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2011 Chinese Protests
A large crowd of protesters, journalists and police gathered in front of a McDonalds restaurant in Wangfujing, Beijing.
Date	20 February 2011 – ongoing
Casualties
Injuries	4 journalists
Arrested	35 dissidents, about 25 journalists

The 2011 Chinese protests commonly known as the Chinese Jasmine Revolution (simplified Chinese: 中国茉莉花革命; traditional Chinese: 中國茉莉花革命; pinyin: Zhōngguó Mòlihuā Gémìng), refer to weekly pro-democracy street actions in over a dozen cities in mainland China starting on 20 February 2011, inspired by and named after the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia; the actions that took and take place at protest sites, and response by the Chinese government to the calls and action. The protests are called for by organs of the Chinese democracy movement and domestically follow the tradition of Beijing Spring 1979 and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Initially, organisers recommended shouting slogans on 20 February. After participants and journalists having been beaten and arrested, organisers urged a change to "strolling" on 27 February in order to minimize police reactions while sustaining the cycle of actions. On this 2nd protest day, the number of protesters could not be determined. Protest and/or official actions were noted in only two out of the thirteen suggested cities, it was even less clear who were protestors and who were just regular strollers. Notwithstanding, police mounted a "huge" security operation on both 20 and 27 February. Media sources reported that on 27 February, at least four foreign journalists, including Stephen Engle of Bloomberg News and a BBC cameraman, had been beaten by plain-clothes security officers in Beijing. Police arrested protesters. In Shanghai, protestors successfully prevented police from making an arrest and were able to air their slogans with foreign journalists. Since late February, about 35 human rights activists and lawyers were arrested and five people were charged with inciting subversion of state power. US ambassador Jon Huntsman, Jr. was spotted passing by with his family at the site of protest on 20 February.

Protest aims

Initial call

The anonymous call for a 'Jasmine revolution' in China's major cities was made online, first on the Boxun.com website, run by overseas dissidents, and then on Twitter. The initial call for protest began on 19 February 2011 when 12 to 13 cities were suggested. The Boxun.com appeal called for protests to take place each weekend, arguing that "sustained action will show the Chinese government that its people expect accountability and transparency that doesn't exist under the current one-party system."

Protest strategy and tactics

We invite every participant to stroll, watch or even just pretend to pass by. As long as you are present, the authoritarian government will be shaking with fear.

A number of slogans were suggested to the protests:

On 2 March, organisers declared a three-stage overall strategy. The first stage would take "a few weeks, a couple of months, a year or even longer"; the second stage would include "holding a jasmine flower and mobile phones or music players to play Such a Beautiful Jasmine". Organisers declared the third stage as "when the street-walking revolution is irreversible"; it would involve people criticising the government openly and without fear.

The media reported a vindication by protest organisers on 2 March saying, "Now China's government clearly shows its horror and fear of the people, as if facing a deadly enemy. A modest amount of people, just by walking, have demonstrated the people's power, and the government's response has revealed its weaknesses to the world." For 6 March, protesters were urged to "either gather near fast-food restaurants, take a stroll, or eat at the restaurants, ... set meal No3 at the McDonald's and the KFC".

According to The Epoch Times, protest organiser "Gracchus" said that the "Western media has failed to understand the impact that calls in China for a Jasmine Revolution are having." He described the authorities' responses to the calls for protests as part of the success of the protest strategy. He cited the authorities' blocking of university campuses in response to an open letter sent to young people on 5 March as "unusual treatment almost certainly antagonizes the young energies and triggers their curiosity to explore the cause." Gracchus said that the present strategy is to "maintain momentum for nonviolent strolling, and hope a major event will take place 'in the near future' that will catalyze public support. This 'near future' could be within one to three years."

February 2011

20 February

The Associated Press, reported only "a handful of people" were known to have actively involved in organizing the staging rallies in 13 cities. The Globe and Mail reported that the 20 February appeal was answered by 200 people at the Beijing rendezvous. There was a similar protest in Shanghai with about 100 participants.

An elderly female demonstrator in Shanghai stated: "Our country has no proper legal system, it's a one-party dictatorship, a tyranny, that suppresses the citizens. There is also land eviction. Many people are beaten to death in many land eviction cases."

The United States Ambassador to China, Jon Huntsman, Jr., was seen at the protest rendezvous point. Huntsman exchanged a few words with people in Chinese and then his entourage departed the site immediately. US Embassy spokeman Richard Buangan said that Huntsman and family were on their way to a museum and "they immediately left" once they realized what was going on. The Atlantic Wire reports: "that hasn't stopped nationalist Chinese bloggers from using Huntsman's appearance to drum-up conspiracies of a U.S. plot to destabilize China".

27 February

After the brutal police response to the protests on February 20, the organizers urged the participants not to shout slogans any more, but simply to stroll silently at the respective protest sites. The call to use "strolling" tactics for the 27 February gatherings was made on the Boxun.com website on 22 February. Prior to the planned 27 February gathering in front of a McDonald's restaurant in Beijing, authorities installed metal corrugated fencing outside the restaurant and outside the home of Nobel laureate and dissident Liu Xiaobo. Hundreds of uniformed and plain-clothed security staff and volunteers wearing red armbands were pre-emptively stationed at Wangfujing. Their presence disrupted normal shopping and attracted onlookers. Police began to clear the rendezvous area half an hour after the designated assembly time.

On 27 February, activists in 2 cities – Beijing and Shanghai – out of the 23 originally suggested responded. Seven people were reportedly arrested in Shanghai and police kept reporters, participants and strollers moving. Since the organisers proposed for protesters to just walk by silently to protest, it was impossible to tell who were protesting and who were just regular strollers on the streets. The Wall Street Journal stated, "while several Chinese people were seen having altercations with the police, there were no signs of actual protests."

Foreign journalists beaten in Beijing

Several foreign journalists were physically beaten by the police, with many others physically pushed by the police, their cameras confiscated and footage deleted. The Wall Street Journal gave an eyewitness account of an incident in Beijing in which Bloomberg reporter Stephen Engle was "grabbed by several security officers, pushed to the ground, dragged along by his leg, punched in the head and beaten with a broom handle by a man dressed as street sweeper." The Foreign Correspondents' Club of China denounced the attack on Engle, and called for journalists' physical safety to be guaranteed by the authorities.

BBC reporter Damian Grammaticas accused state security of roughing up his crew. He said that they tried to grab equipment from the cameraman and took him 50 yards away into a police van. Grammaticas alleged the police officers then set on him, pulled him by the hair and generally treated him roughly. The police officers then threw the crew into a van and threatened them during their transport to a government office.

CNN reporter Eunice Yoon reported that a policeman in Wangfujing knocked a camera out of her colleague Jo Ling Kent's hand and six police officers physically forced them into a bank, where they were detained for half an hour. Yoon remarked after the incident that "there had been no protests for us to cover", and that the incident "show how incredibly terrified and paranoid the Chinese authorities are". ATV journalists and a TVB cameraman were also reportedly briefly detained. ATV News reported that their footage at the rally site was deleted by officers. Chinese security forces also intimidated a few Western journalists in their apartments with nighttime visits asking to behave "cooperatively." Otherwise, they warned, the authorities would refuse to extend their work permits at the end of the year.

Shanghai

In Shanghai on 27 February, protestors prevented police from arresting an elderly man, when they "reacted instantly and angrily, emitting a guttural roar and surging forward almost as one", according to the South China Morning Post. Protestors included elderly people and youths documenting the protest with cameras and phones. Some of the core participants appeared to be "deliberately obstructing police efforts to keep the crowd flowing". Other protestors spoke to foreign journalists and joked to each other about police difficulties in stopping "demonstrations that were not actually happening".

Hong Kong

27 people participated in a "Jasmine Revolution" demonstration in Hong Kong on 27 February, including activists from the Young Civics, they held placards that read "Long live people's power, long live democracy." 40 more participated in another protest outside the offices of the Central Government Liaison Office in Sheung Wan, for the second time in a week. Participants included Legco member Leung Kwok Hung aka Long Hair and activists from the League of Social Democrats.

March 2011

6 March

Beijing was under tight security due to a session of the National People's Congress, and some 180,000 police and 560,000 security volunteers were already on patrol. There was a heavy police presence on Sunday in parts of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to which protests had been called. In Beijing, journalists saw no obvious sign of protesters. Large contingent of plain-clothed security personnel were reported in and around Wangfujing, Xidan and Zhongguancun. In Shanghai, most news outlets reported an absence of obvious protestors. However, Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA) reported around a hundred protestors "surrounded by hundreds of uniformed and plain-clothes police."

There were yet more reports of foreign journalists being detained in Shanghai, leading to sharp objections from the Foreign Ministries of Germany and Australia.

Members of the League of Social Democrats tried to place a branch of jasmine in front of the Central Government Offices.

13 March

According to Deutsche Presse-Agentur, there were several hundred police in the Wangfujing and Xidan districts in Beijing, including uniformed police with dogs, paramilitary police, plain-clothes police, special forces units and security guards. More than 40 police were present at the Peace Cinema in Shanghai. According to Agence France-Presse, "there was no massive police presence as seen on previous Sundays."

20 March

In Beijing, hundreds of police were present at some of the eight proposed "strolling" protest locations in commercial areas and some police cars were present at entries to some of the 20 university sites proposed for protests.

Government reaction

Arrests

About 35 leading Chinese activists have been arrested or detained by authorities including

• Chen Wei (Chinese: 陈卫), 42, a leading Sichuan human rights activist,
• Ding Mao (Chinese: 丁矛), Tiananmen Square protest student leader,
• Hua Chunhui (Chinese: 华春辉), 47, an advocate on civil society issues,

• Ran Yunfei (Chinese: 冉云飞), a well-known blogger,
• Teng Biao (Chinese: 滕彪), also of the OCI.

Renee Xia, the international director of Chinese Human Rights Defenders, commented on 26 February 2011: "The numbers point to a bad situation that is only getting worse. In the matter of a few days, we have seen more cases of prominent lawyers subjected to prolonged disappearances, more criminal charges that may carry lengthy prison sentences for activists, more home raids, and a heavier reliance on extralegal measures." Up to 200 people are subject to reinforced supervision or house arrest. Since the 19 February protest announcement, more than a hundred people have been summoned or questioned by police.

• The highest-profile arrest is Ai Weiwei, who was taken into police custody on 3 April in Beijing. Amid Boxun's online campaign, Ai had posted on his Twitter account on 24 February: "I didn’t care about jasmine at first, but people who are scared by jasmine sent out information about how harmful jasmine is often, which makes me realize that jasmine is what scares them the most. What a jasmine!" Ai's studio was raided by police, who took away computer equipment; a number of his entourage were also arrested by police. Analysts and other activists said Ai had been widely thought to be untouchable, but Nicholas Bequelin from Human Rights Watch suggested that his arrest, calculated to send the message that no-one would be immuned, must have had the approval of someone in the top leadership. While state media originally reported on 6 April that Ai was arrested at the airport because "his departure procedures were incomplete," the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 7 April that Ai was under investigation for 'economic crimes'.

Censorship

China Mobile and China Unicom blocked the word "jasmine". Searches for "jasmine" were also blocked on China's largest microblog, Sina Weibo, and status updates with the word on Chinese social networking site Renren were met with an error message and a warning to refrain from postings with "political, sensitive ... or other inappropriate content."

Since the word "Jasmine" was forbidden in the Chinese blogosphere, millions of netizens used the term "two conferences" instead, a widely used expression in the official news originally pointing to the two conferences "Fourth Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress" and "Fourth Session of the Eleventh CPPCC" happening in March in Beijing.

On 25 February, several foreign journalists were contacted by police and told that they could not conduct interviews without applying for permission. Regulations issued by the Chinese government forbid entry by foreign reporters into the Wangfujing shopping district in Beijing or the People’s Park in central Shanghai without a special permit. Enforcement of the new rules on Sunday 28 February resulted in beating of one camera operator and detention of several reporters for several hours before their release and confiscation of their materials.

Following calls for a "Jasmine Revolution" on Twitter, Chinese users of Twitter began to notice a number of new accounts, sometimes using the names or images of Chinese democracy activists. Tweets by the new accounts took a hostile position to calls for demonstrations.

In late March, Google stated that intermittent problems with Gmail in the PRC constitute "a government blockage carefully designed to look like the problem is with Gmail". PC Mag attributed the blockage to the calls for a "Jasmine Revolution" in the PRC.

Other measures

More than 20 Chinese cities, including Tianjin, Chengdu and Guangzhou, stepped up security measures, with state security, police and armed forces ordered to stand by in case of emergency. CPC General Secretary and President Hu Jintao delivered a speech in the Central Party School on 19 February instructing senior management to better manage social problems and internet incitement.

Chinese artist Ai Weiwei said that there were tight controls on university students to prevent students from participating in protests. He alleged that teachers had received "a certain note ordering them to do their duty, otherwise they will be in trouble, or their school will be in trouble." He as the most prominent dissident was detained on 3 April 2011 at Beijing airport and his studio in the capital was sealed off in an apparent crackdown by the Chinese authorities on political troublemakers.

Reactions

Domestic

A high level Chinese government official Zhao Qizheng said, on 23 February, that the probability of China having a "Jasmine Revolution" is "absurd and unrealistic". He also said that "although there are many problems in China right now, the government is doing the best it can to try and combat these problems instead of ignoring them. The government reveals its own problems to the public and tries to deal with it. This type of government is strong and will move forward."

Premier Wen Jiabao participated in a web chat on 27 February that France 24 described as an "apparent bid to defuse" the call for weekly gatherings. In the webchat, he promised to deal with inflation, corruption, lack of housing, property speculation. The Financial Times (FT) claimed that the web chat was "announced abruptly late on and appeared to be timed to coincide with the planned protests." It added that with the web chat, "state media blanketed the nation over the internet, television and radio on Sunday morning with two hours of remarks by Wen Jiabao". China News said that the webchat had been planned in advance; similar webchats had taken place on 20 June 2008 and 27 February 2010.

"Political reform offers a guarantee for economic reform. Without political reform, economic reform cannot succeed, and the achievements we have made may be lost," he said yesterday. "It is only with reform that the party and the country will enjoy continuous vigour and vitality."

Addressing the meeting of the National People's Congress, its chairman Wu Bangguo dismissed any notion of political reform, saying that Western-style democracy would have dire consequences, and that any loosening of the Party's hold on power could undermine stability and risk domestic strife. Wu, who belongs to the conservative faction of the leadership, said: "We have made a solemn declaration that we will not employ a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation; diversify our guiding thought; separate executive, legislative and judicial powers; use a bicameral or federal system; or carry out privatisation." Analysts said the warnings were aimed at consolidating the party's power, in reaction to calls for liberal democracy in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. On the other hand, the more liberal Wen Jiabao said that economic and political reform, safeguarding social equity and justice were major factors behind China's success. He also rejected comparisons with Egypt and Tunisia, and reiterated his support for greater democracy and public supervision, saying economic development alone could not solve the problems of the mainland's development.

International

Time suggested that though there are many similarities between the complaints voiced by the people in the Middle East and North Africa and those voiced by the Chinese people, the state's tighter grip on the country's media, Internet and other communication forums pose difficulties for anyone trying to organise mass demonstrations.

The Wall Street Journal said that the online protest appeal could compound apparent concern among Chinese Communist Party leaders that the recent uprisings against authoritarian governments in the Middle East and North Africa could inspire similar unrest in China.

CNN journalist Eunice Yoon and her news crew headed out to Wangfujing to cover the "response to anonymous calls on the Internet to stage protests and begin a Tunisia-style "Jasmine Revolution" in China", was physically handled by police in Beijing on 27 February at arrival near the protest site. She wrote: "What makes China's treatment of the international press so bewildering is that there had been no protests for us to cover here..... My own experience and those of my colleagues show how incredibly terrified and paranoid the Chinese authorities are of any anti-government movement forming in China."

Following the arrests of approximately 15 foreign journalists on 6 March, The Australian described the attempts at organising a "Jasmine Revolution" in China as "the biggest showdown between Chinese authorities and foreign media in more than two decades."

Taiwan protests

On 24 February, whilst visiting Kaohsiung to discuss economic ties between China and Taiwan Chen Yun-lin, Chairman of China's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, was mobbed by about 200 protesters at Kaohsiung Harbor. Some protesters threw chrysanthemum flowers at him (as Jasmine flowers were not in season), while others tried to deliver plastic jasmine flowers and juice to him. Earlier, at Kaohsiung Station, Chen had already encountered two groups of demonstrators, one supporting Taiwanese independence and another Chinese unification. Police claimed that the groups both numbered about 50 people. About 300 Falun Gong followers also staged a protest. On 8 March, the Democratic Progressive Party released a strongly worded statement condemning the use of force against participants of the “Jasmine Revolution” in China. The statement urged the government to incorporate values of democracy and human rights into agreements with Beijing when promoting cross-strait ties to encourage “China’s democratic transformation.”

See also

• Illegal flower tribute
• Human rights in the People's Republic of China

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71. Page, Jeremy (28 February 2011). "Call for Protests Unnerves Beijing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
72. ^ "Taiwan protesters throw flowers at China envoy". Sinodaily.com. {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate15 March 2011" ignored (help)
73. "Protesters throw flowers at Chen Yunlin". Taipei Times. 8 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate15 March 2011" ignored (help)
74. Vincent Y. Chao (10 Mar 2011). "DPP condemns China’s crackdown on protesters", Page 3, Taipei Times

Video coverage

• "The Chinese authorities have cracked down on a small pro-democracy rally apparently modelled on the protests sweeping the Arab world", ITN News London 20 February 2011, retrieved 3 March 2011
• "Chinese Jasmine Revolution", Voice of America, Beijing 21.2.2011, retrieved 27 February 2011

External links and further reading

• "Arab Revolts as Viewed From Beijing" news analysis by Didi Kirsten Tatlow in The New York Times 23 February 2011
• "In China, Strolling for Reform" opinion by Archer Wang and Scott Savitt in The New York Times 4 March 2011
• "Jasmine stirrings in China: No awakening, but crush it anyway: The government goes to great lengths to make sure all is outwardly calm", 3 Mar 2011

Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century

• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from April 2011
• Use dmy dates from March 2011
• 2011 in China
• Protests in China
• Internet censorship
• Chinese democracy movement
• History of the People's Republic of China