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'''Pakistanis in Afghanistan''' include diplomats, traders, businesspersons, workers, ]. It also includes Pakistani ]s, members of militant groups, and small number of prisoners. Because ] and ] are neighbouring states with a loosely-controlled ], and a distributed population of ethnic ] and ], there is constant flow of population between the two countries. '''Pakistanis in Afghanistan''' include ], ]s, ]s, workers, ], and ]. It also includes Pakistani ]s, members of militant groups, and small number of prisoners. Because ] and ] are neighbouring states with a loosely-controlled ], and a distributed population of ethnic ] and ], there is constant flow of population between the two countries.


==Workers== == History ==
{{See|History of Afghanistan}}
] ] between Afghanistan and Pakistan is called the ]. Nearly all militant training centers are located in Pakistan's ] (FATA), ] and ] (in blue).]]
], especially the ], and people from the ] (modern-day Pakistan and India) have been coming to Afghanistan for many centuries. Before the mid-19th century, Afghanistan and the entire present-day Pakistan were part of the ] (Afghan Empire) and ruled by a successive line of ] with their capitals in ] and ]. In 1857, in his review of ] ''The Afghan War'', ] describes "Afghanistan" as:{{quote|'' an extensive country of Asia between Persia and the Indies, and in the other direction between the Hindu Kush and the Indian Ocean. It formerly included the Persian provinces of Khorassan and Kohistan, together with Herat, ], ], and ], and a considerable part of the ] Its principal cities are Kabul, the capital, ], ], and Kandahar.''<ref name="Engels">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |title=Afghanistan |accessdate=August 25, 2010 |author=] |work=Andy Blunden |quote=The principal cities of Afghanistan are Kabul, the capital, ], ], and Kandahar.|publisher=The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I |year=1857}}</ref>}} Thus, interaction and migration between the native people in this region was common. After the ], the ] was established in the late 1800s for fixing the limits of ] between ] of ] and Afghan ] ]. When Pakistan inherited this single-page agreement in 1947, which was basically to end politicial interference beyond the ] line between Afghanistan and what was then colonial British India<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html |title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan - The Durand Line|publisher=] |location=United States |first=Cynthia |last=Smith |date=August 2004|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref>, it divided the ] ethnic ] and ] tribes. Most of the wars that Pakistan and Afghanistan have experianced since the ] with their other neighbors (] and former ]) some how relate to this Durand Line border.

During the 1980s ], large number of Pakistan-based ] forces began crossing the ] border into Afghanistan to fight the Soviets and the Soviet-backed ]. After the withdrawl of Soviet forces, the collapse of ]'s government and the end of ], the Pakistan-backed Taliban took over Afghanistan. Many among the Taliban were Pakistanis. ] ], chancellor of ] in ], Pakistan, is referred to as the "Father of the Taliban".<ref>{{FIL-Luge link
| url1 = http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews
| bracket1 = tt_news
| url2 = =4180&tx_ttnews
| bracket2 = backPid
| url3 = =26&cHash=2feb32fe98
| title = The Father of the Taliban: An Interview with Maulana Sami ul-Haq
| fil-lugelink = no
}}, Imtiaz Ali, Spotlight on Terror, ], Volume 4, Issue 2, May 23, 2007</ref> The Taliban were assisted by ] in their war with ]'s ] (United Front) in the late 1990s.

After the death of Massoud and the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001 by the ]-led coalition forces, members of the Taliban who had fled to Pakistan during ] regrouped and began a strong ] campain inside Afghanistan. The insurgents include militants from the ] Taliban, ]-backed ] ], and others. While most are Afghans, many Pakistanis and foreigners from the ] are also among them. At the same time, many Pakistanis got involved in the rebuilding of Afghanistan.

==Pakistani workers==
By 2006, there were about 60,000 Pakistanis working in Afghanistan;<ref name=USIP>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/resolving-pakistan-afghanistan-stalemate |title=Resolving the Pakistan- Afghanistan Stalemate |work=Barnett R. Rubin and Abubakar Siddique |date=October 2006 |publisher=] |accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref> the exact number was unclear because of the lack of government records. Pakistanis could be found working not just in the main cities such as ], but also less-accessible provinces such as ], ], or ]. Many work in the construction sector, while others have found jobs as information technology professionals for United Nations organisations and foreign companies in urban areas; they have an increasing demand due to their skills and mostly come from the northwest ] province. As many as one-sixth cross the border on any given day. By 2006, there were about 60,000 Pakistanis working in Afghanistan;<ref name=USIP>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/resolving-pakistan-afghanistan-stalemate |title=Resolving the Pakistan- Afghanistan Stalemate |work=Barnett R. Rubin and Abubakar Siddique |date=October 2006 |publisher=] |accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref> the exact number was unclear because of the lack of government records. Pakistanis could be found working not just in the main cities such as ], but also less-accessible provinces such as ], ], or ]. Many work in the construction sector, while others have found jobs as information technology professionals for United Nations organisations and foreign companies in urban areas; they have an increasing demand due to their skills and mostly come from the northwest ] province. As many as one-sixth cross the border on any given day.


In May 2011, '']'' reported that ] expatriate Pakistanis moving or crossing the border to Afghanistan were routinely being harassed and bothered by intelligence agencies; some were asked repetitive questions as to why they were going to Afghanistan while others had their materials and laptops searched. The expatriates sent a complaint and brought the issue to the notice of the Pakistani ambassador in Kabul, ].<ref>, ''The News''.</ref> As a result of countless terrorist attacks occurring in Afghanistan by the ISI-backed Haqqani network and others, several ] expatriate Pakistanis crossing the border at ] were being asked irritating questions by local authorities. One was asked as to why he was going to Afghanistan while others had their materials and laptops searched. The expatriates sent a complaint and brought the issue to the notice of Pakistani Ambassador ] in Kabul.<ref>, ''The News''.</ref>


==Pakistani refugees==
==Refugees==
In January 2008, ] reported that about 6,000 Pakistanis from ] crossed into Afghanistan, which included women and children. While fighting in northwest-Pakistan between the ] and the ] may have been one reason, ] was also suggested as a possible driver for their flight.<ref>{{citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7174294.stm|title=Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan|periodical=BBC News|date=2008-01-07|first=Alastair|last=Leithead|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> They were able to receive medical aid in ] and ] provinces. By September 2008, their number had reached 20,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/asia/30refugees.html |title=Pakistani Refugees Pour Into Afghanistan |first=John F. |last=Burns |date=September 29, 2008 |publisher=] |accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref>, and about 70% of the refugees were Pakistanis while the rest were ] during the last 20 or so years.<ref>{{citation|periodical=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7642015.stm|accessdate=2009-04-28|title=Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan|date=2008-09-29}}</ref> More Pakistani refugees went to Afghanistan after the ].<ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref><ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref><ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref> In January 2008, ] reported that about 6,000 Pakistanis from ] crossed into Afghanistan, which included women and children. While fighting in northwest-Pakistan between the ] and the ] may have been one reason, ] was also suggested as a possible driver for their flight.<ref>{{citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7174294.stm|title=Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan|periodical=BBC News|date=2008-01-07|first=Alastair|last=Leithead|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> They were able to receive medical aid in ] and ] provinces. By September 2008, their number had reached 20,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/asia/30refugees.html |title=Pakistani Refugees Pour Into Afghanistan |first=John F. |last=Burns |date=September 29, 2008 |publisher=] |accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref>, and about 70% of the refugees were Pakistanis while the rest were ] during the last 20 or so years.<ref>{{citation|periodical=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7642015.stm|accessdate=2009-04-28|title=Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan|date=2008-09-29}}</ref> More Pakistani refugees went to Afghanistan after the ].<ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref><ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref><ref>. June 30, 2011.</ref>

==Pakistani terrorists and prisoners==
{{See|Pakistan and state terrorism}}
Pakistani insurgents or terrorists are active inside Afghanistan, some were arrested in the last decade and are held in different prisons across the country. They are usually from the ] region, the city of ] and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, and engaged in suicide attacks against ] as well as ]-led ] and the ].<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/taliban-killer-zar-ajam-duped-terror-attack/story?id=13894578&singlePage=true |title=How the Taliban Turned a Child Into a Suicide Bomber |first=Nick |last=Schifrin |publisher=ABC News |date=June 21, 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/07/28/bombing-suspect-says-pakistani-mullahs-brainwashed-him |title=Bombing suspect says Pakistani mullahs brainwashed him |pubisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=July 28, 2011 |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/06/15/haqqani-network-threatens-attacks-judges |title=Haqqani network threatens attacks on judges |pubisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=June 15, 2011 |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> Others are involved in ]s, ambushes, planting ]s (IEDs), kidnappings, smuggling and other illegal activities. NATO and Afghan officials also blame Pakistan's ] (ISI) spy network being involved.


==Notable Pakistanis buried in Afghanistan== ==Notable Pakistanis buried in Afghanistan==

Revision as of 11:50, 14 November 2011

Ethnic group
Pakistanis in Afghanistan
Regions with significant populations
Nangarhar, Kandahar, Helmand, Ghazni, Wardak, Kabul
Languages
Pashto, Urdu, English, Dari (Persian)
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Pakistani

Pakistanis in Afghanistan include diplomats, traders, businesspersons, workers, exchange students, and tourists. It also includes Pakistani refugees, members of militant groups, and small number of prisoners. Because Pakistan and Afghanistan are neighbouring states with a loosely-controlled border, and a distributed population of ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch people, there is constant flow of population between the two countries.

History

Further information: History of Afghanistan
The red line between Afghanistan and Pakistan is called the Durand Line. Nearly all militant training centers are located in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan (in blue).

Dynasties, especially the Mughals, and people from the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pakistan and India) have been coming to Afghanistan for many centuries. Before the mid-19th century, Afghanistan and the entire present-day Pakistan were part of the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) and ruled by a successive line of Afghan kings with their capitals in Kandahar and Kabul. In 1857, in his review of J.W. Kaye's The Afghan War, Friedrich Engels describes "Afghanistan" as:

an extensive country of Asia between Persia and the Indies, and in the other direction between the Hindu Kush and the Indian Ocean. It formerly included the Persian provinces of Khorassan and Kohistan, together with Herat, Beluchistan, Cashmere, and Sinde, and a considerable part of the Punjab Its principal cities are Kabul, the capital, Ghuznee, Peshawer, and Kandahar.

Thus, interaction and migration between the native people in this region was common. After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the Durand Line was established in the late 1800s for fixing the limits of sphere of influence between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. When Pakistan inherited this single-page agreement in 1947, which was basically to end politicial interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then colonial British India, it divided the indigenous ethnic Pashtun and Baloch tribes. Most of the wars that Pakistan and Afghanistan have experianced since the 1940s with their other neighbors (India and former USSR) some how relate to this Durand Line border.

During the 1980s Soviet war, large number of Pakistan-based Mujahideen forces began crossing the Pak-Afghan border into Afghanistan to fight the Soviets and the Soviet-backed Afghan government. After the withdrawl of Soviet forces, the collapse of Najibullah's government and the end of civil war, the Pakistan-backed Taliban took over Afghanistan. Many among the Taliban were Pakistanis. Maulana Sami ul Haq, chancellor of Darul Uloom Haqqania in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is referred to as the "Father of the Taliban". The Taliban were assisted by Pakistani Armed Forces in their war with Ahmad Shah Massoud's Northern Alliance (United Front) in the late 1990s.

After the death of Massoud and the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001 by the US-led coalition forces, members of the Taliban who had fled to Pakistan during Operation Enduring Freedom regrouped and began a strong insurgency campain inside Afghanistan. The insurgents include militants from the Quetta Shura Taliban, ISI-backed Haqqani network al-Qaida, and others. While most are Afghans, many Pakistanis and foreigners from the Muslim world are also among them. At the same time, many Pakistanis got involved in the rebuilding of Afghanistan.

Pakistani workers

By 2006, there were about 60,000 Pakistanis working in Afghanistan; the exact number was unclear because of the lack of government records. Pakistanis could be found working not just in the main cities such as Kandahar, but also less-accessible provinces such as Ghazni, Wardak, or Helmand. Many work in the construction sector, while others have found jobs as information technology professionals for United Nations organisations and foreign companies in urban areas; they have an increasing demand due to their skills and mostly come from the northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. As many as one-sixth cross the border on any given day.

As a result of countless terrorist attacks occurring in Afghanistan by the ISI-backed Haqqani network and others, several white-collar expatriate Pakistanis crossing the border at Torkham were being asked irritating questions by local authorities. One was asked as to why he was going to Afghanistan while others had their materials and laptops searched. The expatriates sent a complaint and brought the issue to the notice of Pakistani Ambassador Muhammad Sadiq in Kabul.

Pakistani refugees

In January 2008, BBC reported that about 6,000 Pakistanis from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa crossed into Afghanistan, which included women and children. While fighting in northwest-Pakistan between the Pakistani Armed Forces and the Pakistani Taliban may have been one reason, Sunni Shia sectarian strife was also suggested as a possible driver for their flight. They were able to receive medical aid in Khost and Paktika provinces. By September 2008, their number had reached 20,000, and about 70% of the refugees were Pakistanis while the rest were Afghans who had settled in Pakistan during the last 20 or so years. More Pakistani refugees went to Afghanistan after the 2010 Pakistan floods.

Pakistani terrorists and prisoners

Further information: Pakistan and state terrorism

Pakistani insurgents or terrorists are active inside Afghanistan, some were arrested in the last decade and are held in different prisons across the country. They are usually from the Waziristan region, the city of Quetta and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, and engaged in suicide attacks against Indians in Afghanistan as well as US-led NATO forces and the Government of Afghanistan. Others are involved in assassinations, ambushes, planting improvised explosive devices (IEDs), kidnappings, smuggling and other illegal activities. NATO and Afghan officials also blame Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network being involved.

Notable Pakistanis buried in Afghanistan

See also

References

  1. ^ "Resolving the Pakistan- Afghanistan Stalemate". Barnett R. Rubin and Abubakar Siddique. United States Institute for Peace. October 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  2. Friedrich Engels (1857). "Afghanistan". Andy Blunden. The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I. Retrieved August 25, 2010. The principal cities of Afghanistan are Kabul, the capital, Ghuznee, Peshawer, and Kandahar.
  3. Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan - The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  4. The Father of the Taliban: An Interview with Maulana Sami ul-Haq , Imtiaz Ali, Spotlight on Terror, The Jamestown Foundation, Volume 4, Issue 2, May 23, 2007
  5. Pakistanis working in Afghanistan being bothered by agencies, The News.
  6. Leithead, Alastair (2008-01-07), "Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan", BBC News, retrieved 2009-04-28
  7. Burns, John F. (September 29, 2008). "Pakistani Refugees Pour Into Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  8. "Pakistanis flee into Afghanistan", BBC News, 2008-09-29, retrieved 2009-04-28
  9. Pakistani female beggars in Kabul. June 30, 2011.
  10. Pakistani female beggar in Kabul. June 30, 2011.
  11. living room for Pakistani beggars in Kabul. June 30, 2011.
  12. Schifrin, Nick (June 21, 2011). "How the Taliban Turned a Child Into a Suicide Bomber". ABC News. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  13. "Bombing suspect says Pakistani mullahs brainwashed him". July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |pubisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  14. "Haqqani network threatens attacks on judges". June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |pubisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
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