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Dhimmitude is a neologism used to describe allegations of non-Muslims appeasing and surrendering to Muslims. The term, in its original French, is derived by adding the productive suffix -tude to the Arabic language adjective dhimmi, which literally means protected and refers to a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim state. According to Bernard Lewis the assumptions denoted by the term are a only partially true, and are comparable to flawed Muslim conceptions of a "golden age of equality" for non-Muslim minorities under Islamic rule.

Dhimmitude has several distinct, but related meanings depending on the author; its scope may be historical only, contemporary only, or both. It may encompass the whole system of dhimma, look only at its subjects (dhimmis), or even apply it outside of any established system of dhimma.

In modern usage, dhimmitude refers to discrimination against non-Muslims particularly in regions where a majority of the residents are Muslim. It also refers to discrimination of Jews and treating them like second class citizens.

Origin

The term was coined in 1982 by the Lebanese President and Maronite militia leader Bachir Gemayel, in reference to perceived attempts by the country's Muslim leadership to subordinate the large Lebanese Christian minority. In a speech of September 14, 1982 given at Dayr al-Salib in Lebanon, he said: "Lebanon is our homeland and will remain a homeland for Christians… We want to continue to christen, to celebrate our rites and traditions, our faith and our creed whenever we wish… Henceforth, we refuse to live in any dhimmitude!"

The concept of "dhimmitude" was introduced into Western discourse by the writer Bat Ye'or in a French-language article published in the Italian journal La Rassegna mensile di Israel in 1983. The term was used in English as early as 1985 in a book review by Prof. James E. Biechler in the Journal of Ecumenical Studies, in which he praised Ye'or's work, commenting that "Perhaps the single most significant contribution of the author is her definition and development of the concept of 'dhimmitude'".

Ye'or further popularized the term in her books The Decline of Eastern Christianity: From Jihad to Dhimmitude and the 2003 followup Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide

Associations and usage

The associations of the word "dhimmitude" vary between users:

• Bat Ye'or defined dhimmitude as the condition and experience of those who are subject to dhimma, and thus not synonymous to, but rather a subset of the dhimma phenomenon: "dhimmitude represents a behavior dictated by fear (terrorism), pacifism when aggressed, rather than resistance, servility because of cowardice and vulnerability. By their peaceful surrender to the Islamic army, they obtained the security for their life, belongings and religion, but they had to accept a condition of inferiority, spoliation and humiliation. As they were forbidden to possess weapons and give testimony against a Muslim, they were put in a position of vulnerability and humility." The term plays a key role in the Islamophobic conspiracy theory of Eurabia.
• In his book, The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude, and Freedom, scholar of religion Mark Durie contends that instead of a "hardening of resolve", Western attitudes in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks consisted of "widespread capitulation to Muslim demands" to the detriment of public policy, human rights, and free speech. Among other things, Durie cites various statements praising Islam by politicians such as Barack Obama, Nicolas Sarkozy and Mary Robinson; statements by Western politicians in support of Sharia law; and other statements of "humility" by Christian leaders as evidence of "dhimmitude".
• A more recent pejorative usage variant of "dhimmi" and "dhimmitude" divorces the words from the historical context and applies them to situations where non-Muslims in the West and India are championing Islamic causes above others. "Dhimmi" is treated as analogous to "Quisling" within this context.
• Anders Breivik, who identified Bat Ye'or as a key influence, used the term "dhimmitude" in his internet postings to describe what he called "jihad against the kaffir".

Criticism

Mark R. Cohen, a leading scholar of the history of Jewish communities of medieval Islam, has criticized the term as misleading and Islamophobic.

Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, states that,

"If we look at the considerable literature available about the position of Jews in the Islamic world, we find two well-established myths. One is the story of a golden age of equality, of mutual respect and cooperation, especially but not exclusively in Moorish Spain; the other is of “dhimmi”-tude, of subservience and persecution and ill treatment. Both are myths. Like many myths, both contain significant elements of truth, and the historic truth is in its usual place, somewhere in the middle between the extremes."

See also

• Divisions of the world in Islam
• Eurabia
• Freedom of religion#Islam
• Jizya
• Islamophobia
• Mutaween
• Pact of Umar II
• Religious discrimination

References

1. ^ Bernard Lewis, 'The New Anti-Semitism', The American Scholar Journal - Volume 75 No. 1 Winter 2006 pp. 25-36.
2. David B. Kopel. "Dhimmitude and Disarmament" George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 18.2 (2008)
3. Perlmutter, Philip (2008). "The Changing Complexity of Prejudice and Discrimination". Society.
4. Mark Durie (2010). The Third Choice: Islam, dhimmitude and freedom. Deror Books. ISBN 978-1926800004.
5. Andrew G. Bostom. "Negating the Legacy of Jihad in Palestine". Israel Affairs. 13 (4). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
6. "Anti-Semitism in the Arab World". Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Gale Group. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
7. As reprinted in Lebanon News 8, no. 18 (September 14, 1985), 1-2
8. Bat Ye'or, "Terres arabes: terres de 'dhimmitude'", in La Cultura Sefardita, vol. 1, La Rassegna mensile di Israel 44, no. 1-4, 3rd series (1983): 94-102
9. James E. Biechler, review of The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam in Journal of Ecumenical Studies (Philadelphia). 1985?
10. Bat Ye'or (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Seventh-Twentieth Century. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3688-8.
11. Bat Ye'or (2003). Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3943-7.
12. John W. Whitehead, An interview with Bat Ye'or. Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, 5 September 2005
13. Carr, M. (2006). "You are now entering Eurabia". Race & Class. 48: 1. doi:10.1177/0306396806066636.
14. Færseth, John (2011). "Eurabia – ekstremhøyres konspirasjonsteori" (PDF). Fri Tanke (3–4). Human-Etisk Forbund: 38. Retrieved 22. June 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
15. Bendle, Mervyn (2012-02-20). "Book Review: The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom, by Mark Durie". News Weekly. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
16. Liz Fekete. "The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre". Race & Class. 53. SAGE Publications. {{cite journal}}: Text "pages30-47" ignored (help)
17. Cohen, Mark R. (2011). "Modern Myths of Muslim Anti-Semitism". In Ma'oz, Moshe (ed.). Muslim Attitudes to Jews and Israel: The Ambivalences of Rejection, Antagonism, Tolerance and Cooperation. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 1845195272.

External links

• The Cross and the Crescent

• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from June 2012
• Political neologisms
• Islam and other religions
• Religion and politics
• Discrimination