indicating that the whole body must be immersed, not just the head. | | accessdate= 3 February 2010}}</ref>}} indicating that the whole body must be immersed, not just the head. | ||
| ==Differentiation of "immersion" and "submersion" by some Christian groups== | |||
| A different interpretation is that presented by the Presbyterian Church: | |||
| {{cquote|In the early centuries baptism was usually by immersion. However, this need not have meant full submersion in the water. Early Christian mosaics portray persons kneeling or standing in the baptismal pool with water being poured over them.<ref></ref>}} | |||
| {{Wiktionary|immersion}} | {{Wiktionary|immersion}} | ||
| ⚫ | Some Christian groups identify baptism by submersion as placing the whole body beneath the water, while identifying in immersion baptism as pouring water over the head of someone standing in water.<ref name=ODCCimmersion>{{cite book |first=Frank Leslie |last=Cross |authorlink=Frank Leslie Cross |coauthors=Elizabeth A. Livingstone |chapter=Immersion |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=] |location=] and ] |year=2005 |page=827 |isbn=0-19-280290-9 |oclc=58998735}}</ref> This is the meaning attached to immersion baptism in a statement of the policy of the North American ]<ref>"In immersion, the candidate stands with part of his body submerged in the baptismal water which is then poured over the remainder. This form is the most prevalent depicted in early Christian pictorial representations. Submersion is the form in which water completely covers the candidate's body" (</ref> This form of baptism was employed by Christians from at least the second century and is still found in the ].<ref name=ODCCimmersion/> | ||
| "Immersion" is often employed as synonymous with "submersion", but the two words are sometimes given quite distinct meanings.<ref>Examples: , p. 196, , p.168, and </ref> This distinction is sometimes also made in relation to baptism, so that, in this interpetation, "'immersion' does not necessarily mean 'submersion'".<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Immersion baptism interpreted as distinct from submersion baptism== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Immersion baptism in this meaning of the phrase was employed by Christians from at least the second century and is still found in the ].<ref name=ODCCimmersion/> | |||
| ==Immersion baptism interpreted as requiring submersion== | |||
| Especially but not exclusively among Baptists,<ref>, p. 3</ref> "immersion" is often used to mean specifically "dipping or plunging the ''whole'' body into water" (emphasis added), i.e., submersion.<ref></ref> This is the meaning attached to "immersion" by the ], the largest Baptist denomination in the world, with 16 million members.<ref>Official Website of the Southern Baptist Convention . Retrieved 2009–04–08.</ref> | Especially but not exclusively among Baptists,<ref>, p. 3</ref> "immersion" is often used to mean specifically "dipping or plunging the ''whole'' body into water" (emphasis added), i.e., submersion.<ref></ref> This is the meaning attached to "immersion" by the ], the largest Baptist denomination in the world, with 16 million members.<ref>Official Website of the Southern Baptist Convention . Retrieved 2009–04–08.</ref> | ||
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| ===Examination of the claim=== | ===Examination of the claim=== | ||
| Other Christians<ref>, p.47</ref> claim that a form of immersion, but not necessarily submersion, is implied by the references to "going down into the water" and "coming up out of the water" in {{bibleverse||Acts|8:38-39}}, where these actions are ascribed to both the baptizer and the baptized and the act of baptizing is distinguished from the going down into the water: "They both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water ..." Rev. W. A. McKay wrote: | |||
| In {{bibleverse||Acts|8:38-39}}, which is the only reference in the New Testament to Christian baptism being administered in the open, the actions of "going down into the water" and "coming up out of the water", which are ascribed to both the baptizer and the baptized, are sometimes cited as indicating baptism by submersion. An objection to this interpretation has been voiced as follows: | |||
| {{cquote|Where is the evidence that the eunuch was dipped? "Why," cries the Baptist, "he went with Philip ''into'' the water and came ''out'' again." But is not such reasoning trifling with common sense? Do not thousands go into the water and come out again without going under the water? Is it not said that Philip went into the water and came out of it as well as the eunuch? They "''both''" went. If then they prove that the eunuch was immersed they prove also that Philip was immersed.<ref>, p.47</ref>}} {{Wiktionary|εἰς|ἐκ}} | {{cquote|Where is the evidence that the eunuch was dipped? "Why," cries the Baptist, "he went with Philip ''into'' the water and came ''out'' again." But is not such reasoning trifling with common sense? Do not thousands go into the water and come out again without going under the water? Is it not said that Philip went into the water and came out of it as well as the eunuch? They "''both''" went. If then they prove that the eunuch was immersed they prove also that Philip was immersed.<ref>, p.47</ref>}} {{Wiktionary|εἰς|ἐκ}} | ||
| McKay also pointed out that the Greek preposition εἰς, here translated as "into", is the same as is used when Peter is told to go ''to'' the sea and take the first fish that came up ({{bibleverse||Matthew|17:27}}) and in other passages where it obviously did not imply entry of the kind that submersion involves, and similarly with the preposition ἐκ, here translated as "out of".<ref>McKay, pp. 48-49</ref> | McKay also pointed out that the Greek preposition εἰς, here translated as "into", is the same as is used when Peter is told to go ''to'' the sea and take the first fish that came up ({{bibleverse||Matthew|17:27}}) and in other passages where it obviously did not imply entry of the kind that submersion involves, and similarly with the preposition ἐκ, here translated as "out of".<ref>McKay, pp. 48-49</ref> | ||
| For the meaning of the word ''baptizo'' in the Greek of the ], where it is used also of partial immersion of the body, as in {{bibleverse||Luke|11:38}} and {{bibleverse||Mark|7:4}}, see ]. |
For the meaning of the word ''baptizo'' in the Greek of the ], where it is used also of partial immersion of the body, as in {{bibleverse||Luke|11:38}} and {{bibleverse||Mark|7:4}}, see ]. | ||
| The burial symbolism of Romans 6:4 and Colossians 2:12 is seen by others as a reference not to the manner of baptism in water but to "a spiritual death, burial, resurrection, and new life".<ref></ref> | The burial symbolism of Romans 6:4 and Colossians 2:12 is seen by others as a reference not to the manner of baptism in water but to "a spiritual death, burial, resurrection, and new life".<ref></ref> | ||
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| ===Normative mode in Apostolic Christianity=== | ===Normative mode in Apostolic Christianity=== | ||
| ⚫ | The '']'' or ''Teaching of the Twelve Apostles'', an anonymous book of 16 short chapters, is probably the earliest known written instructions, outside of the Bible, for administering baptism. The first edition was written {{c.|60–80 AD}}.<ref name="5GStages">{{Cite book|first=Robert Walter |last=Funk |authorlink=Robert W. Funk |coauthors=Roy W. Hoover |chapter=Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition |title=The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus : New Translation and Commentary |publisher=] |location=New York City |year=1993 |page=128 |isbn=0-02-541949-8 |oclc=28421734}}</ref> The second, with insertions and additions, was written {{c.|100–150 AD}}.<ref name="5GStages" /> This work, rediscovered in the 19th century, provides a unique look at Christianity in the Apostolic Age. In particular, it describes the two foundational sacraments of Christianity: the Eucharist and baptism. It indicates a preference for baptizing by immersion (which it differentiates specifically from affusion), in "living water" (i.e., running water seen as symbolic of life)<ref name="Strang">{{Cite book|first=Veronica |last=Strang |chapter=Water in the Church |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=A2KNb4x8O6UC&pg=PA90 |title=The Meaning of Water |publisher=] |year=1997 |page=91 |isbn=1-85973-753-6 |quote=Fonts and baptisteries were constructed with taps and channels to ensure that they were supplied with moving water,which, as Schmemann points out, is symbolically crucial: 'The early Christian prescription is to baptize in living water. This is not merely a technical term denoting running water as distinct from standing water… it is this understanding that determined the form and theology of the baptismal font… The characteristic feature of the "baptistery" was that water was carried into it by a conduit, thus remaining "living water".'}}</ref> or, if that is unavailable, in still water, preferably at its natural temperature, but considers that, when there is not enough water for immersion, it is sufficient to pour water on the head.<ref>"(7:1) Concerning baptism, baptize this way: Having first said all these things, baptize into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living water. (7:2) But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. (7:3) But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit." .</ref><ref name="Metzger">{{Cite book|first=Marcel |last=Metzger |chapter=The Order of Baptism in the ''Didache'' |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=z6V2wb2ckPcC&pg=PA25 |title=History of the Liturgy: The Major Stages |publisher=Liturgical Press |location=] |year=1997 |pages=25–26 |isbn=0-8146-2433-2 |quote=The Didache recognizes the superior value of running water for the baptismal immersion but does not impose it as a necessary condition… The regulations of the Didache also forsee the case in which immersion is impossible for lack of water and prescribe baptism by pouring water three times on the candidate's head.}}</ref><ref name="ECT">{{Cite book|first=Jean-Yves |last=Lacoste |authorlink=Jean-Yves Lacoste |title=Encyclopedia of Christian Theology: G – O |publisher=] |location=] |year=2005 |page=1607 |isbn=0-5795-8250-8 |quote=According to the Didache (1st century), baptism should be done by a triple immersion in running water.}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge">{{Cite book|first=Wayne A. |last=Meeks |editors=Margaret Mary Mitchell and Frances Margaret Young |chapter=Baptism: ritual of initiation |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA160 |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity |publisher=] |location=] |year=2006 |pages=160–161 |isbn=0-521-81239-9 |quote=The Didache, representing practice perhaps as early as the beginning of the second century, probably in Syria, also assumes immersion to be normal, but it allows that if sufficient water for immersion is not at hand, water may be poured three times over the head (7:3).}}</ref><ref name="ISBE">{{cite encyclopedia |first=W. H. T. |last=Dau |editor=Geoffrey W. Bromiley |title=Baptism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA410 |encyclopedia=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A – D |publisher=] |location=] |year=1995 |page=419 |isbn=0-8028-3781-6 |quote=This seems to say that to baptize by immersion was the practice recommended for general use, but that the mode of affusion was also valid and enjoined on occasions}}</ref> | ||
| The '']'' or ''Teaching of the Twelve Apostles'', an anonymous book of 16 short chapters, is probably the earliest known written instructions, outside of the Bible, for administering baptism. The first edition was written {{c.|60–80 AD}}.<ref name="5GStages">{{Cite book|first=Robert Walter |last=Funk |authorlink=Robert W. Funk |coauthors=Roy W. Hoover |chapter=Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition |title=The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus : New Translation and Commentary |publisher=] |location=New York City |year=1993 |page=128 |isbn=0-02-541949-8 |oclc=28421734}}</ref> The second, with insertions and additions, was written {{c.|100–150 AD}}.<ref name="5GStages" /> This work, rediscovered in the 19th century, provides a unique look at Christianity in the Apostolic Age. In particular, it describes the two foundational sacraments of Christianity: the Eucharist and baptism. | |||
| Its instructions on baptism are as follows: | |||
| {{cquote|Baptize this way: Having first said all these things, baptize into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living water. But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit. But before the baptism let the baptizer fast, and the baptized, and whoever else can; but you shall order the baptized to fast one or two days before.<ref></ref>}} | |||
| ⚫ | It indicates a preference for baptizing by immersion (which it differentiates specifically from affusion |
||
| ⚫ | Members of some modern churches claim there are different interpretations of what is supposed to be implicit in the Biblical descriptions and metaphors concerning baptism.<ref>"To restate what is absolutely clear, we know the Bible prescribes for baptism to be with water in the name of the Holy Trinity. The Church is to baptize, and Christians are to be baptized. Not so certain is the mode or manner" (</ref><ref name=Banks>"it is not self-evident that what is described is definitively prescribed."</ref> | ||
| ==Modern diversity of opinion== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 15:47, 27 October 2010
,_Masaccio2.jpg)
Immersion baptism (also known as baptism by immersion or baptism by submersion) is a method of baptism whereby a person is submerged in water, rather than having water simply poured or sprinkled on the head while the rest of the body remains dry. Immersion is the noun form of the late Latin Verb immergere (in- "into" + mergere "dip").
One example of immersion baptism is that required by the 1689 Baptist Catechism:
Baptism is rightly administered by immersion, or dipping the whole body of the person in water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit
indicating that the whole body must be immersed, not just the head.
Differentiation of "immersion" and "submersion" by some Christian groups
Some Christian groups identify baptism by submersion as placing the whole body beneath the water, while identifying in immersion baptism as pouring water over the head of someone standing in water. This is the meaning attached to immersion baptism in a statement of the policy of the North American United Methodist Church This form of baptism was employed by Christians from at least the second century and is still found in the Eastern Church.
Especially but not exclusively among Baptists, "immersion" is often used to mean specifically "dipping or plunging the whole body into water" (emphasis added), i.e., submersion. This is the meaning attached to "immersion" by the Southern Baptists, the largest Baptist denomination in the world, with 16 million members.
This form of baptism is also presented in the Key of Truth, the text described as the manual of the old Armenian Baptists, which lays down that the person to be baptized "shall come on his knees into the midst of the water" and there make a profession of faith to "the elect one", who "instantly takes the water into his hands, and ... shall directly or indirectly empty out the water over the head".
Claim of Biblical support for full immersion (submersion) baptism
Christian theologians such as John Piper use several parts of the New Testament to support full immersion (submersion) as the intended symbol:
1) The meaning of the word baptizo in Greek is essentially "dip" or "immerse," not sprinkle, 2) The descriptions of baptisms in the New Testament suggest that people went down into the water to be immersed rather than having water brought to them in a container to be poured or sprinkled (Matthew 3:6, "in the Jordan;" 3:16, "he went up out of the water;" (John 3:23, "much water there;" (Acts 8:38, "went down into the water"). 3) Immersion fits the symbolism of being buried with Christ (Romans 6:1–4; Colossians 2:12).
Piper asserts that baptism refers to the physical lowering into the water and rising in faith in part because of the reflection of this symbol in Colossians 2:12 which says "having been buried with him in baptism and raised with him through your faith in the power of God, who raised him from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life."
Examination of the claim
Other Christians claim that a form of immersion, but not necessarily submersion, is implied by the references to "going down into the water" and "coming up out of the water" in Acts 8:38–39, where these actions are ascribed to both the baptizer and the baptized and the act of baptizing is distinguished from the going down into the water: "They both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water ..." Rev. W. A. McKay wrote:
Where is the evidence that the eunuch was dipped? "Why," cries the Baptist, "he went with Philip into the water and came out again." But is not such reasoning trifling with common sense? Do not thousands go into the water and come out again without going under the water? Is it not said that Philip went into the water and came out of it as well as the eunuch? They "both" went. If then they prove that the eunuch was immersed they prove also that Philip was immersed.
McKay also pointed out that the Greek preposition εἰς, here translated as "into", is the same as is used when Peter is told to go to the sea and take the first fish that came up (Matthew 17:27) and in other passages where it obviously did not imply entry of the kind that submersion involves, and similarly with the preposition ἐκ, here translated as "out of".
For the meaning of the word baptizo in the Greek of the New Testament, where it is used also of partial immersion of the body, as in Luke 11:38 and Mark 7:4, see New_Testament meaning of the word.
The burial symbolism of Romans 6:4 and Colossians 2:12 is seen by others as a reference not to the manner of baptism in water but to "a spiritual death, burial, resurrection, and new life".
Normative mode in Apostolic Christianity
The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, an anonymous book of 16 short chapters, is probably the earliest known written instructions, outside of the Bible, for administering baptism. The first edition was written c. 60–80 AD. The second, with insertions and additions, was written c. 100–150 AD. This work, rediscovered in the 19th century, provides a unique look at Christianity in the Apostolic Age. In particular, it describes the two foundational sacraments of Christianity: the Eucharist and baptism. It indicates a preference for baptizing by immersion (which it differentiates specifically from affusion), in "living water" (i.e., running water seen as symbolic of life) or, if that is unavailable, in still water, preferably at its natural temperature, but considers that, when there is not enough water for immersion, it is sufficient to pour water on the head.
Members of some modern churches claim there are different interpretations of what is supposed to be implicit in the Biblical descriptions and metaphors concerning baptism.
See also
References
- http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=immersion
- John Piper (ed.). "1689 Baptist Catechism". Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ Cross, Frank Leslie (2005). "Immersion". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 827. ISBN 0-19-280290-9. OCLC 58998735.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "In immersion, the candidate stands with part of his body submerged in the baptismal water which is then poured over the remainder. This form is the most prevalent depicted in early Christian pictorial representations. Submersion is the form in which water completely covers the candidate's body" (Study published on the website of Pinehurst United Methodist Church).
- L. Russ Bush, Tom J. Nettles, Baptists and the Bible (Broadman & Holman, 1999), p. 3
- Talbot W. (Talbot Wilson) Chambers, Samuel Macauley Jackson, Frank Hugh Foster, "Immersion," The concise dictionary of religious knowledge and gazetteer, (New York: The Christian Literature Co., 1891) pg. 399
- Official Website of the Southern Baptist Convention Basic Beliefs, subheading "Baptism & the Lord's Supper". Retrieved 2009–04–08.
- The Key of Truth, a Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia (reproduction 2009 ISBN 978-1-110-36174-8), p. 97
- ^ John Piper, Sermon on May 25, 1997, "What Baptism Portrays"
- W.A. McKay, Immersion proved not to be a Scriptural Mode of Baptism but a Romish Invention (Toronto: The Canada Publishing Company, 1881), p.47
- W.A. McKay, Immersion proved not to be a Scriptural Mode of Baptism but a Romish Invention (Toronto: The Canada Publishing Company, 1881), p.47
- McKay, pp. 48-49
- Leland M. Haines, Baptism
- ^ Funk, Robert Walter (1993). "Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition". The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus : New Translation and Commentary. New York City: Macmillan Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 0-02-541949-8. OCLC 28421734.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Strang, Veronica (1997). "Water in the Church". The Meaning of Water. Berg Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1-85973-753-6.
Fonts and baptisteries were constructed with taps and channels to ensure that they were supplied with moving water,which, as Schmemann points out, is symbolically crucial: 'The early Christian prescription is to baptize in living water. This is not merely a technical term denoting running water as distinct from standing water… it is this understanding that determined the form and theology of the baptismal font… The characteristic feature of the "baptistery" was that water was carried into it by a conduit, thus remaining "living water".'
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "(7:1) Concerning baptism, baptize this way: Having first said all these things, baptize into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living water. (7:2) But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. (7:3) But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit." Didache, chapter 7.
- Metzger, Marcel (1997). "The Order of Baptism in the Didache". History of the Liturgy: The Major Stages. Collegeville Township, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-8146-2433-2.
The Didache recognizes the superior value of running water for the baptismal immersion but does not impose it as a necessary condition… The regulations of the Didache also forsee the case in which immersion is impossible for lack of water and prescribe baptism by pouring water three times on the candidate's head.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Lacoste, Jean-Yves (2005). Encyclopedia of Christian Theology: G – O. Milton Park: Routledge. p. 1607. ISBN 0-5795-8250-8.
According to the Didache (1st century), baptism should be done by a triple immersion in running water.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - Meeks, Wayne A. (2006). "Baptism: ritual of initiation". The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-521-81239-9.
The Didache, representing practice perhaps as early as the beginning of the second century, probably in Syria, also assumes immersion to be normal, but it allows that if sufficient water for immersion is not at hand, water may be poured three times over the head (7:3).
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - Dau, W. H. T. (1995). "Baptism". In Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A – D. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 419. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6.
This seems to say that to baptize by immersion was the practice recommended for general use, but that the mode of affusion was also valid and enjoined on occasions
- "To restate what is absolutely clear, we know the Bible prescribes for baptism to be with water in the name of the Holy Trinity. The Church is to baptize, and Christians are to be baptized. Not so certain is the mode or manner" (David A. Banks, The Church and Baptism - Modes and Symbolism).
- David A. Banks, The Church and Baptism - Modes and Symbolism"it is not self-evident that what is described is definitively prescribed."
External links
- John Benton Briney, Joseph L. Tucker, The form of baptism: an argument designed to prove conclusively that immersion is the only baptism authorized by the Bible (Christian Publishing Company: St. Louis, MO, 1892)
- The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, art. Baptism (Wikisource)
- David A. Banks, The Church and Baptism - Modes and Symbolism
- C.F. Rogers, Baptism and Christian Archaeology (Gorgias Books reprint 2006 ISBN 1-59333-474-5)