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| '''Volohoveni''' and '''Bolohoveni''' |
'''Bolokhoveni''',<ref>Spinei 2003</ref> also '''Bolokhov'''<ref>Dimnik 1981</ref>, '''Volohoveni'''{{cn|date = January 2013}} and '''Bolohoveni''',{{cn|date = January 2013}} was an ethnic group living in the neighborhood of the ] (now in ]) in the 13th century. The '']'' writes of their princes or '']i'' in connection with events occurring between 1231 and 1257. The chronicle primarily relates their fights with ], prince of Halych who finally defeated them. They descended from the Latinised population in ] and ].{{cn|date = January 2013}} The Bolohoveni did not become easily identifiable before the Middle Ages. Their territory was between Galicia (Halici) in West, middle of Nistru (Dnestr) river in South and middle Nipru (Dniepr) in East,<ref>A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992</ref><ref>Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Century). In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (2005); History of Romania: Compendium; Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2013}}<ref>Izvoarele-istoriei-romanilor-Volumul-12-Brodnicii, p.16</ref> | ||
| == Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
| Slavic names of Vlachs were '''Volohi''', '''Bolohi''', '''Vlahi''' and '''Vlasi''' |
Victor Spinei and other historians propose that the ] "Bolokhoveni" is not independent of ''Bolokhovo'', an early medieval settlement mentioned under the year 1150 by the ''Hypatian Chronicle''.<ref>Spinei 2003, pp. 57-58.</ref> Slavic names of Vlachs were '''Volohi''', '''Bolohi''', '''Vlahi''' and '''Vlasi'''.<ref>A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992, p.111</ref> | ||
| == |
== "Land of Bolokhoveni" == | ||
| Although the Hypatian Chronicle alludes to the "princes of the Bolokhoveni" at least four times, it only once refers to their country, the "land of Bolokhoveni".<ref>Spinei 1986, pp. 31., 57.</ref> The chronicle's report of its invasion in 1241 by Daniil Romanovich suggests that the Bolokhoveni's territories bordered on the principalities of ], ] and ].<ref>Dimnik 1981, note 80 on pp. 117-118.</ref> Bozh'skyy and other towns of the Bolokhoveni mentioned by the chronicler were situated in the region of the rivers Buzhok and ].<ref>Dimnik 1981, note 80 on pp. 117-118., p. 171.</ref> A.V. Boldur identified Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and villages{{where|January 2013}}.<ref>Boldur 1992, p. 111.</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| A.V. Boldur identified some villages or towns of Volohoveni: | |||
| The ''Hypatian Chronicle'' refers for the first time to the "princes of the Bolokhoveni" in connection with a war between Daniil Romanovich and ]{{cn|date = January 2013}} in 1231.<ref name='Spinei_2003_57'>Spinei 2003, p. 57.</ref> In this year, they fought in alliance with the ].<ref name='Spinei_2003_57'/> Next the ''knyazi'' supported a rebellion against Daniil Romanovich and besieged Kamenets, an important stronghold of his in 1233 or 1235.<ref name='Spinei_2003_57'/><ref>Dimnik 1981, p. 98.</ref> However, they were captured and brought to the court of Daniil Romanovich in ].<ref>Dimnik 1981, pp. 98-99., note 18 on p. 99.</ref> When ], ], and ], ] requested their release, they referred to the princes as their "brothers".<ref>Dimnik 1981, note 55 on p. 32., note 18 on p. 99.</ref> | |||
| Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca etc <ref>A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, p.111,</ref> | |||
| Following the ] by the ] in 1240, the invaders bypassed the "land of Bolokhoveni" when continued their westward advance.<ref>Dimnik 1981, p. 108., note 80 on pp. 117-118.</ref> However, the Bolokhoveni were forced to supply the Mongol army with crops.<ref name='Spinei_2003_57'/><ref name='Dimnik_118'>Dimnik 1981, p. 118.</ref> Even so, their princes fled to the ] (now in ]).<ref name='Dimnik_118'/> Although they promised to accept Duke ]'s suzerainty, he first captured them.<ref name='Dimnik_118'/> The princes were only released when Daniil Romanovich and his brother, ] "managed to appease Bolesłav with many gifts and to persuade him to set the princes free" (Martin Dimnik).<ref name='Dimnik_118'/> | |||
| == Historical data == | |||
| Even the ] could not put an end to internal fights among the local rulers.<ref name='Dimnik_116'>Dimnik 1981, p. 116.</ref> For instance, the "princes of Bolokhoveni" supported ] in besieging ], a major town held by Daniil Romanovich's officials, but they could not take the fort.<ref name='Dimnik_116'/> In revenge for their attack, Daniil Romanovich invaded and pillaged the "land of the Bolokhoveni" in 1241.<ref>Dimnik 1981, p. 117.</ref> He also destroyed their fortified towns.<ref name='Spinei_2003_57'/> Archaeological research at Gubin and Kudin, two of these towns, confirms that their walls were dug up.<ref name='Dimnik_note83'>Dimnik 1981, note 83 on p. 119.</ref> However, no traces of fire or massacre were identified, which suggest that Daniil Romanovich resettled their inhabitants in his own principality.<ref name='Dimnik_note83'/> | |||
| '''1150''' Volohoveni were mentioned in Hypatian Codex, in a tale about a visit of the ruler Vladimirco in Bolohov, the centre of Volohoveni land,;<ref>Hypatian Codex, page 50,</ref><ref>A.V. Boldur, “Istoria Basarabiei”, p. 127</ref> | '''1150''' Volohoveni were mentioned in Hypatian Codex, in a tale about a visit of the ruler Vladimirco in Bolohov, the centre of Volohoveni land,;<ref>Hypatian Codex, page 50,</ref><ref>A.V. Boldur, “Istoria Basarabiei”, p. 127</ref> | ||
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Bolokhoveni, also Bolokhov, Volohoveni and Bolohoveni, was an ethnic group living in the neighborhood of the Principality of Halych (now in Ukraine) in the 13th century. The Hypatian Chronicle writes of their princes or knyazi in connection with events occurring between 1231 and 1257. The chronicle primarily relates their fights with Daniil Romanovich, prince of Halych who finally defeated them. They descended from the Latinised population in Central and Eastern. The Bolohoveni did not become easily identifiable before the Middle Ages. Their territory was between Galicia (Halici) in West, middle of Nistru (Dnestr) river in South and middle Nipru (Dniepr) in East,
Etymology
Victor Spinei and other historians propose that the ethnonym "Bolokhoveni" is not independent of Bolokhovo, an early medieval settlement mentioned under the year 1150 by the Hypatian Chronicle. Slavic names of Vlachs were Volohi, Bolohi, Vlahi and Vlasi.
"Land of Bolokhoveni"
Although the Hypatian Chronicle alludes to the "princes of the Bolokhoveni" at least four times, it only once refers to their country, the "land of Bolokhoveni". The chronicle's report of its invasion in 1241 by Daniil Romanovich suggests that the Bolokhoveni's territories bordered on the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev. Bozh'skyy and other towns of the Bolokhoveni mentioned by the chronicler were situated in the region of the rivers Buzhok and Sluch. A.V. Boldur identified Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and villages.
History
The Hypatian Chronicle refers for the first time to the "princes of the Bolokhoveni" in connection with a war between Daniil Romanovich and Andrew II of Hungary in 1231. In this year, they fought in alliance with the Hungarians. Next the knyazi supported a rebellion against Daniil Romanovich and besieged Kamenets, an important stronghold of his in 1233 or 1235. However, they were captured and brought to the court of Daniil Romanovich in Vladimir. When Mikhail Vsevolodovich, prince of Chernigov, and Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich, prince of Novgorod-Seversk requested their release, they referred to the princes as their "brothers".
Following the destruction of Kiev by the Mongols in 1240, the invaders bypassed the "land of Bolokhoveni" when continued their westward advance. However, the Bolokhoveni were forced to supply the Mongol army with crops. Even so, their princes fled to the Duchy of Masovia (now in Poland). Although they promised to accept Duke Bolesław I's suzerainty, he first captured them. The princes were only released when Daniil Romanovich and his brother, Vasilko Romanovich "managed to appease Bolesłav with many gifts and to persuade him to set the princes free" (Martin Dimnik).
Even the Mongol invasion of Rus' could not put an end to internal fights among the local rulers. For instance, the "princes of Bolokhoveni" supported Rostislav Mikhailovich in besieging Bakota, a major town held by Daniil Romanovich's officials, but they could not take the fort. In revenge for their attack, Daniil Romanovich invaded and pillaged the "land of the Bolokhoveni" in 1241. He also destroyed their fortified towns. Archaeological research at Gubin and Kudin, two of these towns, confirms that their walls were dug up. However, no traces of fire or massacre were identified, which suggest that Daniil Romanovich resettled their inhabitants in his own principality.
1150 Volohoveni were mentioned in Hypatian Codex, in a tale about a visit of the ruler Vladimirco in Bolohov, the centre of Volohoveni land,;
1172 A mention about Bolohov town in the Bolohoveni land;
1231 The army of Volohoveni joined King Andrei II (Hungary) against Daniil of Galicia
1235 Volohoveni and Galicians attacked Kamenetz but were defeated.
1241 Daniil of Galicia destroyed majority of Volohoveni towns.
1247 Giovanni da Pian de Carpine wrote about his journey over Nistru (Dnestr) and the meeting with a local chieftain named Olaha or Aloha
1257 Daniil Romanovici of Galicia fought against Tatars and Volohoveni.
1308 Otto de Bavaria is passing from Transilvania to Galicia with the help of a Romanian (Vlach) ruler over the Carpathian mountains;
Footnotes
- Spinei 2003
- Dimnik 1981
- A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992
- Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Century). In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (2005); History of Romania: Compendium; Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
- Izvoarele-istoriei-romanilor-Volumul-12-Brodnicii, p.16
- Spinei 2003, pp. 57-58.
- A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992, p.111
- Spinei 1986, pp. 31., 57.
- Dimnik 1981, note 80 on pp. 117-118.
- Dimnik 1981, note 80 on pp. 117-118., p. 171.
- Boldur 1992, p. 111.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 57.
- Dimnik 1981, p. 98.
- Dimnik 1981, pp. 98-99., note 18 on p. 99.
- Dimnik 1981, note 55 on p. 32., note 18 on p. 99.
- Dimnik 1981, p. 108., note 80 on pp. 117-118.
- ^ Dimnik 1981, p. 118.
- ^ Dimnik 1981, p. 116.
- Dimnik 1981, p. 117.
- ^ Dimnik 1981, note 83 on p. 119.
- Hypatian Codex, page 50,
- A.V. Boldur, “Istoria Basarabiei”, p. 127
- Hypatian Codex, page 101,
- Hypatian Codex, page 172
- Hypatian Codex, page 174
- Hypatian Codex, page 175
- http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/carpini/complete.html
- Lăzărescu, Emil. Despre voievodul românilor din 1307-1308, amintit în cronica lui Ottonar de Styria, în “Analele Acade¬miei Romane. Memoriile Secţiunii Istorice”. Seria a III-a, t. XXVII. Discuţii în jurul faptului: Brătianu, Gheorghe I. Tradiţia istorică despre întemeierea statelor româneşti. Ediţie îngrijită de Valeriu Râpeanu. Chişinău, 1991, p. 150-151.
References
- Boldur, Alexandru V. (1992). Istoria Basarabiei . Editura V. Frunza. ISBN 978-58-58-86027-3.
- Dimnik, Martin (1981). Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov and Grand Prince of Kiev, 1224-1246. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-052-9.
- Spinei, Victor (1986). Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Româna.
- Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
Notes
http://www.scribd.com/doc/105973345/Izvoarele-istoriei-romanilor-Volumul-12-Brodnicii (see page 16)
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