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Syrian civil war
Part of the Arab Spring
Bombed-out vehicles after street fighting in Aleppo, October 2012 For a war map of the current situation, see here.
Date 15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – ongoing (13 years, 10 months, 1 week and 2 days) Location Syria, with minor spillovers in neighboring countries Status Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
Syrian government Syrian Armed Forces Jaysh al-Sha'bi Shabiha Al-Abbas brigade National Defense Force Lijan militias Syrian Resistance (militia)  Iran Revolutionary Guards Foreign militants: Hezbollah PFLP–GC Others (For other forms of foreign support, see here)	Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Al-Tawhid Brigade Kurdish Salaheddine Battalion Supported by:  Turkey  Saudi Arabia  Qatar (For other forms of foreign support, see here) Mujahideen Syrian Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Ghuraba al-Sham Others	Democratic Union Party (PYD) Popular Protection Units (YPG) Others (For more on Kurdish involvement, see here)
Commanders and leaders
Bashar al-Assad Maher al-Assad (WIA) Fahd Jassem al-Freij Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Issam Hallaq Ghassan Ismail Mohammad al-Shaar (WIA) Wael Nader Al-Halqi Abu Ajeeb Abu Hajar Muhammad Nasif Hassan Nasrallah	Salim Idris Mustafa al-Sheikh Riad al-Asaad (WIA) Ahmed Eissa al-Sheikh Hassan Aboud Abu Musab Abu Mohammad al-Golani (WIA) Abu Abdullah al-Hamawi	Salih Muslim Muhammad
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 110,000 (by Apr 2013) General Security Directorate: 8,000 Shabiha militiamen: 10,000 fighters National Defense Force: 80,000 soldiers al-Abbas brigade: 10,000 fighters Jaysh al-Sha'bi: 50,000  Iran: 150 military advisors Hezbollah: 1,500–5,000 fighters Foreign Shias: 15,000 fighters	Free Syrian Army: 50,000 - 80,000 Syrian Islamic Liberation Front: 37,000 (by May 2013) Syrian Islamic Front: 13,000 (by May 2013) Al-Nusra Front: 6,000 (by June 2013) Foreign Mujahideen: 6,000 (by July 2013)	15,000 fighters
Casualties and losses
Syrian government 26,853 soldiers and policemen killed 17,564 militiamen killed 1,000 government officials killed Hezbollah 171–178 killed Iranian IRGC 13 killed	20,495–44,600 fighters killed* 979 protesters killed 10,000–39,971 opposition fighters and supporters captured	81+ fighters killed
100,000 killed overall (June 2013 UN estimate) 106,423–120,000 killed overall (August 2013 SOHR estimate) 80,348–106,423 deaths documented by opposition (August 2013)** 642–1,548 foreign civilians killed 14 Iraqi soldiers killed 5 Lebanese soldiers killed 3 Turkish servicemen killed 1 Jordanian soldier killed 2.5–3 million internally displaced 1,204,707 refugees (March 2013 UNHCR figure) 130,000 missing or detained *Number possibly higher due to the opposition counting rebels that were not defectors as civilians. **Number includes foreign fighters from both sides, as well as foreign civilians

References

1. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian.
   • Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News.
   • "State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria". Washington Post. 21 May 2013.
2. "Hezbollah Commits to an All-Out Fight to Save Assad". The New York Times. May 25, 2013.
3. "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
4. ^ "The Structure and Organization of the Syrian Opposition". Center for American Progress. 14 May 2013.
5. "Rebel groups work to contain Kurd-Arab, intra-Kurd tensions". November 01, 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
   • http://www.mesop.de/2012/11/02/rebel-groups-work-to-contain-kurd-arab-intra-kurd-tensions/
   • https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanalysis/the_impending_syrian-kurdish_conflict
6. Spencer, Richard (16 August 2012). "British convert to Islam vows to fight to the death on Syrian rebel front line". Telegraph.
7. "The Free Syrian Army" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
8. "New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war". Reuters. 12 July 2013.
9. "assads no enemey of al-qaeda". NOW Lebanon. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
10. AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW.
11. "U.N. withdraws staffers as violence rages in Syria". Edition.cnn.com. 25 May 2013.
12. "Competition among Islamists". The Economist. 19 July 2013.
13. "Kurds capture jihadist commander in north Syria: NGO". Fox News. 20 July 2013.
14. "Al-Nusra leader injured by regime bombardment". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
15. "Syrian Army Draft Feared: Damascus Men Worried After Government Cleric's Call To Arms". Huffington Post. 14 March 2013.
16. "Assad's army gets cut in half - By David Kenner | FP Passport". Blog.foreignpolicy.com. 2013-03-18.
17. "Hezbollah-trained squad to lead battle for Aleppo". The Australian. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
18. Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines retrieved 5 June 2013
19. Borger, Julian (14 March 2013). "Iran and Hezbollah 'have built 50,000-strong force to help Syrian regime'". The Guardian.
20. "Assad might yet win in Syria thanks to Iran's Revolutionary Guards". 2013-05-30.
21. "Assad backed by 1,500 fighters from Hezbollah, says defector". The Times. 6 October 2012.
22. Ben, Ilan. (8 January 2013) According to Al-Watan, members of the Shiite Lebanese militia have already killed 300 Syrian rebels. The Times of Israel.
23. "Insight: By relying on Iran, Syria's Assad risks irrelevance". Reuters. 21 July 2013.
24. Lund, Aron (17 June 2013). "Freedom fighters? Cannibals? The truth about Syria's rebels". The Independent. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
25. "Worries Mount as Syria Lures West's Muslims". The New York Times.
26. "Salih Muslim: We have 15 thousand fighters from the People's protection units". The DailyStar. Retrieved 23 june 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
27. ^ "The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". SOHR. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
28. "David Cameron Offers 'Safe Passage' For Syria's Bashar Al-Assad, But Not To Britain (PICTURES)". Huffington Post. 6 November 2012.
29. Hezbollah Operatives Killed in Syria – Update
31. With SOHR already stating that the number of government and rebel fatalities is evenly divided and the pro-government fatalities to be an estimated 44,588, a higher figure of rebels killed can be estimated to be 44,588 as well. This would be in line with SOHR's upper estimate of 120,000 unverified dead, with the number of combatant dead being double the documented number.
32. Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed
33. ^ "Statistics for the number of martyrs". Violations Documenting Center. 9 August 2013.
34. Wrase, Michael (4 April 2013). "Die arabische Revolution hat den Kurden Freiheit gebracht" (in German). Badische Zeitung. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
35. Syrian troops consolidating gains in key district in central Homs region
36. More than 2,000 killed in Syria since Ramadan began
37. "Syria death toll at least 93,000, says UN". BBC News. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
38. "Other statistics". Violations Documenting Center. 9 August 2013.
39. "Iraqi Soldier Killed by Fire from Syria". Naharnet.com. 3 March 2013.
40. Zeina Karam (17 September 2012). "Syrian jets bomb northern city overrun by rebels". Washington Examiner. Associated Press.
41. "Arsal ambush kills two Lebanese soldiers hunting wanted fugitive". Daily Star. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
42. Violence in Lebanese Border Towns Adds to Fears of Syrian Encroachment
43. "Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won't allow open combat with Ankara". English.alarabiya.net. 2012-07-03.
44. "Turkish police killed in clashes on Syrian border". Worldbulletin.net. 2013-05-02.
45. "Syria's civil war spills violence across borders into Jordan, Lebanon". Associated Press. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
46. "Syria: A full-scale displacement and humanitarian crisis with no solutions in sight".
47. "Dispatch: Syria's Internally Displaced Depend on Handouts".
48. Matthew Weaver. "UN investigating deportation of Syrian refugees from Turkey - Thursday 28 March 2013 | World news | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
49. "Syria's Meltdown Requires a U.S.-Led Response". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 22 March 2013.
50. "NGO: More than 13,000 killed in Syria since March 2011". Agence France-Presse. 27 May 2012.