| Revision as of 02:44, 21 January 2014 editDavid O. Johnson (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers52,397 edits moving references from reference section to correct places in article; it is not done yet; removing blank info & extra spaces as well← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:01, 21 January 2014 edit undoDavid O. Johnson (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers52,397 edits moved refs to right placesNext edit → | ||
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| On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite av media|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2013/05/2013510141112681380.html|title=Moaz al-Khatib: The priority is to save Syria|date=11 May 2013|time=03:11|publisher=]}}</ref> The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elizabeth Dickinson|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/al-khatib-to-speak-for-syria-at-arab-league-summit-despite-resignation|title=Qatar's emir proposes Jerusalem fund as Arab League summit opens - The National|publisher=Thenational.ae |date=2013-09-04|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April 2013.<ref name=guaref /> | On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite av media|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2013/05/2013510141112681380.html|title=Moaz al-Khatib: The priority is to save Syria|date=11 May 2013|time=03:11|publisher=]}}</ref> The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elizabeth Dickinson|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/al-khatib-to-speak-for-syria-at-arab-league-summit-despite-resignation|title=Qatar's emir proposes Jerusalem fund as Arab League summit opens - The National|publisher=Thenational.ae |date=2013-09-04|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April 2013.<ref name=guaref /> | ||
| The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the ] government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the ], refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying , and displacing ".<ref name="LCCS_supports_NCSROF" /> | The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the ] government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the ], refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying , and displacing ".<ref name="LCCS_supports_NCSROF">{{cite web|title=The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Force|publisher=]|date=12 November 2012|url=http://www.lccsyria.org/10488accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| == Internal dissension == | == Internal dissension == | ||
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| ==Domestic recognition== | ==Domestic recognition== | ||
| The ] (LCCSyria) stated that they " participation in the National Coalition. The worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution."<ref name="LCCS_supports_NCSROF" /> The National Coalition is supported by the ].<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups" /> | The ] (LCCSyria) stated that they " participation in the National Coalition. The worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution."<ref name="LCCS_supports_NCSROF" /> The National Coalition is supported by the ].<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups">{{cite news|title=Islamic groups reject Syria opposition bloc |date=19 November 2012|publisher]|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20121119-islamic-groups-reject-syria-opposition-bloc|accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in ] that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in ] who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".<ref name="LCCSy_16Nov" /> | On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in ] that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in ] who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".<ref name="LCCSy_16Nov">{{cite web|title=Syria Today 16-11-2012|publisher=]|date=17 November 2012|url=http://www.lccsyria.org/10517|accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal of ] the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, ] called upon the ] and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.esinislam.com/MediaArabic/index.php |title=العربية لوسائل الإعلام والمعلومات الإسلامية من الأخبار والفتاوى والمنتديات والمدونات التعلمية فيما يتضمن التسجيلات الصوتية وأفلام فيديو، وصحف، ومجلات، ومقالات الأخبار |publisher=EsinIslam |date= |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> “The terrible situations in which the Syrians now find themselves do not warrant alienating reliable scholars like Dr. Moaz whatever their positions or affiliations in the face of al-Assad's desperate acts of atrocities and crimes against humanity as a matter of urgency to free Syria”,<ref></ref> said ] who was a friend and academic colleague of Dr. Al-Khatib during the 1990s in Damascus Islamic institutions. “We have been assured by members of the Jubhah that Sheikh Moaz is acceptable to them and that the decision to choose him was made by the Syrians themselves and not by the Americans, Britons, French or any other nationals”, the London based cleric added.<ref></ref> | Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal of ] the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, ] called upon the ] and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.esinislam.com/MediaArabic/index.php |title=العربية لوسائل الإعلام والمعلومات الإسلامية من الأخبار والفتاوى والمنتديات والمدونات التعلمية فيما يتضمن التسجيلات الصوتية وأفلام فيديو، وصحف، ومجلات، ومقالات الأخبار |publisher=EsinIslam |date= |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> “The terrible situations in which the Syrians now find themselves do not warrant alienating reliable scholars like Dr. Moaz whatever their positions or affiliations in the face of al-Assad's desperate acts of atrocities and crimes against humanity as a matter of urgency to free Syria”,<ref></ref> said ] who was a friend and academic colleague of Dr. Al-Khatib during the 1990s in Damascus Islamic institutions. “We have been assured by members of the Jubhah that Sheikh Moaz is acceptable to them and that the decision to choose him was made by the Syrians themselves and not by the Americans, Britons, French or any other nationals”, the London based cleric added.<ref></ref> | ||
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| ], Syria.]] | ], Syria.]] | ||
| Members of the ] and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce consensus to establish an Islamic state ".<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups" /> A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the Liwaa ] appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition.<ref name="AJE_Aleppo_rebels_20Nov" /> The head of the ] in ], Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with ."<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups" /> Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by ] and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.<ref name="ThReut_islamists_split" /> | Members of the ] and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce consensus to establish an Islamic state ".<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups" /> A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the Liwaa ] appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition.<ref name="AJE_Aleppo_rebels_20Nov">{{cite news|first= Basma|last=Atassi|title= Aleppo rebels retract rejection of coalition |date=20 November 2012|publisher=]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012112016567298627.html}}</ref> The head of the ] in ], Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with ."<ref name="Fr24_islamist_groups" /> Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by ] and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.<ref name="ThReut_islamists_split">{{cite news|first=Oliver|last=Holmes|title=UPDATE 2-Syrian rebels say they seize base on Damascus outskirts|date=19 November 2012|publisher=]|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/19/syria-crisis-missiles-idUSL5E8MJD6120121119|accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish ], which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar".<ref></ref> | On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish ], which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar".<ref></ref> | ||
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| * On 26 March 2013, the ''' ] ''' (with the exception of Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon)<ref name="BBC Arab League" /><ref name="CNN Arab League" /> recognised the coalition as "the legitimate representative and main interlocutor with the Arab League".<ref name="Al Arabiya">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/12/249215.html|title=Arab League recognises Syria's new opposition bloc|date=12 November 2012|work=Al Arabiya News|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> The League did not give full recognition to the opposition; although, this statement was disputed by the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani.<ref name="BBC Arab League">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20307668|title=Syria crisis: Arab League welcomes new opposition bloc|date=13 November 2012| publisher =BBC News|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> He stated, "That claim is absolutely untrue, and the position of the two parties is identical" in response to the idea that the Arab League's support was different from the support of the Cooperation Council.<ref name="CNN Arab League">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/12/world/meast/syria-civil-war/|title=Arab League recognizes new Syrian opposition coalition|date=12 November 2012|work=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> He also stated that the Arab League "urges regional and international organisations to recognise as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people".<ref name="BBC Arab League" /> | * On 26 March 2013, the ''' ] ''' (with the exception of Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon)<ref name="BBC Arab League" /><ref name="CNN Arab League" /> recognised the coalition as "the legitimate representative and main interlocutor with the Arab League".<ref name="Al Arabiya">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/12/249215.html|title=Arab League recognises Syria's new opposition bloc|date=12 November 2012|work=Al Arabiya News|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> The League did not give full recognition to the opposition; although, this statement was disputed by the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani.<ref name="BBC Arab League">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20307668|title=Syria crisis: Arab League welcomes new opposition bloc|date=13 November 2012| publisher =BBC News|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> He stated, "That claim is absolutely untrue, and the position of the two parties is identical" in response to the idea that the Arab League's support was different from the support of the Cooperation Council.<ref name="CNN Arab League">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/12/world/meast/syria-civil-war/|title=Arab League recognizes new Syrian opposition coalition|date=12 November 2012|work=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> He also stated that the Arab League "urges regional and international organisations to recognise as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people".<ref name="BBC Arab League" /> | ||
| * The '''United States''' issued a press statement on 11 November 2012 congratulating representatives of the Syrians for forming the coalition.<ref name="US Press statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200435.htm|title=Formation of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|last=Toner|first=Mark C.|date=11 November 2012|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> The press statement stated that "We look forward to supporting the National Coalition as it charts a course toward the end of Assad's bloody rule and the start of the peaceful, just, democratic future that all the people of Syria deserve."<ref name="US Press statement" /> It also restated its commitment to ] and non-lethal assistance and commended Qatar for its role in the conference.<ref name="US Press statement" /> The United States regards the coalition as "a legitimate representative" of the Syrian people,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20319787 | title=Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition | date=13 November 2012 | agency=] | accessdate=14 November 2012}}</ref> but president ] refused to recognise the Coalition as a "government in exile."<ref>{{cite news|title=President Obama won't recognize Syrian rebels|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-syrian-rebels-20121114,0,7979373.story|last=Richter|first=Paul|newspaper=]|date=15 November 2012|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> | * The '''United States''' issued a press statement on 11 November 2012 congratulating representatives of the Syrians for forming the coalition.<ref name="US Press statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200435.htm|title=Formation of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|last=Toner|first=Mark C.|date=11 November 2012|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> The press statement stated that "We look forward to supporting the National Coalition as it charts a course toward the end of Assad's bloody rule and the start of the peaceful, just, democratic future that all the people of Syria deserve."<ref name="US Press statement" /> It also restated its commitment to ] and non-lethal assistance and commended Qatar for its role in the conference.<ref name="US Press statement" /> The United States regards the coalition as "a legitimate representative" of the Syrian people,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20319787 | title=Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition | date=13 November 2012 | agency=] | accessdate=14 November 2012}}</ref> but president ] refused to recognise the Coalition as a "government in exile."<ref>{{cite news|title=President Obama won't recognize Syrian rebels|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-syrian-rebels-20121114,0,7979373.story|last=Richter|first=Paul|newspaper=]|date=15 November 2012|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
| * On 13 November, '''France''' recognised the coalition as the "only representative of the Syrian people" and as the "future interim government of democratic Syria", and called for all European nations to do so as well.<ref name="recognitionFR_France24" /><ref name="recognitionFR_Europe1" /> | * On 13 November, '''France''' recognised the coalition as the "only representative of the Syrian people" and as the "future interim government of democratic Syria", and called for all European nations to do so as well.<ref name="recognitionFR_France24">{{cite news|language =French|title=François Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne|date=13 November 2012|publisher=]|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20121113-paris-syrie-hollande-nouvelle-coalition-opposition-bachar-al-assad-livraisons-armes-asl|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><ref name="recognitionFR_Europe1" /> | ||
| * On 15 November, '''Turkey''' recognised the National Coalition as the sole representative of the Syrian people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/headline/100601--turkish-foreign-minister-says-his-country-recognizes-syrian-national-coalition-as-the-sole-legitimate-representative-of-syrian-people|title=Turkish FM says Turkey recognizes Syria National Coalition Anadolu Agency |publisher=Aa.com.tr|date=2012-11-15|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref name="France24_Turkey_recognises" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=456953|title=NOW News|publisher=Nowlebanon.com |date=2013-03-04 |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> | * On 15 November, '''Turkey''' recognised the National Coalition as the sole representative of the Syrian people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/headline/100601--turkish-foreign-minister-says-his-country-recognizes-syrian-national-coalition-as-the-sole-legitimate-representative-of-syrian-people|title=Turkish FM says Turkey recognizes Syria National Coalition Anadolu Agency |publisher=Aa.com.tr|date=2012-11-15|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref name="France24_Turkey_recognises" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=456953|title=NOW News|publisher=Nowlebanon.com |date=2013-03-04 |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> | ||
| * On 19 November, The ''' ] ''' recognised the National Coalition as "legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people".<ref name="AJE_EU_recognises" /><ref name=EU></ref> | * On 19 November, The ''' ] ''' recognised the National Coalition as "legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people".<ref name="AJE_EU_recognises" /><ref name=EU></ref> | ||
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| ==Diplomatic representation== | ==Diplomatic representation== | ||
| {{As of|2012|11|17}}, ] was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."<ref name="Fr24_ambassador" /> | {{As of|2012|11|17}}, ] was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."<ref name="Fr24_ambassador">{{cite news|title=Syrian coalition to name ambassador to France|date=17 November 2012|publisher=]|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20121117-france-hollande-holds-talks-with-syria-opposition-chief-ahmad-moaz-al-khatib-assad|accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref> | ||
| On 20 November, UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britain officially recognises Syrian rebels: William Hague faces fresh calls to arm opposition forces|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2235823/Britain-officially-recognises-Syrian-rebels-William-Hague-faces-fresh-calls-arm-opposition-forces.html|publisher=Daily Mail|accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed ] to be its ambassador to the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-opposition-names-london-ambassador/story-fn3dxix6-1226524621289 |publisher=Theaustralian.com |title=Syria opposition names London 'ambassador' |date=November 27, 2012 |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> | On 20 November, UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britain officially recognises Syrian rebels: William Hague faces fresh calls to arm opposition forces|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2235823/Britain-officially-recognises-Syrian-rebels-William-Hague-faces-fresh-calls-arm-opposition-forces.html|publisher=Daily Mail|accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed ] to be its ambassador to the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-opposition-names-london-ambassador/story-fn3dxix6-1226524621289 |publisher=Theaustralian.com |title=Syria opposition names London 'ambassador' |date=November 27, 2012 |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> | ||
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| <!-- national level support, criticism --> | <!-- national level support, criticism --> | ||
| <ref name="LCCS_supports_NCSROF">{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces | work =| publisher =] | date =12 November 2012 | url =http://www.lccsyria.org/10488 |format =| doi =| accessdate =2012-11-20 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CIpu8And |archivedate=19 November 2012 |deadurl=no }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="LCCSy_16Nov">{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Syria Today 16-11-2012 | work =| publisher =] | date =17 November 2012 | url = http://www.lccsyria.org/10517 |format =| doi =| accessdate =2012-11-20 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CIpiT0kt |archivedate=19 November 2012 |deadurl=no }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | <ref name=" |
||
| <ref name="ThReut_islamists_split">{{cite news | first=Oliver | last=Holmes | pages= | language =| title=UPDATE 2-Syrian rebels say they seize base on Damascus outskirts | date=19 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/19/syria-crisis-missiles-idUSL5E8MJD6120121119 |accessdate=2012-11-20 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CIsUcn52 |archivedate=19 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="AJE_Aleppo_rebels_20Nov">{{cite news | first= Basma | last=Atassi | pages= | language =| title= Aleppo rebels retract rejection of coalition | date=20 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012112016567298627.html |accessdate=2012-11-22 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CNE9chTc |archivedate=22 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| <!-- recognition --> | <!-- recognition --> | ||
| <ref name="recognitionFR_France24">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =French | title= François Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne | date=13 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20121113-paris-syrie-hollande-nouvelle-coalition-opposition-bachar-al-assad-livraisons-armes-asl |accessdate=2012-11-13 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C9c4xzvr |archivedate=13 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="recognitionFR_Europe1">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =French| title=Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne | date=13 November 2012 | publisher=]/] | url=http://www.europe1.fr/Politique/Hollande-reconnait-la-coalition-nationale-syrienne-1310361/ |accessdate=2012-11-13 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C9c8ilKj |archivedate=13 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | <ref name="recognitionFR_Europe1">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =French| title=Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne | date=13 November 2012 | publisher=]/] | url=http://www.europe1.fr/Politique/Hollande-reconnait-la-coalition-nationale-syrienne-1310361/ |accessdate=2012-11-13 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C9c8ilKj |archivedate=13 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="France24_Turkey_recognises">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =| title=Turkey recognises new Syrian opposition | date=15 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.france24.com/en/20121115-turkey-recognises-new-syrian-opposition |accessdate=2012-11-20 |
<ref name="France24_Turkey_recognises">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =| title=Turkey recognises new Syrian opposition | date=15 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.france24.com/en/20121115-turkey-recognises-new-syrian-opposition |accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="AJE_EU_recognises">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =| title= EU recognises Syria opposition bloc | date=19 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/11/20121119195737909518.html |accessdate=2012-11-20 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CImlxsW0 |archivedate=19 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="NUnl_NL_recognition">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =] | title='Meer erkenning oppositie Syrië' | date=10 December 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.nu.nl/onrust-midden-oosten/2979204/meer-erkenning-oppositie-syrie.html |accessdate=2012-12-11 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CqBa9Brm |archivedate=11 December 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | <ref name="AJE_EU_recognises">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =| title= EU recognises Syria opposition bloc | date=19 November 2012 | publisher=] | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/11/20121119195737909518.html |accessdate=2012-11-20 }}</ref> | ||
| <!-- representatives/ambassadors-to-be --> | |||
| <ref name=" |
<ref name="NUnl_NL_recognition">{{cite news|language =] | title='Meer erkenning oppositie Syrië' | date=10 December 2012 | publisher= |url=http://www.nu.nl/onrust-midden-oosten/2979204/meer-erkenning-oppositie-syrie.html |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> | ||
| }} | }} | ||
Revision as of 03:01, 21 January 2014
Not to be confused with Syrian National Council. "National Coalition" redirects here. For the Salvadoran political party, see National Coalition (El Salvador). For the Egyptian political party, see National Conciliation Party (Egypt).
 | |
| Formation | 11 November 2012 (in Doha, Qatar) |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Opposition to and replacement of the Bashar al-Assad government of Syria |
| Headquarters | Istanbul Cairo |
| Region served | Syria |
| Membership | Council of about 114 members |
| Official language | Arabic |
| Secretary General | Anas Al-Abdah |
| President | Ahmad Jarba |
| Vice presidents | Riad Seif Suheir Atassi |
| Prime Minister | Ahmad Tu'mah |
| Parent organization | Syrian opposition |
| Website | www |
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The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-fr), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-fr) is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian civil war that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012. Former imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Moaz al-Khatib, considered a moderate, was elected the president of the coalition, and resigned on 21 April 2013. Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi, both prominent democracy activists and the latter a secular feminist, were elected vice presidents. The post of a third vice president will remain vacant for a Kurdish figure to be elected. Mustafa Sabbagh was elected as the coalition's secretary-general. The coalition has a council of 114 seats, though not all of them are filled.
On 31 May 2013, the coalition gave membership to 15 representatives of the Free Syrian Army, allowing direct representation of rebels from Syria in a political group for the first time. On 6 July, the coalition elected new leadership. Ahmad Asi Al-Jarba was elected president and Anas Al-Abdah was elected as secretary general. On 14 September 2013, the National Coalition selected Ahmad Tu'mah as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. On 25 September 2013, some Islamist factions rejected the Syrian National Coalition stating that "All groups formed abroad without having returned to the country do not represent us."
Structure and aims
At its creation in November 2012 the National Coalition elected Moaz al-Khatib as its president, Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi as vice-presidents and Mustafa Sabbagh as secretary-general. The coalition has a council of about 63 members, including 22 members from the Syrian National Council.
On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League. He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April 2013.
The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying , and displacing ".
Internal dissension
In October 2013 the Syrian National Council, the largest part of the Syrian National Coalition, declared it would leave the Coalition if the Coalition took part in the peace talks on the Geneva II Middle East peace conference. The Council said, according to news agency AFP, it would not negotiate before Assad left office. Another news agency (AP or Reuters) said, also in October, the largest group in the Syrian National Coalition was not willing to come to the peace conference because the Syrian regime continues its violence against civilians.
Syrian Interim Government
Main article: Syrian Interim GovernmentAt a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013, members of the National Coalition elected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. Hitto has announced that a technical government will be formed which will be led by between 10 and 12 ministers. The minister of defence is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.
Domestic recognition
The Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSyria) stated that they " participation in the National Coalition. The worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution." The National Coalition is supported by the Free Syrian Army.
On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in Hama that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in Idlib who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".
Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal EsinIslam of The Awqaf London the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu called upon the Islamists and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership. “The terrible situations in which the Syrians now find themselves do not warrant alienating reliable scholars like Dr. Moaz whatever their positions or affiliations in the face of al-Assad's desperate acts of atrocities and crimes against humanity as a matter of urgency to free Syria”, said Adelabu who was a friend and academic colleague of Dr. Al-Khatib during the 1990s in Damascus Islamic institutions. “We have been assured by members of the Jubhah that Sheikh Moaz is acceptable to them and that the decision to choose him was made by the Syrians themselves and not by the Americans, Britons, French or any other nationals”, the London based cleric added.
Members of the al-Nusra Front and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce consensus to establish an Islamic state ". A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the Liwaa al-Tawhid Brigade appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition. The head of the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo, Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with ." Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by Thomson Reuters and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.
On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party, which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar".
According to The Economist, as of late September 2013, "In the month since America backed away from missile strikes to punish Syria’s regime for using chemical weapons, the Syrian Opposition Coalition has become increasingly irrelevant."
International recognition
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By March 2013, at least twenty states had recognized the SNC as ‘the (sole) legitimate representative of the Syrian people’:
- On 10 October 2011, a year before the National Coalition was created, Libya recognised the Syrian National Council as the government of Syria.
- On 12 November 2012, the newly created National Coalition was recognised by the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman, as "the legitimate representative" of the Syrian people, ceasing recognition of the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad.
- On 26 March 2013, the Arab League (with the exception of Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon) recognised the coalition as "the legitimate representative and main interlocutor with the Arab League". The League did not give full recognition to the opposition; although, this statement was disputed by the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani. He stated, "That claim is absolutely untrue, and the position of the two parties is identical" in response to the idea that the Arab League's support was different from the support of the Cooperation Council. He also stated that the Arab League "urges regional and international organisations to recognise as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people".
- The United States issued a press statement on 11 November 2012 congratulating representatives of the Syrians for forming the coalition. The press statement stated that "We look forward to supporting the National Coalition as it charts a course toward the end of Assad's bloody rule and the start of the peaceful, just, democratic future that all the people of Syria deserve." It also restated its commitment to humanitarian and non-lethal assistance and commended Qatar for its role in the conference. The United States regards the coalition as "a legitimate representative" of the Syrian people, but president Barack Obama refused to recognise the Coalition as a "government in exile."
- On 13 November, France recognised the coalition as the "only representative of the Syrian people" and as the "future interim government of democratic Syria", and called for all European nations to do so as well.
- On 15 November, Turkey recognised the National Coalition as the sole representative of the Syrian people.
- On 19 November, The European Union recognised the National Coalition as "legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people".
- On 12 December, 100 "Friends of Syria" countries participating in the "Friends of Syria" meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, informally recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. and gave full political recognition to the SNC.
- On 22 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was officially recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people by Malta. The Government of Malta had already informally recognized the Syrian opposition.
- On 26 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was granted Syria's seat in the Arab League.
| Entity | Date of recognition | Direct terminology | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  Bahrain |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 2. |  Kuwait |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 3. |  Oman |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 4. |  Qatar |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 5. |  Saudi Arabia |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 6. |  United Arab Emirates |
12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria |
| 7. |  France |
13 November 2012 | Sole representative of the Syrian people and future interim government of democratic Syria |
| 8. |  Turkey |
15 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| - |  European Union |
19 November 2012 | The legitimate representative of the aspirations of the Syrian people |
| 9. |  Italy |
19 November 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 10. |  United Kingdom |
20 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 11. |  Spain |
29 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 12. |  Denmark |
9 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 13. |  Norway |
9 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 14. |  Netherlands |
10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 15. |  Germany |
10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 16. |  Belgium |
10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 17. |  Luxembourg |
10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 18. |  United States |
12 December 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 19. |  Australia |
13 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people |
| 20. |  Malta |
22 March 2013 | Sole legal representative of the Syrian people |
| - |  Arab League |
26 March 2013 | Arab League membership |
Diplomatic representation
As of 17 November 2012, Monzer Makhous was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."
On 20 November, UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative. On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed Walid Safur to be its ambassador to the UK.
On 23 November, Qatar asked the coalition to appoint an ambassador, becoming the first Arab country to publicly announce it will accept an envoy from the new opposition body. The SNCs embassy in Qatar was opened on 27 March 2013.
Members and representatives
At present, the Syrian National Coalition consists of the Syrian National Council and other opposition groups and revolutionary groups, as listed in the following diagram, third column:
| Name | Representation | Role | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Moaz al-Khatib (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Damascus | |
| 2 | Riad Seif (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | Vice President |
| 3 | Suheir Atassi (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian Revolution General Commission | Vice President Head of Humanitarian Support Unit |
| 4 | Mustafa Sabbagh (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian Business Forum | Secretary-General |
| 5 | Haitham al-Maleh (Template:Lang-ar) | Council of Syrian Revolutionary Trustees | Head of Legal Committee |
| 6 | Rima Fleihan (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of al-Suwayda | |
| 7 | Marwan Hajo (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | Head of Membership Committee |
| 8 | Walid al-Bunni (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | Spokesman |
| 9 | Monzer Makhous (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | Spokesman Incoming ambassador France
|
| 10 | Walid Saffour (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian Human Rights Committee | Incoming ambassador United Kingdom
|
| 11 | Omar Idlibi (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Coordination Committees | |
| 12 | Ahmad al-Assi al-Jarba (Template:Lang-ar) | Revolutionary Council of Syrian Clans | |
| 13 | Mohammad al-Sabuni (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian Scholars Association | |
| 14 | Sadiq Jalal al-Azm (Template:Lang-ar) | Unions of Syrian Authors | |
| 15 | Alhareth al-Nabhan (Template:Lang-ar) | Citizens Movement | |
| 16 | Bassam Yousef (Template:Lang-ar) | Ma'an Alliance | |
| 17 | Yehia Ghiqab (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Democratic bloc | |
| 18 | Khaled Khouja (Template:Lang-ar) | Turkmen component | |
| 19 | Ziyad al-Hasan (Template:Lang-ar) | Turkmen component | |
| 20 | Hussien Alabdullah (Template:Lang-ar) | Turkmen component | |
| 21 | Abdul Hakim Bashar (Template:Lang-ar) | Kurdish National Council | |
| 22 | Mustafa Auso (Template:Lang-ar) | Kurdish National Council | |
| 23 | Mohammad Abdo Kiddo (Template:Lang-ar) | Kurdish National Council | |
| 24 | Abdelilah Abdelmoeen Fahd (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Homs | |
| 25 | Mustafa Nawaf al-Ali (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of ar-Raqqah | |
| 26 | Jawad Abohatab (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Rif Dimashq | |
| 27 | Riyad al-Hasan (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Deir ez-Zor | |
| 28 | Moussa Mohammad Khalil (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Quneitra | |
| 29 | Ziyad Ghassan (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Latakia | |
| 30 | Mohammad Abdelsalam al-Sayed (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Tartus | |
| 31 | Mohammad Qaddah (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Daraa | |
| 32 | Adnan Rahmon (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Idlib | |
| 33 | Jalal Khanji (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Aleppo | |
| 34 | Salaheddin al-Hamwi (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of Hama | |
| 35 | Mohammad Mustafa Mohammad (Template:Lang-ar) | Local Council of al-Hasakah | |
| 36 | Khaled Abu Salah (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 37 | Yehya Kurdi (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 38 | Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 39 | Abdelkarim Bakar (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 40 | Najib al-Ghadban (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 41 | Tawfiq Dunya (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 42 | Ziyad Abu Hamdan (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 43 | Kamal al-Labwani (Template:Lang-ar) | National figures | |
| 44 | George Sabra (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | Acting President |
| 45 | Abdulbaset Sieda (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 46 | Mohammed Farouk Tayfour (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 47 | Burhan Ghalioun (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 48 | Nazir al-Hakim (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 49 | Samir Nashar (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 50 | Ahmad Ramadan (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 51 | Jamal al-Wared (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 52 | Hussein al-Sayed (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 53 | Khaled Saleh (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | Head of Media Committee |
| 54 | Hisham Marwa (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | Member of the Executive office |
| 55 | Abdulahad Astepho (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 56 | Salem al-Meslat (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 57 | Bassam Isaac (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 58 | Mouti al-Batin (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 59 | Khaled al-Naser (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 60 | Mohammad Sarmini (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 61 | Louay Safi (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 62 | Mohammad Khedr Wali (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 63 | Hanan al-Balkhi (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council | |
| 64 | Wasel al-Shamali (Template:Lang-ar) | Syrian National Council |
See also
References
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- ^ "Syria Opposition Expands, Closes Meeting". Naharnet. 31 May 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing pipe in:|first=(help) - Moaz al-Khatib: The priority is to save Syria. Al Jazeera. 11 May 2013. Event occurs at 03:11.
- Elizabeth Dickinson (4 September 2013). "Qatar's emir proposes Jerusalem fund as Arab League summit opens - The National". Thenational.ae. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
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{{cite news}}: Text "publisherFrance 24" ignored (help) - "Syria Today 16-11-2012". Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- "العربية لوسائل الإعلام والمعلومات الإسلامية من الأخبار والفتاوى والمنتديات والمدونات التعلمية فيما يتضمن التسجيلات الصوتية وأفلام فيديو، وصحف، ومجلات، ومقالات الأخبار". EsinIslam. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
- Sehikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu's title Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
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- Richter, Paul (15 November 2012). "President Obama won't recognize Syrian rebels". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
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{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Turkish FM says Turkey recognizes Syria National Coalition Anadolu Agency". Aa.com.tr. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
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- 'Friends of Syria' recognise opposition
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- "España reconoce a la coalición opositora a Al Assad como único representante sirio". ABC. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
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- ^ {{cite news|language =Dutch | title='Meer erkenning oppositie Syrië' | date=10 December 2012 | publisher= |url=http://www.nu.nl/onrust-midden-oosten/2979204/meer-erkenning-oppositie-syrie.html |accessdate=2012-12-11}}
- Madhani, Aamer (12 December 2012). "Obama says U.S. will recognize Syrian opposition". USA Today.
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- Malta on Friday officially recognised the Syrian Opposition National Coalition as the sole legal representative of Syria
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- "Britain officially recognises Syrian rebels: William Hague faces fresh calls to arm opposition forces". Daily Mail. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- "Syria opposition names London 'ambassador'". Theaustralian.com. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- "Qatar asks Syrian opposition to name ambassador". Yahoo. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
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- "الائتلاف الوطني لقوى المعارضة والثورة السورية يرجئ تشكيل حكومة انتقالية". Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "Assad;s opponents dismiss his 'peace plan' with scorn". Al Arabiya News. 6 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
External links
- Official website Template:Ar icon
- Syrian Interim Government
- BBC News: Guide to the Syrian opposition
