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Occupied territory

Map
Name of territory	Serbia Србија Srbija Serbien
Occupying power	Nazi Germany
Historical era	6 April 1941 - October, 1944
Supreme authority	German Military administration
Puppet governments	Commissary Government followed by Government of National Salvation
Capital	Belgrade
Languages	Serbian, German
Religion	Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam
Population	3,810,000 (1941)
Currency	Serbian Dinar Reich Credit Treasury Notes (Template:Lang-de)

Serbia under German occupation refers to an administrative area in occupied Yugoslavia established by Nazi Germany following the invasion and dismantling of Yugoslavia in April 1941. The territory was placed under the authority of the German Military Administration in Serbia (Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-sr), which set up Serbian Quisling civil governments: initially the short-lived Commissary Government (Комесарска влада, Komesarska vlada) under Milan Aćimović and subsequently the Government of National Salvation (Влада Националног Спаса, Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa) under Milan Nedić, which remained in power until 1944. The territory included central parts of present-day Serbia, the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and Banat, which was an autonomous region governed by its German minority.

Despite the ambitions of the Nedić government to establish an independent state, the area remained subordinated to the German military authorities until the end of its existence.

History

In April 1941, Germany and its allies invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was then carved up, the territory that was not annexed by Germany or given to the surrounding Axis neighbors, including the new Nazi-puppet Independent State of Croatia in the west, Italian-occupied territories in the south, Hungarian-occupied territories in the north-west, and Bulgarian-occupied territories in the south-east, remained German-administered occupied territory, with a Serbian collaborationist puppet government. The former Yugoslav King, the teenage Peter II headed the Pro-Allied Royal Yugoslav Government-In-Exile.

On 30 April, a pro-German Serbian administration was formed under Milan Aćimović. During the summer of 1941, two resistance factions were formed: Serb royalist Chetniks, and communist and unionist Partisans. They began small-scale operations and diversions against local loyalist forces and German military. The uprising became a serious concern for the Germans as most of their forces were deployed to Russia; only three divisions of which were in the country. On 13 August, 546 Serbs, including many of the country's most prominent and influential leaders, issued an appeal to the Serbian nation which called for loyalty to the Nazis and condemned the Partisan resistance as unpatriotic. Two weeks after the appeal, seventy-five prominent Serbs convened a meeting in Belgrade where it was decided to form a Government of National Salvation under Serbian General Milan Nedić to replace the existing Serbian administration. On 29 August, the German authorities installed General Nedić and his government in power. Real power resided with the German occupiers rather than under Nedić's government:

Nedic thus headed a government whose powers were strictly limited, one that had no international standing even with the Axis powers. Like its predecessor, it was no more than a subsidiary organ of the German occupation authorities, doing part of the work of administering the country and helping to keep it pacified so that the Germans could exploit it with a minimum of effort, and bearing some of the blame for the harshness of the rule.

The Germans were short of police and military forces in Serbia, and as a result came to rely on armed Serbian formations to maintain order. By October, 1941, Serbian forces under German supervision had become increasingly effective against the resistance. They were armed and equipped by the Germans. Serbian collaborationist forces supported by the Serbian government included the Serbian State Guard, the Serbian Volunteer Corps (whose members were largely members of the Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor" (Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor") or ZBOR party of Dimitrije Ljotić), and the Chetnik faction of Kosta Pećanac. Some of these formations wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army as well as helmets and uniforms purchased from Italy, while others from Germany. These forces were involved, either directly or indirectly, in the mass killings of Jews, Roma and those Serbs who sided with any anti-German resistance or were suspects of being a member of such. According to one single source (Jasminka Udovički, James Ridgeway; Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia, 1997), these forces were also responsible for the killings of many Croats and Muslims, but this data is not confirmed by other sources. According to other source, the Croats who took refuge in Nedić's Serbia were not discriminated against. After the war, the Serbian involvement in many of these events and the issue of Serbian collaboration were subject to historical revisionism by Serbian leaders.

The apparatus of the German occupying forces in Serbia was supposed to maintain order and peace in this region and to exploit its industrial and other riches, necessary for the Germany war economy. But, however well organized, it could have not realized its plans successfully if the old apparatus of state power, the organs of state administration, the gendarmes, and the Police had not been at its service.

— 

Several concentration camps were formed in Serbia and at the 1942 Anti-Freemason Exhibition in Belgrade the city was pronounced to be free of Jews (Judenfrei). On 1 April 1942, a Serbian Gestapo was formed. It is estimated that approximately 80,000 people were killed from 1941 to 1944 in the German-run concentration camps in Nedić's Serbia. Serbia was proclaimed one of the Judenfrei (free of Jews) countries in Europe.

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Serbia 1804–1918 Serbian Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918
Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Socialist Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Constituent state with Montenegro 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present
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Harald Turner (1941–1942), Walter Uppenkamp (1942), Egon Bönner (1942–1943), and Franz Neuhausen (1943–1944) were the German chiefs of the military administration. Böhme was given emergency powers to govern the territory from July 1941 and served as a defacto governor of the region even before the administration was solidified in August. Böhme was relieved of the position later in 1941. Staatsrat (privy councillor) Harald Turner and SS Untersturmfuhrer Fritz Stracke handled most of the affairs of the administration while Nedić served as a nominal local leader and as a symbol of legitimization of the German presence there. The regime was unsuccessful in detracting Serbs from rebelling against the occupiers of Yugoslavia and had little support amongst Serbs. This was due to acts of extreme violence and ethnic persecution of Serbs by the German occupiers and Ustashe extreme nationalists in the Independent State of Croatia, most Serbs associated with opposition forces who fought against both the German occupation forces and the Ustashe regime of the Independent State of Croatia. The regime attempted to reduce the large Serbian resistance against the German military occupation of Yugoslavia, but continued atrocities by German occupation authorities.

Government

Prime Ministers

• Milan Aćimović (1941)
• Milan Nedić (1941–1944)

Key politicians

• Dimitrije Ljotić
• Velibor Jonić
• Dr. Milorad Nedeljković
• Dragomir Jovanović
• Vladimir Velmar-Janković

Administrative divisions

Serbia's borders initially incorporated parts of the territory of five of the prewar banovinas. The area was, however, reorganized into three banovinas whose administrative centers were Smederevo, Niš and Užice.

The Germans created four military area commands (Template:Lang-de) within the occupied territory, with each area command further divided into one or more district commands (Template:Lang-de), and about one hundred towns and localities had town or post commands (Template:Lang-de) that were under the control of the district commands. Each area or district command had its own military, administrative, economic, police and other staff depending on local requirements, which allowed the chief of the Military Administration to implement German decrees and policies throughout the occupied territory.

In October 1941, the Germans ordered the Nedić government to reorganise the territory, as the existing structure was not suitable and did not meet military requirements. By means of an order issued on 4 December 1941, the German military commander adjusted the military-administrative structure to conform to German requirements. As a result, the district (Template:Lang-sr) subdivision (which had existed in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes prior to the formation of the banovinas) was restored. The Nedić government issued a decree on 23 December 1941 by which Serbia was divided into 14 districts (Template:Lang-sr) and 101 municipalities (Template:Lang-sr). The District of Veliki Bečkerek (also known as The Banat) was theoretically part of Serbia, but became an independent district under the direct control of the military commander in Serbia, run as an autonomous region by the local ethnic German population under German military supervision. On 27 December 1941, the heads of the districts were appointed and met with Milan Nedić, Milan Aćimović, Tanasije Dinić, and Cvetan Đorđević.

From December 1941 until the German withdrawal, the German area commands were located in Belgrade, Niš, Šabac and Kraljevo, with district commands as follows:

• Area Command No. 599 Belgrade: District Command No. 378 in Požarevac.
• Area Command No. 809 Niš: District Commands No. 857 in Zaječar and No. 867 in Leskovac.
• Area Command No. 816 Šabac: District Command No. 861 in Valjevo.
• Area Command No. 610 Kraljevo: District Commands No. 832 in Kragujevac, No. 833 in Kruševac, No. 834 in Ćuprija, No. 838 in Kosovska Mitrovica, and No. 847 in Užice.

The German area and district commanders directed and supervised the corresponding representative of the Serbian puppet government.

Internal affairs

The internal affairs of Serbia were affected by Nazi racial laws. These were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. The region of Banat was ruled by its local minority German population. Despite domination by the German occupiers across the military administration, it maintained its own currency, the Serbian dinar which replaced the Yugoslav dinar which existed until 1945, when the Germans and the collaboratists were defeated and replaced by the Yugoslav communist state, which scrapped the Serbian dinar and other currencies of the Independent State of Croatia and Montenegro in 1945.

The administration's first Serbian government leader was Milan Aćimović. In late August Aćimović stepped down and was replaced by Milan Nedić, who hoped that his collaboration would save what was left of Serbia and avoid total destruction by Nazi reprisals, he personally kept in contact with Yugoslavia's exiled King Peter, assuring the King that he was not another Pavelić (the Croatian Ustashe leader), and Nedić's defenders claimed he was like Philippe Pétain of Vichy France (who was claimed to have defended the French people while accepting the occupation), and denied that he was leading a weak Quisling regime. The Serbian collaborationist government failed to win the favour of Serbs, who largely associated with the two key opposition groups, the Serb nationalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans.

The real power rested with the administration's Military Commanders, who controlled both the German armed forces and Serb collaborationist forces in the administration. In 1941, the administration's Military Commander, Franz Böhme, responded to Serb attacks on German forces by ordering reprisal attacks in which 100 Serbs would be killed for each German killed and 50 Serbs killed for each wounded German. The first set of reprisals were the massacres in Kragujevac and in Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht. These proved to be counterproductive to the German forces in the aftermath, as it ruined any possibility of gaining any substantial numbers of Serbs to support the collaborationist regime of Nedić. Additionally, it was discovered that in Kraljevo, a Serbian workforce group which was building airplanes for the Axis forces had been among the victims. The massacres caused Nedić to urge that the arbitrary shooting of Serbs be stopped, Böhme agreed and ordered a halt to the executions until further notice. Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews - 90 percent of Serbia's Jewish population of 16,000 - were murdered in World War II.

By late 1941, with each attack by Chetniks and Partisans, brought more reprisal massacres being committed by the German armed forces against Serbs. The largest Chetnik opposition group led by Colonel Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović decided that it was in the best interests of Serbs to temporarily shut down operations against the Germans until the possibility of decisively beating the German armed forces looked possible. Mihailović justified this by saying "When it is all over and, with God's help, I was preserved to continue the struggle, I resolved that I would never again bring such misery on the country unless it could result in total liberation". Mihailović then reluctantly decided to allow some Chetniks to join Nedic's regime to launch attacks against Tito's Partisans. Mihailović saw as the main threat to Chetniks and, in his view, Serbs, as the Partisans who refused to back down fighting, which would almost certainly result in more German reprisal massacres of Serbs. With arms provided by the Germans, those Chetniks who joined Nedic's collaborationist armed forces, so they could pursue their civil war against the Partisans without fear of attack by the Germans, whom they intended to later turn against. This resulted in an increase of recruits to the regime's armed forces. One of Mihailović's closest personal friends and collaborators, Pavle Đurišić, simultaneously held a command for Nedić, and in 1943 tried to exterminate the Muslims, Croats, and pro-Partisans of the Sandžak region. The massacres he carried out were compared to the Croatian Ustashe and Muslim massacres of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia in 1941.

German military government of occupation in Serbia

The territory of Serbia was the only area of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in which the Germans imposed a military government of occupation, largely due to the key transport routes and important resources located in the territory. Despite prior agreement with the Italians that they would establish an 'independent Serbia' , Serbia in fact had a puppet government, Germany accorded it no status in international law except that of a fully occupied country, and it did not enjoy formal diplomatic status with the Axis powers and their satellites as the Independent State of Croatia did. The occupation arrangements underwent a series of changes between April 1941 and 1944, however throughout the German occupation, the military commander in Serbia was the head of the occupation regime. This position underwent a number of title changes during the occupation. The day-to-day administration of the occupation was conducted by the chief of the military administration branch responsible to the military commander in Serbia. The puppet governments established by the Germans were responsible to the chief of military administration, although multiple and often parallel chains of German command and control meant that the puppet government was responsible to different German functionaries for different aspects of the occupation regime, such as the special plenipotentiary for economic affairs and the Higher SS and Police Leader.

German military commanders in Serbia

Military commander in Serbia

• Air Force General Helmuth Förster (20 April–9 June 1941)
• Anti-Aircraft Artillery General Ludwig von Schröder (9 June–July 1941)
• Air Force General Heinrich Dankelmann (27 July–19 September 1941)

Commander of Higher Command for Special Purposes LXV (commanding garrison troops in Serbia)

• General of Artillery Paul Bader (June 1941–2 February 1942)

Plenipotentiary commanding general in Serbia

• General of Artillery Franz Böhme (19 September–6 December 1941)
• General of Artillery Paul Bader (6 December 1941–2 February 1942)

Commanding general and military commander in Serbia

• General of Artillery Paul Bader (2 February 1942–26 August 1943)

Military commander in southeast Europe (responsible for Serbia, and for Sandžak and Montenegro after the Italian capitulation)

• General Hans Gustav Felber (26 August 1943–20 October 1944)

Chief of the German Military Administration

• Harald Turner (1941–8 November 1942)
• Walter Uppenkamp (1942)
• Egon Bönner (1942–18 October 1943)
• Franz Neuhausen (18 October 1943–1944)

Collaborationist armed forces

Aside from German armed forces which were the dominant Axis military in the territory, there were two Serbian collaborationist military forces, the Serbian State Guard (Srpska Državna Straža) and the Serbian Volunteer Command both formed in 1941. In 1943, the Serbian Volunteer Command was renamed the Serbian Volunteer Corps (Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus), with Kosta Mušicki as the operational leader.

Initially, the recruits were largely paramilitaries and supporters of the fascist Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor" (Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor", or ZBOR) party of Dimitrije Ljotić. In late 1941, troops from the Mihailović Chetnik formations dispersed following conflicts with Partisan and German forces, and many of those troops join Nedić's legalized Chetnik. Nedić's forces fought Communist Partisans as well as Royalist Chetniks who were not willing to sign an agreement of cooperation.

Recruits to the collaborationist forces increased in numbers following joining of Chetnik groups loyal to Kosta Pećanac. By their own postwar account, these Chetniks joined with the intention to destroy Tito's Partisans, rather than supporting Nedić and the German occupation forces, whom they later intended to turn against.

The Serbian Volunteer Corps were formed in the spring of 1943. At the end of 1944, the Corps and its German liaison staff were transferred to the Waffen-SS as the Serbian SS Corps and comprised a staff from four regiments each with three battalions and a training battalion.

In addition to Serbian collaborations forces, members of the Volksdeutsche (ethnic German minority) from Serbia and Banat were serving in the armed forces of the Reich, most of them in the Prinz Eugen Division. This division was responsible for war crimes committed against the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Demographics

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The population of this state was composed primarily of the Serbs (up to 3,000,000) and Germans (around 500,000). Other nationalities have been separated from Serbia and included within their respective ethnic states- f.e. the Croats, Bulgarians, Albanians, Hungarians etc. Most of the Serbs however ended up outside the nazi Serbian state, as they were forced to join other states.

Of the 16,700 Jewish people in Serbia and the Banat, 15,000 were killed. In total, it is estimated that approximately 80.000 people were killed from 1941 to 1944 in concentration camps in Nedić's Serbia. Harald Turner, the chief of German military occupation forces in Serbia, declared in August 1942, that the "Jewish question" in Serbia had been "liquidated" and that Serbia was the first country in Europe to be Judenfrei; free of Jews.

Currency

After the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Serbian civil government had the National bank of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This was transformed into the Serbian National Bank. It introduced the Serbian Dinar as the only legal currency and disabled the circulation of other currencies in the territories of Serbia occupied by neighboring countries. The traditional Obrenović coat of arms was found on bills and coins minus the royal crown.

Culture

Media

With the dissolution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, many newspapers went out of print while new papers were formed. On 16 May 1941 the first new daily, Novo vreme (New Times), was formed. The weekly Naša borba (Our Struggle) was formed by the fascist ZBOR party in 1941, its title echoing Hitler's Mein Kampf (My Struggle). The regime itself released the Službene novine (Official Gazette) which attempted to continue the tradition of the official paper of the same name which was released in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Film

The state of film in Serbia was somewhat improved compared to the situation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During that time, the number of cinemas in Belgrade was increased to 21, with a daily attendance of between 12,000 and 15,000 people. The two most popular films were 1943's Nevinost bez zaštite and Golden City which were watched by 62,000 and 108,000 respectively.

Sport

With the dissolution of the Yugoslav First League in the spring of 1940, Serbia had its own national football competition. Competing teams included BSK Belgrade, SK 1913 (SK Jugoslavija) and FK Obilić.

Theatre

The Serbian National Theatre in Belgrade remained open during this time. Works performed during this period included La bohème, The Marriage of Figaro, Der Freischütz, Tosca, Dva cvancika and Nesuđeni zetovi.

Transportation

The Serbian State Railways (Srpske državne železnice, SDŽ) was the national railway company of the occupied territory.

Legacy

In 2008, the non-parliamentary Serbian Liberal Party launched a proposal to the County Court in Belgrade to rehabilitate the Serbian leader Milan Nedić. This has met no support from any political party and also met opposition from the Jewish community of Serbia.

Concentration camps

• Sajmište concentration camp (Belgrade)
• Banjica concentration camp (near Belgrade)
• Crveni krst concentration camp (Niš)
• Topovske Šupe (Belgrade)
• Dulag 183 (Šabac)

Symbols

Symbols used by the Serbian puppet government were the flag, the coat of arms, and the anthem Oj Srbijo, mila mati (Oh Serbia, dear mother).

• the flag
• the coat of arms

See also

• Banat (1941–1944)
• Republic of Užice
• Kingdom of Montenegro (1941-1944)
• Independent State of Croatia
• Ustaše
• Military history of Hungary during World War II
• Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
• Military history of Albania during World War II
• World War II
• Anti-Freemason Exhibition
• Balkans Campaign
• People's Liberation War
• Quisling

Notes

1. Tomasevich (2001), p. 177
2. Wolff (1974), p. 204
3. Wolff (1974), pp. 203-204
4. Tomasevich (2001), pp. 182-186
5. Cohen (1996), p. 31
6. Tomasevich (1975), p. 97
7. Cohen (1996), p. 32
8. ^ Cohen (1996), p. 33
9. Tomasevich (2001), p. 182
10. Cohen (1996), p. 34
11. Cohen (1996), p. 35
12. Cohen (1996), p. 38
13. Cohen (1996), pp. 76-81
14. Udovički, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James (1997). Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-8223-1997-7.
15. Deroc (1988), p. 157
16. Cohen (1996), p. 113
17. Cohen (1996), p. 61
18. ^ Serbien und Montenegro: Raum und Bevölkerung, Geschichte, Sprache und Kultur by Walter Lukan, Ljubinka Trgovcevic, Dragan Vukcevic
19. Tasovac, Ivo (1999). American foreign policy and Yugoslavia, 1939-1941. Texas A&M University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-89096-897-7, 9780890968970. Retrieved 28 February 2011. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
20. Cohen (1996), p. 83
21. Final Solution (New York, 1985), p. 77; Walter Manoschek, "Serbien ist judenfrei".
22. Cox (2002), p. 93
23. Benz (1999), p. 86
24. Tomasevich (2001), p. 76
25. http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/otherness/otherness2.html
26. Brborić (2010), p. 170
27. ^ Tomasevich (2001), p. 74
28. Brborić (2010), p. 170
29. ^ Tomasevich (2001), pp. 74-75
30. Tomasevich (2001), p. 75
31. Wolff (1974), p. 324
32. Dobrich (2000), p. 21
33. Wolff (1974), p. 204
34. Browning (2004), p. 344
35. Browning (2004), p. 344
36. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Macmillan Publishing Company New York 1990.
37. Bailey (1980), p. 80
38. Bailey (1980), p. 81
39. Wolff (1974), p. 213
40. Bailey (1980), p. 81
41. Wolff (1974), p. 213
42. Wolff (1974), p. 213
43. Tomasevich (2001), p. 78
44. Tomasevich (2001), pp. 64-82
45. Dobrich (2000), p. 21
46. Tomasevich (1975), p. 200
47. Bailey (1980), p. 81
48. Valdis O. Lumans, Himmler's auxiliaries: the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe 1933-1945, page 235.
49. Howard Margolian, Unauthorized entry: the truth about Nazi war criminals in Canada, 1946-1956, page 313.
50. Cohen (1996), p. 83
51. ^ http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes-pictures/serbia/serbia-22.JPG
52. Worldcoingallery.com
53. ^ Olivera Milosavljević - POTISNUTA ISTINA
54. Miroslav Savković, Kinematografija u Srbiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata 1941-1945. Ibis, Belgrade 1994 (p. 59).
55. Miroslav Savković, Kinematografija u Srbiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata 1941-1945. Ibis, Belgrade 1994 (p. 46).
56. History of FC Obilić
57. Serbian National Theatre, Belgrade
58. Srpske Drzavne Zeleznice, 1941-1945
59. ^ Milan Nedić and Prince Paul again dividing Serbia

References

• Bailey, Ronald H. (1980). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Time-Life Books. ISBN 9780783557199.
• Benz, Wolfgang (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231112154.
• Bond, Brian; Roy, Ian (1977). War and society: a yearbook of military history, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780856644047.
• Template:Cite article
• Browning, Christopher H. (1978). The final solution and the German Foreign Office: a study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutschland, 1940-43. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 9780841904033.
• Browning, Christopher H. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust). Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. ISBN 9780803259799.
• Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0890967601.
• Cox, John (2002). The history of Serbia: The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313312908.
• Deroc, Milan (1988). British Special Operations explored: Yugoslavia in turmoil, 1941-1943, and the British response Volume 242 of East European monographs. East European Monographs, University of Michigan. ISBN 9780880331395.
• Dobrich, Momcilo (2000). Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945. Axis Europa Books. ISBN 9781891227387.
• Friedman, Jonathan C. (2011). The Routledge history of the Holocaust. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415779562.
• Hehn, Paul N. (1977). "Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941-1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4). University of Alberta: 344–373. Retrieved 8 April 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |editorlink= (help)
• Klajn, Lajčo (2007). The Past in Present Times: The Yugoslav Saga. New York: University Press of America. ISBN 9780761836476.
• Kroener, Bernhard (2000). Germany and the Second World War: Volume V: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power (Part 1: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939-1941). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198228875.
• Manoschek, Walter (2007). Holokaust u Srbiji: voijna okupaciona politika i uništavanje Jevreja, 1941-1942. Službeni list SRJ, Indiana University.
• Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: the History behind the Name. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850654766.
• Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1850658951.
• Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: The Chetniks. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804708576.
• Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804736154.
• United Kingdom Naval Intelligence Division (1944). Jugoslavia: History, peoples, and administration. Michigan: University of Michigan.
• Vucinich, Wayne S.; Tomasevich, Jozo (1969). Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. University of California Press.
• Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World At Arms: A Global History Of World War II, 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521618267.
• Wolff, Robert (1974). The Balkans in our time (American Foreign Policy Library, Volume 23 of Russian Research Center studies, Harvard English Studies). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780393090109.

Further reading

• Venceslav Glišić, Užička republika, Beograd, 1986.
• Dr Rajko Đurić - mr Antun Miletić, Istorija holokausta Roma, Beograd, 2008.
• Miloslav Samardžić, Krvavi vaskrs 1944 - Saveznička bombardovanja srpskih gradova, Beograd, 2011.
• Bojan Đorđević, Srpska kultura pod okupacijom, Beograd, 2008.
• Simo C. Ćirković, Ko je ko u Nedićevoj Srbiji: 1941-1944, Beograd, 2009.
• Olivera Milosavljević, Potisnuta istina - Kolaboracija u Srbiji 1941-1944, Beograd, 2006.

External links

• War in the Balkans - 5
• Politička propaganda u okupiranoj Srbiji (in Serbian)
• Map
• Map
• Map
• History of Serbian Volunteer Corps
• Serbia at WorldStatesmen.org
• German Occupation of Serbia 1941-1944

v t e Timeline of Yugoslav statehood

Region until 1918 1918– 1929 1929– 1945 1941– 1945 1945– 1946 1946– 1963 1963– 1992 1992– 2003 2003– 2006 2006– 2008 since 2008 Slovenia Part of Austria-Hungary including the Bay of KotorSee also:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918)Kingdom of Dalmatia (1815–1918)Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) See also:Republic of Prekmurje (1919)Banat, Bačka and Baranja (1918–1919)Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) (1924–1945)Italian province of Zadar (1920–1947) Annexed by Italy, Germany, and Hungary Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1945) Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992) Consisted of the Socialist Republics of:Slovenia (1945–1991) Croatia (1945–1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)Serbia (1945–1992) (included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo)Montenegro (1945–1992) Macedonia (1945–1991) See also:Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)  Republic of Slovenia Ten-Day War Dalmatia Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)Puppet state of Germany. Parts annexed by Italy. Međimurje and Baranja annexed by Hungary.  Republic of Croatia Croatian War of Independence Slavonia Croatia Bosnia  Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995), Republika Srpska (since 1995), and Brčko District (since 2000). Herzegovina Vojvodina Part of the Délvidék region of Hungary Autonomous Banat (part of the German Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Consisted of the Republic of Serbia (1992–2006) and Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro Republic of Serbia Included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and, under UN administration, Kosovo and Metohija Republic of Serbia Includes the autonomous province of Vojvodina Serbia Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia (1941–1944)  Kosovo Part of the Kingdom of Serbia (1912–1918) Mostly annexed by Italian Albania (1941–1944) along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro Republic of Kosovo Metohija Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918 Montenegro Protectorate of Montenegro (1941–1944)  Montenegro Vardar Macedonia Part of the Kingdom of Serbia (1912–1918) Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1941–1944)  Republic of North Macedonia Prekmurje annexed by Hungary. See also: SAO Kninska Krajina (1990) → SAO Krajina (1990–1991); and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1990–1991), SAO Western Slavonia (1990–1991) and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (1990–1995), all replaced by the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (1996–1998). See also: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia; and the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs) of Bosanska Krajina, North-East Bosnia, Romanija and Herzegovina (1991–1992), which all combined to form the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995). Bačka was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while Syrmia was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944). See also: Republic of Užice. Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944). North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a naming dispute with Greece. Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.

• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from August 2011
• Use dmy dates from August 2011
• 1944 disestablishments
• Puppet states
• Jewish Serbian history
• Yugoslav Serbia
• Serbia under German occupation
• States and territories established in 1941
• World War II occupied territories
• Yugoslavia in World War II