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:''This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel, see also ] or ]. :''This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel, see also ] or ].


'''Kadesh''' or '''Qadhesh''' in Classical ({{lang-he|קָדֵשׁ}}), also known as '''Qadesh-Barneʿa''' (קָדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ), was a place in the south of ]. The name "Kodesh" means ''holy''. The name "Barnea" may mean ''desert of wandering''. There are two Kadeshes: one in the north ], visited by ] and by ] and the children of Israel two years after leaving Egypt; and the other, on the eastern border by ] in Transjordan. '''Kadesh''' or '''Qadhesh''' in Classical ({{lang-he|קָדֵשׁ}}), also known as '''Qadesh-Barneʿa''' (קָדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ), was a place in the south of ]. The name "Kodesh" means ''holy''. The name "Barnea" may mean ''desert of wandering''.


The western Kadesh was an important site in Israelite history.<ref>*Gen 14:7 And they returned and came to Enmishpat, which Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dweltin Hazezontamar. Kadesh was an important site in Israelite history.<ref>*Gen 14:7 And they returned and came to Enmishpat, which Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dweltin Hazezontamar.


*Gen 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, between Kadesh and Bered. *Gen 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, between Kadesh and Bered.
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*Eze 47:19 And the south side southward, from Tamar to the waters of strife Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And the south side southward. *Eze 47:19 And the south side southward, from Tamar to the waters of strife Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And the south side southward.


*Eze 48:28 And by the border of Gad , at the south side southward , the border shall be even from Tamar the waters of strife Kadesh, to the river toward the great sea.</ref> ], the sister of ], died there (Nu. 20:1), and Moses disobediently struck the rock that brought forth water at this location (Nu. 20:11). *Eze 48:28 And by the border of Gad , at the south side southward , the border shall be even from Tamar the waters of strife Kadesh, to the river toward the great sea.</ref> It was the chief site of encampment for the Israelites during their wandering in the wilderness of Zin (Deut. 1:46); it was from Kadesh that the spies were sent out into ] (Num. 13:1-26); The first failed attempt to take the land was made from Kadesh (Num. 14:40-45); ] disobediently struck the rock that brought forth water at this location (Num. 20:11); ] and ] died and were buried nearby (Num. 20:1, 22-29); and Moses sent envoys to the King of ] from Kadesh (Num. 20:14), asking for permission to let the Israelites pass through his terrain. The Edomite king denied this request. Kadesh-Barnea is also a key feature in the common biblical formula delineating the southern border of Israel (cf. Num. 34:4, Josh. 15:3, Ezek. 47:19 et al)<ref>Zecharia Kallai, “The Southern Border of the Land of Israel—Pattern and Application,” Vetus Testamentum XXXVII 4 1987, 438-445.</ref> and thus its identification is key to understanding both the ideal and geopolitically realized borders of ancient Israel.


As many as eighteen sites have been proposed as the identification of biblical Kadesh.<ref>Trumbull, Kadesh-Barnea: Its Importance and Probable Site, 303.</ref> Part of the confusion may arise from the fact that Kadesh is sometimes mentioned in connection with the ] (Num. 13:26) and at other times in connection with the ] (Num. 20:1).<ref>Yigal Levin, Numbers 34:2-12, "The boundaries of the land of Canaan, and the empire of Necho," Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 30 2006, 65.</ref> This discrepancy has been noted since the time of the medieval commentators, leading some to seek a reconciliatory model (i.e. Hezekiah bar Manoah), while others have proposed two separate sites being identified as Kadesh (i.e. ] & ]).
] subsequently sent envoys to the King of ] from Kadesh ({{bibleverse||Numbers|20:14|NIV}}), asking for permission to let the Israelites pass through his terrain. The Edomite king denied this request.


A minority of modern scholarship has maintained that there were two sites identified as Kadesh<ref>Isaacs, The True Boundaries of the Holy Land, 22–24; Wenham, Numbers, 152; and most recently D. Hacohen, “Kadesh and Rekem, Kadesh-Barnea and Rekem-Geah,” in Y. Eshel, ed., Judea and Samaria Research Studies 11 (Ariel, 2002), 25–40 (Hebrew with English abstract).</ref>—western Kadesh (in the wilderness of Zin) and eastern Kadesh (often associated with ], Jordan in the wilderness of Paran). This view seems to be represented by ]<ref>Jewish Antiquities IV 82 cf. Num. 20:1, 22-29</ref> and ].<ref>E. Klostermann, Eusebius—Das Omnosticon Der Biblischen Ortsnamen (Hildesheim, 1966), 113.</ref> Josephus says he recognizes exactly where ] is buried and it is by the rock, but he refers to the rock (selah in hebrew) while writing for the Romans in the langua franca at the time, which was Greek, and the word for rock in Greek is "petra". The ] came to ] in about 400 B.C. knowing it to be an ancient burial ground of caves, and buried their dead on top of the graves used 100 years earlier by the ].
⚫ Since 1905 modern Ain el-Qudeirat in the Wadi el-Ain of the northern Sinai has been widely accepted as the location of biblical Kadesh Barnea. Several ] fortresses have been excavated there. the oldest, a small, elliptical structure dates to the tenth century BC. but was evidently abandoned for some time after the first fort's destruction. A second fort constructed during the eighth century BC. (probably during the reign of ]) was destroyed during the seventh century BC, most likely during ]'s reign. Two ] engraved in Hebrew have been recovered there, suggesting the Israelites did indeed occupy this site.<ref>"Kadesh Barnea" pg. 214 in the ''NIV Archaeological Study Bible'', Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005</ref> However, these Kadesh-Barnea ostraca are dated to the 8th or 7th century B.C.E. and therefore are hundreds of years too recent to be associated with the biblical Exodus.<ref>Davies, Graham I., et al., "Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, Volume 2", Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp82-85</ref>


⚫ However, since 1905 modern Ain el-Qudeirat in the Wadi el-Ain of the northern Sinai has been widely accepted as the location of biblical Kadesh Barnea. Several ] fortresses have been excavated there. the oldest, a small, elliptical structure dates to the tenth century BC. but was evidently abandoned for some time after the first fort's destruction. A second fort constructed during the eighth century BC. (probably during the reign of ]) was destroyed during the seventh century BC, most likely during ]'s reign. Two ] engraved in Hebrew have been recovered there, suggesting the Israelites did indeed occupy this site.<ref>"Kadesh Barnea" pg. 214 in the ''NIV Archaeological Study Bible'', Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005</ref> However, these Kadesh-Barnea ostraca are dated to the 8th or 7th century B.C.E. and therefore are hundreds of years too recent to be associated with the biblical Exodus.<ref>Davies, Graham I., et al., "Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, Volume 2", Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp82-85</ref>
⚫ However excavations at Kadesh conducted by Dr Rudolph Cohen (former head of the Israeli Antiquities Service) during the Israeli occupation of Sinai following the 1967 war uncovered copious remains of the Middle Bronze I period (sometimes known as Intermediate Bronze Age), which were also found at numerous other sites in the Negev. On the other hand, Late Bronze Age, the conventional time of the Exodus, is unattested in the Negev. In an article in ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' of July, 1983, Cohen put forward the suggestion that the Exodus took place at the start of MBI and that the MBI people were, in fact, the Israelites. The idea, fully accepted by those who have worked at sites such as Ein Hatzeva, has not been widely adopted.

⚫ Excavations at Kadesh conducted by Dr Rudolph Cohen (former head of the Israeli Antiquities Service) during the Israeli occupation of Sinai following the 1967 war uncovered copious remains of the Middle Bronze I period (sometimes known as Intermediate Bronze Age), which were also found at numerous other sites in the Negev. On the other hand, Late Bronze Age, the conventional time of the Exodus, is unattested in the Negev. In an article in ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' of July, 1983, Cohen put forward the suggestion that the Exodus took place at the start of MBI and that the MBI people were, in fact, the Israelites. The idea, fully accepted by those who have worked at sites such as Ein Hatzeva, has not been widely adopted.


Kadesh-Barnea is 11 days march by way of Mt. Seir from Horab. Kadesh-Barnea is 11 days march by way of Mt. Seir from Horab.


There is a ] in the ] desert in Israel with the name Kadesh Barne'a, also called ]. There is also a ] in the ] desert of modern-day Israel with the name Kadesh Barne'a, also called ].
] says he recognizes exactly where ] is buried and it is by the rock, but he refers to the rock (selah in hebrew) while writing for the Romans in the langua franca at the time, which was Greek, and the word for rock in Greek is "petra". The ] came to ] in about 400 B.C. knowing it to be an ancient burial ground of caves, and buried their dead on top of the graves used 100 years earlier by the ].
==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

Revision as of 01:59, 8 April 2012

This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel, see also Kadesh or Kedesh.

Kadesh or Qadhesh in Classical (Template:Lang-he), also known as Qadesh-Barneʿa (קָדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ), was a place in the south of Ancient Israel. The name "Kodesh" means holy. The name "Barnea" may mean desert of wandering.

Kadesh was an important site in Israelite history. It was the chief site of encampment for the Israelites during their wandering in the wilderness of Zin (Deut. 1:46); it was from Kadesh that the spies were sent out into Canaan (Num. 13:1-26); The first failed attempt to take the land was made from Kadesh (Num. 14:40-45); Moses disobediently struck the rock that brought forth water at this location (Num. 20:11); Miriam and Aaron died and were buried nearby (Num. 20:1, 22-29); and Moses sent envoys to the King of Edom from Kadesh (Num. 20:14), asking for permission to let the Israelites pass through his terrain. The Edomite king denied this request. Kadesh-Barnea is also a key feature in the common biblical formula delineating the southern border of Israel (cf. Num. 34:4, Josh. 15:3, Ezek. 47:19 et al) and thus its identification is key to understanding both the ideal and geopolitically realized borders of ancient Israel.

As many as eighteen sites have been proposed as the identification of biblical Kadesh. Part of the confusion may arise from the fact that Kadesh is sometimes mentioned in connection with the Desert of Paran (Num. 13:26) and at other times in connection with the Zin Desert (Num. 20:1). This discrepancy has been noted since the time of the medieval commentators, leading some to seek a reconciliatory model (i.e. Hezekiah bar Manoah), while others have proposed two separate sites being identified as Kadesh (i.e. Abraham ibn Ezra & Nahmanides).

A minority of modern scholarship has maintained that there were two sites identified as Kadesh—western Kadesh (in the wilderness of Zin) and eastern Kadesh (often associated with Petra, Jordan in the wilderness of Paran). This view seems to be represented by Josephus and Eusebius of Caesarea. Josephus says he recognizes exactly where Miriam is buried and it is by the rock, but he refers to the rock (selah in hebrew) while writing for the Romans in the langua franca at the time, which was Greek, and the word for rock in Greek is "petra". The Nabataeans came to Petra in about 400 B.C. knowing it to be an ancient burial ground of caves, and buried their dead on top of the graves used 100 years earlier by the Hebrews.

However, since 1905 modern Ain el-Qudeirat in the Wadi el-Ain of the northern Sinai has been widely accepted as the location of biblical Kadesh Barnea. Several Iron Age fortresses have been excavated there. the oldest, a small, elliptical structure dates to the tenth century BC. but was evidently abandoned for some time after the first fort's destruction. A second fort constructed during the eighth century BC. (probably during the reign of Uzziah) was destroyed during the seventh century BC, most likely during Manasseh's reign. Two ostraca engraved in Hebrew have been recovered there, suggesting the Israelites did indeed occupy this site. However, these Kadesh-Barnea ostraca are dated to the 8th or 7th century B.C.E. and therefore are hundreds of years too recent to be associated with the biblical Exodus.

Excavations at Kadesh conducted by Dr Rudolph Cohen (former head of the Israeli Antiquities Service) during the Israeli occupation of Sinai following the 1967 war uncovered copious remains of the Middle Bronze I period (sometimes known as Intermediate Bronze Age), which were also found at numerous other sites in the Negev. On the other hand, Late Bronze Age, the conventional time of the Exodus, is unattested in the Negev. In an article in Biblical Archaeology Review of July, 1983, Cohen put forward the suggestion that the Exodus took place at the start of MBI and that the MBI people were, in fact, the Israelites. The idea, fully accepted by those who have worked at sites such as Ein Hatzeva, has not been widely adopted.

Kadesh-Barnea is 11 days march by way of Mt. Seir from Horab.

There is also a moshav in the Negev desert of modern-day Israel with the name Kadesh Barne'a, also called Nitzanei Sinai.

References

  1. *Gen 14:7 And they returned and came to Enmishpat, which Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dweltin Hazezontamar.
    • Gen 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, between Kadesh and Bered.
    • Gen 20:1 And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar.
    • Num 13:26 And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land.
    • Num 20:1 Then came the children of Israel, the whole congregation, into the "desert" (a better translation of the word bmidbar is wilderness) of Zin in the first month and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there. The problem with this analysis and most analysis of Kadesh is that there are 2 cities called Kadesh. The first is Kadesh Barnea located in the south in the wilderness of Zin, and the second is located in the east in the wilderness of Paran. It is in the second city where Miriam died and why it was renamed Kadesh was because it was a holy place because of the rock where water came out and because it was the burial ground for the entire people of Israel where they lived for 38 years on the west side of the Jordan before going up thru Moab and Edom and then across the Jordan into Israel.
    • Num 20:14 And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king Edom, Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us
    • Num 20:16 And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt and, behold, we in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border
    • Num 20:22 And the children of Israel, the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto mount Hor.
    • Num 27:14 For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes that the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin.
    • Num 33:36 And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which Kadesh.
    • Num 33:37 And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom. This is far in the west. kadesh number 2.
    • Deu 1:46 So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode .
    • Deu 32:51 Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of Meribah-Kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel. This is Kadesh Barnea, in the south.
    • Jdg 11:16 But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the wilderness unto the Red Sea, and came to Kadesh; This is discussing the original Kadesh that the Hebrews came to after leaving Egypt and where the spies went into Canaan to check out the land. It is also where after God gets upset and tells the Hebrews they will wander in the wilderness for 38 more years that they decide the next day to agree with God and entire Israel on their own and are slaughtered by the Amalekites and the Canaanites without the help of God and Moses.
    • Jdg 11:17 Then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying , Let me, I pray thee, pass through thy land but the king of Edom would not hearken . And in like manner they sent unto the king of Moab but he would not : and Israel abode in Kadesh.
    • Psa 29:8 The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh the wilderness of Kadesh.
    • Eze 47:19 And the south side southward, from Tamar to the waters of strife Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And the south side southward.
    • Eze 48:28 And by the border of Gad , at the south side southward , the border shall be even from Tamar the waters of strife Kadesh, to the river toward the great sea.
  2. Zecharia Kallai, “The Southern Border of the Land of Israel—Pattern and Application,” Vetus Testamentum XXXVII 4 1987, 438-445.
  3. Trumbull, Kadesh-Barnea: Its Importance and Probable Site, 303.
  4. Yigal Levin, Numbers 34:2-12, "The boundaries of the land of Canaan, and the empire of Necho," Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 30 2006, 65.
  5. Isaacs, The True Boundaries of the Holy Land, 22–24; Wenham, Numbers, 152; and most recently D. Hacohen, “Kadesh and Rekem, Kadesh-Barnea and Rekem-Geah,” in Y. Eshel, ed., Judea and Samaria Research Studies 11 (Ariel, 2002), 25–40 (Hebrew with English abstract).
  6. Jewish Antiquities IV 82 cf. Num. 20:1, 22-29
  7. E. Klostermann, Eusebius—Das Omnosticon Der Biblischen Ortsnamen (Hildesheim, 1966), 113.
  8. "Kadesh Barnea" pg. 214 in the NIV Archaeological Study Bible, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005
  9. Davies, Graham I., et al., "Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, Volume 2", Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp82-85

See also

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