National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces: Difference between revisions

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Not to be confused with Syrian National Council. "National Coalition" redirects here. For the Salvadoran political party, see National Coalition (El Salvador). For the Egyptian political party, see National Conciliation Party (Egypt).

National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية

Formation	11 November 2012 (in Doha, Qatar)
Purpose	Opposition to and replacement of the Bashar al-Assad government of Syria
Headquarters	Istanbul Cairo
Region served	Syria
Membership	Council of about 114 members
Official language	Arabic
Secretary General	Anas Al-Abdah
President	Ahmad Jarba
Vice presidents	Riad Seif Suheir Atassi
Prime Minister	Ahmad Tu'mah
Parent organization	Syrian opposition
Website	www.etilaf.org/en/

The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-fr), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-fr) is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian civil war that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012. Former imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Moaz al-Khatib, considered a moderate, was elected the president of the coalition, and resigned on 21 April 2013. Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi, both prominent democracy activists and the latter a secular feminist, were elected vice presidents. The post of a third vice president will remain vacant for a Kurdish figure to be elected. Mustafa Sabbagh was elected as the coalition's secretary-general. The coalition has a council of 114 seats, though not all of them are filled.

On 19 March 2013, the National Coalition selected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of an interim government for Syria.

On 31 May, the coalition gave membership to 15 representatives of the Free Syrian Army, allowing direct representation of rebels from Syria in a political group for the first time.

On 6 July, the coalition elected new leadership. Ahmad Asi Al-Jarba was elected president and Anas Al-Abdah was elected as secretary general.

On 25 September 2013, some Islamist factions rejected the Syrian National Coalition stating that "All groups formed abroad without having returned to the country do not represent us."

Structure and aims

At its creation in November 2012 the National Coalition elected Moaz al-Khatib as its president, Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi as vice-presidents and Mustafa Sabbagh as secretary-general. The coalition has a council of about 63 members, including 22 members from the Syrian National Council. Ghassan Hitto is the prime minister of a provisional government for Syria that is being formed by the coalition.

On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League. He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April.

The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying , and displacing ".

Internal dissension

In October 2013 the Syrian National Council, the largest part of the Syrian National Coalition, declared it would leave the Coalition if the Coalition took part in the peace talks on the Geneva II Middle East peace conference. The Council said, according to news agency AFP, it would not negotiate before Assad left office. Another news agency (AP or Reuters) said, also in October, the largest group in the Syrian National Coalition was not willing to come to the peace conference because the Syrian regime continues its violence against civilians.

Syrian Interim Government

Main article: Syrian Interim Government

At a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013, members of the National Coalition elected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. Hitto has announced that a technical government will be formed which will be led by between 10 and 12 ministers. The minister of defence is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.

Domestic recognition

The Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSyria) stated that they " participation in the National Coalition. The worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution." The National Coalition is supported by the Free Syrian Army.

On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in Hama that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in Idlib who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".

Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal EsinIslam of The Awqaf London the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu called upon the Islamists and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership. “The terrible situations in which the Syrians now find themselves do not warrant alienating reliable scholars like Dr. Moaz whatever their positions or affiliations in the face of al-Assad's desperate acts of atrocities and crimes against humanity as a matter of urgency to free Syria”, said Adelabu who was a friend and academic colleague of Dr. Al-Khatib during the 1990s in Damascus Islamic institutions. “We have been assured by members of the Jubhah that Sheikh Moaz is acceptable to them and that the decision to choose him was made by the Syrians themselves and not by the Americans, Britons, French or any other nationals”, the London based cleric added.

File:Noexiles.jpg

Local non-recognition: Syrian protesters are suspect against the noncombatant exiles in Kafr Nabl, Syria.

Members of the al-Nusra Front and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce consensus to establish an Islamic state ". A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the Liwaa al-Tawhid Brigade appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition. The head of the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo, Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with ." Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by Thomson Reuters and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.

On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party, which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar".

According to The Economist, as of late September 2013, "In the month since America backed away from missile strikes to punish Syria’s regime for using chemical weapons, the has become increasingly irrelevant."

International recognition

By March 2013, at least twenty states had recognized the SNC as ‘the (sole) legitimate representative of the Syrian people’:

On 10 October 2011, a year before the National Coalition was created, Libya recognised the Syrian National Council as the government of Syria.
On 12 November 2012, the newly created National Coalition was recognised by the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman, as "the legitimate representative" of the Syrian people, ceasing recognition of the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad.
On March 26, 2013, the Arab League (with the exception of Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon) recognised the coalition as "the legitimate representative and main interlocutor with the Arab League". The League did not give full recognition to the opposition; although, this statement was disputed by the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani. He stated, "That claim is absolutely untrue, and the position of the two parties is identical" in response to the idea that the Arab League's support was different from the support of the Cooperation Council. He also stated that the Arab League "urges regional and international organisations to recognise as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people".
The United States issued a press statement on 11 November 2012 congratulating representatives of the Syrians for forming the coalition. The press statement stated that "We look forward to supporting the National Coalition as it charts a course toward the end of Assad's bloody rule and the start of the peaceful, just, democratic future that all the people of Syria deserve." It also restated its commitment to humanitarian and non-lethal assistance and commended Qatar for its role in the conference. The United States regards the coalition as "a legitimate representative" of the Syrian people, but president Barack Obama refused to recognise the Coalition as a "government in exile."
On 13 November, France recognised the coalition as the "only representative of the Syrian people" and as the "future interim government of democratic Syria", and called for all European nations to do so as well.
On 15 November, Turkey recognised the National Coalition as the sole representative of the Syrian people.
On 19 November, The European Union recognised the National Coalition as "legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people".
On 12 December, 100 "Friends of Syria" countries participating in the "Friends of Syria" meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, informally recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. and gave full political recognition to the SNC.
On 22 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was officially recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people by Malta. The Government of Malta had already informally recognized the Syrian opposition.
On 26 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was granted Syria's seat in the Arab League.

Diplomatic recognition of the National Coalition as the legitimate representative of Syria
	Entity	Date of recognition	Direct terminology
1.	Bahrain	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
2.	Kuwait	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
3.	Oman	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
4.	Qatar	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
5.	Saudi Arabia	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
6.	United Arab Emirates	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
7.	France	13 November 2012	Sole representative of the Syrian people and future interim government of democratic Syria
8.	Turkey	15 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
-	European Union	19 November 2012	The legitimate representative of the aspirations of the Syrian people
9.	Italy	19 November 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
10.	United Kingdom	20 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
11.	Spain	29 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
12.	Denmark	9 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
13.	Norway	9 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
14.	Netherlands	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
15.	Germany	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
16.	Belgium	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
17.	Luxembourg	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
18.	United States	12 December 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
19.	Australia	13 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
20.	Malta	22 March 2013	Sole legal representative of the Syrian people
-	Arab League	26 March 2013	Arab League membership

Diplomatic representation

As of 17 November 2012, Monzer Makhous was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."

On 20 November, UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative. On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed Walid Safur to be its ambassador to the UK.

On 23 November, Qatar asked the coalition to appoint an ambassador, becoming the first Arab country to publicly announce it will accept an envoy from the new opposition body. The SNCs embassy in Qatar was opened on 27 March 2013.

Members and representatives

At present, the Syrian National Coalition consists of the Syrian National Council and other opposition groups and revolutionary groups, as listed in the following diagram, third column:

	Name	Representation	Role
1	Moaz al-Khatib (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Damascus
2	Riad Seif (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures	Vice President
3	Suheir Atassi (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian Revolution General Commission	Vice President Head of Humanitarian Support Unit
4	Mustafa Sabbagh (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian Business Forum	Secretary-General
5	Haitham al-Maleh (Template:Lang-ar)	Council of Syrian Revolutionary Trustees	Head of Legal Committee
6	Rima Fleihan (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of al-Suwayda
7	Marwan Hajo (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council	Head of Membership Committee
8	Walid al-Bunni (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures	Spokesman
9	Monzer Makhous (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures	Spokesman Incoming ambassador France
10	Walid Saffour (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian Human Rights Committee	Incoming ambassador United Kingdom
11	Omar Idlibi (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Coordination Committees
12	Ahmad al-Assi al-Jarba (Template:Lang-ar)	Revolutionary Council of Syrian Clans
13	Mohammad al-Sabuni (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian Scholars Association
14	Sadiq Jalal al-Azm (Template:Lang-ar)	Unions of Syrian Authors
15	Alhareth al-Nabhan (Template:Lang-ar)	Citizens Movement
16	Bassam Yousef (Template:Lang-ar)	Ma'an Alliance
17	Yehia Ghiqab (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Democratic bloc
18	Khaled Khouja (Template:Lang-ar)	Turkmen component
19	Ziyad al-Hasan (Template:Lang-ar)	Turkmen component
20	Hussien Alabdullah (Template:Lang-ar)	Turkmen component
21	Abdul Hakim Bashar (Template:Lang-ar)	Kurdish National Council
22	Mustafa Auso (Template:Lang-ar)	Kurdish National Council
23	Mohammad Abdo Kiddo (Template:Lang-ar)	Kurdish National Council
24	Abdelilah Abdelmoeen Fahd (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Homs
25	Mustafa Nawaf al-Ali (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of ar-Raqqah
26	Jawad Abohatab (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Rif Dimashq
27	Riyad al-Hasan (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Deir ez-Zor
28	Moussa Mohammad Khalil (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Quneitra
29	Ziyad Ghassan (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Latakia
30	Mohammad Abdelsalam al-Sayed (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Tartus
31	Mohammad Qaddah (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Daraa
32	Adnan Rahmon (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Idlib
33	Jalal Khanji (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Aleppo
34	Salaheddin al-Hamwi (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of Hama
35	Mohammad Mustafa Mohammad (Template:Lang-ar)	Local Council of al-Hasakah
36	Khaled Abu Salah (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
37	Yehya Kurdi (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
38	Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
39	Abdelkarim Bakar (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
40	Najib al-Ghadban (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
41	Tawfiq Dunya (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
42	Ziyad Abu Hamdan (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
43	Kamal al-Labwani (Template:Lang-ar)	National figures
44	George Sabra (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council	Acting President
45	Abdulbaset Sieda (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
46	Mohammed Farouk Tayfour (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
47	Burhan Ghalioun (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
48	Nazir al-Hakim (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
49	Samir Nashar (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
50	Ahmad Ramadan (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
51	Jamal al-Wared (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
52	Hussein al-Sayed (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
53	Khaled Saleh (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council	Head of Media Committee
54	Hisham Marwa (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
55	Abdulahad Astepho (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
56	Salem al-Meslat (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
57	Bassam Isaac (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
58	Mouti al-Batin (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
59	Khaled al-Naser (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
60	Mohammad Sarmini (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
61	Louay Safi (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
62	Mohammad Khedr Wali (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
63	Hanan al-Balkhi (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council
64	Wasel al-Shamali (Template:Lang-ar)	Syrian National Council

References

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"العربية لوسائل الإعلام والمعلومات الإسلامية من الأخبار والفتاوى والمنتديات والمدونات التعلمية فيما يتضمن التسجيلات الصوتية وأفلام فيديو، وصحف، ومجلات، ومقالات الأخبار". EsinIslam. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
Sehikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu's title Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
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Syria Kurdish leader rejects new coalition
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Malta recognises Syrian opposition
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External links

Syrian civil war

Overviews

Main overviews	Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)
Effects and ongoing concerns	Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
Phases and processes	Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process
World reaction	International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime
Specific groups and countries	Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria US intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force
Agreements and dialogues	Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
Transitional phase	Syrian transitional government

Timeline

Background

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2020
Jan–Dec

2021
Jan–Dec

2022
Jan–Dec

2023
Jan-Dec

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present

Spillover

Israel and Golan Heights:	March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents
Iraq:	Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
Jordanian border incidents	April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
Lebanon:	Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)
Turkey:	December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield
Elsewhere:	Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

Ba'athist regime

Politics of Ba'athist Syria	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party
Military and militias	Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army
Foreign support	Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition

Interim government	National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group
Opposition militias	Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves
Foreign support	US intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria

DFNS Government	Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties
SDF militias	People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade
Support	Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists

Islamic State

al-Qaeda and allies

People

Elections	2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election
Issues	Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Mass graves Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions
Peace process	Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee
Investigations/legal cases	Investigations International Commission Chemical weapons War crimes cases Germany Canada + Netherlands vs Syria
Related topics	Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture

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