| Revision as of 18:16, 1 March 2013 editFlyer22 Frozen (talk | contribs)365,630 edits →Article appears too long - divide into sub-articles?: Reply.← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:17, 1 March 2013 edit undoFlyer22 Frozen (talk | contribs)365,630 editsm →Article appears too long - divide into sub-articles?Next edit → | ||
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| ::Yes, the addition of all those unnecessary sections was probably ill-advised. I created those sections as anchors for links from other articles, before I had learned how to use the anchor template properly. It might be best to replace the unnecessary section headers with anchors, using the ].] (]) 04:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC) | ::Yes, the addition of all those unnecessary sections was probably ill-advised. I created those sections as anchors for links from other articles, before I had learned how to use the anchor template properly. It might be best to replace the unnecessary section headers with anchors, using the ].] (]) 04:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC) | ||
| :::Also, which of the sub-sections in this article should be condensed further? ] (]) 18:02, 1 March 2013 (UTC) | :::Also, which of the sub-sections in this article should be condensed further? ] (]) 18:02, 1 March 2013 (UTC) | ||
| ::::Thanks for drastically condensing the sections at the |
::::Thanks for drastically condensing the sections at the Penis article by removing unnecessary subheadings. As for this article, I'll think over which sections should be condensed or condensed further by removing unnecessary subheadings. But if you assess any that you feel can be condensed by removing one or more subheadings, combining them under an already-established one or a new one, then go for it. ] (]) 18:16, 1 March 2013 (UTC) | ||
Revision as of 18:17, 1 March 2013
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Roosevelt University's Brain and Behavior class
Working bibliography
Instructor's comment
4 of these references look like primary sources of information. Please continue to look for secondary sources of information. Neuropsychprof (talk) 18:46, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
Preliminary outline
I. Introduction
A. What is Oxytocin?
B. What is the role of Oxytocin in humans?
C. What is Vasopressin?
D. What is the role of vasopressin in sexual behavior in humans?
II. What role does Oxytocin play in sexual behavior or humans/reproduction?
A. Physiological changes
B. Bonding for mating as well as with young.
III. What role does vasopressin play in sexual behavior of prairie and meadow voles?
A. Bonding and Mating
B. Promiscuity
C. Lifelong partnership.
IV. What role does Oxytocin play in Rat sexual behavior?
A. Mating/ reproduction
B. Caring for young.
C. Bonding.
V. What role does Oxytocin play in Primate sexual behavior?
A. Mating/Bonding
B. Caring for young.
C. Bonding.
D. Promiscuity/ lifelong partnership.
VI. Conclusion
A. Future Studies
B. Limitations of some studies.
C. Importance of Oxytocin/Vasopressin in Animals.
-What would happen without it?
References
Kennett, J. (2011, October). Oxytocin: An emerging regulator of prolactin secretion in the female rat. Retrieved from EbscoHost: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.roosevelt.edu:2048
Mario, G. (2011, November). Oxytocin in the medial preoptic area facilitates male sexual behavior in the rat. Retrieved from EbscoHost: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.roosevelt.edu:2048/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=127&sid=6e0d
Ostrowski, D. N. (2011, June). Oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in rat brain: Implications for behavioral integration and reproductive success. Retrieved from EbscoHost: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.roosevelt.edu:2048 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Psychmjr12 (talk • contribs) 14:50, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
Instructor's comments
- Group, it looks like you are starting to write before you formulate an outline. From what's here, it looks like you're getting too detailed before you have a sense of the overall picture in the literature. Part of your difficulty may be that you are reading primary sources of information. Find secondary sources, which are more likely to give you an overall picture of the literature. Consider also which sections of the article your project will add, and how your newly added info will fit in with the rest of the article.
- The preliminary writing you have above is suspicious for plagerism. Please review this Plagiarism handout. Always use quotation marks when you take something literally from another's writing (and cite appropriately), but please quote sparingly.
- I've edited your headings a bit to make your sections stand out from other editors' comments
Neuropsychprof (talk) 18:34, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
Neurochemistry
Oxytocin, called the hormone of love, is found in the hypothalamus of the brain and is associated with the ability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships as well as physiological changes during reproduction. These changes include stimulation of the mammary glands to release milk, and assists in contracting the uterus during the final stages of childbirth.. Oxytocin may also be the biological reason why mothers to feel a need to cuddle and protect young. Some studies have indicated that women who experience strong positive emotions also have an increase in oxytocin release. Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormorne (ADH), is another hormone found in Hypothalamus. Vasopressin is responsible for regulating blood volume and salt concentration. Oxytocin and Vasopressin are also involved in parenting habits as they contribute to feelings of protection and evoke spending time raising young.
Prairie Voles have a monogamous mating style. After a male and female Prairie vole sexually reproduce with one another, they form a lifelong bond. Montane voles, on the other hand, exhibit a polygamous mating style. A male and female Montane Vole fornicates with one another, and each goes off without forming any attachment to the other. Studies on the brains of these two species of Voles have found that it is two neurohormones and their respective receptors that are responsible for these differences in mating strategies. Male Prairie Voles emit Vasopressin after copulating a female Prairie Vole. An attachment to the female ensues. Female Prairie Voles will release Oxytocin after reproducing with a male Prairie Vole. An attachment to this male Prairie Vole ensues. In Montane Voles-- both males and females--such a high quantity of Oxytocin and Vasopressin does not exist in their brains when they mate. Even when injected with Oxytocin or Vasopressin the mating style of the Montane Vole does not change; contrast this to the Prairie Vole who, even without mating, may form a lifelong attachment to another Prairie Vole of the opposite sex, if Oxytocin or Vasopressin is injected into him/her. The reason for this is that Prairie Voles have more Oxytocin and Vasopressin receptors than do Montane Voles, and are thus far more receptive to the two neurohormones. it is not quantity of the hormone that determine social attachment, mating-bonds and sexual-lust, but rather the number of receptors receptive to that quantity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phineurosia8 (talk • contribs) 19:19, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
What role does Oxytocin play in Rat sexual behavior?
Mating/ reproduction
Oxytocin is also referred to as the love hormone because it plays such a large role in all the basic elements of life; copulation, birth, care and bonding. Oxytocin is released during pregnancy and surges after birth of mammalian young. This surge allows the animals to affectively bond with their young, care for them, as well as protect them from harm. Rats experience dual motivations as we will see shortly. Studies have shown that without Oxytocin, rats will not experience this maternal behavior which shows that Oxytocin truly plays a role in the motherhood of rats.
Caring for young
Female rats show some interesting characteristics in regards to sexual behavior. Mother rats may solicit male rats to their nest after the birth of their young. Mother rats show maternal instincts most heavily right after birth much similarly to the way humans do. This is referred to as postpartum estrus in rats. The female mother rats will solicit male rats to the nest but at the same time will become aggressive towards him in protection of her young. This shows that rats can carry on two completely opposite motivations at once and that the male rate is just a neutral stimulus. This is true of typical rats when they experience the normal levels of Oxytocin. However if the rat is given injections of an Oxytocin antagonist, they will no longer experience these maternal instincts (Kennet 2012). The lack of maternal behavior points to the idea that Oxytocin plays a large role in bonding as well.
Bonding
Studies show that bonding in rats is achieved through the secretion of prolactin. Prolactin also regulates a wide array of activities and feelings from stress to immunity. This prolactin is released largely after birth, during feeding of the young, mating, and the presence of ovarian steroids (Kennet 2012). This increase in prolactin has been shown to be regulated largely by Oxytocin.
What role does Oxytocin play in Primate sexual behavior?
Mating/Bonding
Oxytocin plays a similar role in primates as it does in humans. The levels are increased heavily at birth and are maintained through the feeding and caring process. The hormones also play a role in the ability for monkeys to soothe their partners. When the monkey experiences a period of distress, the higher Oxytocin monkeys were much more able to soothe their partners than monkeys who had lower levels of oxytocin.
Caring for young
Similar to any human parent child relationship, the role of Oxytocin in monkeys is much alike. The similarities between monkeys and humans are generally very obvious, and their care for their young is similar to ours. Oxytocin has much of the same affect, and most mammals experience these actions the same way. Additionally, there have been instances where monkeys have cared for human babies, and humans have cared for monkeys allowing for bonding to occur across species. At Brookfield zoo here in Chicago, a small toddler fell into a pit with the 500 pound gorillas. Much to everyone’s surprise the large gorilla picked up the toddler and protected her from harm until authorities came to help the child. This shows that the care that these apes have for their young is similar to ours, and also that the protection of young in general is a paramount part of their life cycle.
Bonding
The bonding process is also shown through the use of grooming, much like human parents and their children. Grooming, sex, and cuddling frequencies correlate positively with levels of Oxytocin. As the level of oxytocin increases so does the interest in sex, and grooming. While Oxytocin plays a major role in parent child relationships, it is also found to play a role in adult sexual relationships. Its secretion affects the nature of the relationship or if there will even be a relationship at all.
Promiscuity/ lifelong partnership
Studies have shown that oxytocin is much higher in monkeys that are in lifelong monogamous relationships as opposed to monkeys which are single. Similarly the oxytocin levels of the couples correlated positively. When the oxytocin secretion of one increased the other one increased along with it. Higher levels of oxytocin also showed that monkeys exhibit more behaviors such as cuddling, grooming, and sex while lower levels of Oxytocin mean less interest in these activities.
Recent research on oxytocin’s role in the animal brain suggests that it plays less of a role in behaviors of love and affection than previously believed. “When oxytocin was first discovered in 1909, it was thought mostly to influence a mother’s labor contractions and milk let-down. Then, in the 1990s, research with prairie voles found that giving them a dose of oxytocin resulted in the formation of a bond with their future mate (Azar, 40).” Oxytocin has since been treated by the media as the sole player in the “love and mating game” in mammals. This view, however, is proving to be false as, “most hormones don’t influence behavior directly. Rather, they affect thinking and emotions in variable ways (Azar, 40).” There is much more involved in sexual behavior in the mammalian animal than oxytocin and vasopressin can explain.
- "HORMONE INVOLVED IN REPRODUCTION".
- Kennedy, Marilyn (02). "MATERNAL INSTINCTS RESEARCHERS EXAMINE THE ROLE MOTHER NATURE PLAYS IN MOTHERING". Chicago Tribune: 3.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - "HORMONE INVOLVED IN REPRODUCTION".
- Bear, Mark F. (2007). Neuroscience, exploring the brain. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 544–545.
- Lambert, K. (2011). The Lab Rat Chronicles. New York: penguin group. pp. 151–172.
- Azar, B. . Retrieved 2011, March.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Aubert, Y (2012). "Filibanserin and 8-OH-DPAT implicate serotonin in association between female marmoset monkey sexual behavior and changes in pair-bond quality". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 694–707. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02616.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Gil, Mario (2011). "Oxytocin in Medial preoptic area facilitates male sexual behavior in the rat". Hormones and Behavior. 59 (4): 435–443.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Scott, Graham (2004). Essential Animal Behavior. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 166–197.
- Agrati, D (2011). "Coexpression of sexual behavior and maternal aggression: The ambivalence of sexually active mother rats toward male intruders". Behavioral Neuroscience. 125 (3): 446–451.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - McHenry, J.A. (2012). "Dopamine D1 receptors and phosphorylation of dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 in the medial preoptic area are involved in experience-induced enhancement of male sexual behavior in rats". Behavioral Neuroscience. 126 (4): 523–529.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Comments on recent student edits
I'm not knowledgeable about this topic, but here are some comments on the recent additions.
- Much of the added material is unsourced, and should be sourced. There is a long string of references at the end of the added material -- the references should be added specifically to the sentences or paragraphs they support.
- Overall the additions have good material but I think are poorly organized and sequenced -- the reader has to read through the whole section to work out what is being said. For example, just looking at the paragraph about voles, it's very specifically about voles' behaviour, and the context is only implied -- I assume this is intended to illustrate the role of oxytocin in animal sexual behaviour. If so (and assuming you have sources for this) I would suggest recasting this to say something like "The role of oxytocin in animal sexual behaviour can be seen by comparing prairie voles to montane voles". In fact, overall, if I understand your material, the whole added material ought to read more like this:
- Two brain chemicals, vasopressin and oxytocin, have key roles in the neurochemistry of animal sexual behaviour. These neurochemicals have effects X and Y in humans, and related effects have been noted in some other mammals. For example, prairie voles ... but montane voles ... This is because of the difference in the number of receptors in their brains. In rats we see behaviours A and B, and in primates C and D. Overall it is believed that ...
- This sort of structure allows the reader to understand where you're going a little better -- the facts you have added are interesting but the reader needs more structure.
- Some stylistic issues:
- Avoid capitalizing words like "vole", "hypothalamus", and "oxytocin".
- Section titles should be declarative: "The role of oxytocin" rather than "What role does oxytocin play...?"
- Avoid "here in Chicago"; this is meaningless to a reader, who knows nothing about the author(s) of the article. Just use "in Chicago".
- Try for an encyclopedic tone -- for example, rather than "Much to everyone's surprise", which is how a journalist might phrase it, say "Surprisingly".
Overall this is a good start, but it's rather choppy at the moment, it needs sourcing, and it needs a little more structure. I hope this is helpful; any questions, please leave a note here or on my talk page. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 03:41, 25 October 2012 (UTC)
Peer Feedback 1
I think the beginning of the neurochemistry section is good. It gets a little confusing when you begin talking about prairie voles etc. I understand what your talking about because of class but for another reader it might be helpful to better explain that section. R.EEGbrittry (talk) 19:55, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
Peer Feedback 2
A lot of good and useful information on this page! The format used for the roles of Oxytocin has a good flow.
where is that same section, but for Vasopressin? It was introduced, but didn't see anything about its roles, if any.
Also, I would have made "Promiscuity/lifelong partner" their own section.
e.g. Promiscuity could include sub categories like "prostitution", and if Oxytocin or Vaspressin has any role in it.
good luck fellow class mates!
(ThatsSoAleks (talk) 19:02, 29 October 2012 (UTC))
Peer Feedback 3 From Bpetersenroosevelt
- Your outline of information is very clean, nice transitions between topics and logical flow
- The first sentence on Oxytocin doesn't seem to fit with the general voice used on Misplaced Pages. Something along the lines of "Oxytocin, sometimes referenced as..." Or just simply link to the Oxytocin page.
- Also, avoiding titling your pages with questions, again it doesn't seem to follow the general Wikipedian standards
- Some of your sentences also draw rather pointed conclusions that should be avoided: "which shows that Oxytocin truly plays a role..." No study ever "truly shows" anything, and I would definitely caution against making such statements in the article.
- FInally, there is a rather significant lack of links to other Misplaced Pages articles, which would be very helpful.
Bpetersenroosevelt (talk) 06:09, 30 October 2012 (UTC)
Peer Feedback 4
The section on the role of oxytocin in mating and reproduction and the Neurochemistry section have similar opening statements. Vasopressin is alluded to throughout the Neurochemistry section but far more attention is focused on oxytocin. None of the other topic headings in the[REDACTED] article start with a question, I suggest "Role of Oxytocin/Vasopressin in..." to give some uniformity. Promsicuity/lifelong partnerships" should be its own section with the material prepared about primates left in place and the paragraph on prairie vole relationships should be incorporated in. Do as you wish, I feel the section is readable otherwise. Your section does not contain any workable links. Good work so far.
User: Funky3cold3medina User talk: Funky3cold3medina 11:30, 30 October 2012
Peer Feedback 5
I really like how you explain the role of Oxytocin because not everyone knows what it does and besides Misplaced Pages is meant for the general public and not for academics necessarily. The paragraphs are balanced and sources are cited well. Great job and I really have no criticism for you guys because I understood all of the information and for the terms that not everyone knows, you explained what they were and why they mattered! Awesome addition to the article! :)
User:Maryrus User talk: Maryrus 12:34 p.m. 30 October 2012 —Preceding undated comment added 17:36, 30 October 2012 (UTC)
Peer Feedback 6
I understand the organization that is posted, but I feel there is not enough information for each animal to have individual subcategories. Possibly only having the subcategories "bonding, reproduction" etc. and mentioning the animals' roles within each would make more sense. Also, the Vole research on this topic is very important to understanding the role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in animals. I'm not sure there is a need to define them seperately prior to introducing that research. The results of the studies help to define them; therefore the introduction can be either omitted or combined. If not, then you should include a solid transition from the introductory paragraph to the Vole research. As far as content, it seems that this information was well researched, but not well cited. A few of the citations are not consistent with Misplaced Pages's guidelines. Overall, it is a strong start to a wonderful article. With a few organizational adjustments, and more focus on the weight/influence of Vole research, you will have a well written contribution. I can't wait to read it!
Epottala (talk) 18:22, 30 October 2012 (UTC)
Peer Feedback - Ryanfinn20
I overall found this whole article to be very interesting, especially in the comparisons to animal and human sexual behavior. Other than a few edits that have already been mentioned, it is very good! I like the organization alot too and overall style. (User:RyanFinn20 (talk) , 30 October 2012 (UTC))
Instructor feedback
- Mike Christie has great feedback above. Please incorporate his suggestions
- There's quite a bit of overlap between sections on rat and primate sexual behaviors. Recommend that you combine them.
- The subsection on promiscuity/lifelong relationships can fit into the mating/bonding subsection
- Please edit out irrelevant though interesting info. For example, no obvious relationship between oxytocin and the gorilla protecting a human child is articulated. If there is no direction relationship, then this piece should not be in the neurochemistry section
- You've got plenty on oxytocin. Do you have enough for a section on vasopressin?
- Present information about voles only to support the points you want to make about oxytocin & vasopressin. Remember the encyclopedic style is different from an essay. State your points then support with references. Be concise.
- You've got nice content. Now you just need to edit this piece to be encyclopedic.
Neuropsychprof (talk) 21:57, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
Moles
In the section on moles, it states
"It has also been recorded that certain species of mole will 'rape' new borns of their own species, the biological advantage to this is that when those moles mature and become fertile, they will become pregnant with the sperm of the mole that had mated with them at a very young age."
The problem i see is that can the sperm survive inside the newborns for long enough to them to mature? I am by no means an expert on the subject, and found nothing at a quick glance on the cycle of maturation on moles, but to the best of my knowledge seminal fluid can only sustain the sperm inside the female body for 40 or so hours. That of course as a result of the natural reaction of the female body to destroy the semen immediatly after it enters the vaginal cavity.
As I said, i am no expert on the subject, so I may be far off here, I'm not going to touch it, I'll let someone who knows what they are doing do that, but I felt the need to point this out.
Precoital activity
There should be a section on Precoital activity, including mutual grooming and similar non-aberrant activities. ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 02:35, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
Comparative analogy
Should this article be renamed Comparative Analogy of Animal vs. Human Sexual Behavior? There needs to be an actual article on Animal Sexual Behavior. ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 04:23, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
NPOV tag
My intent is not to "bite the newbies", rather it seems to me that this article might be starting off on the wrong foot. Consider the following: What proportion of 'animal sexual behavior' relates to activity which promotes the perpetuation of the species? The article should at least be balanced with that in mind. Also, this may be a "rapidly developing field", but the so-called archaic studies of the past are not by necessity obsolete; after all animals have been engaging in sexual activity long before undergraduates have been writing term-papers. ~Just my 2¢ worth. ~Eric F 74.60.29.141 (talk) 15:59, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
Note also that this article has been given an equal importance rating by both 'Sexuality' and 'Animals' WikiProjects.
Currently omitted topics (partial list):
- Mating ritual
- Mating hierarchy within societal groups
- Precoital activity
- Speciation morphology in response to sexual behavior pattern development and reproductive isolation
~2¢ more ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 17:18, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
Discuss: I'm not sure what the controversy is, but I'll note that a lot of behavior contributes to propagation of the species, if only indirectly. Evolution is, of course, merely a matter of shaving the odds, so some odd behavior may improve the chances, if only just a little. --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 15:53, 2 November 2012 (UTC)
- I removed the tag while doing some cleanup of the article; I removed it because, despite what the IP stated above, I don't fully or maybe even at all see how that it is a WP:Neutral issue, and because there's no support (other than the IP's comment) for the tag. It's an expansion issue, sure, but I don't clearly see a WP:Neutral issue. However, if anyone feels that the tag should be there and can better justify why it should be there, I don't much mind if it's restored. Flyer22 (talk) 17:03, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
Article appears too long - divide into sub-articles?
In its present state, the article is much lengthier than most other articles on Misplaced Pages. I think it should be divided into sub-articles, to give it a more manageable length. Jarble (talk) 04:12, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
- I don't feel that it needs division. WP:SIZE-wise, it doesn't seem to need it. Like I stated before, too many unnecessary subsection headings can make this article appear longer than it is, just like I stated to you at the Urination talk page. Look at how long the Penis article currently looks, for example, due to the subheadings you added, when it actually isn't that long at all (barely anything in the sections). As seen in the section immediately above this one, I cut down some of the unnecessary subheadings you added to this article. Flyer22 (talk) 04:25, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
- Yes, the addition of all those unnecessary sections was probably ill-advised. I created those sections as anchors for links from other articles, before I had learned how to use the anchor template properly. It might be best to replace the unnecessary section headers with anchors, using the anchor template.Jarble (talk) 04:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
- Also, which of the sub-sections in this article should be condensed further? Jarble (talk) 18:02, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
- Thanks for drastically condensing the sections at the Penis article by removing unnecessary subheadings. As for this article, I'll think over which sections should be condensed or condensed further by removing unnecessary subheadings. But if you assess any that you feel can be condensed by removing one or more subheadings, combining them under an already-established one or a new one, then go for it. Flyer22 (talk) 18:16, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
- Also, which of the sub-sections in this article should be condensed further? Jarble (talk) 18:02, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
- Yes, the addition of all those unnecessary sections was probably ill-advised. I created those sections as anchors for links from other articles, before I had learned how to use the anchor template properly. It might be best to replace the unnecessary section headers with anchors, using the anchor template.Jarble (talk) 04:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC)